Health and illness - bowenstaff.bowen.edu.ng · Bowen University Iwo, Osun State. Definitions •A state of being in which the developmental and behavioural potential of an individual

Health and illness

Matthew Idowu OLATUBI

Department of Nursing Science

Bowen University, Iwo

Bowen University Iwo, Osun State

Definitions

• Health – the definition of health has changed overtime; it is now considered a multidimensionalconcept that includes physical, emotional, social,mental, and environmental aspects


Definitions • Presence or absence of disease

– State of being well and every power the individualpossesses to the fullest (Nightingale, 1860/1969)

– as a state of complete physical, mental, and socialwell-being, and not merely the absence of diseaseor infirmity (WHO)

• Role and performance

– Ability to maintain normal role (Talcott Parson, 1951)

– Health is not a condition; it is an adjustment, it is not astate but a process (President’s Commission, 1953)


Definitions

• A state of being in which the developmentaland behavioural potential of an individual isrealized to the fullest extent possible (ANA,1980).

• Personal definition of health


Wellness • Wellness – is a measure of our status in each of the

dimensions of health and is the key to unlocking anindividual’s full potential

• Seven component of wellness

• Physical

• Social

• Emotional

• Intellectual

• Spiritual

• Occupational

• Environmental


Physical

• Ability to carry out tasks, achieve fitness,maintain adequate nutrition and proper bodyfat, avoid abusing drugs and alcohol or usingtobacco products, and generally practicepositive lifestyle habits.


Social

• Ability to interact successfully with people andwithin the environment of which each personis a part to develop and maintain intimacywith significant others, and to develop respectand tolerance for those with differentopinions and beliefs


Emotional

• Ability to manage stress and express emotionsappropriately

• Involves the ability to recognize, accept andexpress feelings and to accept one’s limitation


Spiritual

• Belief in some force that serve to unit humanbeings and provide meaning and purpose tolife.


Occupational

• The ability to achieve a balance between workand leisure time


Environmental

• The ability to promote health measures that improve the standard of living and quality of life in the community


Models of health and wellness

• Clinical model

• Role performance model

• Adaptive model

• Eudemonistic model

• Agent-Host-Environment model

• Health-Illness continua


Clinical model

• Health is viewed as physiologic systems withrelated to function

• Absence of signs and symptoms of disease orinjury


Role Performance model

• Individual’s ability to fulfill societal roles


Adaptive Model

• Health is a creative process; disease is a failurein adaptation, or maladaptation


Eudemonistic model

• Incorporate comprehensive view of health

• Health is seen a condition of actualization orrealization of a person’s potential

• Actualization is the apex of the fullydeveloped personality

• Illness is the condition that prevents self-actualization


Agent-Host-Environment model

• Also called ecologic model• Use in predicting illness rather than promoting

wellness• Agent: any environmental factor or stressor can

lead to illness or disease• Host: Person(S) who may or may not be at risk of

acquiring a disease• Environment: all factors outside the host that

may or may not predispose the person to thedevelopment of disease



The Dimensions of Health and the Wellness Continuum

Figure 1.1Bowen University Iwo, Osun State

Wellness & Well-Being

• Wellness further describes health status. It

allows health to be placed on a continuum from one’s optimal level (“wellness”) to a maladaptive state (“illness”)

Copyright 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Dimensions of Wellness


Variables influencing health status, beliefs, and practices

• Internal variable

– Biologic dimension

• Genetic makeup

• Gender

• Age

• Developmental level

– Psychologic dimension

• Mind-body interaction

• Self-concept


Variables influencing health status, beliefs, and practices

– Cognitive dimension

• Lifestyle choices

• Spiritual beliefs

• Religious beliefs

• External variables

– Environment

– Standards of living

– Family and cultural beliefs

– Social support network


Illness and Disease

• Illness is a highly personal state in which theperson’s physical, emotional, intellectual,social, developmental, or spiritual functioningis thought to be diminished

• Disease can be described as an alteration inbody functions resulting in a reduction ofcapacities or a shortening of the normal lifespan.


Illness

• Acute illness

• Chronic illness


Illness behavior Parson (1979) described four aspects of the sick role

• Clients are not held responsible for their condition

• Clients are excused from certain social roles & tasks

• Clients are obliged to try to get well as quickly aspossible

• Clients or their families are obliged to seekcompetent help


Illness Behaviour

Suchman (1979) describe 5 stages of illness

• Symptoms experiences

• Assumption of the sick role

• Medical care contact

• Dependent client role

• Recovery or rehabilitation


Symptom experience

• The person comes to believe something iswrong

• 3 aspects

– The physical experience of symptoms

– The cognitive aspect

– The emotional response


Assumption of the sick role

• Individual accepts sick role and seek confirmationfrom family and friends

• Self-treatment and delay contact with health careprofessionals as long as possible

• Excused from normal duties and roleexpectations

• Emotional responses (withdrawer, anxiety, fear &depression) are not uncommon

• When symptoms of illness persit or increase, theperson is motivated to seek professional help


Medical care contact

• Validation of the real illness

• Explanation of the symptoms inunderstandable terms

• Reassurance that they will be all right orprediction of what the outcome will be


Dependent client role

• Client become dependent on the professionalfor help

• People vary greatly in the degree of ease withwhich they can give up their independence.


Recovery or rehabilitation

• Client is expected to relinquish the dependentrole and resume formal roles andresponsibilities


Effects of illness

• Impact on the clients

– Behavioural change

– Emotional changes

– Changes in self-concept

– Body image changes

– Lifestyle changes

• Impact on the family

– Roles changes

– Task reassignment

– Increased stress

– Financial problem

– Loneliness

– Change in socialcustom


Thank you


Health and illness - bowenstaff.bowen.edu.ng · Bowen University Iwo, Osun State. Definitions •A state of being in which the developmental and behavioural potential of an individual

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