Head and Neck

BIO 226Cross-sectional Anatomy

Head & Neckpresented by

John Moore – Professor

Parkland College

Structure list• CCA/ICA/ECA• choroid plexus• crista galli• dens (odontoid process)• esophagus• external auditory meatus• falx cerebri• frontal sinus• hard palate• IHF - inter hemispheric fissure (a.k.a. - longitudinal

fissure)• IJV/EJV• larynx• MAC

Structure list (cont.)• maxillary sinus• nasal cavity• nasal conchae (turbinates)• nasal septum• nasopharynx/oropharynx• optic n.• pituitary gland• rectus mm.• septum pellucidum• spinal cord• superior sagittal sinus• thyroid gland• trachea• transverse foramen• ventricles (lateral, 3rd., 4th.)• vertebral a.

• The head & neck region has several characteristics that make it difficult to comprehend, and several that make it easy. The major concept that adds difficulty is the amount of detail that is found in the head & neck regions. (As an example, the Dental Hygiene Program offers a complete course in Head & Neck Anatomy!!!!) Fortunately, for an introductory level course such as this, we will not be going into tremendous amounts of detail -- only basic reference structures.

The good news is that the head & neck have more symmetry than any other area of the body. This symmetry is not only useful for study purposes, but also for diagnostics. Generally, if you see something on one side of the head/neck, and you don’t see it on the other -- something is wrong somewhere.

Some of the “applied” anatomy concepts we will be covering during the head & neck segment will include:

• the concept of a “closed” cranial cavity

• blood supply to/from the head

• communication between intracranial and extra cranial blood systems

• blood supply of the brain itself

• a brief overview of the regions of the brain, and associated functions

Zygomatic arch

Sternocleidomastoid m.

Platysma m.

Sternothyroid m.

Sternohyoid m.

SCM

Hyoid bone

Scalene muscles

R1clavicle

Thyroid carilage

GENERAL NECK ANATOMY

sphenoid nasal

maxilla

zygomatic

lacrimal

ethmoid

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

sphenoid

frontal

parietal

temporal

occipital

external auditory meatus

TMJ

mastoid process

ethmoid

Palatine (hard palate)

Perpendicular plate

Septal cartilage

vomer

Sphenoid sinusSella turcica

Cribriform plate of ethmoid

Frontal sinus

Cribriform plate / ethmoid

Sella turcica / sphenoid

Crista galli / ethmoid

Foramen magnum

Anterior clinoid process

Posterior clinoid process

Cribriform plate

ETHMOID – FRONTAL VIEW

Crista galli

Perpendicular plateMiddle nasal concha

Cribriform plateCrista galli

Perpendicular plate

Ethmoid air cells

Maxillary sinus

Frontal sinus

Sphenoidal sinus

Maxillary sinuses

Ethmoid air cells

Frontal sinus

Spenoid sinus

Frontal sinus

Perpendicular plateMaxilla

Ethmoid sinus

conchaeMaxillary sinus

Frontal sinus

Mastoid air cells

Sphenoid sinus

MAC

Foramen magnum

MAC

brain

Pia mater

Arachnoid mater

Dura mater

Subarachnoid space

Subdural space

parietal lobe

occipital lobe

cerebellum

central sulcus (fissure)

temporal lobe

medulla

pons

brain stem

frontal lobe

spinal cord

medulla oblongata

ponscerebral aqueduct

pituitary gland

corpus callosum

cerebellum

4th ventricle

Lateral ventricle

3rd ventricle

4th ventricle

Frontal hornOccipital horn

Temporal horn

Cerebral aqueduct

Foramen of Monro

POSTERIOR VIEW

SUPERIOR VIEW

4th ventricle

4th ventricleCerebral aqueduct

Superior sagittal sinus

Transverse sinus

Internal jugular vein

Confluence of sinuses

Straight sinus

Sigmoid sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Falx cerebri

CIRCLE OF WILLIS

Anterior cerebral artery

Anterior communicating artery

Middle cerebral artery

Internal carotid artery

Posterior communicating artery

Posterior cerebral artery

Basilar artery

Vertebral artery

Longitudinal fissure

S.S.S.

Frontal bone

Falx cerebri

Body of right lateral ventricle

Septum pellucidum

Body of right lateral ventricle

Choroid plexus

Anterior horn Left lateral ventricle

3rd ventricle

thalamus

Frontal sinus

4th ventricle

cerebellumcerebellum

pituitary

Anterior clinoidPosterior

clinoid

S.S.S.

S.S.S.

Longitudinal fissure

skull

scalp

Body of right lateral ventricle Corpus

callosum

Right lateral ventricle

Septum pellucidum

Anterior horn right lateral ventricle

Posterior horn left lateral ventricle

Optic n.

Cerebral aqueduct

Globe of eye

pons

4th ventricle

cerebellum cerebellum

Neck

oropharynx

nasopharynx

laryngopharynxVocal cords

Sphenoid sinus

Frontal sinus

Salivary Glands

• Sublingual

• Parotid

• Submandibular

Parotid gland

Accessory parotid gland

Stenson’s duct

Wharton’s duct

Sublingual gland

Submandibular gland

epiglottis

hyoid

Thyroid cart.

Cricoid cart.

Corniculate cart.

Arytenoid cart.

Laryngeal prominence trachea

Thyroid Gland

• Right/left lobe

• Pyramidal lobe

• Location in neck

• Contains iodine

Pyramidal lobe

isthmus

Left lobeRight lobe

trachea

Blood Vessels

• Arteries– Right/left common carotid

• Right/left internal carotid• Right/left external carotid

– Vertebral

Blood Vessels

• Veins– Internal jugular – drains into subclavian– External jugular – drains into subclavian

IJV

pharynx

SCM

Spinal cord

epiglottis

SCM

Erector spinae m.

IJV

VA

CCA

ECA

ICAIJV

Hyoid bone

Submandibular salivary gland

Thyroid cartilage

WHERE IS THE ESOPHAGUS?

Notice differences in CCA/ICA/ECA on the two sides

Thyroid gland

trachea

FINALLY – a good look at the esophagus!!!!

49 yo female with progressive weakness

• CT precontrast

• C