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2.0 Justification of the comparison of 2D and 3D Kinematic Analysis 6 - 9
3.0 Analysis of 2D and 3D kinematic data collected 9 - 10
4.0 Suggestions for the importance of 2D and 3D
Kinematic Analysis to the development of Athlete performance 11
5.0 Conclusions 12
References 13 - 14
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1.0 Introduction
Biomechanics is the application of the laws and knowledge of mechanics to the anatomical
(structural) and physiological (functional) aspects of a living system. Biomechanics also can
define as the application of the principle of mechanics to study the biological systems.
Application of the principles from mechanics and engineering in the field of sports is known as
sports biomechanics. Biomechanics is the sport science field that applies the laws of mechanics
and physics to human performance, in order to gain a greater understanding of performance in
athletic events through modeling, simulation and measurement.
It is also necessary to have a good understanding of the application of physics to sport, as
physical principles such as motion, resistance, momentum and friction play a part in most
sporting events. Sports bio mechanists or movement analysts study and analyzed human
movement patterns in sport to help people perform their chosen sporting activity better and to
reduce the risk of injury. Biomechanical analysis of sport performance provides an objective
method of determining performance of a particular sporting technique. In particular, it aims to
add to the understanding of the mechanisms influencing performance, characterization of
athletes, and provide insights into injury.
1.1 Introduction of 2D and 3D kinematic analysis and its benefits
A detailed understanding of the biomechanics of human motion in sports generally requires the
service of a multiple camera three-dimensional motion analysis system to film, capture, and
track, digitize and analyze motion over time. A variety of motion analysis capture methods such
as optical, electromagnetic and image-based techniques can be used. However, they all serve a
common objective to obtain raw positional data of segment points that can be filtered and used to
calculate various kinematic and kinetic derived variables. These variables are applied to quantify
and experimentally validate descriptions of sports technique, and also provide biomechanical
explanations of the motion patterns observed in sports.
Computer systems are increasingly being used for sports training. Two kinds of computer-aided
sports training systems are commercially available: 3D motion-based systems and 2D video-
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based systems. A 3D motion-based system uses multiple cameras to track the motion of
reflective markers attached to the performer’s body. The markers’ 3D positions are recovered
and used to compute the performer’s 3D motion, which can be analyzed by the coach or
compared with a 3D reference motion of an expert. Such a system can provide accurate motion
analysis. However, it is very expensive and difficult to use for the general users.
A 2D video-based system captures the performer’s motion using an off-the-shelf video camera
and loads the video into a computer system. The system displays the performer’s video and a
pre-recorded expert’s video side by side, and provides tools for the user to manually compare the
performer’s motion with the expert’s motion. The system is affordable to general users.
However, it cannot perform detailed motion analysis automatically.
3D Motion Analysis has a number of uses including Sport Science. This makes it possible to
observe how people move when they are playing sports. Computers have made lots of things
possible, and this includes tracking movement. You can use virtually any computer to do this as
long as it is quite new. There are many different pieces of software which can be used to analyze
movements in all three dimensions. When the 3D motion is rendered, it is then possible to play it
back and analyze it. This makes it simple to analyze your behavior when playing sports and
improve your techniques.
1.2 2D and 3D kinematic analysis benefits
2D and 3D motion has a number of uses including medical, physiotherapy and sport therapy. To
analyze this information, you will need to have a powerful computer which is reliable and won't
let you down. Motion analysis can be used to store the information about the dynamic and
kinematics movements.
The need for biomechanical analysis has become fundamental in any sport with complex
movements. 2D and 3D Biomechanical Motion Analysis will directly lead to improved
performance and injury prevention. It will identify "power leaks" and their causes, so that
incomplete sports training can develop into superior performance-enhancement. For example to
detail a few achievable goals: throwers will see better command of pitches, increased velocity
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and number of pitches, with significant reduction of elbow, shoulder and back pain; hitters will
see more power output and higher batting average; runners will benefit from increased stride
rate, stride length and lowered risk of leg muscle strains; golfers will get more distance and
straighter drives from a more consistent swing, with less fatigue and body aches.
Regardless of a particular style or school of thought for sports techniques, from a mechanics
standpoint, the body can only move optimally in one way. This is due to the alignment of bones,
the direction of muscle fibers and the designated contractile properties of those fibers. These
very different sports all rely on rotational movements, and since the body can only rotate its parts
in one ideal way, these seemingly individual sports rely on the same sequencing of parts.
The analysis in 2-D and 3-D system is an athlete’s mechanics; whether for running, throwing,
swinging, kicking, cycling, squatting, jumping are analyzed using electromagnetic body sensors,
real-time motion-capture video, and state-of-the-art computer software. The analysis generates a
2-D and 3-D digital animation, which allows people to understand every aspect of their
movements, while assessing proper kinetic sequence, body posture, range-of-motion, etc.
Seeing data broken down to 240 frames per second (the human eye can only see between 30 and
60 frames per second) and with accuracy up to 1/10th of a degree, it becomes easy to pin-point
the exact, undetectable moment when a complex motion might be creating stress or negatively
affecting performance. And with that detailed biomechanical data, training or rehab can become
completely individualized and, therefore, markedly more dramatic.
In sports coaching, a coach assesses the movements of a sportsman to provide coaching
instructions. The coach analyzes many factors in the sportsman’s motion such as the positions,
orientations, speeds and motion directions of his body parts. For movements that require
precision, such as golf swing, it is very difficult for a human coach to assess the movement
quantitatively and precisely without instrumental aids. For long and complex movements such as
Taichi, it is impossible for the coach to remember all the mistakes of the performer throughout
the whole Taichi sequence. The coach needs to stop the performer’s movement to provide
coaching instructions, disrupting the smooth flow of the movement. Computer systems can assist
the coach in all the above aspects of sports coaching.
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This analysis allows coaches to identify a potential location and time for error to occur and
obtain quantifiable data to track progressions of athletes’ improvement by providing a freeze-
frame description of the critical phases of a skill and numerically annotates the position of
anatomical structures. The application of video filming and motion analysis may help athletes
and their coaches to examine the techniques used and to explore ways to improve their
performance. Below are the examples of benefits from the 3D kinematic analysis
Movement Geometry
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Using a high speed camera we have the capability to record any high speed motion (such as
pitching) and calculate distances and linear velocities which are impossible with a standard
definition camera.
Trajectory Analysis depicts in serial pictures the trajectory of an anatomical structure,
object, or implement. By tracking the trajectory of an object or body segment coaches and
players will obtain visual information of flight path. This baseball example contrasts flight
path from a catcher’s perspective between pitches.
The main outcome of such analyses is to allow coach and athlete to make immediate educated
choices, based on actual data, in relation to changes in throwing technique, physical preparation
and possible future frame design. These analyses are also helpful to clearly identify and
prioritize the research focus to be conducted in experimental conditions and during real events.
For example, an analysis conducted on the Australian world-record holder in the class F34 men,
during a representative of the technique performed by elite athletes while competing in a world-
class event. It is difficult to fully replicate the environment of a world-class competition, which
often includes the stress and pressure due to the presence of other opponents, mass-media,
referees in charge of applying the rules strictly, the use of official equipment, etc.
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2.0 Justification of the comparison of 2D and 3D Kinematic Analysis
2.1 There are two basic approaches to analyze motion, two dimensional (2D) analyses and three
dimensional (3D) analyses. The 3D system uses multiple cameras to track reflective markers
attached to the body. 3D systems are considered to be ac-curate for motion analysis, but tend to
be expensive and difficult to use for the average person. Some applications of 2D video based
systems can capture the video with an inexpensive off the shelf camera. This video can be
streamed instantly or loaded on a computer at a later time for analysis.
2.2 in the Throwing techniques involving a significant rotation in the transverse plane will therefore require 3D analysis.
2.3 2D video analyses can provide some visual information about an activity. 3D analyses provide the greatest visualization and allow a full digital reconstruction of the activity.
2.4 In a two-dimensional (2D) video analysis, biomechanical evaluations are performed with
high-speed video cameras. In the Mass General Sports Performance Center, 2 to 3 video cameras
are placed to view an athlete from different angles. Activity can be recorded at speeds to 1000
frames per second. The cameras record the athlete during an activity simultaneously. The 2D
analysis allows clinicians and athlete's to review the video of the sporting activity and look at the
athlete at a key event such as at the moment when a pitcher releases the baseball or when a golfer
strikes the ball. The images for analysis, however, are limited by the view of the camera, and no
force data is obtained.
2.5 The 3D reconstruction provides us a method to calculate the actual position and speed of
each part of the body during an activity. Joint force, torques and power can be calculated. The
biomechanical efficiency of your movement can be assessed. The resulting 3D reconstruction
allows us to analyze the athlete’s movements with precise measurements, revealing a wealth of
information that can help you improve and gain a competitive edge. This is impossible for 2D.
2.6 3D Motion analyses provide the best visualization of an activity and provide the ability to
track your progress over time. Concepts such as "swing efficiency" can be evaluated. Specific
movement for a given mechanism, and, working in reverse, kinematic synthesis designs a
mechanism for a desired range of motion. 2D and 3D motion has a number of uses including
medical, physiotherapy and sport therapy. To analyze this information, you will need to have a
powerful computer which is reliable and won't let you down. Motion analysis can be used to
store the information about the dynamic and kinematics movements. The need for biomechanical
analysis has become fundamental in any sport with complex movements. 2D and 3D
Biomechanical Motion Analysis will directly lead to improved performance and injury
prevention. It will identify "power leaks" and their causes, so that incomplete sports training can
develop into superior performance-enhancement.
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Bibliography
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