Health science standard 1. 4000-3000B.C. Tribal witch Dr.’s treat illness with ceremonies to drive out evil spirits Trepanation (boring a hole into.

HISTORY OF MEDICINEHealth science standard 1

PRIMITIVE TIMES (AVERAGE LIFE SPAN 20-30 YRS)

4000-3000B.C. Tribal witch Dr.’s treat illness with

ceremonies to drive out evil spirits Trepanation (boring a hole into skull)

was used to treat insanity, epilepsy, headaches

ANCIENT TIMES…In Primative times…. • humans had to protect themselves against

predators • superstitious Illness/disease caused by supernatural spirits Exorcise evil spirits Herbs and plants used as medicine Digitalis from foxglove plant (today: pill, IV,

injection; then: chewed leaves to strengthen and slow heart)

Quinine from bark of cinchona tree (controls fever, muscle spasms, helps Malaria

Belladonna and atropine from poisonous nightshade plant (relieves muscle

Spasms especially GI pain) Morphine from opium poppy (relieves severe pain)

ANCIENT CHINESE 1700BC- 220 AD

Carefully monitored the pulse to determine the condition of the body.

Recorded a pharmacopeia of medications mainly used hers.

Used acupuncture of the skin with needles to relieve pain & congestion

Also used moxibustion( powder substance on the skin and then burned to cause a blister)

THE EGYPTIANS (LIFE SPAN 20-30 YRS) Egyptians • earliest to keep accurate health records • superstitious • called upon gods • identified certain diseases • pharaohs kept many specialists ("Dr.'s) • priests were the doctors temples were places of worship, medical schools,

and hospitals only the priests could read the medical knowledge

from the god Thoth

EGYPTIANS

Magicians were also healers • believed demons caused disease • prescriptions were written on papyrus • embalming Done by special priests ( NOT the doctor

priests) Advanced the knowledge of anatomy Strong antiseptics used to prevent decay Gauze similar to today's surgical gauze

MUMMIES OF EGYPT

Mummies indicated some modern day diseases

Arthritis Kidney stones Arteriosclerosis

MEDICINES USED TODAY

Some medical practices still used today Enemas Circumcision (4000 B.C.): preceded

marriage Closing wounds Setting fractures

Eye of Horus 5000 years ago Magic eye: amulet to guard against

disease, suffering, and evil history: Horus lost vision in attack by

Seth; mother (Isis) called on Thoth for help;eye restored

evolved into modern day Rx sign

JEWISH MEDICINE ( 25-35 YRS)

Jewish Medicine avoided medical practice concentrated on health rules concerning

food, cleanliness, and quarantine Moses: pre-Hippocratic medical thought;

studied hygiene and medicine at temple in Egypt;

banned quackery (God was the only physician); Day of Rest was the greatest contribution to human welfare

GREEK MEDICINE (25-35 YRS)

Greek Medicine • first to study causes of diseases • research helped eliminate superstitions • diseases caused by lack of sanitation • Hippocrates: no dissection, only observations; careful

notes of signs/symptoms of diseases; disease not caused by supernatural forces; Father of

Medicine; wrote standard of ethics which is the basis for today's medical ethics • Aesculapius: staff and serpent symbol of medicine;

temples built in his honor became the first true clinics and hospitals

ROMAN MEDICINE (AVERAGE LIFE SPAN 25-35 YRS)

• learned from the Greeks and developed a sanitation system

• aqueducts and sewers • public baths • beginning of public health • first to organize medical care • army medicine • room in doctor's house became first hospital • public hygiene: flood control, solid

construction of homes

DARK AGES (20-30YRS) MIDDLE AGES (20-35YRS)

Dark Ages (400 – 800 A.D.) and Middle Ages (800 – 1400 A.D.)

• medicine practiced only in convents and monasteries: custodial care, life and death in God's hands

• terrible epidemics bubonic plague (Black Death) who carried it? smallpox diphtheria syphilis measles typhoid fever tuberculosis

CONTINUED…..

Crusaders spread disease cities became common special officers to deal with sanitary

problems realization of fact that disease is

contagious: Quarantine Laws passed

RENAISSANCE MEDICINE (30-40 YRS) Renaissance Medicine (1350 – 1650 A.D.)rebirth

of science & medicine Universities and medical schools for research Dissection(better understand the body) Book publishing (developed printing press

knowledge spread) Artist Michelangelo (1475-1564) used dissection

to draw human body more realistically

16TH AND 17TH CENTURY (35-45 YRS) Leonardo da Vinci: anatomy of the body Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676): playing with

lenses (invented microscope), Observed microorganisms William Harvey: circulation of blood Gabriele Fallopius: discovered fallopian tube Bartolemmo Eustachus: discovered tube

from ear to throat Some quackery Ambroise Pare (1510-1590) French surgeon

known as the father of modern surgery

18TH CENTURY MEDICINE (40-50 YRS)

Edward Jenner: 1796, smallpox vaccination

Joseph Priestly: discovered oxygen Benjamin Franklin: invented bifocals,

found that colds could be passed from person to

person Laennec: invented the stethoscope

19TH AND 20TH CENTURY MEDICINE (40-60 YRS)

Ignaz Semmelweiss: identified the cause of childbed fever (puerperal fever) which led to the

importance of hand washing Louis Pasteur (1860 – 1895): discovered that

microorganisms cause disease (germ theory of communicable disease)

Joseph Lister: used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs; first doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

19TH AND 20TH CENTURY MEDICINE Ernest von Bergman: developed asepsis Robert Koch: Father of Microbiology; specific

germ causes specific disease; identified germ causing TB (in 1880's it killed 1 out of 7)

Wilhelm Roentgen: discovered X-rays Paul Ehrlich: discovered effect of medicine

on disease causing microorganisms i.e.Treatment for syphilis

19TH AND 20TH CENTURY MEDICINE Anesthesia discovered (nitrous oxide, ether,

chloroform) Gerhard Domagk: discovered sulfonamide

drugs (1st medicine effective in killing bacteria Ivanoski: discovered viruses i.e. poliomyelitis,

rabies, measles, influenza, Chickenpox, German measles, herpes zoster, mumps Alexander Fleming: discovered penicillin

19TH AND 20TH CENTURY MEDICINE (60-70 YRS)

Jonas Salk: discovered that a killed polio virus would cause immunity to polio

Alfred Sabin: discovered that a live virus provided more effective immunity

Clara Barton: (1821-1912) founded the American red cross in 1881

Florence Nightingale(1820-1910) founder of modern nursing. Est. sanitary nursing units during war and opened Nightingale school in London

19TH AND 20TH CENTURY CONT…

Sigmund Freud’s (1856-1939) studied psychology and psychiatry

French barbers acted as surgeon by extracting teeth, using leeches for treatment and giving enemas.

First successful blood transfusion 1818 by James Blundell.

Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) 1st female DR. in U.S.

19TH AND 20TH CENTURY CONTINUES

Dr. George Papanicolaou developed the Pap test to detect cervical cancer in womenThe first of many transplantsKidney transplant Dr. Murray in 1954Heart transplant Dr. Barnard in 1968Lung transplant Dr. Hardy in 1964 Liver transplant Dr. Starzl in 1963First test tube baby (Louis Brown) England 1978AIDS id in 1981First sheep cloned “dolly” in 1997

POTENTIAL ADVANCES IN MEDICINE FOR THE 21ST CENTURY (AVG. LIFE (90-100 YRS+)

Cures for the following diseases…. AIDS, CANCER, HEART DISEASE Slow the aging process (living longer) Regenerate nerves and spinal cord to

eliminate paralysis Transplant every organ of the human

body Antibiotics that will resist pathogens to

develop