HBMT2203

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Acknowledgements

2. Articles of Teaching Fractions with Tortillas

3. Articles of Fraction Circle Set

4. Question 1 (a) :Teaching Fractions with Tortillas

(i) Two strengths

(ii) Two weaknesses

5. Question 1 (a) :Fraction Circle Set

(i) Two strengths

(ii) Two weaknesses

6. Question 1 (b) : Approaches That I Would Choose and The Three Reasons

7. Question 2 : Teaching and Learning Activity Year Three

8. References

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

QUESTION 1

Teaching Fractions with Tortillas

a) (i) Two strengths

1. As a Physical Materials

Teaching fractions with tortillas is one way of the variety of physical

materials that used to show the meaning of a fraction as “part of a whole”.

This method will provide a graduated and conceptually supported framework

for students to create a meaningful connection among concrete,

representational and abstract levels of understanding. Beginning with visual,

tactile and kinaesthetic experiences to establish understanding, students

expand their understanding through pictorial representations of concrete

objects and move to the abstract level of understanding.

2. As a Hands-On And Learning Experience

"Hands-on and learning by experience are powerful ideas, and we know

that engaging students actively and thoughtfully in their studies pays off in

better learning (Rutherford, 1993, p. 5).” This activity also provides students

with a similar set of experiences so everyone can participate in discussions on

a level playing field regardless of their socio-economic status. In this way,

special benefits are not awarded to those who, by virtue of their wealth or

background, have a greater number of experiences under their belts. It is also

forces student thinking by requiring interpretation of the observed events,

rather than memorization of correct responses.

3. To Build Self Confidence

Let the pupils do as many things by himself or herself. Young children

need to be watched closely. However, they learn to be independent and to

develop confidence by doing tasks. It's important to let them make choices,

rather than deciding everything for her. Encourage them to play with other

children and to be with adults who are not family members. The pupils need

social opportunities to learn to see the point of view of others.

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

Young children are more likely to get along with teachers and

classmates if they have had experiences with different adults and children.

(ii) Two weaknesses

1. Hard To Make The Tortillas

Teaching fractions with tortillas is so hard for a teacher. It is because the

teacher has to make these tortillas about one to two kilograms and then fry it.

Soon in the school, these tortillas have to wait for the teaching and learning

time. It soon will be melting or damage and cannot be use anymore. When the

pupils touch these tortillas, it will dirt their hands and may be also their shirts

and uniforms. Pupils also will not focus on teacher’s instructions and they will

play with these tortillas.

2. The Size Of The Tortillas Is Not In A Standard Size

The size of the tortillas that with different radius and diameter and the

shapes also are the problems for teacher and pupils to recognize one half, one

quarter and three quarters. It is because after the pupils fold it into half or

quarter, it will have different size or tear off into different sizes. Teacher also

faces the difficulties to make tortillas with the same size. The thickness of the

tortillas will also interrupt pupils thinking and understanding about fractions.

They still cannot understand that fractions divide an object into equal parts.

3. Not Easy To Cut Into Same Size

Pupils will have difficulties to cut into same size especially for kids.

They do not have the skills to use and hold the knife to cut the food or tortillas

into same size with same radius or diameter into ½, ¼ and ¾.

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

Fraction Circle Set

(i) Two strengths

1. To Stimulate Students To Participate In The Teaching and Learning Activities

The benefits of hands-on-learning in the school revolves around those children who are either not as academically "talented" or have not shown "interest" in school. This method tends to stimulate these type of students into participating and eventually absorbing information that will believe they would not get from "normal" show-me - tell-me methods. The single most important benefit is that although it requires a great deal of preparation time, once a system is developed, hands-on teaching makes teaching fun. If the kids are learning and having fun doing it, then the teacher having fun at job, and a happier person overall.

2. The Activity Will Be Stored In Their Memory For Useful Retrieval

Students in a hands-on mathematics program will remember the material better, feel a sense of accomplishment when the task is completed, and be able to transfer that experience easier to other learning situations. When more than one method of learning is accessed as in hands-on learning, the information has a better chance of being stored in the memory for useful retrieval. Students who have difficulty in the learning arena for reasons of auditory deficiencies, or behavioural interference can be found to be on task more often because they are part of the learning process and not just spectators. Justifying why we would use hands-on mathematics is based on all the research and methods studies that are current. They support the notion of multi-faceted bombardment of information and experiences so that the retention level is improved.

3. To Develop Pupils Critical Thinking Skills

Students who are involved in labs and activities are empowered in their own learning process.

Developer Thoughts

I hear and I forget

I see and I remember

I do and I understand

- Chinese Proverb

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

Although these words may not be the exact translation, they underscore

the need for a hands-on approach to science teaching. Without this approach

students must rely on memory and abstract thought, two methods which

restrict learning in most students. By actually doing and experiencing

mathematics, students develop their critical thinking skills as well as discover

mathematics concepts. This self discovery stays with students throughout their

lifetimes while memory fades.

4. Pupils Become Independent Learners

If they conduct the experiments, it encourages questioning of the

observed events and the resulting data. When students carry out their own

experiments, they become very familiar with the events and the variables

involved. It also promotes cause and effect thinking. It will reduce dependence

upon authority. Practical experiences in generating hypotheses and planning

experiments will make the students more independent later when they no

longer have authorities standing by at every turn of their lives. The importance

of providing children with direct experiences with materials, objects, and

phenomena is supported by experience and understanding of how learning

takes place. While information can be remembered if taught through books

and lectures, true understanding and the ability to use knowledge in new

situations requires learning in which children study concepts in-depth, and

over time and learning that is founded in direct experience. Therefore, the

justification for hands-on learning is that it allows students to build

understanding that is functional and to develop the ability to inquire

themselves, in other words, to become independent learners.

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

(ii) Two weaknesses

1. Hard to Understand The Language Or Terms In English

Experience has shown that the concept “Fraction” is abstract and

difficult to conceive, especially among pupils or students who speak English

as a second language.  Fractions and any part of a whole are perceived as

equal. They are more got the picture if the teacher use bilingual to make them

understand the activity. If not they will not get what are the teacher trying to

tell them. They also cannot follow the instruction if they cannot understand the

language and the teacher will not achieve the objectives of the lesson. They

also cannot understand the terms of mathematics that teacher use during

teaching and learning session.

2. Pupils Face Problems In Visualisation During Teaching Session

Some of the pupils still cannot understand the visualisation that the

teacher uses during teaching and learning session. Especially when the teacher

draws and asks pupils to shade the part of the fractions, example ½, ¼ and ¾.

They also cannot apply what they have see on the blackboard into their books.

Some of them will write like a reflection from a mirror on their book. This will

make teacher cannot understand what they have learnt and see on the

blackboard. Every time teacher gives any exercise on what they have learnt,

they will write like a reflection from a mirror on their books. Some of them

also can understand what to write in numerator place and also denominator.

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

b) The approaches that I would choose to teach fractions in the classroom is the

fractions circle set. It is because the teacher is using concrete resources in her

teaching and learning activities. In these middle years of primary schooling, the

teaching of common fractions frequently involves written activities which use

abstract representations of numbers, symbols and images. Many students, however,

still need the benefit of concrete materials and sensory motor experiences to enhance

their understanding of the concepts associated with common fractions. Sowell

(1989) and von Glasersfeld (2002) have argued for the continuing engagement of

students with concrete materials. They claim this builds deeper understanding of

mathematical concepts. Bastick (1993) has also argued strongly for the need to

develop deeper understandings in this transition phase of learning.

The fractions circle set is the applets used most often by teachers. The ways

teachers used the virtual manipulatives most frequently focused on investigation and

skill solidification. It was common for teachers to use the virtual manipulatives

alone or to use physical manipulatives first, followed by virtual manipulatives.

Virtual manipulatives provide that additional tool for helping students at all

levels of ability "to develop their relational thinking and to generalize mathematical

ideas" (Moyer-Packenham, Salkind, & Bolyard, 2008, p. 204). All students learn in

different ways. For some, mathematics is just too abstract. Most learn best when

teachers use multiple instructional strategies that combine "see-hear-do" activities. 

Most benefit from a combination of visual (i.e., pictures and 2D/3D moveable

objects) and verbal representations (i.e., numbers, letters, words) of concepts, which

is possible with virtual manipulatives. The ability to combine multiple

representations in a virtual environment allows students to manipulate and change

the representations, thus increasing exploration possibilities to develop concepts and

test hypotheses. 

This study focused on using manipulatives while teaching fraction concepts

including addition and subtraction, simplifying and equivalent fractions. The

students experienced the use of manipulatives while being introduced to fraction

concepts and were able to use them while working on problems. Along with the use

of manipulatives, students were taught math vocabulary that helped them understand

fraction concepts, thereby, helping them work with fractions.

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

Teaching mathematics through the use of workbooks, drills, and memorization

has proven to be ineffective and outdated. Current research shows that children

cannot think, or stay on task, when they sit silently. The worksheet must be replaced

with an environment that offers the opportunity for children to think as they

manipulate objects.

Second, when we use paper it is also save our budget. The important things is,

the teacher knows that the resources that they use is suitable with the teaching and

learning activities and also can help the teacher to achieve the objectives and the

pupils can use the resources and easily can help them to understand the concept of

fractions.

Third are the pupils will get the benefits from this active learning. "Active

Learning" is, in short, anything that students do in a classroom other than merely

passively listening to an instructor's lecture. This includes everything from listening

practices which help the students to absorb what they hear, to short writing exercises

in which students react to lecture material, to complex group exercises in which

students apply course material to "real life" situations and or to new problems. The

term "cooperative learning" covers the subset of active learning activities which

students do as groups of three or more, rather than alone or in pairs; generally,

cooperative learning techniques employ more formally structured groups of students

assigned complex tasks, such as multiple-step exercises, research projects, or

presentations. Cooperative learning is to be distinguished from another now well-

defined term of art, "collaborative learning", which refers to those classroom

strategies which have the instructor and the students placed on an equal footing

working together in, for example, designing assignments, choosing texts, and

presenting material to the class. Clearly, collaborative learning is a more radical

departure from tradition than merely utilizing techniques aimed at enhancing student

retention of material presented by the instructor; we will limit our examples to the

"less radical" active and cooperative learning techniques. "Techniques of active

learning", then, are those activities which an instructor incorporates into the

classroom to foster active learning.

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

QUESTION 2

Teaching and Learning Activity to Divide Units of Time in Hour and Minutes

Learning Outcomes: Pupils will be able to:

iv) Divide units of time in:

a) Hours; and

b) Minutes.

Prior Knowledge Understand the relationship between units of time.

i) Use units of time and know the relationship between

a. Minute and seconds;

b. Week and days; and

c. Year and months.

ii) Convert weeks to days and vice versa.

Teaching Aids: i) Telling Time Song

ii) Power Point slide show

iii) Worksheets (Evaluation)

iv) A4 paper

v) Number Puzzle

Procedure:

PHASE CONTENTS TEACHING AND LEARNING

ACTIVITY

REMARKS

Introduction

(10 minutes)

Telling Time

Song.

Teacher plays the song of “Telling

Time Song”

Teacher asks pupils to sing along.

Resources:

1) Telling Time

Song

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

PHASE CONTENTS TEACHING AND LEARNING

ACTIVITY

REMARKS

Step 1

(20 minutes)

Introducing

division of times

(hours and

minutes)

Teacher shows a Microsoft Power

Point slide show on introducing

how to divide units of time in

hours and minutes in long

division.

Teacher gives a few questions and

asks pupils to do on the paper.

Eg:

46 hours

5 230 hours

-20

30

30

00

Teacher guides pupils to write the

question in long division and find

the answers of the questions.

Teacher proceeds with other

questions. Pupils try to solve the

questions in long division on the

blackboard.

Teacher checks the answers with

Microsoft Power Point slide show.

Resources:

1) Power Point

slide show

2) A4 Paper

Moral Value:

1) Be patient

vi)

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

PHASE CONTENTS TEACHING AND LEARNING

ACTIVITY

REMARKS

Step 2

(15 minutes)

NUMBER

PUZZLE

Teacher asks pupils to work in

pairs.

Teacher gives a worksheet to each

pair of pupils.

Teacher asks pupils to count and

fill in the number puzzle within

15 minutes.

Pupils that can give the correct

answers will be the winner.

Teacher can shows the answer on

the screen.

Resources:

1) Number puzzle

2) A4 paper (to do

the culcalation)

Step 3

(15 minutes)

SURF THE

INTERNET

Teacher asks pupils to work in

pairs. Teacher give the website

address that they have to surf.

Pupils have to surf the internet

and find the information about

times.

Then, they have to print the

worksheets and do it. They have

to change the “dividend maximum

number” to 1000.

Resources:

1) http://

www.softschool

s.com/math/

worksheets/

division_worksh

eets.jsp

2) http://

www.teachingti

me.co.uk/

draggames/

sthec3.html

HBMT 2203 Zamatun Nasrah binti Marwan 770218-01-5450

PHASE CONTENTS TEACHING AND LEARNING

ACTIVITY

REMARKS

Closure

(10 minutes)

Fast Test

(Worksheets)

Teacher gives each pupils a

worksheet.

Pupils have to answer the

questions as many as they can

within 10 minutes.

After 10 minutes, teacher will

collect all the worksheets to

evaluate the pupils.

Resources:

1) Worksheets

Reflection: _________________________________________________________