HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS AND AND MEDICAL EXAMINATION MEDICAL EXAMINATION V.V.L.N.S.N.Gupta V.V.L.N.S.N.Gupta
Jan 21, 2016
HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS AND AND
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONMEDICAL EXAMINATION
HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS HEALTH CONSCIOUSNESS AND AND
MEDICAL EXAMINATIONMEDICAL EXAMINATION
V.V.L.N.S.N.GuptaV.V.L.N.S.N.Gupta
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Three levelsThree levels of of
Preventive measures Preventive measures
Three levelsThree levels of of
Preventive measures Preventive measures
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1. Primary prevention1. Primary prevention1. Primary prevention1. Primary prevention
Health promotion – Health promotion – I Level I Level
Specific protection – Specific protection – II LevelII Level
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2. Secondary Prevention 2. Secondary Prevention – – III III LevelLevel2. Secondary Prevention 2. Secondary Prevention – – III III LevelLevel
Early diagnosis & treatmentEarly diagnosis & treatmentEarly diagnosis & treatmentEarly diagnosis & treatment
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3. Tertiary Prevention3. Tertiary Prevention3. Tertiary Prevention3. Tertiary Prevention
Disability limitation Disability limitation
RehabilitationRehabilitation
Disability limitation Disability limitation
RehabilitationRehabilitation
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Three factors when interact Three factors when interact then disease process startsthen disease process startsThree factors when interact Three factors when interact then disease process startsthen disease process starts
•AGENTAGENT
•HOSTHOST
•ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
•AGENTAGENT
•HOSTHOST
•ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
are of cardinal importance in are of cardinal importance in disease process and are disease process and are called Ecological or called Ecological or Epidemiological triadEpidemiological triad
are of cardinal importance in are of cardinal importance in disease process and are disease process and are called Ecological or called Ecological or Epidemiological triadEpidemiological triad
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AGENTAGENTAGENTAGENT HOSTHOSTHOSTHOST
ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
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AGENTAGENTAGENTAGENT
1.1. LIVINGLIVING
2.2. NON LIVINGNON LIVING
1.1. LIVINGLIVING
2.2. NON LIVINGNON LIVING
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AGENTS CALSSIFIED INTO:AGENTS CALSSIFIED INTO:AGENTS CALSSIFIED INTO:AGENTS CALSSIFIED INTO:
1.1. Biological Agents Biological Agents
-Virus-Virus
-Bacteria -Bacteria
-Fungus -Fungus
-Parasites-Parasites
1.1. Biological Agents Biological Agents
-Virus-Virus
-Bacteria -Bacteria
-Fungus -Fungus
-Parasites-Parasites
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NUTRIENT AGENTSNUTRIENT AGENTSNUTRIENT AGENTSNUTRIENT AGENTS
-Protein-Protein-Fat-Fat-Carbohydrates-Carbohydrates-Vitamins-Vitamins-Minerals-Minerals-Water-Water
-Protein-Protein-Fat-Fat-Carbohydrates-Carbohydrates-Vitamins-Vitamins-Minerals-Minerals-Water-Water
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CHEMICAL AGENTSCHEMICAL AGENTSCHEMICAL AGENTSCHEMICAL AGENTS
ENDOGENOUSENDOGENOUS
•Produce in bodyProduce in body
-Diabetes-Diabetes
-Acidosis-Acidosis
-Uraemia-Uraemia
ENDOGENOUSENDOGENOUS
•Produce in bodyProduce in body
-Diabetes-Diabetes
-Acidosis-Acidosis
-Uraemia-Uraemia
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EXOGENOUS AGENTEXOGENOUS AGENTEXOGENOUS AGENTEXOGENOUS AGENT
MetalsMetalsFumesFumesDustDustGasesGasesAcquired by inhalationAcquired by inhalation Ingestion or inoculationIngestion or inoculation
MetalsMetalsFumesFumesDustDustGasesGasesAcquired by inhalationAcquired by inhalation Ingestion or inoculationIngestion or inoculation
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PHYSICAL AGENTSPHYSICAL AGENTSPHYSICAL AGENTSPHYSICAL AGENTS
HeatHeatColdColdHumidityHumidityPressurePressureRadiationRadiation
HeatHeatColdColdHumidityHumidityPressurePressureRadiationRadiation
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MECHANICAL AGENTSMECHANICAL AGENTSMECHANICAL AGENTSMECHANICAL AGENTS
FrictionFrictionMechanical forces resulting inMechanical forces resulting in
Crushing Crushing TearingTearingSprainsSprainsDislocation or FractureDislocation or Fracture
FrictionFrictionMechanical forces resulting inMechanical forces resulting in
Crushing Crushing TearingTearingSprainsSprainsDislocation or FractureDislocation or Fracture
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HOSTHOSTHOSTHOST
Man is hostMan is hostMan is hostMan is host
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ENVIRONEMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONEMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONEMENTAL FACTORSENVIRONEMENTAL FACTORS
Aggregate of all external Aggregate of all external conditions & influences which conditions & influences which affect life and development of affect life and development of an organism, human an organism, human behaviourbehaviour
Or SocietyOr Society
Aggregate of all external Aggregate of all external conditions & influences which conditions & influences which affect life and development of affect life and development of an organism, human an organism, human behaviourbehaviour
Or SocietyOr Society
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TWO TYPESTWO TYPESTWO TYPESTWO TYPES
1.1. INTERNALINTERNAL
2.2. EXTERNALEXTERNAL1.1. INTERNALINTERNAL
2.2. EXTERNALEXTERNAL
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INTERNALINTERNALINTERNALINTERNAL
Disease represents Disease represents
mal-adjustment of human mal-adjustment of human organism to his environmentorganism to his environment
Disease represents Disease represents
mal-adjustment of human mal-adjustment of human organism to his environmentorganism to his environment
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EXTERNALEXTERNALEXTERNALEXTERNAL
PHYSICALPHYSICALNon Living & Physical forcesNon Living & Physical forces
-Water-Water-Soil-Soil-Air-Air-Climate-Climate-Weather-Weather
PHYSICALPHYSICALNon Living & Physical forcesNon Living & Physical forces
-Water-Water-Soil-Soil-Air-Air-Climate-Climate-Weather-Weather
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EXTERNALEXTERNALEXTERNALEXTERNAL
-Geography-Geography-Food-Food-Housing-Housing-Heat-Heat-Light-Light-Radiation-Radiation
-Geography-Geography-Food-Food-Housing-Housing-Heat-Heat-Light-Light-Radiation-Radiation
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BIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALBIOLOGICALBIOLOGICAL
MicrobesMicrobes- VirusVirus- BacteriaBacteria- FungusFungus- ParasitesParasites- Even other people with whom man Even other people with whom man
is livingis living
MicrobesMicrobes- VirusVirus- BacteriaBacteria- FungusFungus- ParasitesParasites- Even other people with whom man Even other people with whom man
is livingis living
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SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Cultural ValuesCultural Values- ReligionReligion- EducationEducation- OccupationOccupation- Standard of livingStandard of living- Community lifeCommunity life- Health servicesHealth services
Cultural ValuesCultural Values- ReligionReligion- EducationEducation- OccupationOccupation- Standard of livingStandard of living- Community lifeCommunity life- Health servicesHealth services
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SOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ENVIRONMENTSOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
- Social & Political organizationSocial & Political organization- Psycho-social environmentPsycho-social environment- Harmonious adjustment to the Harmonious adjustment to the
social environment enables social environment enables man to enjoy health & man to enjoy health & happinesshappiness
- Social & Political organizationSocial & Political organization- Psycho-social environmentPsycho-social environment- Harmonious adjustment to the Harmonious adjustment to the
social environment enables social environment enables man to enjoy health & man to enjoy health & happinesshappiness
HEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH PROMOTIONHEALTH PROMOTION
Increase in general health & well Increase in general health & well beings of individual & community.beings of individual & community.Increase in general health & well Increase in general health & well beings of individual & community.beings of individual & community.
Health of a person can be improved byHealth of a person can be improved by
1.Adequate Nutrition1.Adequate Nutrition
2.Provision of Sanitary 2.Provision of Sanitary Environment Environment
-Water supplyWater supply-Adequate sewage and disposal Adequate sewage and disposal of human wasteof human waste-HousingHousing-Control of insects and rodentControl of insects and rodent
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Health of a person can be improved byHealth of a person can be improved by
-Safe working conditionsSafe working conditions-Recreational facilitiesRecreational facilities-Personal hygienePersonal hygiene-Health educationHealth education-Physical educationPhysical education-Periodical health screening Periodical health screening -Improvement of standard of Improvement of standard of living living of peopleof people
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SPECIFIC PROTECTIONSPECIFIC PROTECTION
-Specific immunizationSpecific immunization-Use of specific nutrientsUse of specific nutrients-Protection against Protection against occupational occupational hazardshazards-Protection against accidentsProtection against accidents-Protection against toxic and Protection against toxic and harmful chemicals harmful chemicals -Avoidance of allergensAvoidance of allergens
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SECONDARY PREVENTIONSECONDARY PREVENTION
This is III level of preventionThis is III level of prevention
Early diagnosis & treatment Early diagnosis & treatment - Action which stops the - Action which stops the
disease disease process at initial process at initial stage.stage.
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TERTIARY PREVENTIONTERTIARY PREVENTION
LAST TWO LEVELS OF PREVENTIONLAST TWO LEVELS OF PREVENTION
1.Disability limitation1.Disability limitation2. Rehabilitation cost is very high 1: 2. Rehabilitation cost is very high 1: 1616
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Non-communicable diseases risk Non-communicable diseases risk factorsfactors
1.1.SmokingSmoking2.2.Alcohol abuseAlcohol abuse3.3.Failure or inability to obtain preventive Failure or inability to obtain preventive
health services e.g., HTN, Cancer health services e.g., HTN, Cancer detection, Management of Diabetesdetection, Management of Diabetes
4.4.Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, physical Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, physical activity)activity)
5.5.Environmental risk factors (e.g., Environmental risk factors (e.g., Occupational hazards, air & water Occupational hazards, air & water pollution)pollution)
6.6.Stress factorsStress factors
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Coronary artery disease:Coronary artery disease:
•Angina PectorisAngina Pectoris•MI (Heart attack)MI (Heart attack)•Irregularities of HeartIrregularities of Heart•Cardiac failureCardiac failure•Sudden deathSudden death
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Coronary artery disease:Coronary artery disease:
Risk factors:Risk factors:•SmokingSmoking•HTNHTN•S.CholestrolS.Cholestrol•DiabetesDiabetes•GeneticsGenetics•Physical activityPhysical activity•HormonesHormones•Personality (Competitive people more at Personality (Competitive people more at risk than relaxed people)risk than relaxed people)•AlcoholAlcohol•Oral contraceptives Oral contraceptives
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Coronary artery disease:Coronary artery disease:
Prevention:Prevention:•Reduce fat intake to 20-30% of Reduce fat intake to 20-30% of total energy intaketotal energy intake•Reduce Saturated fat intake to Reduce Saturated fat intake to 10% of total energy intake10% of total energy intake•Increase Carbohydrate Increase Carbohydrate consumption (Vegetables, fruits, consumption (Vegetables, fruits, pulses, whole grains)pulses, whole grains)•Avoid alcoholAvoid alcohol•Decrease salt intake to 5g/ day or Decrease salt intake to 5g/ day or lessless
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HYPERTENSIONHYPERTENSION
Risk Factors: Risk Factors:
1.Non-modifiable 1.Non-modifiable •AgeAge•Genetic factors Genetic factors
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HYPERTENSIONHYPERTENSION
Risk Factors: Risk Factors:
2. Modifiable2. Modifiable•ObesityObesity•Salt intake Salt intake
•Saturated fatsSaturated fats•AlcoholAlcohol•Environmental stressEnvironmental stress
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HYPERTENSIONHYPERTENSION
Prevention:Prevention: 1.1.Nutrition – Reduce salt intake, Nutrition – Reduce salt intake,
moderate fat intake, avoid alcoholmoderate fat intake, avoid alcohol2.2.Weight reductionWeight reduction3.3.Exercise promotionExercise promotion4.4.Behavioral changes Behavioral changes
a.a.Reduce stressReduce stressb.b.Reduce smokingReduce smokingc.c.Meditation Meditation
5.5.Self-care - Learn to take your own Self-care - Learn to take your own B.P & Chart it B.P & Chart it
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Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes Mellitus:
(Due to Insulin deficiency )(Due to Insulin deficiency )Risk factors:Risk factors:
• Age-all above 40 yrs Age-all above 40 yrs • Genetic factors-family historyGenetic factors-family history• Immune mechanismsImmune mechanisms• ObesityObesity• Sedentary lifestyleSedentary lifestyle
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Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes Mellitus:
Due to Insulin deficiency Due to Insulin deficiency Risk factors:Risk factors:
• DietDiet• MalnutritionMalnutrition• Viral infection eg., Mumps, Viral infection eg., Mumps,
rubella etc.,rubella etc.,• Chemical agents e.g., AlloxanChemical agents e.g., Alloxan• Stress Stress
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Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes Mellitus:
Self-care:Self-care:
• ExerciseExercise• Diet Diet Avoid sweets Avoid sweets• Increase intake of fiber dietIncrease intake of fiber diet• Weight reductionWeight reduction• Reduce alcoholReduce alcohol• Reduce smokingReduce smoking• Control B.PControl B.P• Reduce Cholestrol & TriglyceridesReduce Cholestrol & Triglycerides
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Diabetes Mellitus: Diabetes Mellitus:
For known diabetics:For known diabetics:
• Routine BSL testingRoutine BSL testing• Routine Urine for proteins, ketonesRoutine Urine for proteins, ketones• Routine B.P chartingRoutine B.P charting• Routine visual acuity checkingRoutine visual acuity checking• Routine weight checkRoutine weight check• Routine feet examinationRoutine feet examination• Look for loss of sensation, dryness of Look for loss of sensation, dryness of
skinskin• Home blood sugar monitoringHome blood sugar monitoring