Health Garde 7 K-12 Community Health Problem Quarter 4

Community Health a field within

public health concerned with the study

and improvement of the health of biological communities.

Three Broad Categories of Community Health

1. Primary Health Care- refers to the intervention that focus on the individual or family.2. Secondary Health Care- focus on the environment.3. Tertiary Health Care- focus on the hospital.

Major Comunity HealthProblems

1.Pollution- contamination of environment by means of pollutants which maybe harmful to public health.

2. Improper Disposal of Human Excreta and Sewage- it has been responsible for many epidemics.

Excreta- waste matter discharge from the body Sewage- liquid or solid waste from sewers and drains.

3. Improper Refuse Storage and Disposal-it is also responsible for the spread of communicable diseases

4. Food Sanitation- deals largely with the health hazards and sanitary features of food handling.

5. Control of Rodents and Insects-

also the causes of the spread of communicable diseases.

Kinds of Pollution

1. Water Pollution - introduction into water sources of chemicals, physical and biological materials that degrade the quality of water.

Causes of Water Pollution

• Sewage- food and human waste from home offices and factories.

• Industrial Wastes-chemicals and oils• Toxic Chemicals- often discarded in

steel drum that may leak into ground waters.

2. Air Pollution - act of introducing into the atmosphere of harmful substances or pollutants.

Sources of Common Air Pollutants

• Sulfur Oxides- from burning coal and oil.-strong-smelling, colorless gases that irritates the eyes, nose, throat and lungs.- can cause attacks of emphysema, bronchitis and asthma

• Carbon Monoxide- often discarded in steel drum that may leak into ground waters.

• Carbon Monoxide- from automobile and truck exhausts.-an odorless and colorless gas that can cause serious health problems

-It replaces some of the oxygen carried by the red blood cells.

• Nitrogen Oxides- from automobile and truck

exhausts.-create brown haze often seen over cities.

-these pollutants irritate the eyes, nose and lungs and lower a person's resistance to disease.

• Hydrocarbons- from incomplete burning of

gasoline, evaporation of fuels, solvents and paints.-group of chemical compounds made up of hydrogen and carbon.

-some hydrocarbons are known to cause certain types of cancer.

• Photchemical Smog-forms when nitrogen and hydrocarbons reacts.- irritates the eyes throat and lungs

• Particles in the Air- from industrial operations, gasoline and diesel engines and wind blown dust.

3. Noise Pollution - composite of sounds generated by human activities that can damage ears and contribute to health problems.Decibels (dB)- unit of loudness of sound

Intensity of Some Common Sounds

Sound SourcesIntensity Decibels

Human Whisper 30

Normal Conversation 60

City Traffic 80

Garbage Disposal Unit 80

Alarm Clock 80

Domestic Quarrel 80

Vacuum Cleaner 85

Intensity of Some Common Sounds

Sound SourcesIntensity Decibels

Garbage Truck 85

Food Blender 93

Jack Hammer 95

Printing Press 97

Motorcycle 110

Rock Band 114-140

Jet Airplane 135-150

Rocket 170

Effects of Noise Pollution• contribute to stress• cause the heart to beat faster• emotional problems

4. Soil or Land Pollution - contamination of the soil that prevents natural growth and balance.

Causes of Soil/Land Pollution

• hazardous waste • sewage spills• non sustainale farming ( heavy use of

inorganic pesticides)

• strip mining

• deforestation

• household dumping

• littering

Deforestation

It is the destruction of big areas of our forest because of agriculture, urbanization, illegal logging, mining and forest fires.

Soil Erosion

It happens when soil and rock are moved from one place to another by water and gravity. It is brought by natural and human activities.

Causes of Soil Erosion

Human Activities– Deforestation– Building of Roads– Agriculture– Urbanization- Creation of towns and

cities– Mining

Natural– Strong Winds– Heavy Rains

Various Type of Refuse

Refuse- general term applied to solid and semi-solid waste materials other than human excreta.

a.Garbage- left over vegetble, animal and fish material from kitchen and food establishments.These materials have atendency to decay giving off foul odors.

b. Rubbish- wase materials such as bottles, broken glasses. tin cana, waste papers, discarded porcelain wares, pieces of metal and other wrapping materials.

Various Type of Refuse

c. Ashes - left over from burning of wood and coal.d. Dead Animals-dead dogs, cats, rats, pigs

usually run over by vehicles on the streets and public highway.

e. Stable Manure- animal manure from stablef.Street Sweeping- dust,manure leaves, cigarette

butts, waste papers and other materials that are sweep from the streets.

g. Night Soil- Human waste normally wrapped and thrown into sidewalks and streets.

h. Yard Cuttings-leaves, branches, grass and other similar materials produced during cleaning of gardens and also after storm.

House Storage-referring to storage of waste materials or refuse which is very important to prevent flies, rats and other insects.

Refuse Collection-it involves two procedures:

1. pick-up or gathering refuse from houses, institutions, and other establishments.

2. Transportation of the collected refuse to final disposal site.

Refuse Disposal Home Refuse Disposal Methods1. Burial- refuse is deposited in pits and

covered with soil.2. Burning- it may create smoke or air

pollution problems. 3. Feeding to Animals4. Composting5. Grinding and Disposal to Sewer-using of

machines known as garbage grinders.6. Sanitary Landfill-also known as the cut and

cover.

Recycling• means to reclaim

by using in the

manufacture of new

products.• recovery and reuse of any waste

material for some useful purposes.• recovery and reprocessing for re-

use of discarded materials.

Garbology• it is the study of garbage.Ten Commandments of Garbology1. Do not mix your waste2. Compost biodegradable3. Recycle the non-biodegradable 4. Set up physical center for

composting and recycling in every barangay.

5. Total Segregation. No segregation. No collection.

6. Two Destinations: Back to mother earth back to father factory.

7. Decentralize! Small is Beautiful.8. An ecology officer a point person.9. Sue those who defy the law

especially public officials10. Take care of LAHAT ( Lupa,

Araw, Hangin , Ako at Tubig)

Some Facts about Plastic

Enough plastic is thrown away each year to circle the earth four times.We currently recover only five percent of the plastics we produce.

Annually approximately 500 billion plastic bags are used worldwide. More than one million bags are used every minute.46 percent of plastics float (EPA 2006) and it can drift for years before eventually concentrating in the ocean gyres.

It takes 500-1,000 years for plastic to degrade.

One million sea birds and 100,000 marine mammals are killed annually from plastic in our oceans.

Plastic chemicals can be absorbed by the body

Some of these compounds found in plastic have been found to alter hormones or have other potential human health effects.