Hazard Control

Hazard Control

INSY 3020/ENH670Spring 2007

WHAT IS A HAZARD?

WHAT CAUSES A HAZARD TO EXIST?

Environmental Structure

Person

Machine/Task

Environment

=

Unsafe Condition

And/Or

Unsafe Behavior

Common Sources of Hazards Sources of Motion (machinery, vehicles) Sources of Temperature Extremes Chemical Exposure (splashing) Sources of Harmful Dust (sand blasting) Sources of Light Radiation (welding) Sources of Falling Objects (construction) Sources of Sharps Objects (tools) Sources of Rolling or Pinching Objects

(tools)

Question?

WHY NOT JUST USE PPE FOR EVERYTHING?

WHY CAN’T WE LET PEOPLE BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THEMSELVES?

Regulatory StandardsOSHA Standard - 1910.132 The Employer shall provide PPE wherever needed

when hazards are present which may cause injury. Eye and Face Protection

OSHA 1910.133 Respiratory Protection

OSHA 1910.134 Head Protection

OSHA 1910.135 Foot Protection

OSHA 1910.136 Hand Protection

OSHA 1910.138

Hazards usually not addressed in a general PPE assessment

NoiseBlood-borne pathogensRespiratory Protection NeedsConfined SpacesHazard Waste/Emergency

Response

CONTROLSTWO TYPES:

Engineering Control – Physical changes to the environment (machine/task/equipment).

Administrative Control – Policies, methods, or procedures to limit potential of exposure to a hazard.

Eliminating and Controlling Hazards

Order of preference eliminate hazard limiting hazard level isolation, barriers

and interlocks fail-safe design minimizing failures safe procedures

(PPE)

Text calls these: “Safety Devices”

Hazard Level Limitation If it cannot be eliminated, limit it Solid state electrical devices (power is less than

that required for ignition of flammables) Automatic ventilation triggered by sensing

concentration of flammables or toxins Automatic pressure relief to keep pressures

within limits Limit static electricity with conductive coatings &

ESD procedures

Safety Design Matrix

Controls

ExclusionDesign

PreventativeDesign

Fail-SafeDesign

Engineering

Administrative

DESIGNS Exclusion – Prevents the event from

occurring (impossibility)

Preventative – Reduces the likelihood that the event will occur (rare possibility)

Fail-Safe – Reduces Consequences when the event occurs (likely to happen)

ENGINEERING: Fail-Safe Design Types

fail-passive--reduces system to lowest energy level (circuit breaker)

fail-active--keeps system in safe operating mode until corrective action is taken or an alternate is activated (blinking traffic signal)

fail-operational--allows system to function until corrective action is possible (no loss of function)

Engineering Control Example: Isolation Separate by space Separate materials (fuel, oxidizer, ignition) Thermal insulation Isolation devices (keep noise in an area) Encapsulating equipment (explosion proof atmosphere) Shielding Vibration mounts (separate equipment from

surroundings) Machine guards (keep from coming in Contact with

dangerous moving parts or hot or sharp surfaces) Enclosed area for explosion containment

Lockout prevents an event from occurring or a person from entering an undesired area

Lockout prevents activating an operation Interlocks-- ensures an event does not occur

inadvertent--positive action must be take to create circumstances for an event to occur

interrupted continuity--closed connection is broken sequence interrupted--sequence is necessary for

activation

Engineering Control Example: Lockouts & Interlocks

EXAMPLE: Use of Warnings Signs Used to attract attention of the operator

and others on hazards Human senses play an important role Signs and labels important

illiteracy language differences unambiguous

The Problem:

As an engineer, how do you know what the hazards are and what level of protection design to enact?

Methods for Gathering Qualitative Information

1. Interviews and Focus Groups

2. Questionnaires with open-ended questions

3. Observations

4. Document Analysis

The Occupational Injury & Illness Classification System

Nature of Injury or Illness - Identifies the principal physical characteristic(s) of the injury/illness.

Part of Body Affected - Identifies the part of the body directly affected by the previously identified nature of injury or illness.

Primary Source of Injury or Illness/Secondary Source of Injury or Illness – Primary identifies the object, substance, bodily motion, or exposure which directly produced or inflicted the previously identified injury or illness. Secondary identifies the object, substance, or person that generated the source of injury or illness or that contributed to the event or exposure.

Event or Exposure - Describes the manner in which the injury or illness was produced or inflicted by the source of injury or illness.

0/Traumatic Injuries and Disorders – 011 Dislocations, 012 Fractures,

021 Sprains Strains & Tears, 031 Amputations, 034 Laceration, 052 Electrical Burn

1/Systemic Diseases or Disorders – 1241 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome, 1261 Hearing loss, 1331 Heart Attack, 1441 Bronchitis, 1443 Asthma, 1453 Silicosis, 1773 Tendonitis

2/Infectious and Parasitic Diseases – 2112 Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 2196 Tetanus, 2219 HIV Infection, 2291 Rabies, 237 Lyme Disease

3/Neoplasms, Tumors, and Cancer – 3121 Melanoma of the skin, 3134 Leukemia,

4/Symptoms, Signs, and Ill-defined Conditions – 4114 Dizziness, 4112 Convulsions/Seizures, 4122 Earache, 4141 Headache, 4171 Nausea/Vomiting

5/Other Conditions or Disorders – 5212 Post-traumatic anxiety, 5213 Panic Disorder, 529 Mental Disorder,

Nature of Injury or Illness: Titles & Examples

0/Head – 011 Brain, 012, Scalp, 013 Skull, 02 Ears, 31 Forehead, 32 Eyes, 33 Nose, 0363 Teeth.

1/Neck, Including Throat – 12 Vocal Chords, 13 Larynx, 16 Trachea,

2/Trunk – 21 Shoulder, 223 Heart, 225 Lungs, 231 Lumbar Region, 240 Abdomen,

251 Hip, 2563 Ovaries

3/Upper Extremities – 311 Upper Arm, 312 Elbow, 32 Wrist,

381 Hands and Fingers

4/Lower Extremities – 411 Thighs, 412 Knees, 4323 Heel, 4329 Sole

Part of Body Affected: Titles & Examples

0/Chemicals and Chemical Products – 0123 Hydrochloric acid, 0540 Lead, 055 Mercury

1/Containers – 111, Bags, sacks, totes, 112 Barrels/kegs/drums, 118 Tanks/bins/vats,

2/Furniture and Fixtures – 212 Cabinets, 236 Tables, 2411 Lamps

3/Machinery – 3111 Balers, 3122 Riding lawnmowers, 3212 Bulldozers

4/Parts and Materials – 4112 Concrete blocks, 4133 Beams, 4198 Drywall,

5/Persons, Plants, Animals, and Minerals – 5122 Chickens, 516 Reptiles/snakes, 552 Boulders, 574 Relative of injured or ill worker

6/Structures and Surfaces – 621 Escalators, 6223 Floor of mine, 6271 Ditches Trenches, 6460 Scaffolds

7/Tools, Instruments, and Equipment – 7124 Knives, 7133 Shovels, 7161 Hammers, 7173 Sanders.

8/Vehicles – 8121 Helicopter, 8254 Trailer truck, 8510 Forklift, 862 Wheelbarrow

Primary Source of Injury: Titles & Examples

Types of Intervention Evaluations

EXAMPLES OF HAZARDS

A Confined Space is ____?

Is large enough and so configured that an employee can enter bodily and perform work;

Has limited (restricted) means of entry or exit;

Is not designed for continuous human occupancy.

A space that:

Trapped, like

rats!!!

Examples of Confined Spaces:

Tanks Manholes Boilers Furnaces Sewers Silos Hoppers

Vaults Pipes Trenches Tunnels Ducts Bins Walk-in freezers

Problems with confined spaces: ENTRY The act by which a

person intentionally passes through or into an opening into a confined space.

Any part of the body passing through the opening is considered entry.

Administrative Control

Two levels: Two levels: Permit-requiredPermit-required confined space entry confined space entry

For hazardous or potentially For hazardous or potentially hazardous confined space workhazardous confined space work

Non-permit Non-permit confined space entryconfined space entry For non-hazardous confined space For non-hazardous confined space

workwork

Permit RequiredPermit Required

Engineering Control

Lockout the entry-way to the confined Lockout the entry-way to the confined space (preventive)space (preventive)

Permit RequiredPermit Required

Insulation of Electrical Equipment Insulation of Personnel Grounding Encapsulation Enclosure (Isolation) Ground-fault circuit interrupter (GFI) Explosion proof devices Lightning protection Proper enclosure for bare conductors

Engineering Controls: Electrical Hazards

Administrative Controls: Electrical Hazards Be sure power is off Proper LOTO procedures Properly qualified Proper protective equipment Always test the system Do not wear conducting material Rope man to evacuate worker from source Use a checklist to ensure compliance

Additionally: Basic first aid and CPR

Administrative Control: Hazard CommunicationHazard communication or “hazcom” is a program where workers are told about the hazardous chemicals used in the workplace and where to find the materials data safety sheets (MSDS) for each.

They are also trained on how to protect themselves from the effects of these hazardous chemicals.

Hazcom training is required by OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200

Questions & Comments