Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG Liver Institute of Virginia Education, Research and Treatment for Patients with Liver Disease IVer Bon Secours Health System HBV NATURAL HISTORY AND MANAGMENT Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG Director Liver Institute of Virginia Bon Secours Health System Richmond and Newport News, Virginia IVer CHRONIC HBV INFECTION DEMOGRAPHICS IN THE USA Estimated 1.25 million persons in USA infected Vast majority are immigrants or first-generation Americans: • Southeast Asia, China • Sub-Saharan Africa • Eastern Europe • Likely acquired HBV via vertical transmission or from contaminated medical equipment in their homeland African Americans account for 20% of persons with chronic infection ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology Page 1 of 11
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Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
Liver Institute of VirginiaEducation, Research and Treatment for Patients with Liver Disease
IVerBon SecoursHealth System
HBVNATURAL HISTORY AND MANAGMENT
Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACGDirectorLiver Institute of VirginiaBon Secours Health SystemRichmond and Newport News, Virginia
IVer
CHRONIC HBV INFECTIONDEMOGRAPHICS IN THE USA
Estimated 1.25 million persons in USA infected Vast majority are immigrants or first-generation
Americans:• Southeast Asia, China• Sub-Saharan Africa• Eastern Europe• Likely acquired HBV via vertical transmission or
from contaminated medical equipment in their homeland
African Americans account for 20% of persons with chronic infection
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology
Page 1 of 11
Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
IVer
ACUTE HBV INFECTIONAGE AT RISK
0
5
10
15
20
25
0-14 15-19 20-29 30-39 >40
AGE (years)
Ca
ses/
10
0,0
00
ML ShiffmanClin Liv Dis 2010; 14:75-91.
IVer
ACUTE HBVSPONTANEOUS RESOLUTION
TIME
AL
T (
IU/L
)
HBV DNAHBVeAgHBVsAgHBVcAb IgMHBVcAb
Anti-HBs
Window
Anti-HBe
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology
Page 2 of 11
Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
IVer
RISK OF DEVELOPING CHRONIC HBVAGE AND SYMPTOMS
ML ShiffmanClin Liv Dis 2010; 14:75-91.
IVer
CHRONIC HBVIMMUNE TOLERANT STATE
HBV DNAHBVeAg
HBVcAb IgMHBVcAb
HBVsAg
• Normal ALT• Very high HBV DNA• Absence of inflammation• None–minimal fibrosis• No treatment indicated
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology
Page 3 of 11
Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
IVer
IMMUNE TOLERANT HBVNATURAL HISTORY
Baseline 5 years
ALT (IU/l) 17 (6-24) 14 (4-23)
Log HBV DNA (IU/ml) 9.74 9.81
Inflammation Score 3 (1-6) 3 (1-5)
Fibrosis:
F0
F1
F2
15
33
0
16
31
1
CK Hui et al.Hepatology 2007; 46: 395-401.
IVer
CHRONIC HBVLOSS OF IMMUNE TOLERANCE
TIME
Decline in
HBV DNA
Increase inSerum ALT
CK Hui et al.Hepatology 2007; 46: 395-401.
• Do not treat• Monitor• 50% will convert
to active HBV in 5 years
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology
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Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
IVer
CHRONIC HBVSPONTANEOUS LOSS OF eAg
HBV DNAHBVeAg
HBVcAb IgMHBVcAb
HBVsAgAnti-HBVe
IgM
Anti-Hbcore IgMMay become positive
IVer
CHRONIC HEPATITIS B VIRUSSPONTANEOUS SEROCONVERSION
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
YEARS
% o
f P
atie
nts
YF Liaw et al.Gastroenterol 1983; 84:216-219.
Factors associated with seroconversion: Duration of infectionBUT NOT: HBV DNA level Serum ALT Histology
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology
Page 5 of 11
Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
IVer
CHRONIC HBV SEROCONVERSIONFIBROSIS RESOLUTION
• Fibrosis progression occurs with active HBV
• Fibrosis regression occurs after seroconversion
• Factors which affect the rate of fibrosis regression:• Decline in HBV DNA• Decline in ALT• Patient age• HBV genotype
CK Hui et al.Hepatology 2007; 46:690-698.
IVer
CHRONIC HBVWHAT IS E-NEGATIVE ACTIVE HBV
• E-gene located in the pre-core region of HBV
• Not necessary for replication• Target of the immune response to
inactivate HBV
Core geneE-gene
E-antigenCore
antigen
Core geneE**gene
Coreantigen
• Mutation of the E-gene• No detectable E-antigen• Does not prevent replication• Prevents the immune response from
inactivating HBV
S Ahn et alGastroenterol 2003; 125:1370-1378.
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology
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Mitchell L. Shiffman, MD, FACG
IVer
E-ANTIGEN NEGATIVE CHRONIC HBVEVOLUTION
Chronic HBVsAg (+)
E-Antigen (+)
E-antigen (-)Anti-E (+)
Inactive HBV
JH Hoofnagle et al.
Hepatology 2007; 45:1056-1075.
Seroconversion of E-Antigen (+) Strain:
IVer
E-ANTIGEN NEGATIVE CHRONIC HBVEVOLUTION
Chronic HBVsAg (+)
E-Antigen (+) E-Antigen (-)
E-antigen (-)Anti-E (+)
Inactive HBV
E antigen (-)Anti-E (-)
Active E-negative HBV
JH Hoofnagle et al.
Hepatology 2007; 45:1056-1075.
Seroconversion of E-Antigen (+) Strain:
ACG 2016 Midwest Hepatitis School Copyright 2016 American College of Gastroenterology