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Health behavior
HEALTH PSYCHOLOGY
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Overview
Definition & types of Health behavior
Diet
Exercise
Compliance
Patient/doctor Relation
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Key Definitions: Health Behavior
Any activity undertaken by an individual, regardless ofactual or perceived health status, for the purpose ofpromoting, protecting or maintaining health status.
A. Preventative Any medically recommended action, voluntarily taken by
the person who believes themselves to be healthy, thattends to prevent disease or disability and/ or detectdisease in an asymptomatic way
i. Primary: reduction or elimination of risk factors
ii. Secondary: asymptomatic detection of a disease in itsearly stages
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Medical Prevention
Examples
Immunization against:
- tetanus
- typhoid fever
- etc.
Consuming foods that
contain A, C, and D
vitamins to preventpellagra, scurvy, and
rickets
Non-medical PreventionExamples
Eating healthy- eating breakfast
-eating regularly etc.
Weight managementPhysical activity
Not smoking
Wearing seat belts
Obeying traffic lawsSafe sex activities
Safety regulations at work
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Key Definitions
B) Protective Actions that people engage in to protect, promote, or
maintain health, whether these actions are medicallyapproved or not
E.g. praying, taking laxatives, cold
showers, hot baths, taking mega-doses ofvitamins, wearing copper bracelets, eating
garlic, hitting yourself on the head with abaseball bat
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Key DefinitionsC) Illness behaviour
Actions by persons who are uncertain about
whether they are well, who are troubled or puzzled
by bodily sensations or feelings they believe aresigns or symptoms of illness, who want to clarify
the meaning of these experiences and thus
determine whether they are well, and who want to
know what to do if they are not
help seeking behavior, responses to bodily signs
E.g. seeking opinion from someone who is perceived tohaving expertise, seeing a naturopath, taking bloodpressure at drug store, seeing a physician etc.
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Key Definitions
D) Sick-role
Actions undertaken by people who have
been designated as being sick, either byothers or by themselves
E.g. returning for medical
appointments, bed rest, going tophysiotherapy/rehab also can
include prayer and visiting shrines
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Sick Role Mechanic,1968
Certain people respond to stressful life events
by entering sick role
Societal expectations about how you should
behave when sick-stay home, see doctor, act
grumpy, be moody, rest, stay in bed, etc
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Who uses the Sick Role
People under extreme stress
People, who are not well adjusted When people encounter challenge in life
Secondary Rewards of sick pay, sick
days, sympathy, being cared for
Neurotic personalities or low self-esteem
may become ill due to social & cognitive
aspects of societys sick role
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Key Definitions
E) Societal health behavior What society does for the collectivity
E.g. health education, food
safety, licensing of
professional providers,
monitor the environment
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Personal Health Behaviors
Link between Personality and Health
Certain types due to biology &
socialization likely engage in riskybehaviors-smoke, drink, skydiving etc
These people are prone to disease and
premature mortality
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Self-Healing Personalities Zealous: active, busy,
confident, productive,
hardworking, highlyextroverted
Relaxed: calm, jocular,droll, active, alert,
involved, responsive NO TWO PEOPLE
ARE ALIKE
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Nonverbal Cues of Personality
Self Healing Calm-even speech
Even hand gestures
away from body Open, relaxed body
Mutual gaze
Smooth movements
Charismatic &
optimistic
Disease Prone
Uneven speech
Loud, explosive voice
Sighs, stutters, ums
Clenched fist, teeth
Closed body posture Fidgets shifts tapping
Shifty-eyed,downcast
Facial grimace Vocal gesture
impatience
Over controlled calm
unexpressiveness
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Healthy Exercise 3 hours per week (across 3 5 sessions)
Warm-up
Stretching and flexibility exercise Strength and endurance exercise
Aerobics Rhythmic exercise of large muscle groups
Raise heart rate to moderately high level
Cool down
Heart rate formula is: minimum rate is 160 minus yourage. Maximum rate is 200 minus your age.
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Why is exercise healthy? Three psychosocial benefits are:
Feel less stressed and anxious
Better work performance and attitudes
More positive self-concept Physiological benefits
Increased production of endorphins
Improved agility
Improved bone density
Improved strength and flexibility
Additional benefits of exercise are that it helps weightmanagement. It helps prevent heart disease andsome cancers. It boost the immune system.
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Cardiovascular Benefits of
Exercise Lowers -
systolic and diastolic blood pressure
heart rate and thereby helps protect the heartagainst heart rhythm disturbances
LDL-cholesterol and raises HDL-cholesterol
(the good cholesterol)The blood pressure benefits of exercise are
best achieved by moderate rather than high
intensity exercise.
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Potential Risks of Exercise
Accidents
Injuries
Heart exhaustion and heat stroke
May become addictive
Precipitate a heart attack
If using steroids to enhance exercise,number of adverse effects of steroids.
Adverse effects of steroids include liver
and kidney tumours, heart attacks, and
stroke.
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Who is more likely to exercise? Men
Whites more than Hispanics and Blacks
Young more than old
Well educated or higher SES groups
Previous exercise history
Non-smoker
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Who becomes overweight?About 40% become overweight
In women, Blacks and Hispanics more
likely to be overweight than Whites.
Genetics and familial influences
Prevalence increases with age
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Why do people gain weight? Biological factors
Lower metabolic rate
Malfunctioning endocrine glands
Heredity
Set-point theory
Your body tries to maintain set weightThermostat-like mechanism
Hypothalamus involved
May relate to no. and size of fat cells
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Psychosocial Factors Eat more when stressed
Alcohol adds calories to diet andreduces disposal of fat
Watching television may reduce
metabolic weight rates below normalresting rates
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Health Hazard Weight Level Small risk 10% over ideal weight
Moderate risk 20% over ideal weight Greatly increased risk 50% over ideal
Distribution of weight more hazardous
if concentrated around the abdomen
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Healthy Eating Eating nutritionally balanced meals
Poor nutritional balance has been
implicated as factor in many diseases:Colon, stomach, pancreatic, prostate, and
breast cancer.
Hypertension (salt and high body weight)
Hypercholesterolemia (saturated fats)
Diabetes (body weight, sugar, fats)
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Type T Theory Farley,
1990 Thrill seeking Trait
Psychobiologicalneed forstimulation due toan internal arousaldeficit
Need to bechanneled intosafe heartpounding activities
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Communication & Compliance
Good health is dependent on:
Whether we decide to seek professional medical
help for our illness symptoms
How we communicate our symptoms to health
professionals
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DoctorPatient Communication During GP consultations:
Over 60% of all psychosocial or psychiatric
problems are missed
Over 50% of a patients symptoms fail to be
identified
Around 50% of all consultations end in patientdoctor disagreement about symptoms
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Consultation Guidelines(Pendleton et al., 1984)
Reason for patients attendance needs to be defined
Consider problems other than those mentioned bypatient
Choose appropriate action for each problem
Achieve shared understanding of problem with
patient Involve patient in management of problem
Use time and resources effectively
Try and ensure achievement of future goals
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Patient Compliance
Patient satisfaction and compliance derives
from:
The doctor appearing friendly
The doctor appearing to understand the patients
concerns
The patients expectations of success
The doctor being a good communicator
The doctor providing full and clear information
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Leys Model of Compliance
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A few notes on lifestyle
Health lifestyles are collective patterns of health-related
behavior based on choices from options available to
people according to their life chances.
Bourdieu (1984) believed that although individuals
choose their lifestyles, they do not do so with complete
free will.
A part of lifestyle is formed by the habitus.
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Notion of a Habitus
Social structures and conditions engender enduring
personal orientations that are more or less routine, andwhen these orientations are acted upon, they tend to
reproduce the structures from which they are derived.(Gochman, 1997, p. 258)
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Bordieu found class differences in lifestyle mostly
surrounding sport and food preferences.
Bordieus lesson: routines of individuals areinfluenced by structures of their social world andthat the practice of these routines perpetuates the
structures
Class culture Food habits
Bottom Line?Strong influence of structure (i.e. life chances) on thehabitus mind-set from which lifestyle choices arederived (Gochman, 1997). Lifestyles are systematicproducts of habitus and become socially qualified.
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Self-Efficacy impact on
Health
Peoples beliefs about their capacity to exercise
control over events that affect their lives. (Bandura,
1989, p. 1175) role in behavior & lifestyle choiceswhich ultimately influence health (e.g. smoking,
drinking, risk taking etc.)
Plays role in
Health belief Model-function of threat & coping
appraisal
Protection Motivation Theory
Theory of Planned Behavior
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Metropolitan Height & Weight
Tables Women
Small frame54
ideal weight is 114-127 lbs.
Medium frame54ideal weight is 124-
138 lbs.
Men
Small frame6
ideal weight is 149-160lbs
Medium frame6ideal weight is 157-170
lbs