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HEALTH IMPACTS OF
PARTICULATE MATTER
PROPOSED METHODOLOGY
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INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND
The effect of particulate matter in the health of
the people as the most important impact of airpollution have been identified as the key problem
as shown from various studies in developedcountries (UNEP, 2007).
The size of the particles is most important andthe recent studies have identified fine particle
fraction called PM2.5 (with a mean aerodynamic
diameter of or smaller than 2.5 microns) as beingespecially harmful because they penetratedeeply, persist in the lungs and may reach thealveolar region. 2
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Basically, developed countries are concerned
about outdoor air pollution, as; indoor airpollution is not a major issue in their context.
Developing countries like Nepal are at doublejeopardy; as the problem of outdoor as well asindoor air pollution is growing fast, and those
pollutions are interchangeable.
Numerous studies suggest that PM10 and PM2.5contribute to excess mortality andhospitalizations for the cardiac and respiratorytract disease (McGranahan and Murray, 2002). 3
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RATIONALE
Relatively fewer studies are made in the
developing countries than in developed countries.
With the increasing pollution, the concentration
of air pollutants in major cities are higher andthe source and chemical composition of particlesin cities in developed and developing countriesmay differ.
Consequently information is needed to assess theimpacts of the much higher concentrations of
PM10 (with a mean aerodynamic diameter of orsmaller than 10 microns) and PM2.5 found in thelarge cities of developing countries. 6
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As most lung alveoli are formed postnatal,
changes in the lungs continue throughadolescence and the developing lungs of children
are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of airpollution than adult lungs.
Children are more susceptible to the exposure tothe harmful particles than adults because of their
higher susceptibility to higher ventilation rates,
higher relative concentrations of particles intosmaller lung volumes and higher levels ofphysical activity.
The impact of air pollutant and its adverse effect
may harm child till their adulthood.
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As child health is an essential indicator for the
overall assessment of country health status, thisstudy will certainly provide a basis to understand
the effect of air pollutants on the health of thechildren. This study can address the need for theinformation on the effects of air pollution on
health in South Asia at the high concentrationcommonly found in large cities in South Asia, and
provide locally-gathered evidence to supportactions by government to control particulateemissions.
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NATIONAL STANDARDS - AMBIENT AIR
Parameter AVG Time Conc., Max.
TSP 24 hour 230 g/m3
PM10 24 hour 120 g/m3
NO2 Annual24 hour
80 g/m3
40 g/m3
SO2 Annual
24 hour
70 g/m3
50 g/m3
CO 8 hour
15 minute
10,000 g/m3
100,000 g/m3
Lead Annual 0.5 g/m3
Benzene Annual 20 g/m3
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NATIONAL INDOOR AIR QUALITYSTANDARD
AND IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES 2009
Pollutant Maximum
concentration
Averaging
time
Particulate Matter(PM10) 120 g/m3 24 hour
200 g/m3 1 hour
Particulate Matter(PM2.5) 60 g/m3 24 - hours
100 g/m3 1 hour
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 9 ppm (mg/m3) 8 hour
35 ppm (mg/m3) 1 hour
Carbon Dioxide (Co2) 1000 ppm (mg/m3) 8 - hours
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STUDYTOPIC
Impacts of particulate matter on the respiratory
health ofSchool Children
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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
General Objective
To assess the impact of air pollution (ParticulateMatter) in respiratory health of school children ofselected school(s) in Kathmandu
Specific Objective
To determine whether there is an associationbetween daily PM10 and PM 2.5 concentration andrespiratory health and lung function in children
To determine the level of relationship of PM andrespiratory health
To assess the severity of impacts of PM onrespiratory health
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VARIABLES
Dependent Variable
y Respiratory health and lungfunction
o Independent variables
Socio-demographic and
economic variables
Air pollution related
variables
Confounding variables
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VARIABLES.
Socio-demographic andeconomic variables Age
Sex
Parents education
Economic status of thefamily
Air pollution relatedvariables Preventive measures
taken
Infrastructure of theschool
Confounding variables
Other systemic
illnesses
Housing conditions
Simultaneous
exposure to other
pollutants
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CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Sociodemographic& EconomicVariables
Air Pollution relatedvariables
Protective Factors Hindering Factors
RespiratoryHealth/Lung
Function
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METHODOLOGY
Study sign
y Correlational study a longitudinal study usingquantitative methods
Study Site
y Putalisadak (Kathmandu): School near by AQMS
S
tudy Durationy 3 months
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METHODOLOGY. Study Population
Children of selected schools of age between 9-14 years
Inclusion Criteria
Age between 9-14years
Studying in the school
at least since 1 year
School located close to
the AQMS
Exclusion Criteria
Smokers Use of solid fuel at
home
Residing more than 3
km from AQMS
Child having asthmaor other chronicrespiratory illness
Child with smoker inthe home
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SAMPLING
Sampling technique
y Purposive selection of schools
y Proportionate random sampling
Sampling unit
y Children of the selected schools within the age limit
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SAMPLING.
Sample selection
y Schools finalized
y List of students between age 9-14
y
Randomly select the required sample (500)y Consider them for the initial baseline survey
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SAMPLING.
For the health impact aspect
y Exclude the subjects as per the exclusion criteria
y Exclude voluntary exclusions (if any)
y
Obtain consent both from the subject as well asparents
y Finalize the number of participants to undergo theregular study
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DATACOLLECTION
Tools
Structured questionnaire
Health check up check list
The questionnaire will be translated into Nepali and the
language will be kept simple and understandable
Techniques Self/parental administration of questionnaires
Completing the check list by the medical
practitioners21
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DATACOLLECTION
Methods
y Recording the PEFR readings in the standard sheets
y
Daily notes of any illness particularly that ofrespiratory health to be noted in a diary provided
y Diary writing will be supervised by the trainedteachers or technicians/paramedics
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DATA FROM THE SUBJECTS
PEFR readings will be collected everyday in the
school may be at the end of the day
This process will be continued altogether for 6weeks including days of high and low pollution
Data of PEFR reading as well as information
from the questionnaire will be obtained in bothdry as well as wet season
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PARTICULATE AND WEATHER DATA
Daily data of PM10 and PM 2.5 as well as that of
other pollutants if available will be taken.
Relevant meteorological data such as maximum,minimum and average temperature, relativehumidity and wind speed for the same period willbe obtained from the department of meteorology
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PRETESTING
The questionnaires will be pretested in a school
other than the school to be used for study.
The school for pretesting will have similarconditions as well as near by the AQMS
Necessary amendments will be made after this in
the questionnaires
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DATAANALYSIS
Data obtained from these procedure will beentered in Epi Info and then imported in SPSSfor analysis.
Simple descriptive analysis will be done for thegeneral characteristics of the participants
To see the correlation of the PM concentration
with respiratory health regression analysis willbe done
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LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
Expected findings may not be generalized due to
various factors:
y
Purposively selected school
y Limited number of school
y Possibility of various confounding factors
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THANK YOU28