Hawaiian Fisheries Issues-3 • Guide for Nearshore Fishes- NMFS/DAR • Lay Gill Net Restrictions • Omilu Story • Leave the Big Ones • Humpback Whale – Recent Phenomenon? • Deep 7 Bottomfish Closure
Hawaiian Fisheries Issues-3
• Guide for Nearshore Fishes-NMFS/DAR
• Lay Gill Net Restrictions
• Omilu Story
• Leave the Big Ones
• Humpback Whale – Recent Phenomenon?
• Deep 7 Bottomfish Closure
Reference
• Shomura, R. 1987. Hawaii’s Fisheries Resources Yesterday (1900) and today (1986). Southwest Fisheries Center Administrative Report 87/21. 14pp.
• SH319 H3 S56 1987
Case against Lay Gill Nets
• Lower biomass of reef fishes
• Fewer larger fish• History• Over-fishing
• Efficient• Left unattended• “disposable”• By-catch• Ghost-fishing• Substrate destruction
Survey Gauging Public Attitudes
• 96%: ocean/reefs are “very important”
• 65%: conditions are fair-poor & worsening
• 65%: recreational over-fishing = problem
• After learning the term– 94%: concerned over impact– 76%: support for ban/restrictions
Omilu –White Ulua
• DLNR: • Limit 10” (250mm)• LR50 • i.e., “legal”
• Tournament Results• Sampled 200 fish• Avg L = 350mm• 6 = sexually mature• All >600mm
Leave the Big Ones
• More fecund
• Larvae show better survival
• Birkeland, c. and P. Dayton. 2005. the importance in fishery management of leaving the big ones. Trends in Ecology and Evolution. 20(7):356-7.
Humpback Whales in Hawaii
• A Recent Phenomenon ?
• Not Present vs Not Noticed
• Recent Hawaiian Whale History
• Herman, L. M. 1979. Pacific Science. 33(1): 1-15
Early Hawaii Whaling History
• 1820- Sperm whaling off Japan
• Balaena ..took a sperm whale
• 1840’s: 1st signs of humpbacks in Hawaii
• 1850’s more shore stations-rendering
• 1915- evidence of lower humpback #’s
• 1962-3: ~3400 humpbacks harvested
Not Present vs Not Noticed
• Cook’s log = 0• Early writings = 0• Petroglyphs = 0• Chants = 0• Vocabulary = 1• Legends, myths = 0• Diety = 0 • Ceremonies = 0• Rituals = 0• Artifacts = 0
• Viewing sites• Boat contact• Tail slapping• Breaching• Lahaina = capital• Night singing• Beachings
What caused the appearance?
• Not food
• Rx to disruptive relocation?
• Natural meandering?
• Changes in oceanographic conditions?
Bottomfish Fish SpeciesBottomfish
• Onaga• Ehu• Opakapaka• Kalekale• Uku• Hapu‘upu‘u• Gindai• Lehi• Butaguchi• Ta‘ape• White Ulua
Affected by closure• Onaga• Ehu• Kalekale• Opakapaka• Gindai
• Hapu‘upu‘u• Lehi
Closure
• May 15 – Oct 31 + ?? (Year by Year)
• MHI
• Deep 7 Species
• Prohibited: Fish for, Possess, Sell
• Release Incidental Catch
Shafer-style Management
• F- ratio (CFM / FM@SY)
• Weighted for 3 zones
• CPUE based on gear used over time
• Weighted for habitat in 3 zones
Biology of these Fishes
• Spawning
• Early life history
• Settlement
• Age at maturity
• Long life span
• Slow growth rates
0
100
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Year 1957 1967 1977 1987 1997
Year
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mb
er o
f b
oat
s
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
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6000
Nu
mb
er o
f T
rip
s
Vessels Trips
Chef Responses
Said customers are willing to pay more for Hawaii-caught bottomfish
42.8
Said customers are not willing to pay more for Hawaii-caught bottomfish
19
Said customers expect Hawaii-caught bottomfish to be less expensive in Hawaii relative to other fish dishes
9.5
Named bottomfish on list of “most desirable fish species” 77.3
Average percentage of meals that are fish 48.6
Average percentage of fish meals that are bottomfish 26.5
Average price of Hawaii-caught bottomfish dish $29.52
Average price of an imported bottomfish dish $28.46
Average portion size of a bottomfish dish 6.78 oz
Average product yield of whole fish (usefulness increases if stock made)
50%
Average days last month with bottomfish on menu 26.8
Average days last year with bottomfish on menu 325.4
Average percentage customers who are visitors to Hawaii 40.7%
Percentage of Wholesalers Interviewed
Said MHI are better in quality than NWHI bottomfish 100
Said NWHI and imported bottomfish are comparable in quality 33
Said imported better than NWHI bottomfish 33
0
200
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9119
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9619
9719
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0020
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0220
03p
Year
Pounds (1,000lbs)
$0.00
$0.50
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$1.50
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$2.50
$3.00
$3.50
$4.00
$4.50
$5.00
LocalPrice ($/lb)
Pounds landed Imported snappers Price*
MHI
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1
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8
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
$/lb
hapu kali paka ehu onaga lehi gindai
Annual Bottomfish CPUE MHI
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
19
48
19
52
19
56
19
60
19
64
19
68
19
72
19
76
19
80
19
84
19
88
19
92
19
96
20
00
Year
Lb
/Tri
p
Current Status of Bottomfish in Hawaii’s Management Subareas
ZoneCPUE Ratio
(current/MSY)Effort Ratio
(current/MSY)
Threshold Above 0.7 Below 1.0
Hawaii, all areas combined
0.82 1.13
MHI 0.47 1.88
Mau Zone 1.01 0.96
Ho’omalu Zone 1.13 0.39