Hawaiian Almanac 1898.pdf - eVols

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GEO. W. SMITH H.M. BENSON

Benson! Smith t·Co~

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL

A COMPLETE STOCK OF

PURE DRUGS ~ CHEMICALSToil~t Jlrtid~s an~ P~rfum~ry.

SOLE ACENTS FOR THE -

GENUINE CALIFORNIA BUHACH:l'l::ND-------.

DR. JAYNE'S FAnILY nEDICINES

R~pr~$~nts••••••• ]NO. WYETH & BRO., Philadelphia, Pa.Chamberlain's Remedies.Vaseline Preparations.Colgate's Soap, Etc., Etc.Veronica Mineral Water.PROPRIETOR MAILE COLOGNE.

~t]efT\ieal Glassware for 5v~ar ~ §oil f\I)alysisCORNER OF FORT AND HOTEL. STREETS, HONOL.UL.U. H. I.

I

H. HACKFELD & CO.,IMPORTERS AND

GENERAL COMMISSION AGENTS~* Honoluhl, H. 1.*~

ACENTS FOR THE

PaCljic 11£ail Steamslzip CompaJly,

Occidental and Oricntal Stealllship Compauy,

HawaiiaJl Liue of IJackets to Sail Frallcl:,cO,

Liverpool Line (~l Pad:ets, Bremell Lille of IJad:cls,

Sail FraIlCl:'co Board of Fire Ullder~t'riters.

VVORKS AT T<ALIHI, OAHU.

MANUFACTURERS OF ALL KINDS OF

ARTIFICIAL .:. FERTILIZERS,~ AND DEALEns IN~

Pacific Guano, Potash,Sulphate of Ammonia, Nitrate of Soda, Etc,

Every_~rt_i~I~ Sold _LJI1~.t:_~ a Full Guarantee.

SPECIAL ATTENTION GIVEN TO ANALYSIS Of SOILS

---For furlli(/' jJartiCIIlars apply 10- ---------

Dr. W. AVERDAM, Manager.

II

HENRY WATERHOUSE. ARTHUR B. WOOD. HENRY WATERHOUSE. JR.

HENRY WATERHOUSE 8. Co.

~0~~?~mn§§~~~~-,~erc!hl~~~~(>~PLANTATION AND

INSURANCE AGENTS·Queen Street, Honolulu, H. I.

WILLIJlmS~ DimOnD Sf co..~

$hipping and ~ommission Merchants,-~,,~ --- ~--~-;~-~-o;-;~~----~-

., 202 MARKET STREET, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

CABLE AD=D"-,R..:.:E=Sc::S~:_._.K'-"-'.A..:.:I..:.:M~A,-,-N-,-,-A,,-.'·

ACENTS FOR~~~.N"~

The Hawaiian Line of Packets,

Dearborn & Co.'s Dispatch Line fromNew York for San Francisco,

The Cunard Royal Mail Steamship Co.

The China Traders Insurance Co., Ltd

Vivian & Son's Yellow Metal Sheathing

Baldwin Locomotive 'Narks, Hartman's Rahtjen's Composition

Ontario Cotton DilCk.

THE PELTON, WATER WHEELEmbracing in i'ts variations of construction and application

THE PELTON SYSTEM OF POWERIn simplicity of construction, ahsence of wearing parts, high efficiency and facilitv

of adaptation to varying conditions of service, the PELTON meets more fullyall requirements than any other wheel on the market. Propositions given for thedevelopment of water powers hased upon direct application, or

ELECTRIC TRANSMISSIONunder any head ;,nd any requirement as to c,,"pacity.

Correspondence Invited Catalogue Furnished on ApplicationAddress..... PELTON WATER WHEEL CO.,

121-123 Main atreet SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.m

****** ***

****** ***

ACENTS FOR -

The Blake Steam Pumps,lIfarsh Boiler Feed Pumps,The Fulton Iron TVorks, St. LOlus,

TYeston's Centrifugals,

Standard Oil Co.,Stockton llHlling Co.'s Crown Flour,Wilcox & Gibb's Sewing Machines,

HARDVVARE,

Agricultural ,;/,; Implements f

PAINTS, OILS,

HOUSEHOLD SUPPLIES AND GENERAL MERCHANDISEr~-----==

~Ii:==~~HONOLULU. H. I

IV

BONESTELL &. co.DEA~:; IN IPA IPER OF AL~*;INDS.

ALSO, CARDBOARDS, ETC.

SEND FOR

SAMPL.ES AND PRICES

401, 408 SANSOME STREET,

SAN FRANCISCO

WIll. W. HALL, Pr0s,d0ot aDd Mooag0r. E. O. WHITE, S0cr0tary aDd Tr0asur0r.

W. F. ALLEN, Auditor. T. MAY & BRUCE CARTWRIGHT, Dlr0ctors.

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN

+Sbip Cbandl~ry and Hardwar~~+AGRICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS,

Success Filters and Perkins' vVindrnills.

Paints and Oils of .2\.11 Kinds.

amYCLE:S SDLD and RE:NTE:D.

Leather, Hawaiian Salt, Manila and Sisal Rope, Giard Matcbes, Brown Soap and

GENERAL MERCHANDISE.

Corner King and Fort Streets, Honolulu, H. I.

ORDWAY. ~~ PORTER,'C! 't T T hIt '. WAVERLEY BLOCK, COR.

rLJrnl LJre, Up 0 S ery, ·t· HOTEL AND BETHEL STS.

Antique Oak Bedroom $ets, Wicker Ware, Chiffoniers, $ideboards, Etc.Mattresses of all kinds, Feather Pillou's, Cornice Poles, Window Shades, &e.

JOBBING AT RESIDENCES, MATTING LAID BY EXPERT WORKMEN.

Cabinet Making and Repairing in all its Branches.A TRIAL IS SOLICITED. AL.L. ORDERS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.

v

WM. G. IRWllIl, President and Manager

WALTER M. GIFFARD, Secretarlj and Treasurer

CLAus SPRECI{ELS, Vice.President

THEO. C. PORTER, Anditor

W M .. G. IRWIN & CO.,

H~n~lulu. H. I.

and

Sugar f a~torsCommission Jlg¢nts

-----.-----PLANTATION ACENCIES:

Olowalu Sugar Company, Olowalu, :\laui.

Hawaiian Sugar Company, :\lakaweli, Kauai.

Kilauea Sugar Company, Kilauea, Kauai.

Hilo Sugar Company. \Vainaku, Hila, Hawaii.

Paauhau Plantation Company, Hamakua, Hawaii.

Ookala Sugar Company, Ookala, [Iilo. Hawaii.

Hakalau Plantation, Hilo, Hawaii

Hutchinson Sugar Plantation Company, Kau, Hawaii.

Waimanalo Sugar Company, Waimanalo, Oahu.

STEAMSHIP ACENCIES:

Oceanic Steamship Company of San Francisco.

Union Steamship Company of New Zealand.

Nippon Yusen Kaisha of Yokohama, Japan.

SOLE ACENTS FOR:

Baldwin Locomotive Works of Philadelphia, U. S. A.

" Indurine" Cold Water Paint and Kalsomine.

Western Sugar I{efinery of San Francisco, Cal.

Alexander Cross & son's} Celebrated Sugar Cane and Coffee

(of Glasgow, Scotland,) Fertilizer.

New Universal Mill Company of New York, U. S. A.

Paraffine Paint Company of San Francisco, U. S. A.

Buck, Ohlandt & Co. 's Fertilizers.

Lucol Paint Oils.

VI

CL.AUS SPRECKELS WM. G./RW/N

GLAU~ ~PREGI{EL~&GO.,

HONOT~ULU. HA~VAIIAN ISLANDS

San francisco,

London,

n~lv York,

Chi~ago,

Paris,

B~rlin,

Hongkong and Yokohama,

$sn F~anci~co Agenh~: The Nevada Ban~ of $an F~anci~co

DRAW EXCHANGE ON __

The Nevada Bank of San Francisco,

TIle Union Bank of London,

American Exchange National Bank.

Merchant's National Bank.

Comptoir National d'Escompte de Paris,

Dresdner Bank.

Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Cor,.

poration,

n~w l~aland and Jluslralia, Bank of New Zealand,

Vi~loria and Vancouv~r, Bank of British North America,

Transact a General Ba"nldng and Exchang@ BusinessDEPOSITS RECEIVED

LOANS MADE ON APPROVED SECURITY

COMMERCIAL AND TRAVELER'S CREDIT ISSUED

BILLS OF EXCHANCE BOlJCHT AND SOLD

ColIWions il~~ollnt~d for promptly ilnd ilt LOlvcst ClIrr~nt RiltuVII

A LIVING VOLCANO!WILDER'~ ~TEAM~HIP GO,'$ ROUTE

TO THE VOL.CANO AND

COFFEE L.ANDS OF HAWAII.

LINETHE+ + +SCENIC OF THE WORLD.

STEAMER ., KINAU,"- CLARKE, Commander.The Largest and Fastest Stetlm"r in the Hawaiian Islauds.21> Large Staterooms, Electric Lights and Call Bells.

A trip of seven days, coasting the Island of MOLOKAI, making three stops on theIsland of MAUl, and giving a magnificent view of the crater of HALEAKALA, four&tops on the Island of liAWAll, skirting the richest SUGAR and COFFEE lands in theworld. A carriage ride of thirty miles over a fine macadamized road; traversing aprimeval tropical forest, intprspersed by SUG,\R and COFFEE plantations.. Eighthours from IIILO to the VOLCANO. No change of vehicle. Two DAYS AND THREENIGHTS AT THE VOLCANO.

To those seeking INvEsnmNTS 1'1 C'WFEE. this line offers unequaled facilitiesfor selecting land. Stops are made on the Island of Hawaii. at ports in the Districtsof Hamakua, Hilo and Puna. Coffee from these Districts command a higher .pricethan that produced on the other lands; the yield per acre is also greater. Largetracts in all these Districts are now producing Coffee The H awaiiall Governmentoffers Lands at a nominal sum on easy terms of payment, and remits all Taxes onlmprovemC1lts. An ASSURED FORTUNE to industrious men of moderate mea·'<. Acrop that does not spol! or deteriorate, but that improves with age. A Sure returnof twenty per .cent on CAPITAL.

$50Pays all lb~ Exp~nm of a Trip from • • • • •• Honolulu 10 lb~ Vol\ano and R~lurn.

Wilder's Steamship Co. Ltd., Honolulu.$50

VIII

BLAKE, MOFFIT G. TOWNE,• • • • DEAL.ERS IN • • • •

~[pj~\:I~'I'~II~I~'IIII~llllrl~I~'IEllIlIllIlllfl~'TI~~'~-_.,,)--...a::--~-..a:--- -~--\ci:: : : : : ==)-"'!J\..9

11111111111111111111111111111111111111'111'111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111

512 to 516 Sacramento and 519 Commercial Streets

SAN FRANCISCO, CAL

W. C. WILDER, Pres. S. G. 'WILDER, Secy.

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN

Lumber and Builders' Hardware,

PAINTS & OILS, ~

DOOR;-;, SASHES,

BLINDS, WALL PAPER, ~tc.

Corner of Fort and Queen Streets, Honolulu, H. 1,

ClUlll1lll1l II ll1lg Ihl~m 9

ClUlrltll55

TELEPHOl'lE MAIN 858.

BOOKSELLERS, STATIONERS,

PRINTERS AND LITHOGRAPHERS.

319, 321 & 323 Sansome St. San Francisco, Cal.IX

c. BREWER & CO., LTD.ESTABLISHED 1826.

COlllmission + ami + (;ellPrnl + Nlercl](lnts.QL.t.ee2:--:1 Street'!t I~01-:a.ol....... 1 ........... H. I.

OFFICERS

P. O. JONES, PresidentGEO. H. ROBERTSOlf, ManagerE. r. BISHOP, Secretary and TreasurerOOL. W. r. ALLEN, Auditor

DIRECTORS

O. M. OOOKEH. WATERHOUSEG. R. CARTER

R. P. R1THET. President O. M. VESPER, Vice·PresidentD. G. ALEXANDER, Secretary and Treasurer

220 California Street, San Francisco

.rshippi~'g"&""rArc~~~'i;~i'~~'''i............_ : : __ -_ _--......................

CABLE ADDRESS "WELCH"

~CENTS FOR •

The Planters' Line o~ Packets to and ~rom Honolulu,Victoria Lumber and Manuf.acturing Co., Chemainu8, B. C.

REPRESENTED BYR. P. RITHKI' & Co, LTD.

\VELCH, ACKERLEY .\: Co.,C. BREWER & Co., LTD.

CASTLE & COOKE, LTD.

x

Victoria, B. C.LiverpoolHonoluluHonolulu

CAL1FORNIA·~ FERTILIZER·~ \YORKSJ. E. MILLER, Mgr.1 Office: 547 Merchant Street, San Francisco, Cal.

l Factories: South San Francisco and Berkeley, Cal.

MANurAgTURER$ or PURE BONE rERTILIZER~

AND PURE BONE MEAL

D~dl~rs.In..... f~rtiliz~r mat~rials

Have constantly on hand the fol1owing goods adapted to tile Island Trade, viz:

High Grade Cane Manure and <A> Fertilizers,

High Grade Sulphate of Potash Double Manure Salts,

Nitrate of Soda, Fish Guano, Wool Dust, Etc" Etc,

...••.Sp~dal manUNS mill1l1f,1Clur~dlo Ord~r ••••••

The l\Ianures manufactured by the CALIFOIC'\L\ FERTILlzlmWORKS, are made entirely from clean bone treated withacid, Di'y Blood and Flesh, Potash and .:\Iag"nesia Salts.

No adulteration of anv kind is used and every ton is sold under a g'uaranteed analysis. One ton or o~e thousand tonsare almost exactly alike, and for excellent mechanical cunclition and high analysis have no superior in the market.

The superio'rity of pure Bone over any other Phosphatic:Material for Fertilizer use is so well known that it needsno explanation. . .

The large and. constantly increasing' demand for the Fertilizers manufactured "bv the C,\LIFOIC'\L\ FERTILIZER\VORKS is the best possi'ble proof of their superiority.

It is the intention of the Oompany to keep a Stock of their Goods onhand with their Honolulu Agents for the accommodation of the Planterswho may need Fertilizer at short notice.

C.....FOR FURTHER INFORMATION APPLY TO

c. BRE"'\..VER '--~ CO.,I-J:01C1.0I ..:11"L1. Age1Cl.ts.

XI

BISHOP & co .,~-+~·BANI(ER.S.·~-~~·

ESTABLISHED 1858.

Transact a GENERAL BANKING BUSIXESS, including Ex

CHANGE AND COLLECTIOXS, LETTERS OF CREDIT,

AUTHORIZATION, ETC., ETC.

ALSO, CENERAL HAWAIIAN ACENTS FOR THE:

Manhattan Lifie Insurance Co. ali San FrancIsco,Fireman's Fund Insurance Co. ali San Francisco,

Lioerpool & London & Globe Insurance Co. ali London,Sun Insurance Oliliice ali London,

Sun Lilie Assurance Co. ali Montreal, Canada.

INSURE IN CALIFORNIA'S MILLION DOLLAR CO.

"~ICOIV1PANY

~81EMJINSURANCE

-+-----THE-----,~·---

I

~OF CALIFORNIA.~-<-"

Fire x and x Marine x InsuranceCAPITAL, . ~ 1,000,000.00

ASSETS, 3,500,000.00

LO:,SES PAID, OVER . . 11!.OOO,OOO.OO

Has the largest Assets, brgest Agency System, largest Net Surplus and does the _

largest Business of all the American Companies hailing from west of New York.D. J. STAPLES, President. J. B. LEVISON, Marine Secretary.

W. J. DUTTON, Viee-Presiaent. LOUIS WEINMANN. Ass', Seey.

B. FAYMONVILLE. lna Vice_Pres. & SCCy. STEPHEN D. IVES. General Agent.

BISHDP & CD.J }{gents fer the Hawaiial1 Islal1dsXII

.. OLD RELIABLE."-(,NCORPORATED '850.)

~~4kInsurance Company, New York

CASH ASSETS OVER $15,000,000 ISSUES IMPROVED FORMS OF POLICIES

HENRY B. STOKES, PRIi:SIDENTJOHN LANDERS MANAGER S. W. PACIFIC, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.

BISHOP & CO., GENERAL AGENTS !'OR THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

_~._---- THE ~-_._-_

Liverpool & London & GlobeINSURANCE CO" *ES~BL=!!-:::6.

-. Now rests upon the Sure Founaation of an Invested Capital

of nearly Fifty MiJl10n Dollars,

HEAD OFFICES AT LONDON AND LIVERPOOL.

General Agents for the Hawaiian Islands,

BISHOP & CO., Bankers,HONOLULU

SUN + INSURANCE + OFFICEOF LONDON.

Founded, 1710.

The largest and oldest purely Fire Insurance Co. in the world

CAPITAL, $12,000,000. NET SURPLUS, $8,000,000.

BISHOP & CO., Bankers,Agents for the Hawaiian Islanas.

XIII

Pacific Hardware Co" Ltd,(')) IRONNIONGERS. (~~-{...~_. --- --_. __._-----===-=:>

Imp~rlm .and Hardwar~ JI(llficulturallmpkm~ntsD~alm In . !_ ~

~ HOUSE FURNISHING AND ART GOODS,~

Pictures, Mirrors, Picture Frames, Cornices, Cornice Poles & Rings

PICTURE FRAniNG A SPECIALTY. FORT STREET, Cor. nerchant.

THEO. Ii. DJIVIES Sf CO.~ Ltd.Kaahumanu Street, Honolulu, H. I.

General and Commission MerchantsAND SUGAR FACTORS.~--

.A.li:er1t:s "£0·." TJT40VI>S:

British and Foreign Marine Insurance Compan9,

Northern Assurance Compan9, (Fire and Li~e).

Yang.Tsze Insurance Company, Limited;

Pioneer Line o~ Packets f.rom Li"erpool.

Hau::aiian Line of Packets,

Oregon Railroad and Steam Nadgation Co.

between Portland and Yokohama.

CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY CO. and

CANADIAN·AUSTRALIAN STEAMSHIP CO.

Liverpool Office: The Albany, Old Hall Street.

MERCHANT ST., HONOLULU. H. I.OPPOSITE POST OFFICE.

-~,4.--t~__'-.~I'~--,.... r-..~y ,

*~"1<..,..;12;:,'

SPECIAL ATTE"'TW.\i paid to matters pertaining" toRE:\L Pf{()I'I·:ln·y.

TlTLf':S Examined. COllvcyancill;.!;.

Loam:; Negotiated.

Wo Ro CA§TlL189 (0'---"L_...:,,_~~----~:,,~---v-

ATTORNEY-AT-LAW AND

NO'l'ARY PUBLIC.

Agsl1t Li[]n Pirs Insural1CS G[]mpaI1Y.

jJfOllcy.for Illvcstmcllt Carc/idly Scrurcd by J1Iortr{ag'c o.f

Rcal Estatc. Practices ill tilC StljrC1llC alld other Courts.

XIV

HAWAIIAN

ALMANAC AND ANNUALFOR

-71- '!- 18 9 8 -!. -[~

-"_'''I~lln .....__

A HAND BOOK OF INFORMATION

ON MATTERS RELATING TO THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, ORIGINAL

AND SELECTED, OF VALUE TO MERCHANTS,

TOURISTS AND OTHERS.

- ...... ItIIOIIU......-

THOS. G. THRUM) COMPILER AND PUBLISHER.

Hawaiian Copyright by Thos. G. Thrum, December 29. 1888.

IIO?\TOLULU:

PRESS PUBLISHING CO., STEAl\! PRINT.

1898.

r'

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Holidays, Church Days, Eclipses, etc .Calendars, First, Second, Third and Fourth QuartersInter-Island Distances- by sea: Channel and Ocean Distances .Overland Distances -·Oahu, Kauai .

, " Maui, Hawaii. .. ..'Elevations principal locations throughout the hlands .Hawaiian Annual Trade Balance since 11l79 , .Dimensions of Kilauea, Mokuaweoweo, Haleakala, lao Valley ....Area, Elevation and Population Hawaiian Islands ....

. Selection from Custom House Table!;, 1896-Import values HawaiianIslands. . . . .. . . .. . .

Customs Imports, 1896.'. . . .. . .--Receipt" 1896 ,...... . . . . .. . .Value Domestic Exports; Value all Imports, 1896; Value all Exports,

1896 , , .. , ... Domestic Exports, Showing Countries to which Exported, 1896 .Comparative Table Quantity and Value Domestic Exports, 1892-95 ..Passenger Statistics, 1896 , . . . . .. . .--Nationality ofVesse!s in Foreign Carrying Trade. 1889-96 ".--Table of Principal Exports, 1867-96. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .--View of Commerce Hawaiian Islands, 1867-96 ,.,.,--Table of Import Values from Various Countries, 1891-96 .Table of Annual License Rates.. . .. . .. ,................ . .--Receipts, Expenses and Debt of Hawaii, 1856-96 .Bonded Debt, etc., Hawaiian Islands June 30, 1897 .Internal Taxes Biennial Period, 1872-96; Annual Taxes from 187:l ..Number and Nationality Sugar Plantation Laborers.: .Plantation Labor Statistics .Notable Trips Pacific Ocean Steamers; Clipper Passages .Land Statistics-Area of Grants, L. C. Awards, etc .Mortuary Table, Honolulu July, 1894, to Jun~ 30, 1897Table of Rainfall; Principal Stations Hawaiian Islands, 1896-7 .Summary Meteorological Observations. Honolulu, 1896-7Latest Census Returns, Population and Dwellings .Census Tables, Comparative 1890-96, and 1836 to 1896 .Census of 1890 by Nationality.. . .Comparative Nationality Census Returns 1853 to 1896 .Estimated Population July I, 1897. .. . .Table of Sex, by Nationality; Population Principal Townships .--Religious Beliefs, by Nationality, Census of 1896, .Standard and Local Time .

PAGl!:.

5-li7-10

IIl:!

13-1515-16

16Ii"Ii"

18192(;

20212223232425

2627282829

30-31307

:ti

34-:{536-3\140-41

424:l44454545464747

iv

~chool Statistics, etc., 1696-97. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Hawaiian 'Sugar Plantation Statistics, Quantity and Value...... . ... . 49Post Office Statistics 1882 to 1896. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Variety of Fish, Honolulu Market; Hawaiian Silver Coin. . . . . . . . . .. 50California's Participation in Commercial Development of Hawaii..... 5]-55Official Renort on Destruction of Hawaiian Postage Stamps.. . .. '" 33~57

Cotton; A Possible Industry............................ . 57-61The Days we Celebrate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 62-6~;

Brief History of Hawaii-Japan Differences....... iO-75Importing Tropical Fruits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75Education in Hawaii...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7li-SUNotes on the Census of 1896................ . . . . . . . . . . . .. SI-S:,Pearl Harbor as a Factor Under Present Conditions.. . . . . . . .. .. 85-87The Labor Outlook.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 88-91The Constitution : " m-9,The Judiciary of Hawaii.......... .. . . .. .. .. H3-H7Hawaiian Police __ _.... !J7-!WPhysical Characteristics. . 100-10;'Climate of the Hawaiian Islands. . . . . . . . . . .. . 102-roi:,Sugar as an Industry for the Hawaiian Islands lOli-IO!J

Coffee, the Coming Industry , _ liJ!I-II;~

Agricultural Possibilities I 14-]1 f:Hawaii as an Artist's Field ] IG-118The Pictured Ledge of Kauai 11 n-]:!i:.Hawaiian Land Policy............ . . . . . .. . I:!ii .1:28Hawaii's Commercial Relations ]2S-1:10Japan's "Peaceful Invasion"..... . . . . . . . . . . .. . I:n -I :,4Sanitary Conditions and Appliances '" 1:H-I:i8The New Pali Road .. __ . . ] :1!1-1-1;.Announcement _ , . 145Religious Opportunities 14t;- 149The Financial Outlook 149-136){etrospect for IS97 1,)7-165Islands Comprising the Hawaiian Republic _.....•........... 163-]66Information for Tourists.... . . . . . . . . .. . .•....... ] .,6-1 i2Port Charges, Honolulu; Hawaiian "Free by Treaty" Produce, etc. . 173Hawaiian Islands Postal Service _ 174-] 77List of Sugar Plantations, Mills and Cane Growers.. .. . . . 177-1 7STables of Cnffee Gr<J",ers Throug-hollt the Islands li9-18;{Planetary Phenomena, 18!IS _.. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ]82Hawaiian Registered Vessels .. . ]84-185Table of Eastern Sugar Fleet, 1897; Quantity and Value of Cargoes.. ]S5Court Calendar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IS6Register and Directory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S7-197Index..... . . ., 19S-199

r

• Birthday Hawaiian Republic.July 4American Anniversary ... , ....July 4• Regatta Day (Third Sat.) Sept 17'* Recognition of Hawaiian In·

dependence Nov. 28Thanksgiving Day Nov. 24* Christmas... . . . . . Dec. 23

HAWAIIAN ANNUAL CALENDAR FOR 1898.

The [20th year since the discovery of the Hawaiian Islands by Captain Cook.The fifty.fifth year since the restoration of the Hawaiian flag, and recogni.

tion of Hawaiian Independence.Sixth year since the downfall of the Monarchy.Second hall of the fourth year and first half of the fifth year since declaring

the REPUBLIC OF HAWAII.

HOLIDAYS OBSERVED AT THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

• New year Jan. I

• Downfall of the Mon!,rchy .. Jan. 17Chinese New year.... . .. Jan. 20Kamehamp.ha III. Birthday Mar. 17Good Friday '" April 8Birth of Queen Victoria May 24Decoration Day May 30• Kamehameha Day June I I I

Those distin~uished by an Asterisk have heen esla blished as National holidaysby Lel!:islative enactment; see La\\s 1896, Act 66.

CHRONOLOGICAL CYCLES.

Dominical Letter '" B ISolar Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3E pact. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 7 Roman Ind iction I IGolden Number XVIII Julian Period 6611

CHURCH DAYS.

Epiphany....... " , Tan. 6Ash Wednesday. . .. . Feb. 23First Sunday in Lent Feb. 27Good Friday... . April 8Easter Sunday. . . . . April 10

Ascension Day May 19Whit Sunday , May 2gTrinity Sunday June 5Advent Sunday Nov. 27Christmas Dec. 25

ECLIPSES IN 1898.

In the year 18g8 there will be six Eclipses, three of the Sun and three of the~Ioon.

I. A Partial Eclipse of the Moon Jan. 7th. not visible in the HawaiianIslands.

II. A Total Eclipse of the Sun Jan. 21St., not visible in the Hawaiian lsi·ands. Its track lJasses through Central Africa and Northern India and ends inSiberia.

III. A Partial Eclipse of the Moon July 3rd, not visible in the HawaiIanIslands. .

I V. An Annular Eclipse of the Sun July 18th, not visible in the Hawaiianhlands, but visible in the Southern Pacific Ocean.

V. A Partial Eclipse 0 the Sun Dec. 12-13, visible only in the SouthernPacific Ocean. within the Antarctic Circle.

VI. A Total Eclipse of the Moon Dec. 27th, not visible in the lIawaiian!<Iands.

For Planetary Phenomena, see page·183.

YIEW ON THE NEW PALl nO,\Il.

FIRST QUARTER, 1898.

lJ. JANUAR~:)T. n. FEBRUA,~~;. ID. MARCHi!. M. •

7 Full Moon .... "54·3 ".M. 6 Full Moon...... 7.54.2 A.M'17 Full Moon.... 10 58,7 P.M.15 Last Quarter•.. 5.14.5 A.M. 13 Last Quarter .• 2.04.7 P.1\I 14 La~t Quarter. g.IR.o P.~t.21 New ~\loon .•.. ~.54.7 P.M. 20 ~.e\Vl\loun..... 9.10.6 A.!\( 21 N~w l\Ioon ... 10,07.1 P.M.

29 First Quarter .. 4.02.7 A.M. 2~stQuarter"'~~3'3 A.M. 129 Flrst_<.3uarter._~.10.2 P._~f.

tJi tl ~ 'I ~ ~ ;; I ~ j' ~ tll tl I ~ I if,~I ~ ~ ;:: ':" ~ ;::,;:: ~I ~ ;:: ;::~i ~ ~ I ~ :; ~ , ~ I ~ .~! ~ I ~ I g'~I ~ , ~ i r ~ ~ ! ;;; i:-' ~i ~ I ;;; I :-'~,-=- -:-i-:- ~,~i_:_I_:__ ~I_~ __:_1__:-

i H.M. IH.M I !H.M. 11l·~I. I I IH.M. 'H.M

[ISat ... 6 38 1.,5 30 [ I Tues. '1'6 37 4 5 50 6' I ITues. '1 6 20 316 04 62 SUN.. 6 38 4!5 30 8 2,Wed.. 6 37°:5 51 21( 2 Wed.. 16 19 5,605 °31~I()n .. 638 75 31 41 31-r:h.urS.: 6 36 6i5 5[ 9 3 Th.urs.\6 [S 71 6 0S 44lTues.. 6 3S 915 3~ I 4 Fn 16 36 2,5 52 5 4I F n ... 6 [79,605 85,Wed.. 6 39 1!5 32 8

1

' 5lSat 16 35 8;5 53 1 5'~at.," 6 17 [;606 26·,Thurs. 63935 33 4 6,SUN.. 6 35 .'liS 53 7 6 SUN"16 [6 2160667 Fri ... 6 39 Ii 5 34 II 71~I()n"'6 34 8:5 54 2 7iMon .. 6 IS 4 6 06 98 Sa!. . '16 39 7[5 34 bl Si Tues.. !6 34 35 54 SI SIT ues.. !6 14 6,6 07 39: SUN.. 6 39_95 35 4 91 Wecl .. ,6 33 S 5 55 31 9:\\'e<1.. 6 13 ~.,6 07 7

[o,\lon .,640 115 36 ,I 10 Thllrs.!6 33 315 55 81 10 Thllrs.!6 128,608 °II Tues.. 6 40 25,,6 SI II/J"ri .. ·1o .,2 ~'5 563 IIIFri \6 II 9'6 oS 412!Wed. 164031537 5, I2.Sat ....6 32 2'5 56 81 12 iSat ,6 II 1'6 oS 713,T!lUrs.,6 40 41 5 38 21 13iSUN.. !6 3[ 65 57 4113 SUN.. '6 10 2~6 09 °14i Fri ... J6 40 453891 141\10n .. i6 3' 015 579 I4 Mon .. !6 093:6093[5 Sat .. ,64045396 15,TlIes.. 6304i5584, 15ITucs"160S460g7[6i')UN.. 16 40 415 40 2 I6 iWed .. ·6 29 7,5 589' 16 iWed .. ,6 07516 10 °I7:i\l,m .. !6 40 45 40 'J, [71~hllrs.)6 29 I 5 59 41 I7i-r:b.llrs.[6 06 6,,6 10 3[8,Tues.. 6 40 35 4[ 61 18, hI. .. ,6 28 515 59 81 ISF II ... 6 0S 6,6 10 6[9I Wed .. '640 35 42 41 19 SaL ...6 27 S.6 00 3' 19I 5at. .. 6 04 7i6 10 920iThllrs·16 40 2'5·'12 9 20ISUN.. '627 1:6008: 20:SUN.. 16 03 8,6 II 22[IFri"'i640 1'54361 2[ ~lon .. '6 264'601 3' 21!~lon ... ,6 02 g6 II (;22,Sat ... '6 39 9' 5 44 3 22:Tues. '1'6 25 S'6 01 SI 22,TlIes.. i6 02 0'(; I [ 923 SUN.. 6 39 85 H 9 231Wed",6 251:6 f)2 21 23I Wed.. '6 o[ 1[61222~~lon"16 396:5456; 24'Thnrs.,6 24 316 02 6 24/fhurs.:6 00 2,612525 Tlles .. :6 39 4'5 46 'I 25 'Fri ... 6 23 5 603 01 25'Fri ... ,5 5q 216 12 826Iwell .. ,6 39 25 46 9 26 Sa!. .. 6 22 76°34 26 Sat .. 15583'613 I

27 ·~hUh. '6 3~ ~,5 47 5: 27' SUN.. !6 21 96 03 8, 27:~!on '15 57 4'6 13 42S,FfI 6 38 S,5 48 I,,28IMon .. '6 2[ J (; 04 2: 2S1"es 5 564,613729 S~t 6 38 45 4S S ' . 29 Wed .. 5 55 5:6 14 °30SU :'If .. 6 38 IS 49 4" 130Thu!S"5 54 6'6 [431['F~~7 7",S~~o'I_JJI'~I()n.. 5 53 716 147

Tht: stt:ady increase iIi the importation of musical.instrumt:ntsinto the Hawaiian Islands the past thrt:t: years may be indicativeof tht: growth of the musical tastes of the people. The valut:sfor 1894, '95 and '96 were $8,889.50; SI:l,3:39.58 and $21,440.82 respectivt:ly. Last yt:ar's list comprised 5! pianos, :Z5 parlororgans, 569 guitars, :3:3 banjos, 28 l11andolins, 47 Violins andsundry otht:r discordant or harmonious instruments-accordingto circumstances.

SECOND QUARTER, 1898.

---- APRIL. - I MAY. II JUNE.-II. H. M. D. II. M. D. H. l\.I.

6 Full Moon ••.. '0'49.6 A.M. 5 Full Moon •.. 8.03.7 P.M. 4 Full IIIoon .... 3'4'.3 A.M.13 Last Quarter , 3'58'4 A.M. T2 Last Quarter.. 11'°5.8 A. rtl.[ 10 Last Quarter ..• 7.34.1 P. M.20 New .l.\loon J.I.SO.7 A.M. 20 New 1\1000 •.. 2.28.?- A.M. 18 New Moon•.... 5'49.3 P.M.28 First Quarter•.. 3.34.7 P.M. 2R First Quarter.. 6.43.9 A.M.I 26 First Quarter ..• 524.0 P.M.

H. M. H. M.

I \Ved.. 5 17 2 6 3S 2

2 Thurs. 5 17 1:6 38 (,3 Fri ... 5171639 °4 Sat. .. 5 17 °16 39 45 ";UN.. 5 17 °16 39 76 :'olon .. 5 17 °16 40 I

7 ~ues .. 5 17 0i 6 40 SS Wed.. 5 17 °16 40 l)

9 Thurs. 5 17 °16 41 210 Fri ... 5 17 °16 4 1 5II Sat. .. 5 17 I 6 41 912 SUN.. 5 17 26 42 2I3l\lon .. 5 173 6 42 514 Tues.. 5 17 46 42 815 Wed .. 5 176643 I16 Thurs. 5 17 76 43 ~

17 Fri ... 5 17 91643 618 Sal. " 5 18 06 43 919 SUN.. 5 IS 2i6 44 I

l\Ion··5 IS 4'16 44 421 Tues.. 5 186644 622 Wed. 5 18 86 44 823 Thurs. 5 19 0,'6 44 924 Fri 5 19 3,6 45 I

25 Sat 5 19 616 45 226,SUN .. 5 199,644427: Mon .. 5 202,644 52S Tues .. 5 20 5[16 44 629!Wed.. 5 20 86 44 730 Tues.. 5 21 1,644 8

tl tl en CI:~ ~ § §

~ ~ ~ [i"'1 ~ ~ en!.~;;: ~ : i~ I" " ," ;

-:-.- H. M.I H. M·III~n ... 5 52 Si.6 IS 0:2 Sat. .. 5 51 9,6 IS 3:3!SUN.. 5 51 0\6 IS 614 Man .. 550 11 6 159,5ITues.. 5 49 316 16 31 i6 Wed.. 5 48 4;6 16 6

1i

7 Thur". 5 47 51 6 16 9:8,Fri ... 5 46 6

1

6 17 219'Sat. .. is 45 7,6 17 5

IO!SUN"15 44 Si6 17 81II Mon .. 5 44 06 18 Ii12

ITues.. 5 43 '2

1

16 IS 4113 Wed.. 5 42 46 18 7]14IT~urs. 5 4' 5,6 19 0,15iFn ... 5 40 7,6 194116 tSat. "15 39 9,6 19 7117 SUN.. 5 39 1:6 20 IISI1\lon .. 5 3S 316 20 41I9:Tues.·5 37 416 20 SI20!wed"15 3666 21 II21':T.~urs. 5 35 Si6 21 522,I'n .. ·,5 35 11621 S[23ISal ... \5 34 3:6 22 224ISUN.. 5 33 6,6 22 6,25i Mon .. 15 3291622 926lTues.. i5 32 2

1

6 23 3;27IWed .. !5 31 5 623 7;2SjThurs.:5 30 SI6 24 'i29IWed .. ]5 30 11624 "I30 Thurs.i5 29 56 ::4 SI

~I.~ ~ § ~ ~~1 '" ~ CIl ~ ~",I 'S ;;;. & I ~ _::-'. ~ ~ I ;;_, -~I ~ e" ~

______ . 1 ~ _

H. M.I H. M·IIjSUN .. 5 28 9i 6 25 2i2;\lon"5 2S 2i6 25 631 Tues .. 5 27 6,6 26 0114iWed .. 5 27 0:6 26 45lThurs. 5 26 46 26 816 Fri ... 5 25 S,6 27 2;7 Sat. '. 5 25 3 '6 27 6;SiSUN.. 5 24 7'6 2S 0'91Mon .. 5 24 316 28 51

Io,Tues. '1 5 23 S,'6 2S 9,'IlIWec1 .. 5 23 3 6 29 J,12

1.'Th.urs. 5 22 9:6 29 71

13,Fn 5 22 5j6 30 2j14,~al 15 22 0,6 30 6

1I5SUN.. " 21 6631016'1\1on .. :5 21 21631 41I7:Tues.. is 20 9 6 31 9:IS Wed.. 15 20 5'6 32 3,I9;Thurs.i5 20 2,6 32 7:20 Fri ... '5 19 9~6 33 I2ISat.··5 19 5 '6 33 5'22,SUN.. 15 19 2 i6 34 c:23' Mon .. 15 18 916 34 4:24,Tues.. is IS 6 i6 34 9:25 Wed.. , IS 316 35 "26 Thurs. '5 IS 116 35 8127Fri ... 5 17 9'6 36 22S,~at"'15 1771636629i SU"'''15 17 6:6 37 °30;~fon .. 5 17 4!6 37 43IiSat. .. 5 17 3 6 37 S_.. -_ .. ------~--

The total value of fresh fruits imported into these islands!(luring the year 1896 was $14,154.97, most of which werereceived from California and sister'states to the north. Of thevariety, apples predominated with 44 barrels and 7,099 boxes;oranges next with 1,468 boxes, followed by limes 675, pears 476,lemons 357, plums 280, grapes 180; cherries 165, peaches 137,and unspecified 57R boxes.

THIRD QUARTER, 1898.

JULY. Ii AUGUST. II SEPTEMBER.D. , H. M. 1,0. H. 1\1. ItO. 1-1. 1\1.

3 Full !'oloan ...• Iv .p.l A.l'I-L'1 I Full 1\Ioon .... 5.5S.8 I'.M..,I 7 Last Quarter o.•?O.8 P.M.10 Last Quarter,. 612.8 A.M! 8 Last Quarter. 743.0 p.l't1.hS New .\loon 1.4°2 P.r.l.::8 New Moon...•. 9.17.2 A.Jl.I"11 17 New ,\ioon 0.°4.1 A.;o.t, 1

1 ,22 1'.'il·St Quarter..• 4.09 4 P.M.26, First. Qua,rter..• 3.oc;,.9 A. f\.1. 124 First Quarter. 10.02.1 A. rtf. i121} full Moon 040.5 P.M.

;/1,,-1 ~ I cr. 113~FII UII~\lOOln'·~~r8:~il.I-;j-;--I-~-I-;;;--;:, ;:, I - . '" I.;:,;:, "I'" ~ I ;:, ," "

"" '"' : ::. I " If ''', "" I" ":1' '" I '" ;::;:~ ~ I:::: cr. I .0 I ~ I' ~ 1 cr. I '" I 02 : ~ , cr.

! tn ~ II~' ,-- ;:;. ---I ~ I;;;' ;:;.~I ~ '~ ~ II: "'/' ~ i ~ 1 ~ "'[::;:: I ;;; I ~

:::~-I:H' M~I~~ i~II---=-IH' :~f. I;'~!II ~:~-liH' M'11H. M.IIFri ... S 21 4'6 4S 8,' I ~1011 .. 's 33 :> 6 38 S I!TI1tm. S 43 46 15 72iSat. .. IS 217:645 9i/2/Tues.. !s 33 616 38 01~1 2Fri ... IS 43 7,6 14 83 1:-WN··IS 22 '1645 9, 3'\Ved.. !s 340,6 37 5,1 3l Sat.. ·IS 43 9'6 13 94'\1011 .. S 22 4:6 4S 9. 4I Thurs.!s 34 4 6 36 9il 4 SUN··,S 44 2!6 13 °SITues.. !s 22 8/6 4S 8 S.'Fri ... IS 3481'.6 36 3'. slMul1. ·Is 44 4'!6 12 I6 1Wed .. IS 23 16 4S 811 6'Sat. .. IS ~5 26 3S 71' 6'Tues .. 's 44 716 I I 2~IThurs·ls 23 S 6 4S 8,!1 7 SU~ .. ls 3S S,6 3S 'II 71\Ved.. IS 4S °15 10 2~.Fn ... 'S 23 816 4S 7!! 81~1011. ·i5 3S 9 16 34 SII 8 Thur~'5 4S 2'60939,i S"t.. ·IS 24 26 4S 6'1 91.Tlles .. :s 36 316 33 911 9 Fri ... Is 4S SI6 08 3

IO,SUN··,S 24 S 6 4S 61 IOiWed. ·IS 36 6'6 33 2!1 10 Sat.··s 4S 86 07 31I,;\II)11 •• IS.2+ 9'6 4S sill ThllrS.,S 37 °16 32 SII IIISUN.. IS 46 0j6 06 412Tues·.ls 2S 3164531 12IFri ... ls 37 3 6 319'12 MOI1··'S 46 36 05 4131 Wed.. IS 2S 716 4S ,1'13 Sat. .. ls 37 7631211 13lTues .. ls 46 S'6 04 514 Thllrs.!s 26 li6 4S oil 14'SUN.. is 38 016 30 S'! 14 Wed.. Is 46 8'6 03 SISiFri .. ·,S 26 SI6 44 81 Isl\lon .. ls 38 ,,'6 29 7,11 ISITh."rs.ls 47 °1602516Sat.··'S 269644 S· 16Tues··ls 38 716 29 ° 16 Fn· .. 's 47 36016'7ISUN.. !s 27 3!6 44 311 17'\Ved.. s 3906 28 3'1 17!Sal.. ·Is 47 S[6 00 618;\1011 .. IS 27 7:6 44 'II 181,Thllrs.',S 39 3\.6 27 SII 18 SUN··S 47 8 S S9 7191 Tiles. S 2S 1'6 4~ 8

1

'1 IQFri ... ls 3966 26 7119!~101l"ls 48 0IS S8 820Wecl..l s 28 SI6 435 20Sat .. ·[s 39916 2S 9'20ITues.. ,s 48 3S S7 821IThurs.!s 28 916 43 2, 21ISUN .. S 40 26 2S 11121!Wed.. ls 48 5[5 S6 922,Fri ... '5 2') 31642 Q'1221\1"n"IS 40 SI6 24 3'1 22 ,ThurS. S 48 8 S S5 9231 Sat. "Is 29 71 6 42 51 23 Tues. S 408'623 5' 23iFri IS 49 °IS S4 924 SUN.. S 30 164221 24IWed .. S 41 11622 71124 Sat S 49 3 S S4 °2sl~1"n .. S 30 S 641 81·12S Thl1rs·'s 41 4 6 21 81 2sISUN ·IS 49 S!S S3 °26 lTues.. ls 3:> QI6 41 +. 26I F ri ... 5 41 71620 9 26\1011 .. S 49 8'S S2 °27IWed.. S 3 1 3640 9t 27 Sal .. -154206 70 III 27ITlles .. !s So liS SI 128 Thurs.ls 31 716 40 SII 28IS"I1 ... S 42 3[6 19 2 28 Wed.. S SO 45 So 229IFII···I.S 32 11640 ° i 29l\!01l··S 42 6[6 18 +11291~~l1rs'IS So 71s 49 3301 Sat. .. S 32 S 6 3961' 3°1 Tues.. IS 42 9,6 17 S 30 rn..... S 51 o,S 48 33IiSUN.. ,S 32 916 39 I! 31 Wed .. ls 43 26 1661

Notwithstanding the general adoption of electric lights inHonolulu, Hila and other parts of the islands, Hawaii's kerosene

oil bill for lli96 was $79,:371.24, and her peanut oil bill-also.largely used for lighting purposes-amounted to $18,198.37.The value of all other oils imported the same year, mostly lubricating, shows a total value of $5,089.33. The foregoing isexclusive of oils entered in bond.

FOURTH QUARTER, 1898.

- OCTOBER. !I NOVEMBER II DECEMBER.· -D. H. M. ID. H. i\1. D. H. M.7 Last Quarter•.•. 8. 3+ 7 A.M, 6 L:tst Quarter•.. 3.57.7 A.:\l. 5 Last Quarter.. 11.35.6 P.M.

15 New Moon..... 2.0].3 A.hI iI3 New Muon ...•• 1.50.3 l'.M,!iI3 New 1\1oon ... 1.13.1 A.M.2! First Quarter•• 10.39.2 (' ......1. 20 fo'in,t Quarter .. 934.9 A l\L 19 First Quarter .. 4.516 P.M.

2:IFUll~\[O~':_~~S.2 :M. 2~:Ull~IOOln~.:~;~.2;.." 12~~~III~lOOln ....; I.~9'2~'M

:~I l : ~ i ~ ~I ~ ! ~ I ~ I~I ~ [I ~ ! ~...... I "'" ...... ~I ,,,, I - "'"I ~ I ;:;-~ ~ : i:; I ~ 'I.... :;:: I i:; ~ I.... ~ , ::; I::;1 ?>" ' : I : '~ ?>" . I '~I?>" I' :-!---II;~;~ -I---I;~I;~I-I-- ;~J;~~IISat. .. 5 51 3 S 47 4 I'Tues .. ,6 03 352391 II Thurs.,6 21 515 1732 SUN.. 5 51 61 546 5 2Iwed.. /6 03 8,5 23.1 2 Fri .. '1622 2!5 1743!Mon .. 15 51 91s 45 6 3!Th.urs. 6 04 3!5 22 8 311~.at.;. 6 22 815 J7 54

r

T ?es"15 52 1154+ 71 ~i~n ... 6 °4 91S 22 3 4 SUN .. 6 23 515 17 7S,\\ed.. S S2 4543 8 J,Sat. "16 oS 4'S 21 9 S ?lIon. '1624 1,5 1796tThurs. S S2 7,S 42 9 6ISUN.. 6 oS 91S 21 4 6ITues .. 6 24 815 18 I

7iFri ... is S3 lis 42 d 71:\1011 .. 606 sis 21 ° 7 Wed .. 6 2S 41 5 IS 38,Sat. .. IS 53 4is 41 I 8 ,Tues .. b 07 lis 20 6, 8 Thurs. 6 26 ° S 18 69 'S UN··i5 S3 71S 4°3 9Iwed"16 07 71S 2021 9 Fri .. ·i6 26 65 18 9

IoIMon .. :s S4 liS 394 IO!Th 1trS.6 08 2 S 199, lulsat.: 627 315 19 2uIITUCS"iS S4 41s 3S G. IljFri .... !6 08 81S 19 Sill SUN.. 16 27 9:5 19 612 wed ..

ls 5,1 8,S 37 8, 12,Sat.. ·16 09 41S 19 2 12 :\lon .. [6 28 5j5 19 9

13,•• ThurS.S 5S lis 399, 13ISUN"16 10 liS 18 91!13ITues .. 6 29 II.S 2°314;~ri"'IS 5S SiS 36 II 14i:!on",6 lC 7 S 18 sl 14 \yed··16 29 7,S 2°7IS Sal.. 'IS 5S 1115 3S 3 IS: I ue'. '1 6 II 3 S 18 31 I ISI1 hurs.16 30 315 21 °16 SUN .. '5 56 215 34 S' 16iWed .. 16 II 9 'S IS o,! 16IFri ... 16 30 /)S 21 4171:\10n"!5 56 61s 33 8, 17'T,h.urS·

16,I2 sis 17 S, 17Isat. .. 1.631 415 21 9

18ITucs .. S 56 91S 33 01 18!I:n .. '1 6 13 liS 17 6 IS SUN··i 6 31 95 22 319,Wed .. S 57 3 S 32 2119iSal. .. 6 13 Sis 174; 191\1on .. 16 32 41522 S20 Th.urs.,s S7 7i5 31 S 20IsUN"16 14 41S 17 2 2C T~les .. 1632 9:5 23 2 (21 Fn. "I S 58 21s 30 7 2II:\10n .. j6 IS 0IS 17 I, 2II\hd.. 16 33 S:S 23 722 Sat.. 'I S S8 6 1S 30 01 22I1'uo,.. ;6 IS 7 S 17 01 22 Thurs.;6 34 0IS 24 323 SUN··,S S9 o:S 29 3:1 23!\Ved··16 163 S 170 23IFri ... i6 34 S 5 24 824:\lon .. [s 59 SiS 28 61124IThurs.!6 17 0IS 17 0124 ";al.··16 3S oS 25 32S T~cs .. S 59 9,S 28 01 2S f:'ri ... 16 176 S 17 01 ~SISUN"16 3S S!S 2S 9

.26 \\ccl .. !6 00 41 S 27 4, 26Isal""16 IS 2 S 17°126 :\lul1 .. ,6 35 9:5 26 427 Thurs'16 00 9,S 26 7 27 Sun ... 6 189 S 170: 27l1'ues.. '636 41S 27 0

28Fri ... 601415261'128:\1011"'619 SiS 17 01 28Wed.. !6 36 715 27 629 Sat. .. /601 8S 2S 5' 29ITues .. /.6 20 2,S 17 II' 29\1'hurs'i6 37 °15 28 230 SUN.. 602 31 5 249' 130 Wed ... 6 20 9'5 17 2 30 ,Fri .. '16 37 3 S 28 831 :\1011 .. 6 02 8 S 24 41 i _ ' 311 Sat. .. 6 37 6 5 29 4

Beside the food products of these islands retained for homeconsumption, the importations of fish, flour, groceries and provi.sions into these islands in 18% were invoiced at $72K,225.3~,

while the hay and grain bill for our animals amounted to $273,752.71; or over a million dollars a year that Hawaii expendsabroad for her food deficits for man and beast. Over $800,000of this is from the United States, and naturally mostly from thePacific Coast.

INTER-ISLAND DISTANCES.

INTER·ISLAND DISTANCES BY SEA IN SEA MILES.

11

8S203444

AROUND OAHU FROM HONOLULU-ESPLANADE WHARF-TO

MILE MILES.

Bell Buoy. . . • . . • . •• . . . . . . . . . . 1;( Pearl River Bar. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6Diamond Head........ 5 Barber's Point .....•..•....... 16~

Koko Head 12 Waianae Anchorage .........• 2g~Makapuu Point. ........•..... 17 Kaena Point, N. W. of Oahu 39Mokapu ' .. . .. 29 Waialua Anchorage 56Kahuku 51 Kahuku, K pt. Oahu, via Kaena 54

HONOLULU TO

Laeokalaau, S.W. pt. Molokai... 35 Kawaihae, Hawaii•............. 144Kalaupapa Leper Settlement.... 50 Kealakekua, .. (direct). . ..•• ~57

West,Pointof.Lanai 50 .. .. (~~a Ka~~ihae) ~86Lahaina, Maul.... 72 S.W. pt. Hawaii 433Kahului, ' . . •. • . . .. . . . 90 Punaluu, " .. .. .•• • •• 250Hana, . . .. •. 125 Hilo, (direct) 192Maalaea," .. •. . . .. .. . . 85" (windward) ~06Makena, I. •.•• •..• •• •••••• 96 .. (via Kawaihae) •• 230Mahukona, Hawaii. 134 J

HONOLULU TO

Nawiliwili, Kauai.............. 98/ Hanalei, Kauai . . . . . . • • •• ...... 125Koloa, 102\Vaimea, .. • ••••......... 120 Niihau......... ..•.•••....... 144

LAHAINA, MAUl, TO

Kaluaaha, Molokai.............. 171 Maalaea, Maui................ 12Lanai. .. . • .. .. .. . . . .. .. . .. .. .. 9 Makena .. .. .. . .. . .. . .. .. . 18

KAWAIHAE, HAWAII, TO

Mahukona, Hawaii 10\ Hilo, Hawaii ..Waipio, 40 Lae 0 ka Mano, Hawaii. .Honokaa, . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Kailua, " .......•Laupahoehoe, .. . " . . . 65 Kealakekua, " .

HILO, HAWAII, TO

East point of Hawaii........... 20 IPunaluu, Hawaii.... .......•.• 7°Keauhau, Kau," 50 Kaalualu, "/ ...•.•••.....• 80North point of" 70 South Point of Hawaii.... 85

WIDTH OF CHANNELS.EXTREME POINT TO POINT.

Oahu and Molokai............. 23 Maui and Lanai.... . .. . • ••• .. .. 8Diamond Head to S.W. point of Mauiand Kahoolawe............ 6

Molokai .......•............ 30 Hawaii and Maui. . . . . . . . . . . . .. '26Molokai and Lanai..... .. .. .. .. 8 Kauai and Oahu.............. '61Molokai .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Niihau and Kauai. .....•'. . . . •.. 1x5

OCEAN DISTANCES.HONOLULU TO

San Francisco 2100 Auckland., , 3810Portland, Or , ••. 2460 Sydney 1480Panama. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4620 Hongkong '. 8cl40

Tahiti. ..... .. .. 2380 yokohama........... 4430

Samoa........ . . 2290 Victoria, B. C•............•... Z360Fiji ,••. : .. 2700 Ocean Island 1250

12 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

OVERLA l\ID DISTAl\IDS.Revitoed expressly (OT the ANNUAL by C. ]. Lyons, Esq., in accordance with latest Govern

ment Survey measuremelits.)

ISLAND OF OAHU.

8.04·47. 0

4. 0

2,83·46.4

3·47.4

10.213.620.020.028.032 .439·4

Moanalua .Kalauao .Ewa Church .Kipapa .Kaukonahua .Leilehua .Waialua '.Waimea .Kahuku Ranch .

1.0

1.31.71.22.63. 0

3. 0

6.0

HONOLULU POST·OFFICE TO

[The outer column of figures indicates the distance between points.]MILES. ?hLES. INTER.

Bishop's corner (Waikiki) 3.2 Kahana 25. 2 4 5Waikiki Villa 3.6 Punaluu 27.2 2.0Race Course 4.5 Hauula 30.2 3.0Diamond Head ~. 5.9 Laie 33. 2 3.0Kaalawai. 6.0 Kahuku Mill 36.0 2.8

MILES. INTER' Kah.lw Ranch 38.8 2.0Thomas Squ:ue.... 1.0Pawaa corners z.oKamoiliili.... 3.3Telegraph Hill. . . . • . . . . 5.0Waialae............... 6.zNiu 8.8Koko Head........... II. 8Makapuu.. .. .. . . . .. ... 14.8Waimanalo.. . .... 20.8Waimanalo, via Pali. ... iZ.o

MIl.ES.

\Vaiawa 12.52Waipio 13.58Waikele 14.57Hoaeae............. 15.23Ewa Plantation Mill 18.25Waianae Station 33.30

Moanalua. . .Puuloa ...........•.........JIalawa .Aiea .Kalauao ..Waiau .Pearl City .

Nuuanu Bridge........ I. I Ewa Church 10.2Mausoleum.... 1.5 0.4 Waipio (Brown's) II.2Electric Reservoir...... 2.7 1.2 Hoaeae (Robinson's) 13.5Honolulu Dairy........ 2.9 0.2 Barber's Point L. H 21.5Luakaha 4.3 1.4 Nanakuli 23.5PaiL... . .•... 6.2 1.0 Waianae Plantation 29.9Kaneoh~ (new road) 10.7 4.5 KahanahaikL 36.9Waiahole 17.7 7.0 Kaena PainL 42.0Kualoa 20.7 3.0 Waialaa to Kaena Point 12.0

OAHU RAILWAY: DISTANCES FRO~I HONOLULU DEPOT TO

~hLl!:S.

2.766.238.149·37

10.20TO·9311.76

1.02·38.02.06.47. 05. 1

ISLAND OF KAUAI.

h-iTER.

4·44·23· 117·93. 0

5. 2

3. 01,2.2

~hLES.

Wailua Riyer.... .. 7.7Kealia 11.9Anahola 15.7Kilauea. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23.6Kalihiwai ,26.6Hanalei. . .. 31.8Wainiha 34.8Nualolo (no road) 47.0

2.86.27. t

4·413·3

NAWILIWIl.I TO

INTER.:'-fILRS.

Koloa 11.0Lawai 13.8Hanapepe zo.oWaimea 27. I

Waiawa 31. 5Nualolo 44.8

Hanamaulu. . . . . . . . . . .. 3.3'

OVERLAND DISTANCES. 13

3.85.0

3·73. 1

2·9

5·54. 2

5',9

1.35·54·92.42.63.85·5

INTER.

5. 0

2·93·35. 82.2

MILKS.

10·513·416.722·524·7

9·915·419. 625·5

3·34. 8

10. I

14·517·420.023. 829·3

3·37·1

12.115. 818·9:zt .8

MAKENA TO

Makawao Court House..Makawao Seminary..•..Olinda .Haleakala, 'Edge Crater.Haleakala Summit. ....

Maalaea .End of Mountain Road ..Olowalu .............••Lahaina Court House ...

Ulupalakua .Kamaole ....••........\Vaiakoa ....•.........,Foot of Puu PaneMakawao Seminary•....Makawao Court House..

2.03. I1.65.83·57·75·53.66.0

3. 0 I \i\' . h3 6 ale n .3:3 Waihee ..

Kahakuloa ; ...•t; Honokohau ... Honolua ..••.•........

Napili.....•..........Honokawai .

5·4 Lahaina Court Honse .4·44·77·73·33·36.65·5

5·5

ISLAND OF YIA.uI.KAHULUI TO

~IILEs. INTER.

3. 1

5·59·9

14. 622·325. 628.g35·541.0

3·55·58.6

10.2

16.0Ig·527. 232·736.342 .345·348 ·952 • 2

56 .662.1

Spreckelsville .Paia ....•...•.........Hamakuapoko Mill.....Haiku .......•.........lIalehaku .Huelo. . .Keanae.•.............Nahiku ....•..Ulaino .Hana .Reciprocity Mill. . .Wailua•...............Kipahulu Mill•.........Mokulau .Nuu .

Paia .

Wailuku .Waikapu .Maalaea .KaJepnlepo .Mana .Ulupalakua .K .analO .Pico's .Nuu .

ISLAND OF HAWAII.

3.0

2.04·05. 0

INTER.

25. 0

8.0

MILKS.

1.002.253. 252·553. 254. 257. 20

10·50

7. 1 5-

MILES.

Hilo, via Humnula St'n. 54.0~eamnku Sheep Station. 14.0Napnu 22.0Keawewai...... . 8.0Waika .............•... II.OKahnwa 13.0Puuhue 17.0Kohala Conrt House 22.0Mahnkona : 22.0Puako 12.0

It.O

7·3g.o

10.0

2·5

WAIMEA COURT HOUSE TO

MILE..<;;. INTER.

Hamakua boundary .... 4.5Kuknihaele Mill.. . . . . .. I 1.0Mana........... 7.7Hanaipoe 15.0Keanakolu. . .. 24.0Pnakala ' 34.0Laumaia 36.5Humuula Sheep Station,

via Laumaia.. . . . . . . .. 47' 5Anwaiakekua . . . . . . . . .. 12.5HnmnulaSheepStation.2g.0 16.5

NORTH KOHALA.-FOREIG:'J CHURCH, KOHALA, TO

:.. ~[IL"S. IEdge of Pololn Gulch " 4.00 Native Church .Niulii Mill. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.80 Union Mill .....•..... , .•...•Dr. Wight's Store, Halawa.... I. IS Union Mill R. R. Station ....•.Halawa Mill.... . .... .. .. .... 1.65 Honomakan ...............••Hapnu Landing.............. 2. IS Hind's, Hawi ..

Hawi R. R. Station.....•.....Honoipu ...........•••.••....Mahukona ................•.Puuhue Ranch ...•..•...•••••

Dramatic Hall, Kaiopihi....... .40Kohala. Mill..... .50Kohala Mill Landinlt .. , ;... 1.50

HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

NORTH KOHALA. -ON ;\IAIN ROAD, MAHUKONA TO

MILES. INTER. l\hLES.

Hind's Mill............ 7.0 Dr. Wight's Corner...•.. 11.5Union Mill Corner...... 8.0 1.0 Niulii Corner 12.8Court House........... 9.2 1,2 Pololu Edge of Gulch ~ 14.5Bond's Corner. •• •..... . 9.7 o. ~ PUll Hue...... . .. . 5. 0Kohala Mill Corrier. .... 10.4 0.7

SOUTH KOHALA-KAWAIHAE TO

INTER.

1. I

1·31·7

MILES. INTER.

Puu Ainako...... . . . . .. 4.4Puuiki, Spencer's........ 7.7 3.3Waiaka, Catholic Church 9.5 1,8Puuopule, Parker's. . . . .. 10.8 1.3Waimea Court House II.8 1.0Waimea Church 12.2 0.4Kukuihaele Church 22.1 9.9

MILES.

Mana, Parker's ......•......... 19.5Keawewai.. .. ••••••.. .. . . .. 6.0Puuhue Ranch. . .. 10.0Kohala Court House 15.0Mahukona II.ONapuu .....................•• 20.0Puako.............. 5.0

5. 0

3. 0

1·56.0

•

KONA--KEALAKEKUA TO

Keauhou............... 6.0 Kawaihae 42.0 4.6Holualoa. 9.6 3.6 Honaunau.............. 4.0Kailua 12.0 2.4 Hookena.............. 7·7 3.7Koloko 16.0 4.0 Olelomoana 15. 2 7.5Makalawena 19.6 3.6 Hoopuloa 21.6 6.4Kiholo 27.6 8.0 Boundary of Kau 24.8 3.2Ke Ahu a Lono boundary 31.6 4.0 Flow of '87· .. . .. . . .. 32.° 7.2Puako 37.4 5. 8 Kahuku Ranch 36 .5 4-5

KAU.-VOLCANO HOUSE TO

Half-way House (Lee's).. 13.0 IHonuapo 32.6Kapapala 18.0 5.0 Na~le~u 35.6Pahala 23.0 5.0 WalOhmu 37.1Punaluu 27.6 4.6 . Kahuku Ranch 43. I

THROUGH PUNA.--FROM THE HILO COURT HOUSE TO

MILES. MILES.

Keaau...... 9.2 Opihikao 30.0Makuu 15.0 Kaimu 37.0Sand Hills, Nanawale........ . 18.5 Kalapana..................... 38.0Kapoho (Lyman's) ' 22.0 Panau....................... 45.0Pohoiki, Rycroft's 26.0 Volcano House ......•........ 61.0

To VOLCANO.--HILO TO

Shipman's.... 1.7 Mountain View 16.8Edge of Woods 4.1 Mason's 17.5Cocoanut Grove...... 8.0 Hitchcock's 23.5Branch Road to Puna.. 9.0 Cattle Pen 24.7Furneaux...... .. 13.2 Volcano House 3[.0

THROUGH HILO DISTRtCT TO

Honolii Bridge .Papaikou, Office .

.Onomea Church . :.. Kaupakuea Cross Road .Kolekole Bridge .Hakalau, east edge gulch .Umauma Bridge .........•.•..

2·54·76·9

10·714·315. 0

16.0

Honohina Church 17.8Waikaumalo Bridge [8.8Pohakupuka Bridge, 21.0Maulua·Gulch ...........•..... 22.0Kaiwilahilahi Bridge. . .•..... 24.6Lydgate's House 26.1Laupahoehoe Church 26.7

ELEVATIONS OF PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES.•THROUGH HAMAKUA.-LAUPAHOEHOE CHURCH TO•

15

MILES.

Bottom Kawalii Gulch ..... ,... 2.0Ookala, Manager's House.... . . . 4.0Kealakaha Gulch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0Kaala Church : : 6.8Kukaiau Gulch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X.oHorner's................ .. ... 8.5Catholic Church, Kainehe . . . . . . 9.0Notley's, PMuilo 10.5Kaumoali Bridge 12.5Bottom Katopa Gulch 14.0Wm. Horner's, Paauhau 15.2Paauhau Church. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 16.3Holmes' Store, Honokaa. 18.0Honokaia Church 20.5

MILES.

Kuaikalua Gulch 23.2Kapulena Church 20.6Waipanihua ' 24.3Stream ~ t Kukuihaele 26.0Edge Waipio 26.5Bottom Waipio 27.0Waimanu (approximate) 32.5Kukuihaele to Waimea (approxi·

mate) " .. 10.5Gov't Road to Hamakua Mill.. .. · 1.5

Paauhau Mill... .. 1.0Pacific Sugar Mill,

Kukuihaele 0.7

TABLE OF ELEVATIONS OF PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES

THROUGHOUT THE ISLANDS.

(Fro(Q the Record... of the Government Survey. Measurements are from mean Sea Level.)

OAHU PEAKS.

FEET.

Kaala, Waianae Range 4°30 Telegraph Hill or KaimukiPalikea, .." 31 II Koko Head, higher crater .Konahuanui Peak, S. of Pali. .. 3106 Koko Head, lower crater. .Lanihuli Peak, N. of Pali 2780 Makapuu, east point of island .Tantalus or P~u Ohia 2013 Mokapu, crater off Kaneohe .Olympus, above Manoa 2447 Olomana, sharp peak in Kailua..Round Top or Ualakaa 1049 Maelieli. sharp peak in Heeia: ..Punchbowl Hill or Puowaina 498 Ohulehule, sh'p peak in HakipuuDiamond Head or Leahi... . . . . . 762

LOCALITIES NEAR HONOLULU.

FEET.

2921206644665696

1643713

2263

Nuuimu Road,h "

"

corner School St.second bridge...corner Judd St. .Cemetery gate ..Mausotam ga.te.Schaefer's gate ..

40

77137162206238

Nuuanu Road, Queen Emma's .." " cor. above Elec-

tric Light Works .Nuuanu Road, large bridge .

" .. Luakaha gate ." Pali. ' .

358

MAUL

Haleakala ...................• 10032West Maui, about. . . . . . .. . 5820Piiholo, Makawao , 2256Puu 10, near Ulupalakua 2841Ulupalakua, about. 1800Puu Olai, (:\filler's Hill). . . . . . . . 355Makawao Female Seminary. . . . 1900Grove Ranch, Makawao........ 981Puu Olai, near Makena . . . . . . .. 250

Mrs. C. H. Alexander's ' .Puu Nianiau, Makawao .Puu Kapual, Hamakua .Puu 0 Umi, Haiku ..Puu Pane, Kula...... . .Lahainaluna Seminary '.Kauiki, Bana...•........... ,."Sunnyside," Makawao .....•...Paia Foreign Church, .about ....

215°6850I15°629

2568600392

930

850

16 }/AWAIiAN ANNUAL.

HA\VAII. ,

FEET.

Mauna Kea ; 138°5Mauna Loa 13675Hualalai 8275Kohala Mountain.... . . . . . . .. 5505Kilauea Volcano House 3971.6Kulani, near Kilauea 5576Kalaieha 645"Aahuwela, near Laumala 7750Hitchcock's, Puakala 6325Ahumo'a 7035Waimea Court House 2669.6Waipio Pali, on N. side 1200Waipio Pali, on S. (Road). . .. 900Waipio Pali, in mountain. . . .. 3000\Vaimanu, at sea 1600

FEIn...·\Vaimanu in mountain 4°00:'Hiilawe Falls 1700 .Parker's, Mana... . . . . . . . . . . .. 3505"Honokaa Stor" . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1100.Lower edge forest, Hamakua.... 1700

Low"r edge forest, Hilo .. . . . . .. 1200 ..Laupahoehot: Pali 385'Maulua Pali :. 406Kauku Hill.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1964Puu Alala. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... 762Halai Hill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 'Puu 0 Nale, Kohala ~ 1797,E. Bond's, Kohala.............. 585Anglican Church, Kainaliu...... 1578

MOLOKAI, ETC.

Mauna Loa .Kualapuu Hill .R. W. Meyer's, Kalae .Puu Kolekole .Kaapahu Station......... . .Kaulahuki .

FEKT.

1:)821018

1485395135633749

Kalapamoa. . . . . .. . . . . .. 4004Kaolewa PaJi, overlooking Leper

Settlement. . . .. .... . . . . .. 2100

Olokui Peak .. ' .Kamakou Peak .Kaunuohua .Kahoolawe (Moauia Hill) .~10Iokini .Lanai. .

FEET.

4600

4958

45351427160

340lJ

HAWAII'S ANNUAL TRADE BALANCE Etc. SINCE 1879.

Year. I I' I Excess Export Custom Housemporls. Exports. V I Receipts.a l1es.------- ------- ------ ------

1880 $ 3,673,268 411$ 4,968,444 87 $ r,295,176 46 $ 402,181 631881 4,5471978 64

1

6,885,436 ,6 2,3370457 92 42l,192 011882 4,974,510 01' 8,299,016 70 3,:)24,5°6 69 505,390 981883 5,624,24° 09 8, I 33,343 88 2,5°9.,3 79 577.332 871884 4,637.514 22 8,I8.t,922 63 3,547,4°8 41 55 1,739 591885 3,83°,544 ,8 9,158,818 01 5,328,273 43 5°2,337 381886 4,877,738 73 10,565.885 58 5,6S8,146 85 580,444 °41887 4.9~3,840 72 ; 9,7°7,°47 33 4.763,206 61 595,002 64

, 1888 4,54°,887 46, I 1,9°3,398 76 7,:)62,5" 30 546.142 631889 5,438,79° 63 1 14,039,941 40 8,6nl,150 77 550,010 161890 6,962,201 13 13,142,829 48 6,180,628 35 695,956 911891 70438,,82 65 10,395,788 27 2,957,205 62 732,594 931892 4,028,295 :)1 8,181,687 21 4,153,391 90 494,385 101893 4,363.177 58 10,962,598 og 5.599,420 51 545,754 161894 5, 104,481 43 9,678,794.56 4,574,3 13 13 524,767 371895 5,7 14,01 7 54 , .8,474,138 15 2,760,120 61 547,149 401896 7,1,64,561 4° 15,515,230 13 8,350,668 73 656,895 82

CRATER DIMENSIONS, ETC.

DIMENSIONS OF KILAUEA, ISLAND OF HAWAII.

(The largest active Volcano in the World.)

Area, 4.14 square miles, or 2,6;0 acres.Circumference, 41,500 feet, or 7.8; miles.Extreme Width, 10,300 ted, or 1.9; miles.'Extreme Length, 15,500 feet, or 2.93 miles.Ele,vation, Volcano House, 4,040 Itet.

DIMENSIONS OF MOKUAWEOWEO.

(The Summit Crater of Mauna Loa, Island of Hawaii.>

Area, 3.70 square miles, or 2,370 acres.Circumference, 50,000 feet, (lr 9.47 mile•.Length, 19,500 feet, or 3.7 miles.Width, 9,200 feet or 1.74 miles.

. Elevation, 13,67; feet.

DIMENSIONS OF HALEAKALA,(The great Crater of Mani, the largest in the World.)

Area, 19 square miles, or 12,160 acres.Circumference, 105,600 feet, or 20 miles.Extreme Length, 39,500 feet, or 7.48 miles.Extreme Width, 12,500 feet, or 2.37 miles.Elevation of Summit, 10,°32 feet.

'Elevation of principal cones in crater, 8,032 and 7,572 feet.Elevation of cave in floor of crater, 7,3110 feet.

DIMENSIONS OF lAO VALLEY, MAUL

Length (from Wailuku), about 5 miles.Width of vaHey, 2 miles.

, Depth, near head, 4,000 feet.Elevation of Puu Kukui, above head of VaHey, 5,788 feet.Elevation of Crater of Eke, above \Vaihee VaHey, 4,500 feet.

AREA; ELEVATION AlIID POPULATION OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLAN1>8.

17

-i-----,

i,Area in stat.sq. miles.

Hawaii......•......Maui. .Oahu:: .Kauai........••.......Molokai 'Lanai. .Niihau .Kahoolawe .

4,210

760600;90

270IS°9763

Acres.

2,000,000400,000360,00035°,000200,000100,00070,00030 ,000

Height in I' Populaiion.feet. 1896-------1--13,800! 33,28;10,0.~2 I 17,7264,030! 40,2054,800' 1;,2283,000 2,3073,000 105

800 1641,450

18 HAWAI1AN ANNUAL.

SELECTIONS FROM CUSTOM HOUSE TABLES, 1896.

VALUE OF IMPORTS.-HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

277.906 4638.940 7025,306 7141,549 28

255,241 64343.104 69

15.587 3221.460 82

H.922 lU101,658 9453,nO 86

17.149 4832.977 2295.007 74

198,111 083,879 62

92,614 6780.775 2610.925 67

155,393 59142.240 36

24.765 12

227.5816183,804 53

90490

67,824 0251.633 31

120.638 78292.551 32135.646 85

47,480 63

67,181 20311,891 21

12,638 9420.953 1669,368 2710,932 59

101,285 80332,238 7180.341 34

156.999 2914.154 9191,637 73

273,752 71520,884 69

16.046 427.526 68

TOTAL.

147.249 14 64,846 78 15,485 6955,483 18 24.518 61 3.102 74

904 90 ..

ARTICLE...,. jl \' ALUR GOODS ,VALUE GOODS]

V ALUE Goons FREE I FREEPAVING DUTY. BY TREATY. lay CIVIL CODK

Ale. Porter. Beer. Cider $ 67,3240 ;$ 1$.. , :$o\nimals and Birds......... 65 401 60.096 631 1,471 34Building Materials........ 59.488 27i 56.844 60, 4.305 91Clothing. Hats•. l.Soots ,... 134,460 08, 105,1.73 031 2,517 711Coal and Coke ' ' .. 1.575 371 134,071 481Crocker)', Glassware, Lamps and l II I

Lamp Fixt"res I 47,264 ~5, , 216281Drugs, Surgical Instruments andl

Dental Materials ,.... 65,627 02...... ....... 1.554 18'

{

Cottons..... 75,483 66 236,407 55 ..Linens.. .. .. .. .. . . 12,633 94 .

Dry Goods Silks.............. 20,953 16 , ..W?olens..... 63,421 75, 5.~ 81 265 71Mixtures 10,195 45, 137 14 , , ..

f,;~ifiz~~~n~~~~1~7tc~t.c.: : :: ,.~ .. ~1:~~~.~11, , ... ' ~:~~. ~9 332.~~~ ~~IFish (dned and salt)············1 30.4~6 .4, 4~.90~ 61 ........ " .. "IFlour....•. _.................. 1,6.13 66: 150),34<> 63 ........•...•.Fruits (fresh).... 683 891

1

13,471 08 ..Furniture..................... . 34,748 69 56,107 09 781 95

j

Grain and Feed................ 47360 273,279 11 _!Groceries and Provisi?ns........ 199.540 12, 319,52~ 281 1,8H 29,Guns and Gun Matenals.. .. .. . . 9,1~6 ?~I 3,310 '9, 8,575 24,~~~d~~;;,~erAg~i~~it';""'I' .i';;pl~: 7.2.8 00 , . , •... , ..... '1

1

248 131

mentsand Tools.............. 60,92932 206.13331 10,845 831Iron, Steel, etc................. 17 ,941 90' 15,89~ 38 0,106 42,Jewelry. Plate. Clocks.......... 24,1~6 71 ~. , 1.150001Leather... .. .. 1,021 63 40,52. 6.) ..Lumber........ . . 208 80 204.952 311 80 5'~Machinery , 85,733 10 246,529 ,2

1

. 10841 87Matches.... . 1.130 47 14,456 85 ....... :. , ... "Musical Instruments. .. 3,841 .27 15,648 801 1,950 75Naval Stores................... 5,330 95 36,743 54 5,847 85Oib (cocoanut, kerosene, whale, J

etc.)..................... ... 19.216 3. i 80,886 831

1.555 741'

Paints. Paint Oil and Turpentine 51.489 26' 1.465 91 455 69Perfumery and Toilet Artlcles... 10,469 84 6,679 641 ,Railroad Materials, Rails, Cars, ISa~;h~~: c~;ri~g~" &; M;;t~~i~l~: ;~:~~~ ;: 4;:~;~ : i:38S' 74Shooks. Bags and Containers.... 183.411 05 9,150 95 5.549 08Spirits "..... . 3.74337 \' 13625Stationery and Books.......... . 8.6.';2 39 69,945 67 14,016 61Tea............................ 30.755 51 " 19 75Tin, Tinware and Materials.... 9,802 2U , ,. '1 1,123 47Tobacco,.Cij:ars, etC...... . 21.960 75 133,403 94 28 90Wines (light)........ ..... .. 142,018 36 , ...... , .. ... . 222 00Sundry Personal & Household I .

Effects.. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,063 72 .. .. .. .. 20,701 40Sundry Merchandise not includ·

ed, in the above;•••.......•...•Charges on InvoIces .:zs% added on Uncertified Invoices

----1-----1----1

744,187 10 $ 6.063,652 411.100,908 gg .

•CUSTOM HOUSE STATIstICS. 19


VALUE SPIRITS AND DUTIABLE VALUE BONDED GOODS ANDGOODS FROM SPIRITS FROM

U. S. Pacific Ports ...... $ 651,069 44 U. S. Pacific Ports.......$ 39,772 56U. S. Atl~ntic Ports..... 14,765 23 U. S. Atlantic Ports...... 414 92Great Britain. 616,328 19jGreat Britain.. . . .. 12.690 45Germa~y. . . . .. •.•..... 103,0511 59iGermany ..•.,.: '" 8,406 70Au~trahaand N. Z.. '.... 22,175 54iAu~traha and N. Z....... 1,53430China 236,151 72'Chtn1 '...... 62,3°600Japan....... 264,849 34IJapan...... 3,330 83Canada :. . . . . . . . . 9,493 12,Canada...... . . . . . . . . .. . 2,086 82Islands of Pacific........ 527 08.France. 5,794 08France.. .. .. . .. ... 8,322 98[1 Other Countnes. . . . . .. . .. 2,998 10Other countries.. . .. 5,732 52 -----

I Total at all ports $139,334 76Total at all ports ......$1,954,470 75

VALUE OF GOODS FREE BY

1

RESUME OF IMPORTS, 1896.CIVIL CODE FRO~1 TOTAL %

United States $1,532,526 25 United States $5,464,208 20 76.27Great Britain.... .. 106,782 70 Great Britain.... 755,801 34 10.54Germany ,... 36,061 32 Germany....... 147,526 61 2.06China...... 61625 China.......... 299,07°97 4.17Japan.... 8,303 6JJapan ·... 276,48380 3.86Australia and N. Z..... .. 87,934 81 Austra. and N. Z I13,644 65 1.58Canada 41,402 05 Canada , . 52,981 99' .75Islands of Pacific. . . . .. . . . . 4,069 25 Islands of Pacific 4,596 33 .06France...... .... ........ 3,603 96 France.... .... 17,721 02 .25Other countries .. '" ..•. 23,795 87 Other countries. . 32, ~26 49 .46

Total. $1,845,096 09 Total. ••.•.... $7,164,561 40 100.00

CLASS AND VALUE OF GOODS IN BOND. .62,067 58

85 0039,442 2319,120 18

315 4°2,467 35

Ale, Beer, Cider, Porter $Clothjn~, B:JOts, Hats .Crockery, Etc .Drugs, Etc .Fish .Hardw., Agr. Implmts, Etc.Tewelry, Etc .Musical Ins1ruments, Etc .Oils, illuminating ..•......Shooks, Bags, Etc .

7,496 63 Spirits .7 50 Tea ..

71 95 Tobacco, Cigars, Etc .1,010 80 Wines, Light .

222 86 Sundries bV Statute .3~8 57 Charges on Invoices .

35 1816 00 Total $139,462 99

5,760 00 Less Discount...... .. 128 23985 70

Total. $139,334 76

20 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.


CUSTOi\1~ RECEIPTS.

•

7(Jlj" 50279 06263 70

56 563,564 47

Receipts by Customs Districts.

Impori' Duties, Goods $223,993 23 Customs Guards .Impt Dts, Goods, Bonded. 32,099 n,Labo.. . . . . .Import Duties, Spirits.... 880372 64'I{ealizati, ns .Impt Dts, :-ipirits, !:l(JOdelh 163,728 06 Cartage .Blanks ,...... 17,075 501mpt Dts, Gds App'3ised..P"ssp"ns..... 2,78200,Fees.... II,419 47Lil(hts................... 1,44() 07'Buoys. . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...• . . 592 00,Hospital. Fund. . . .. ... ... 15,622 43Registry......... . . .. . .. . 1,851 IllTotal at Honnlulu ......$ 643,62." 84Coasting License.... . . . . . 3,156 92fTntal at Kahului.. .. . . . 5,061 38Fines and Forfeitures..... 1,IIn 33'Total at Hila.......... 6.10884Sturage. ... ... ... . . .... . 1 I ,967 23 Tnt'll at \1ahukuna .. :. 2,072 50Pilotage.................. 29,001 63'Total at Waimea.. .... 29 26\Vharfage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,139 60 . ------Towage...... t3,67060 Tntal Lr 1895 $ 656,895 82,

TOTAL VALUE OF

VARIOUS

MERCHANDISE IMPORTED

HAWAIIAN PORTS, 1896.

AT THE

~-_·,--------~~t.:HEiHYTREA~T\;-GO-ODS& SPIRITS-IGO'DS& sPOO';;GuO-DS FREE --.-.

PORTS. 'GOODS. PAYING DUTY. BONDED. BY CIVIL CODE I TOTAL.

H~molulu $2,655,338 90 $1,885,422 92 ~~>334 76 $1,683797 ; $6'36~,894 31HIla.... ' 292,33994 24,321 49 89,995 091 406,656 52Kahului. 170,04565 33,211 98 4°,17964, 243,43727Mah'k'na 107,87481 II,5 1436 31,12363 15°,51280Waimea. 60 S0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..; 60 50

----- ------ ------ --·-:----i------

ToTAL VALUE OF ALL EXPORTS HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 189tL:

Total Value Hunolulu Exports. . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . .. . . . .. . $11,275,845 5;Totll Value Kahului Exports " .. 1,4SS.84?,Q4,.Total Value Hila Exports.... . . .. .. .. . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. 1,893.727 95Total Value Mahukona Exports..... 889,808. f>l'.

$15,5 15,23° 13Less Total Value Foreign Goods Exported................ 79,192 90

Value Domestic Exports : , $15,436,037 23

.-

TABLE OF QUANTITY AND VALUE OF HAWAIIAN EXPORTS TO AL~ COUNTRIES FOR THE YEAR 1896..

TOTAL.UNITED STATES. •

AllTiCLES.

.. ---------------,---

\

AUSTRALIA Al\D IS. 0.1" polelFIC, I C"NADA. I.NEW ZEALAND. CHINA & JAPAN.-------'---- --_.. . ._.

99. 64 per Cent. \. 17 r.er Cellt: .03p~r Cent. I .16 per Cent. 100.(0 per Ctnt.

Quantity., Value. IQuant'Y" Value. IQlnt\'j Value. IQant'Y. Value. ! Quautit)'./ Value.

Sugar ...~443,.s6~,8~7i$14.9;;:;;-1~81-1,IOol$-~;~()I' 2,37'5 $ 118 75 i. ---.-.:. !443,569.282 $14,93;'-17283Rice..•....... lbs 5,01 4.85°', 194,903971 .... I .... ) 10.641 4131gi .... $ .1 S.025.4911 195.317 16Coffee lbs, 236,788 ! 45.44446, 16,5021 3.060001 2.365 466401 230379 4.679 53: 255.6551 53,650 39Bananas bnchs! 120659\ 121,273 751 1 · .. ·1 ·· .. 1 5.75·l 3,81 5 551 12(,.4131' 125,089 30WOOI.~ lbsl 336.93 11 25, 11285\ .: .. 1125,888 8, 18453' 462.819: 33,29738

:Hides pes 25.079. 60,311291 I I · .. ·1 25.0791 60,31129Pineapples pes 135.493 ' 13.7193° I 1 I1.953 1,63') 66; 147.45 1 15034996Goat Skins pes 12,647[ 4,447 00 .... 1 ""I".. i 12.647' 4.447 00Sheep Skins .. pes 7,886, 1,05381 .... I I · ... 1 7.886' 1.05381 CI:

Molasses .... gals 13.23°1 833 84 : ,I 2,655 375 88 1

1

15,8851 1.2°9 72 ~.Betel Leaves . bxs 1251 612 50 I J " .. 125 612 50 ..,Taro Flour .... lbs 4,2001 58 25 1 30 3 uol "I 4'23°1 61 25 ...Plants. ~eeds pkgs ..... '11 699 00 . .. I ., .1 .... 1 .... 1 . . . . . . . 699 00 ~Sundry Fruit value 685 56 " .. , '. " '. '.1_ , I 14 00 699 50 ~Awa ..... ''l!:.pkgs 14,120: 988 50 .... ! ! .... 1 14.120 988 50 ?"Bones&llorns.. 59,23 1) 5295 .1 .· .. 1' 59. 231 5 2950 ,Curios ...... value ...... I 5500 1,1400,)1 [ ZOo. 1,7100011Canned Fruits.doz 1.138 2,27600 .. 1 1,138 2,276 00Sundries.. ....... .. .... I 2.6878,... 3,057001 402811 ... 414 53 1 6,562 14Foreign Products ._.__·~1__51~900 75 __.._.: .Iil,28g 6~1__'_'_''1~~7~ __._.._. ~~~ ~1~2 90

__ Total... '-:,:,:~__ $15,460.098 15 $2~~_<>!?_-=--,-.J~_~'~I~.1:5L_._·~~_~!~4.8~~1 $15,515,230 13

-II- Of this division U. S.Atlantic Ports took to? ,434,401 Ibs Sugar, valued at $3,607,087.91, or 23.24 % of tot:1} ,"alue nf e>lports for the }'ear.

COMPARA:rIVE TABLE OF QUANTITY AND VALUE OF DOMESTIC EXPORTS, 1892·1895.

A<"""'Q OUA""':"'I"'~",_._I QOA~;~'" '''':,~'",. .! Q"~,~~94',"".":._ QU"TO"."95·"'""Sugar, los 263,656,71511 7,276,549 24 330.822,879 $10,20U,958 37: 306,6R4,993 $ 8,473,609 10 294,784, 81 9 $ 7,975,59° 41Rice, lbs. .. . .. 11,516,328 463.651 89 7,821,co4 317,472 84' 7,8°3,972 3270381 09 3,768,762 161,547 16 e::Hides, pes........ 21,622 52,846 51 19,203 43.23° 26[ 21.603 34,168 54 19,1lio r47,234 14 ....Bananas, onehs. . . 105.375 104,945 00 108,239 105,095 73' 123,004 123,5°7 12 105,055 102,599 25 ~Wool, lbs....... 288,969 32.185 23 391,592 32,25882,' 261,337 18,8t603 227,987 17,873 '+ ....Molasses, galls.... 47,988 5,061 07 67,282 5.928 961 72,979 6,050 II 44,970 3,037 83 ~Goal Skins, pes... 3.449 1,422 55 5.91 I 2.311 25: 6,759 2,304 70 6,466 2,638 20 ~

Awa, los...... . 8,179 776 00 16.725 2,000 00, 32 203 1011 12,600 1,304 50Betel Leaves, bxs. 121 536 00 III 505 00' 114 612 501 119 640 00 :loCoffe~.lbs....... 13,568 3,23800 49,311 11).951 36; 189,15° 38,117 50 118,755 22,823 68 ~Tallow, los.. .. 792 45 00 13,250 500 oOi ~

Sheep Skins, pes.. 5358 938 70 6,785 1.341 25i 6,472\ 820 101 6,564 798 90 ~Taro Flour, los... 1,568 121 'co 3.050 270 50: 1,ICO 7000 22 20Guano, tons...... 61 2,132 00 60,748 734 581 l:"'Pine Apples. pes.. 40.171 10,13900 19,042 10,364 501 44,903\ 9,889 81 65,213 8,783 84Sundry F!ui.ts, bxs 333 .609001 777

1818 501 2,200 25 87800

Canned 1< rUlts. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . I...... .. "I .. .. \. ......... 972 972 82Sundries......... ...... 4,721 86 ...... .... 7,916 58 ... · .... ·1 14,49442 .......... 11,36354

-T~;;~lv:i~~~~~~~$7:;;~~~~~~.74~~~~:-:-~'~6;8S0[-:-:-~$ 8.358,10679'For 1896 see preceding page.

(

CUSTOM HOUSE STATISTICS. '23

NATIONALITY OF VESSELS EMPLOYED IN FOREIGNCARRYING' TRADE, 1889·1~96.

NATIONS.------[------I-----~I·-----,------

No. I~ No. I Tons. N0~I~~i No. ! Tons.

American.. .. 185.1 125,1961

224! 153,°98 233 169,4721, 2121 160,042Hawaiian.... 441 56,67° 35: 43,641 21 26,869 III 4.340British...... 22, 21,108' 16

1

' 22,9121 33! 52 ,866, 30, 59,317German..... 51' 3,337 91 7,070 9 9,005 5: 5.978Japanese.... 5 8,~39 3 4,701All others... 9' 12,268 9 9,98°: 10 8,401 I' i 8,201

Total•.. -~~I~·~~'-236~!-_;_;,~~z:'~l-~~~I I I

NATIONS. i 1893. 1894. 1895. i 1896.I • !_

No. I Tons. No. 'I Tons. ~.<>.. , Tong. 1~~. Tons.

Americans... 2191 177,422 259, 187,647 2191 183,87611 247 243,983H~~aiians... 271 20.134 131 1I,4~5 28: 22,592 26 25,049BntIsh ...... 581 III,6~5 671, 132,0851' 60" 119,841 88 175.120German...... 5, 5'°621 61 6,70 1:> 9' 10,805 8

1

9.705Japanese..... 41 7, 167 3: 4,15'i'I· 9[ 16,735All other..... 2 2,245 21 1,814 2 1,703 81 7,405

Total.. .. ·_;_;I~I·-'-;~I~·-;I-~r;;,8II~_3~~ 477.997

PASSENGER STATISTICS.

FROMFROM AND TO I TO

----...,.----- ,-------Males. Females. Children, ~Iales. ,Females. Children

--------1--- _San Francisco.... .... 1,138 677 195 940 603 238Australia and New Zea-

land , . . .. I 85 I 36 IO 83 26 18Oregon & WashingtonI 26 9 5 5 3 I 2China au.d Japan...,' .. 10,160 I 1,231 219 3,803 711 260Isl~nds 10 the: Pacific.! 3 I 5 3 9 3· .... ...Bnt. Columbia .... , 'j' 95 56 27 86 44 I 22Other Countries. . . . . . 3 I I. , .... , .. , I ...............•.-----1--------

Total.. 1I.5IO 2.015 459 ' 4.927. 1,390 540Total arnvals for year, 13,984; total departures, 6,857. Excess ofarnvals; 7, 127..

PASSENGERS IN

From San Francisco•...........From China, Japan '" .Froin Australia and N. Zoo ••• •••From Vancouver , .. , .From Oregon .. ; ; .

Totals .••....••.•.••••

TRANSIT, COMPARATIVE.ISgI. ISg•. 1893. ISg4, ISgS· 1llg6.

2.620 2,233 3,935 3,212 2,816 3,673833 329 2,939 1,399 2.157 3,695

1•.119 559 1,373 1,1I3 830 1,2929 377 228 361

87

4.772 ],130 1),247 6,101 6,118 g.on

•

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF PRINCIPAL ARTICLES OF EXPORTS, 1867 TO 1896.~-----------------

Total Cus-Shipping.

nO Ul Haw. Reg.

tom House <:Mer. Vessel,.. ~:s

o ~1;!. . Vessels.~z ~ c~· -Receipts. • ll> ------ o::r' 0."'"z:: No. TOilS. . ~ . ",' No. Tons.

- 2....- - --------Ii 220,599 Iii 134 60,268 243 15,119 77 II.4~6

210,076 113 54,833 153 16,030 63 9,79321 5.798 127 75,656 102 17,016 61 10.528223, 81 5 16 159 91,248 118 19,948 64 10,855181,332 9 171 105,993 47 18,81 7 57 8,068128,375 7 146 ,98,647 47 18,843 54 6,4°7228,655 12 1°9 62,767 63 21,212 58 8,561293,857 13 120 71,266 43 18,466 ' 54 8,10121 3,447 22 120 93· IIo 41 21,131 51 7,376199,°36 14 141 108,706 37 19,707 45 6,75323°,499 17' 168 116,621 33 24,223 54 8,994284,426 II 232 163,640 27 36,360 5~ 7,949359,671 6 25 1 15 1,576 25 43,166 63 10,023402,182 IS 239 141,916 16 44,289 63 10,149423,192 13 258 159,341 19 46,085 60 9,338505,391 6 258 172,61 9 32 50,064

6°19,351

577.333 13 267 185,3 16 18 61,272 64 11,58955 1,737 II 241 187,826 23 70160 53

1

9,826 .502,337 6 253 190,138 26 80,115 51 9,250580,444 6 310 222,372 20 100,703 58 - 13,529.195,003 12 2541 210,703 23 74,913 57 12,144546,143 18 246

1

221,148 17 68,247 61 15,40~550,010 20 271 218,785 19 74,816 57 15,4°369$,957 13 295 230,120 21 88,884 55 14,222732,595 I I 31°1 284 155 17 88,536 51 13,430494,385 10 262 238,622 20 86,441 50 ! 13,851545,754 13 3151 323,685 17

'.46,428

~~I19,565

524,767 IS 3.50 343,844' . 19 41,136 21,49554],149 8 318 337,817 10 39,653 52 21,679656,896 14 386 4770997 <; ~4,168 59 29,024

Year.Domestic Foreign \

Imports. I Export". Produce ProduceExported. , Exported. j

_________ ' 1 _

1867 .... $ 1.95741<;>[ 11 1,679,661 jI 1,324,122 11 355.53911868.... 1,935,79°1 1,898,215 1,45°,269 447'9+611869, , . , 2,°4°,068 1 2,136,358 1,743.291 623,0671870 ... , 1,93°,2271 2,144,942 1,514.425 63°,5171871.... 1.62~,884 1,892,069 1,733,094 158,974-1872 ,... 1,746,178 1,6°7,521 1,402,685 204,8361873.... 1,437,611 2,128,054 1,725,507 4°2,5471874 .. ,. 1,][0, 827 1,839,619 1,622,+551 21 7,164-1875 .... i [,505,670 2,089,736 1,774,083 254,3531876.... 1,811,770 2,241,041 2,055,133! 185,go81877.... 2,554.3561 3,676,202 2.462417 21 3,7861878.... 3,946037°: :3.548,472 3.313,979 214,4921879. '" 3,742,9781 3,781 ,7 18 3,665.5°4 116.2141880. '" 3,673,268 4,968.445 4,889,194 79,2511881. . . 4'547' 979 1 6,855.436 6,789,°76 66..l60:188>.... 4,974,510 8,299,017 8,165,931 113,085 1

1883. . . . 5,624,24°1 8,1\3,,44 8,036,227 197. II71884 .. " 4,637,514 8,184.92, 8,067,649 117,2741885.... 3,83°,5451 9,06903 18 8,958,664 110,6541886.... 4.87/,738: 10.565.886' 10,448,975 16,9101887 .. " 4,943.841 9,529,447 9,4 ~5,204 94,2431888.... 4,54°,887 11,7°7,599 11,631,435 76,164.1889. '" 5,438,791 13,874,341 13,810,072 64,271,'1890 .. " 6,962,201 13,282.729 13,023,304 119,5251~891.... 7,438,583 ,.10,395.788 10,107,316 1151'47311892 .... 4,028,2'95 '8,181,687 8,081,538 00,1491893 .. " 4,363,1781 10.962,598 10,742 ,658 75,50011894. '" 5, 104,481 9. 678,795 9,591,3 10 87,485

;~~t~: __ J~{~~:~_~~I I~:~~t~~~ 1~:~~~:~~~_ . 1;~:~~~J

•

COMPARATIVE VIEW OF COMMERCE OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS FROM 1869; GIVING TOTALS FOR EACH YEAR.

YEAR! 1.11';. I (;.>.1.,;. I.BS. LIIS. I LIIS. \ PCS. LBS. GOAT LBS. LBS. LBS. TONS BUNCH'S!TO,TALVAL.ALLI SUGAR. :MOLSS'S RICI':. PADDY. \COFFRE1HIDRS TAI:OW SKINS. WOOL. PULU. FUNGUS SALT. BANAN'S DOM. EXPORTS

;86]11

17.127,';8;:1544'~; ~-~ 9~~~;;11~5:;61~-;-~; .60,936 ~:S8; ~~.471 2°3,958 167,666 107 --~.9131$ 1,205,6~2,021868, 180312,926492,839 40,45u 862,954 78,373 11,144109,50457,670258,914342,882 76,781 540 3,966 1,34°,469,2618691 18..,02.11013380311 48.8301.586,959\340,841 12,8°3 85,93762,736218,752622,998 85, 21 5 1,152 ' 6,936 1.639,°91,5918701 18,783,639 216,662 152,068 535,453 415.11 I 13,095 9°,38867,463 234,696233, 803 41,961\ 2,513 4,0071 1,4°3,025,06l87 1! 21,760.7731,271,291. 417,011 867.4521 46,92619.384185,24° 58,9°0471,7°6292,720 37,475 711 3,876! 1,656,644,46J872: 16.995,4°21192,105 455,121 894,582 39,27627,066493,97853,598288,526421,227 32,161 522 4,52°: 1,345,585,381873 1 23,129,101146,459 941.438 5°7,945262,02520.677 609,855 66.7°2 329,5°7 412,823 57,538 445 6,492' 1,661,4°7,78J874; 24,566 ,611 ')0.060 I. 187.986 439,157 75.49622,62°1125.59671,955[399,926418,320 50,955 730J.( 6,494/ 1,5S5,355,37J875[ 25,080.182 ,)3.722[1,573,739 556,495 165,977 22,777 851,92060,598,565,469379,003 45,098 96 10,518 1,774,082,911876 , 26,07 2,429 13fJ ,073 2,25903241,542,6°3153.66711,105327,291 45,2651405,542314,432 35,893 5 14,982 1,994,833,5518771: 25,575,965 151,462 2,691037°2,571,987101,34522,164369.82951,551 385,7°315°,586 11,629 322 15,9951 2,363,866,661878, 38.431,458 9.P36\ 2,767,7682,784,861 127.963:250309239,94164,5251522,757212,740 22,364 180J.( 13,431[ 30333,979,491879: 49,020,972 87,475 4.792•81 3 38,81 5, 74. 275'24,885.... . 24,94°,464,3°8137,001' 2,571 50 12,369 3,665,5°3,7618801 630584.8711198,355 6,469,840 ......... I 99,5°8,22,945 19,16931,0131381,316 44,846 14,801 14Y. 19,164[ 4,889,194,4°18811 93,789,483'263,587 7.682,700 102,370 18,91221,972118,°3121,3°8528.489 53.415 4,282 302 20,7761 6,789,°76,38J8821114,177,938221,293 12,169.475 459.633'\ 8,131126,007 77,89823,402528,913 ..... ;. 2,111 ....... 28,8481 8, 165,93 1,341883:114.107,1551193,99711.619,000 1,368,7°5 16,°57 138,955 32,25224,798318,271.. ...•. 3,783 44,9°2: 8,036,227,11J884!l.p,65·~,923'11O,530 9,493,000 46,224[ 4,231121,026 2,86420,125407,623 465 2,247 58,0401 8,067,648,821885'171035°0314' 57.941! 7,367,253...... .. 1,675 19,°45 19,782 474,121 1,137 60,046' 8,958,663,881886;216,223, 61 5,113,137 7,338,61 5... ...... 5,93 1 31,207 21,30521,17311418,784.............. 45,862! 10,540,375,1718871212,763,647' 71,22213,684,200 400 5.300 28,639 56,7 13 16,233 75,911...... .--- 58m61 9,435, 204,0018881235,8880346, 47,965 12,878,600. 7.13°24,494204,743,17,589'562,289 PINE 71,335 11,631,434,881889:242,165,835, 54,612 9,669,896 43,673 27,158 97,125111,7151241,925'1 ,APPLES Guano 105,630 13,810,070,54189°1259,798,462' 74,926110,579,000 88,593 28,196 33,137618,6611374,724, pes. Tons 97,204[1 3,023,304,161891[274'983'580! 55,845[4,900,450......... 3,°5 126,427 27,225 7,316 97,119....... 5,368 1,217 116,660 10, 107,315,6718921263,656,715: 47,98811,5160328 13,56821 ,622 792' 3,449 288,969 1 4°,17 1 61 105,375, 8,081,538,001893;33°,82:1,8791 67,282 7,821,004 49.311119'826113'250 5,911 391,5921••••• "1 19,°42 108,239110,742,638,.:;018941306,684,993172,9791' 7. 8°3,972 1180,15021.603 6,759 261 ,33i

l·······, 44,903 123.004 9,591,3°9.87

1895!294,784,819i 44,97° 3.768,762 "'1 1I8,755 19,18°1 6,466227,987 "165'213 1°5,0551 8,474,138,15~896!443,562,~~..~5~~?5,'·2S,49L···~··"·355.6~S_25,o79i 12,6.1t:l~.z,819, 141.451 126,413 1$.436,037.23 -'- ~

,ALUES, FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES SINCE 1891.--_ ...._-

1892. i 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896._._--

553,800 94 $ 568,345 31 $ 344,27579$ 619,15° 78 $ 665,834 6785,456 3 1 87,106 42 86,257 65 73,015 22 40,187 48

2,340,717 24 2,413,369 25 12,738,213 68 3,Olll,755 42 3,225,659 80

870,524 62 1,257,679 08 986,043 3° 8°5,912 86 1,532,526 25332,767 75 362,093 45 397,054 77 413,223 64 636,238 19

18,730 44! 22,69406 16.643 63 12,091 67 12,690 4528,581 70 1 36,2]0 82 51.781 32 45,807 67 106,782 7089,057 34 64,821 43 98,920 41 64,318 76 103,058 59

6,796 4° 5.309 18 7,377 23 6,970 10 8,406 763,260 13 3,825 7° 33,935 43 39,482 75 36,061 32

..... 18,100 28 41,3 12 05 8,846 02 9,493 12. ..... 482 88 3,088 72 4,560 17 2,086 82

25,159 00 46,766 35 73,797 Ho 17,:P5 02 41,402 aS33,874 10 42,871 °7 94,967 78 66.460 ]6 24,175 54

2,463 20 16,096 33 1,11062 2,865 05 1,534 3068,866 12 67,077 031 90.44°35 53,469 19 87,934 81

125,853 59 141,666 56 181,967 24 164.239 17 2]6,148 7227,621 52 29,248 92 46,55 1 4° 59,452 39 62,306 00

1,221 87 1,218 46 1,751 77 JO 00 616 2558,481 55 120,263 33 170,044 37 183,487 51 264,849 34

73 1 29 1,137 97 3.391 4° 18, 124 46 3,330 113791 °3 18,057 54 10,431 75 5,513 62 8,303 63

3,267 38 5,21 5 63 8,21 5 53 7,84990 8,322 981,297 17 ...... 476 98 ...... 5,794 08

77 76 85 35 93 80 ...... 3,6039629J II 400 59 1,555 83 507 87 6,259 60...... ...... ...... 2,998 10

4,5 17 75 16.965 60 21,260 83 2'11,377 84 27,865 12

1,5 14 198,160 619,985 80.

·.... ·i28,464 00

64.522 192,689 04

117.945 47186,926 5440,395 70

70 1456,o~4 05

2,342 °42,167 32

20,146 411519 55

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF IMPORT V.

{

Dutiable.

U . d S Bonded.mte tates. . . . . . Free by Treaty.

" Code.

{

Dutiable.Great Britain. . . . . . Bonded.

Free by Code.

{

Dutiable.Germany. . .. . . . . . Bonded.

Free by Code.

{

Dutiable.Brit. Col. & Canada. Bonden.

Free by Code.. . {Dutiable.AustralIa and New B nd d

Zealand..... , . . . . F~ee ~y' Free.

{

Dutiable.China Bonded.

Free by Code.

{

Dutiable.Japan....... ..... Bonded.

Free by Code.

{

Dutiable.France.... .. Bonded.

Free hy Code.

(

Dutiable.All other countries. . Bonded.

Free by Code.

COUNTRIES.

ANNUAL LICENSE RA rES.

TABLE OF ANNUAL LICENSE RATES.

27

Fee aud Stamp' Fee aud Stamp.ALCOHOL. (Bond $1000) .... $ 5200 KEROSENE OIL FOR FUEL'.... 1150AWA. Upset price at AUdion: (Bond $1000.)

District of Honolulu.$looo LICENSE TO HUNT WITH FIRE·ARMS... H 110, or Island of Oahu...... 5 50

Wailuku 500 LIVE STOCK. , 255 00Lahaina 250 LIVERY STABLK.

Each other District 100 District of Honolulu...... 5100And Stamps. Wailuku or Hilo 26 00

AUCTION. District of Hono- LODGI:-<G OR TENEMENT HOUSE 2 50lulu, (Bond $3000) ..•.... 61300 Certif. Agent Board of Health.

E:tlJh other Dis (Bond $5(0). 1650 MARRIAGE CEREMOIW, To per·AGENT TO TAKE ACKNOWLKIlGMENTS. form, no fce.

Honolulu. .. . .... 10 50 MERCHANDISE.Each other Dis. 5 50 If annual gross sales are less

AGENT TO ACKXOWLEDGE LABOR than $20,000...... .... 51 00CONTRACTS. If $20,oooor over,~ of 1%

Honolulu. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 51 00 of ann ual gross sales,BANKING.. . . 765 00 and stamps.BILLIARD. $25 00 each table. Alwlication must be ~W"rn to.

and stamp. MILK. District of Honolulu... $26 00BOWLING ALLEY. $2500 each Tt,wn of Hil03..... ••• 15 50

alley, and stamp. Each other District. . . . . . . . . . oS 50BEEF BUTCHER. "Slaughter NuTARY PUBI.IC. Honolulu... 10 50

and sell," Honolulu...... 103 on Each other District.... 550Each other District....... 21 50 PHySICIAN................... 1050

(Bond $500.) Recommended bv Board of Health.BEEF BUTCH~:R. "Sell." PEDDLING CAKE....... .... 2600

District of Honolulu. Written recommendation of Marshal20 50 or Sheriff of Island.

BOA·.·.·· Harbor of Honolulu, PLahaina, lIilo or Kahului. OISONOUS DRUGS. ... . .. .... 51 00

PORK BUTCHER. "slaughter\Vith 4 or more Oars..... 850 and Sell." Honolulu.. 4 1 00With less than 4 Oars. . . . 4 5° Each other DIstrict ....

BOATMAN. Harbor of Honolulu I 50 PORK BUTCHER. "Sell." 20 50CO~IMF.RCIAL TRAVELER. Hun..lulu............. 20 50

hland of Oahu... 510 00 P " $ r hEach other island UBLIC .,HOW. 5 00 ,or eac

DRAY, CART, 'VAGON, ETC.... 25j: Performance, and stamp.Dis. of Honolulu, SALMON ". 10 50Wailuku or Hilo. STOCK AN I> SHARE BUSINESS.. 102 00

DRIV~:R. Certif. as to Comp't'ncy I 50 SPIRIT. ~eal:rs"""", .. 511 00FIRE.ARM'...... 150 etm 1,021 00HOTEL, BOARDING' HOUSE OR Wholesale 511 00

(Bond $1000.)RESTAURANT........ 5 r 00 Application subject to approval of

Certif. of Ag-t. Board of Health. l\lar~hal or Sheriff.HACK AND PASSEXGER VEHICLE. TOBACCO, CIGARS AND CIGAR-

$r 00 for each person for ETTES'. . . .. . .... .. . ... 10 50which the vehicle has a car- WrNE. Manufacture of, frumrying capacity, and stamp. grapl's of Hawaiiangrowth.Certif. of In,pec,ionand capacity. (Bono $500). 3 years. No fee.

1 Applicarion countersig-ned and forwarded by Sheriff. All members in good :lnd regularstandin.~of the Pl)lice F0'rce, of the Citizen's Guard, oi any legally authorized military organization, shall be exempted from t he payment of any fee for a license or licenses to possess, carryor use fire-arms" Certificate from commanding officer required.

Z Outside the limits of a circuit of three miles from the junction of King and N Ullanu Street·3 Limited to a circle, the radius of which shall be two miles from the Court H Ollse.4 This does not exempt the holder from the payment of a fee for a Mercantile License.

IiAIVAI1AN ANNUAL.

TABLE OF RECEIPTS, EXPENDITURES AND PUBLIC DEBT OF HAWAII,

FOR BIENNIAL PERIODS.

(Compiled from various Finance Reports to the Legislature.)

Ptriods Ending MarchUp to 1894

Then Dec 31

Revenue.. I

E I· Cash Balance" P,ll.l,·c Dellt.• xl'en, Itures. in Treasury. I U

- ..--- - ------------

1856 .... $ 4 19,228 16 $ 424.778 25 28,096 84 $ 22,000 001858 ... - 537,223 86 599. 879 61 349 24 60,679 151~60 .... 571.0,P 71 612,4 10 55 13.127 52 128,777 331862 .... .528,039 92 I 606,893 33 507 40 188,67 1 861864 .... i 538,445 34 511,5 I I 10 22,583 29 166,649 091866 .... 721,104 3° 566,24 1 02 169,059 34 182,974 601868 .... 825,498 98 786,61 7 55 163.567 84 120,81 5 23187°·· .. 834, 11265 9\0,550 29 61,580 20 120,568 681872 .... 9 12,110 74 969,784 14 56,752 4 1 177,97 1 291874; .. -' I, (16,523 95 1,19 2 ,5 11 79 764 57 355.05(' 761876 .... 1,008,956 42 919.356 93 89,599 49 459,1i!7 591878 . - _. 1,15[,713 45 1.110,47 1 9° 130 ,84 1 °4 444800 00188o .... 1,7°3,736 88 1.495.697 48 338,880 44 388,900 oc1882 .... 2,c'70259 94 2,282,599 .13 126,54 1 °S 299.200 00IS84·· .. 3,°92,085 42 3,216.406 0S 2,220 42 898,800 001886 .. _. 3.010,654 61 3,0°3,7°0 18 9,174 85 1,065,600 001888.; __ 4,812,575 95 4,7 12 . 285 20 1°9,465 60 1,936,5°0 00189°·· -- 3,632,196 85 3,25°,5 10 35 491,152 10 2,599,5°2 941892 ... - 3,916.880 72 4,°95,89 1 44 312,14 1 38 3,21 7,161 131894 ... - 3,587,2°4 98 3,715,232 83 184. 11 3 53 3,4 17,459 871895. 3,5°6, 183 96 3,172.070 73 69,225 76 3,811,064 491896 .... : 2,38~,070 78 2,137, 103 38 315,193 16 4,101,174 25

BONDED DEBT, ETC_, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, JUNE 30, 1897.

Under Loan Act of 1876 __ ." " "' 1882 .

1886 ..1888. _ .189°···· - --1892 .. - - ..•...••

1893 .1896 .

.. .. .. ...... 1,5°° 00· . . . .. . . .. . . 67,400 0('

. " 2,000,000 00· . _. . . . . . . . . 190,000 00............ 124,100 00· . .. . . .. .. .. 82,100 00............ 650,00000· __ . 222,000 00

3,337,100 00Due Post,d Savings Bank Depositors . _. __ 782,074 25

Total _ $ 4, I 19, 174 25

The Lan,] Act provides that all proceeds of land sales thereunder shall bedeposited in the Treasury as a sinking fund toward the redemption of Government Bonds. Up to June 30th, 1897, there had been deposited the sum of$39,°32.71, against which, bonds to the amollnt uf $35,700 had been called in.Of this sum $21,100 has been paid, lea"ing $14,600 yet tc, be presented forredemption at the opening of July, 1897.

INTERNAL TAXES FOR BIENNIAL PERIODS, 1872-1892!; SINCE, ANNUAL.(Compiled from Finance and Board of Education Reports.)

~i£;1f.i_~~; ,::;i~~-rocc.... HO"""~ Hm~I-=:..ICA".<AG~I","mN. i;g~;~, I'OHoo>_I..:"._,1872... .. 520353 450329 27,84 1 53,006 6,140

1\' 22,27 1 3, 125 1 5,894 !\' I[

1874 ...... 53,892 42,7°8 27,620 50,088 6,073 19,555 '),490 I 3,2961876 ...... 58,645 47,988 270372 48,194 6,012 18,676 3,987 3,°56 \1878...... 94,584 94,378 28,722 47,564 3,053 16,465 4,865 2,114 39,418 54,106 385,269188o...... 143,716 155,944 35,484 43,399 115'173 ,,780 I 81 5 64,940 67,4721' 532,7231882 ,. 187,929 208,096 45,998 42,819 \,nsurance. 13,965 7,125 642 90,041 87,322 683,9371884 , 223,100 254,286 52,964 21,975 1,941 13,924 8,750 II 402 103,054 100,278 1 780,6741886, 227,195 2620307 61,745 t...... 3,303 13,315 10,635 114 118,256 11"2981 812,1671888 , 25~,362 299.974 63,115 I 6,2791 11'9851 11,835 ........ 120,872 119,565 885,9871890 1 33Q0390 329.9°8 69,116 : '3, 063 14,100 13,940 !~--~- 132,286 131,160 1,°32.9631892 , .. 1 358,745 341,2°5 78,964 I 4. 156 I 13,660, 14,628 !l'eualty &; Costs 152,137 151,906 1 1,115,4011894 ' .. 1 :",8,894 21 3,126 78.990 3.867 1 1I,7441 11,980 I 5.476 152,268 152'24711'°68'59218949 mos 167,083 151,580 39,°5° --'--11.850 I 4,698 ' 4,427 3,922 74,891 75,082 522,5831895 ,.. 196,608 164,272 43,663 Inheritance 1,803 5,9711 5,425 7,297 I 84, 183 83,47° 592,6921896 ~40,971 210.194 46,655 7,698 1,817 6.302 5889 7,255 90,297 89,443 706,541-- - --tIneluded fn Personal Property. - ------- ---- ---- --

ANNUAL INTERNAL TAXES FROM 1876.

"

"

"""

"

Tax per capita* .. $4.67" ,. 5.41

5.7 16.196.235. 855.50

5·375. 145. 626,48

1886, Taxes Collected .. " ,$417,103.1887,"" 467,719.1888, 482,938.1889. 137,494·1890, 560,757.1891, " ' 555,428.1892, 529,180.1893, 539,412.1894, 522 ,583.1895, 592,692.1896, 706,54 I.

Tax per capita* ... $2.84 :" " ,.86 I

" " 4. 2 3" " 4· 58

4765. 185. 2 95. 165. 0 75. 0 9

Ta'xes Collected" ... $162,880."" 21 9,628.

245,387.29°0380.317,872.367,004.379.071.417,794·40 9.000.432,656.

* Omitting fractions.

NUMBER AND NATIONALITY HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATiON LABORERS,Compilt:d hy \\'ray Taylor, ~t'cretaly I~urt'a.u of.l mmigratiotl, Ike. 31, 189tl

.1,02 34362464 10

75270 :t:323 :...

~147 :........497 ....7°4 :...94° <541 :...43° <580 <256 c:2<)0 :...

!""489425

522563395477775~5

7211,053

~.-

30 1221

31

. .. , ... 1

20, 31'/442 1

... 'i 34 1

.... 1 151

.. ":1 21

::. :1: :::1.,.I

2 ...

~I' .591 ..73

'.

95 1'" ..4° ....13~1" ..

121 ....

10(11" .81 . .. 2,-i" Ii·· .. :47·' ·1 ..

3 .... 1· .. 1· .. •13! ..

•• : I

PORTU<;UES~;

3

HAWAIIAN. JA 1',1 N ES E.-·-TCIII ;·a:SK. K~.181andm. .I· O~ I .. ~I ~ ,.l

len: c] ~ ic~1 c~ ~ I ~ C U I ~ c: t c..:: i c u !c..8i-5 ~'!~E;;~.z: Ei~~I~~ ,.. 0 ~el~~ E 1J~ ~~I~gj~~IO ~,.,. c! ~;... o;~ c! ~ ~, : § I ~ :::: c I ~. -::- 0 ~ C ",.;" I~ C '~' ~!' = r

I 8,i ~ ~. °u i,_ ~ II~ ~ 0 "~'::.:: Cu ;; 1 Cull ~,"'t: ','_ - ..... 1 U ,-,'-- - -

!--i-- ---i--'[ - 1- -- i __ 1- --- !--~----I- - -- ---1--;--1--,:----, I I' I ' ,71 28 ?71' 4' 20DI 2"0 17' 4 10

301:::: .. : 55"7 12 13,,1 5' 231 2417' 18.... -l0l 3 121 56! 51 141'"

171 .. · '''1 7:.... S 231 153 .... ' 1551

~~ 221.:: :::::·1.... .. .. 471···;,:.~:··;8!,.':.::::11II.... .... 8, ... .. I Il'i' II ......

7 .. . I 1 II 721 17 Il'i: 29:40 5" ,'(7):'" '6'4

2'1': '1',: .: 1:4:', 951 '91 10, 17°1

I S7 .. 601 1<)0: 131·8; .... : 45'.. . . 33"1 80 61 297 1

~~i: . ~~l I~~I' ~~l' 16, ~ll l;§ :~: ;;:351' . ,. ····1 2~, 4 10 -' I 207 181 1041

231 ! 251 1 7 '1"1 34 5 5 1'1"lSi'" 3; 41" .11

.... 237· 25 1.... ,"

5,.,. ! I· I

131

'. 1.5.'1 428'1"'3""1'0" 220'~'11 .53

47

' ... , 1571

51 .... · 21, 4: 92 1 3"' f "'1 15

I~I:::: '''5 1 ~II::'-' ::::' 78 : ;~'I' 2~!"'~si :~:::: ::::1""93' I 19.... 6 1821 .n. 21, 651 I 10

II II!I 13 ... 9 1~4, 3-'1 25 ' 180 1 48 5 1 1721 II 153 I yml 170' 231191; 20 3119

2 II: 151 2 I 96! 3<)21 41841," "75'" 6167

1

'5'1 131

39 .. .. IS' 3011 2 13 2471 j 72[43.... 24[ 154 I 29 184: 5 191 37: 271 17 1 184.... 12' 73· 12 26 ;13311 I 01 38 204 18 -'~_.

NAl\IE OF PLANTATION.

OAHIJ.

Ewa Plantation .Waianae Co .'Vaialua Plantation .Kahuku Plantation .Lai" Plantation .Heeia Agricultural Co .'Vaimanalo Plantation .

MAUl.Olcwalu SUj.(ar Co " . . . . . .. . ....Pioneer Mill Co , . . . . . . . IS!Wailuku Sl1!-(ar Co.. .. <dHawaiian Commercial an,] Sugar Co.Paia Plantation .Haiku Sugar e,) .Hana Plantation .Hamoa Plantation .Kipahulu SUj.(ar Co .

HAWAII.

Paauhau Plantation .Hamakua Plantation .Kukaiau Mill Co..... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. 'Kukaiau Plantation Co .Ookala Sl1gH Co ; .Laupahoehoe Sngar Co... . . . . . . . . . . I I

Hakalau Plantation Co .Honomn Sugar Co ..Pepeekeo Sngar Co .Onomea Sugar Co " ...•.IIilo Sl1~~Co 1.. .

NUMBER AND NATIONALITY HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLMiTATION LABORERS.•••Cont1nued.

iJO.-

72 1442794264

61181[18435[5322242673[

32'

[8i

28

~-I-f.1AW~~~~~ :" PORTUGUESE•._-~ JAl'i\NES~;. I CIII:-<ESE.S. S.lslan,lm. ~

NAME OF PLAi'TATIO:". ,,~:2 ~ I" ~ :~ ~ & eg I ;~ T~E:'-III- ~ ~ ~fi; ~- ~~ .co:

I ~b u~ a I~= v~ E c _~~ 1

1

"",,_ I _= _- 1_1::1",:",,-..... C ~:.-. o:~ C ~:;.... c :.; ~ c ~;..-. c I ~ c ~ ~ I .......' C ,..-':; >- :::,c ~ 2:: 0 t':I :::: ~ c I ~ i~ 0 ~ 1°1 ro <

----·-----···-----~l~ ~-i--!~ "0 ~_u_i.__~_:-.::__ i--~ __~~i__u!~ __!---'-IlAWAII-CO"TI1>UIW. I' I Ii'

Waiak.,a Mill Co.. i 4'.... 2[ 34.... 21 2971 2021 4'! 82! 61 ........lIawaiiaIlAgriculturaICo I·;~1 '7 4 21 5 16[, 741 lSI looi [2: 2 2Hutchinson Sug~r PlanLltion Co... i 42~11 6,;.... 23 29· 5 187' 78, 21 2101 1[21Hawi Mill · 1 7 12; [5 131'" 4[ 971 35[ ~4: 301 51 .B~ecrofl P;antali,m 1 12 7:.... 2 ::: , 241 21 4: ·.. ' [7Union Mill Co........... 19 61 . . 9.... 2 69' 211 lsi 30 10 ..l'uehuchu Plantation , i 49[ 21 1.. . .. .. . I.. .. S I 39 i ..

Kohala Sugar C.... , .. . . .. 1 30 S:.. .. 291 23 3 IOJ, S0 10, 103 76 .DI. J. ,Vi!!ht, lIalawa· · 1 12! In, .. .. 2, 20 .. .. 70' 221 10:.. 4' .

Niu:ii Mill I··j 571· .. ·: 1 3 S0l 471 6'1...... 57, .. ;,Pacific Sugar Mill. i , 11.1" .. : 81 9 [741 67' 9 127 31 ..Honok"" Sligar Co i ! S, .. .. 12, 32. .. 2811 441 58i, 260 [:

KAVAI. " 1

Kilauea Sugar Co I31

1 · .. ·1 '6-98 .. 1.. 11'43 1~.65',1 42°945'1 =,6

511, 16'-5' :~~5-... 41~: 8o[Makee Sugar Co. . i 45 .. . . I 1129

Hanamaulu (.\. S. Wilcox).......... 6, 121 .... ,.... 67 II 1[5'1

104 61..... 49,. 385Lihue Plantation Co......... .. 121 '41.... 161 3[ 10 286 72 8; 168 15!.... 64 696Koloa Sligar Co.... 9' 61.. .. 121 10 .. .. 5 2221 691 [71 164.. .. .. 12. I' 527EleelePlantalion ,.... lsi 91· ' 1'[5102\ 5 6+ [1110: 26 2: 140Hawaiian Sn/.:ar Co. . .. . . .. 7i. . . . 32 198 W5'1 25' 404 100... 461 1175Gay and RubinsiHl . : 25, .. ,. . 15 '1 i. :.. 40}. K. Smith, Koloa................ 10:. I [4.. .. 3 .>4 '. I.. .. .. I.. .. 5 .... 67Waimea Sugar Cn...... . . ' 31 6' 1 47 43 5' 104K~klha Sugar Co. 4 4 3, 3i 4, 31 7S 861 [9 2[ 4, 2 [2, 243Meier and Krusc·........... 41: I 61 ........ ! 62 631.... 64 :.... [99H.P.F·aye&Co.......... I 21 ' 1 51 .. 51 i 8 45114 n I.... 214Hanamaulu Mill.. ' ; i 13\.... 71 24 30' 8.. .. .. 6,.... 10 98

GruveFolrlll........ ~~'~[:J~;J~75J'·,:~~i:~~61·~)·6,±~5,5~L8Z:~~~~~ ~~I .. ~~ 55 6C::~,~::

32 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

PLANTATION LABOR STATISTICS.

NUMBER AND NATIOl'OALITY OF SUGAR PLANT'N LABORERS,

(Compiled from latest Report of Secretary Bureau of Immigration, Dec. :U, 180i.)

Islands.I

Hawaii- Portu'! Japan- Ch' i.. S. S. AllI lnese.

ans. guese'l ese. iIslanders Others.=-_--;-:__~I ---- -~---~i--~~-------_._.Hawaii .... ··1 594 980; 6.245 2,5II ; 24 232Maui. . .. . . .. 580 526; 2,010 1, II4 45 110Oahu....... 197 211! 1,331 973 16 55Kauai '1__2~ __55~:---.1-l()7~, 3.Cl- _._:()3.

Total 1896. ~.~ 2,268 i 12,893. 6,28~..! 1I5 6uo

" 1895·1~4.. 2.4971 1I,584 _3,847.1~.."",±73.Inclease 18961 31 [ 1,309 2.442 I 127Decrease 1899 -.-.-.-..- ~~ -:-::-:'':-:- --,-8- --..-.-.-.-.

Total.

10,5864,3852,7836,026

23,78020,120

3,660

A reference to the detpiled table of Sugar Plantati"n laborers on pages 30and 31 will show several features of important interest not embodied in theabove. The number of day lahorers will be seen to be II,917, or a littleover one·half of the totd force engaged. The Japanese and South Sea Islanders are about evenly 'divided in their nnmbers as ,to term a:1d day service, whileHawaiians and Portuguese shClw each but a small proportion of their numbersunder contract. Minors, as in the report of the previous year, arc confined to thelast named nationality, and are reducing in number. While the women laborers,numbering 1024 in all, show a gain of 89 over 1875, it is significant that butthirty HawaiIan females are engaged among all the plantations of the group, andthose are confined to one plantation each on Oahl', Kaual and ;\laui.

The tables.of plantation labor given herewith docs not include the new OahuPlantation, as it established since the opening of 1897. lis force of laborers atthe opening of August was 600, of various nationalities.

During the year various changes have occured in the labor populatiun of thecountry, and under the working of the present law, requiring a proportiun ofother than Asiatic of all immigrant labor introduced, there has already arrivedone company of Germans, comprising IIS men, 25 women and 47 children, allof whom found ready engagements with various plantatIOns.

Chinese arrivals in 1897 tv take the place of Japanese whose term were expir·ing, will alter the proportions of these nationalities of plantatiun Iabur, and bythe new law all Asiatic laborers must return to their country at the expiration oftheir term of service, or re·engage: they cannot drift around the country, norengage in competition with artizans or merchants.

NOTABLE PASSAGES.. 33

NOTABLE TRIPS OF PACIFIC OCEAN S'rEAMERS.----

TRIP. :\IILES. STr:A'IEH. DATE. D. H. .,.S.m Francisco to lIonalulu, 2100, City of Sydney --, ]SSO, 6, 14, O.

" " Mariposa, July, ISS3, 5, 20, O.

" Austral,", April, ISHa, 5, IH, ....,0)'-).

Alamed" LJec. ]SS;"), 6, 0, 30.China, July, ISUa, 5, 14, 0*

lIonolulu to San Francisco, Zealandia, Oct., 1882, 6, 10, 45.

" " Mariposa, Aug., ]SS3, 6 IS. O.

" " China, Nov., ISH;{, il, ]4. 10.China, Oct., ISH5, 5, I;{, 54.

" China. Sept., ]S%, 5, S, 2U*" Coptic, Oct., ]SU6, ~Ij, 20, O.

San Fr,mcisco t·. Yokohama, 4764, Sail Pablo, July, ]SS7, ]4,' 2:{, O." " " Chilla~ Oct., IS:I:3, H, 4, ]7'

III'll~KOIlg 15V5, China, ,ISS2:

3, n, 45.YfJko'lan"l:l to San Franciscu, 45:'5, Arahic, Oct., ]3, 2], 4;3.

China, --, ]SP:3, 12, 00, 45." via 11(111'1. Coptic, Oct., ]S%, 15, 21, ot

to Ilonalulu, China, April, IS!';{, 9, 12, 9." China, Sept, ]8%, D, 10, 11*

Coptic, Oct., IS!16, 9,. ]2, :{D.San Francisco to Sydney, 'i:2D7, Alamed,1, Dec., ]SD5, 2], 10, 0*

( Auck land to Sydney, ]2Sr;, :\lariposa, Tan., ]88G, a, II, 50*

" Ilonolulu, ;3SIO, Mariposa, April, ISS2, ll, 10, ;35... Alamed '. July, IS97. 11, 10, 0*Sydney to Auckland, J286, Zealandia, Dec., ]SDO, ;3, 20, 51'I1nllolulu lq Samoa, 2:!79, Mariposa, Jan., ISS6. 6'- 7, 45... Auckl,ml, :3SIO, Zeahndia, April ISS2, II, 2:3, o.

Victoria, 2;)42, \Varrimoo, July, ]S%, 6, 22, 19'.. 2;H2, Miowera Aug., IS96, 7. 7, O.Victoria to Hanoluln, 2:{GO, l\'liowera, Sept. ISD6. 7, 4, O.

" " 2:{60, \Varrimoo, Jan., IS96, 7, 1, H*Yokohama, --, Empress of Japan July, ]S97, 10, :3,44*

VJn~?uver to Syd,~ey, G9!lD. \Varrimoo,' 1\'ov., IS!J5, 20, ]5, 17'GD99; ~lio\\'era, Sept., ]S%, 21, !l, O.

Sydney to Honolulu,6!J70:

~Iiowera, Aug., IS%, 14, 0, ;30.

" Vancouver, \Varrirnoo, April. lS:JG, 21, 4.2;3*

.;;. Be..t n:cord trips. Includin~ La hours _..;toppage at Honolulu.

CLIPPER PASSAGES TO AND FROM THE COAST.

IS5U-Am. ship Black Hawk, !J days and !J hours from San Francisco.IS61-Am. ship Fair \Vind, S days and 17Yz hours from San Francisco.]S61-Am. ship Norwe,ter, !J days and ]6 hours from San Francisco..1S61-A111. hark Comet,\) days and 20 hours from San Francisco1862-.-\m. ship Storm King.'!) days and 10 hours from San Francisco.IS79-Am. bktne. Catherine Sudden, !l days and 11 hours to Cape Flattery.IS7!J-Am. schooner Claus Spreckels, 9Yz days from S. Francisco to Kahulni.]SSO-Am. schooner Jessie Nickerson, ]0 days from Honolulu to r lumboldt.18SI-Am. brp;tne. Wm. G. Irwin, S days and 17 hours from S, F. to Kahul"i.]8S4-Am. schooner Emma Claudina,\) days and20 hours fm Ililo to S. F.ISS·i-,\m. schooner Rosario, ]() days from Kahului to San Francisco.]SS4-Am. brgtne. Consuelo, 10 days from Honolulu to ';an Francisco.18Sli-Am.hark lIesper. !IYz (lavs froln Iionolulu tu Cape Flattery. ']8SS-Am. brgtne. Lonsuelo, !I days 20 homs ("rolll S. Francisco to Iiolluiulu.IS93-Am. bktne. Irmgard, !l days 16 hours from San Francisco.18!J3-Am. bktne. S. G. Wilder, !l days H hours from San Francisco.

34 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

LAND STATISTICS.

"

ApPROXIMATE DIVISION OF LANDS 1848-55.

Government. . ........•........... 1,495,000 acres in 1848.Kuleanas........ 28,658 ..Crown Lands , ......••.... 915,000 in 1893.Bishop Estate... 420,000Other Chiefs' Lands surveyed before '55. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 133,013Chiefs' Lands not surveyed before '55 1,018,329

Total. .••................................ 4,010,000 acres.Total of Chiefs' Lands, including Bishop Estate, 1,571,341 acres.

The foregoing estimate of areas is largely increased by the inclusion of severalexceptionally l;;.rge grants. viz.:

Grant 2769 to J. P. Parker, in Hamakua ..........•.. 37,888 acres... 2791 to C. C. Harris in Kau... . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 184,298 "

3343 to C. Spreckels, in Wailuku •........... , 24.000 ",146 to C. R. Bishop, on Molokai , 46,5002944 toJ. M. and F. Sinclair, Niihau •.•....... 61,038

Total. , ....••.......... 3.S3,714

TOTAL AREA OF LAND COMMISSION AWARDS (KULEANAS.)

Hawaii-Hilo District. 466. J5 acres. !, Kona District. 2,1 19.00 acres.Hamakua" 2,542.00 U I Kau H .2, 124. 18 ,.Kohala 2,129.16 I Puna 32.13

Total area of Hawaii Kuleanas .......•............ 9.412.87 acres." Maui 7,379.74 ..

Molokai 2.288.87Oahu 7,3".17Kauai , •. , 1,824.17Lanai 441.97

Grand Total , ........••........... 28.658'49

AHUPUAAS AND ILlS.

Hawaii-Hilo 6,620.25 acres, I Kohala 1,933.00 acres.Hamakua 8,248-48 .. Kona •..•.... 1,261,79 ..

Total Hawaii. , 18,063.52 acres•.. Maui ........................•............ 17.547.83 ..

Molokal. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 10,343.62

~:~~i. ::: :: :: :::: :: :::::: :: :: :::: ::::: ::::~::~~~:~Grand Total. 133,012.59

A late estimate of the area of present government lands gave a total in roundnumber of 828,000 acres, which, together with the total amount granted, wouldgive in round numbers 1,495.300 acres as the amount originally held by thegovernment.

LAND STATISTICS. 35

TOTAL AREA OF ALL GOVERNMEl\T GRANTS (LAND SALES) TO

JUNE 1ST, 1~96, IN ACRES.

PREI'ARED FOR THIS A."!:NUAL U\" PROF \\'. D. ~\LEXANDgR.I

,..HAWAII-Kohala 21.691. 14

Hamakua 63.821.31Hila 26.710-47Puna , 18.480.87Kau 2I5.538.81Kana 60.277.41

Uld lIawaii corr'd 388,896.59:-;iucc \Iay. 1893.. 17.623.42

New llawaii tota!. 406.520.01

Total for Oahu .l\IAuI-Labaina.. .. 364.17

Kaanapali. 2.675.00Wailuku 25.825.5 IlIamakua .. ,."nS.7II·53Koolau........ 2.02+72Hana... .. 6.210'92K'pahu lu. . . . .. 1,54° 03Kaupo ' 11>537.22Kahikinui , 3.595.67Honuau!a 15.100.84Kula 13.923.93

Tolal for Hawaii .OAHU-Kana .

Ewa & \V"ianaeWaialua ..Koolau ..

5.686.687,4°7 85

19.828.7712,329·79

Old Oahu total ....Since l\lay. 1893 .•

New Oahu total... 45.253.09

Old l\Iaui corr'd...•• 100,638.04Sin~e May, 1893.... 871.50

New \Iaui total. ... 101,509.54

Total for Maui .Molokai .Lanai. .Kauai .Niihau '" .

Grand Total .

101,50 9.5456.845.53

735·9516340 2561,088.00

AREA OF GRANTS ISSUED FROM MAY 31, '93, TILL MAY 31, '96.

HAWAII.Kohala .Hamakua .Hila .......•Puna "Kana .

Tota!. ..•.•MAUl.Kula .Kaupo .

Total .....•

ACRES.

170 • 19381.90

11,826.061.069. 024. 176.2 5

866.012·49

OAHU.Kana ..Waialua ..Waianae .Koolau .

Total. .17,62 3.42 :\lolokai ..

Kauai .I f-1awaii .i \!aui. ..

871.50 J Grand Total

137.5823 2 .3°

6,547.85

384. 2 7884. 63

1,21 7.00

17,623.42

871.5°

MORTUARY TABLE, HONOLULU, JULY, 1894, TO JUNE, 1897, COMPARATIVE.COMPILED FROM 1\IONTHLY REPORTS OF THE BOAIW OF HEALTH.

CAUS" 0 I.' J) "A'J'H. J ,Iy. A,g., 1 S,pt ·1 Oot. ~OV:,Doc. I·T"',. I Fob. I '1,,'..1 Ap,.. I May·I·T''''0.U4 95?' 94 U5 UG 94 !J5.\)6\)4 U·5\J(; !J4 \J5'!j() !J4IU5'!lH\J51!l6'!J7U'\!JG'!J7 Hi)IH6i971!)5]HG!H/ 95 U6 HI !l.y)()!l7

Abcess ~ ~I~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~I~~ ~~ 1~. 1 ~ ~ ~ ~~~1 ~12!~1 ~ ~.- ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ 11~ ~Accillen~ . . .. . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.......... 1.......... 1 1........ 1 .Alcohohslll .. 1........ 1.. 1 ',' " ..Aueurism . _ , .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.. .. .. .. .. 1........ . .Apoplexy.. . .. . .. .. . 1 3.... .... 2..... 2.. 1.. 1.. 3. 1 1.. .. 2.. 1.. 1 1 :l 1 1 1.. 1 1 1

- Ascites.. . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1.......... . 1 .Asthma ..... ' . . . . . .. 2,. 1 2 2.. 1 1.. 1 1.. 1.... 1.. 1 1.. .. 2.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 1 1 ..Atelectisis of Lung'S , '1" " "I" .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11-· ',' .. 1 , "Bel'iberi , .. 1 .. ," 1 1 1..... 1 1.. .. 1 1 1 2.. 1[1 "[.. :;'1" '12 1.. 3 1 .. 1 1 ..Br~tin V.bet~~e: :. . '1" .. .,. [··1 1 .. .. .. 1 .. \.. 1.. 1.. 1 .. ,,1 .. .. 1 ..................•.BrIghts DIse,lsc 1 1. 1 1 ,.. " 11" .. 1 1 .. 1 1 1Bronchitis... . . .. .. 2 3 1 4.. 1 (;' 1 1 3 1 1 1.. .. 3 .5

1

31 2 u! .s .5 2 2 3 .. .. 2 1 2 1 3 1.. 3Burns and Scalds.. .. . ' 1 .. .. 1 1............... 1.... 1 •................ 1 .Cancer 1.. 1 1.... 1 1 1 1 .. \.. 1 1 1 1 1.... 1 1.... 1 1 1 1.. 1 .. 1 1 .Catarrh of Stomach 1 1 1 ll ~· 1

1.. 1 ..

Childbirth. . . . . . . . .. 1 1 1.. 2........... .. 1 1 1 1.... 1.. 1...... 1.. 1...... 1, .

8~~t~~:~'il;ia'~i~;~::: "\'i'5:: It'2'j 4i,'3:: .1· il·3::·4·j :: ~2 ':~::'j:: 'i'i:::::~ '2'i:: '1':: '3"3'j'i2~li~~I:~.~I.~l:~~~::::: :: .i .i :: :: :: .i :::[. ~ :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: .~ .. :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: :: ::Congstn. of Lungs... .. .. .. .. .. 1......... 1... 1.... 1 1.. .. .. .. .. 1..... 2 ..Consumption. . . . . . . . 7 (; 7 8 .s 2 4 4.s 8 7 4 4 7 4 8 8 (; .s 8 7 .s 7 3 2 .s 7 !J 5 7 5 7 8 10 4 4Convulsions.. . . . . . . . 3 1 4 2 2 1 2 713.. 1 2.. 1 3 4 1 1.. 1 2.. 3t.s 1 1 31 2 2 2 1 .. 2 2 3 3Croup.............. 1 2... .. " 1 1.... .. .. 1 1...... It.... 1 1 2.. 1Debilitj' ......... ;.. 3 2.. 1 1.. 2, 1 1.. 4 1 3.... 3 4 1.... 1[ 1 2.. 1 2 .. : 1 .... _ .. .. ..

a. Brain Fever. -~'-

MORTUARY TABLE, HONOLULU, JULY, 1894, TO JUNE, 1897, COMPARATIVE.COMPILED FROM MONTHLY REPORTS OF THE BOARD OF H]<~ALTH.-CollthHled.

"1 ,J oly, Aog, - Sopt I 00' N0" I~~e II"", rl"~b~ IM''',iAl',~y~o".C~TJ.8~ m' DEATH'I ~I~~I·~.~I~II~I~~I_~I~·II~II~I~~~I~I·.~I~I~II~I~I~II~~1~\~:~i~i.~I'~I",i.~!~j~.I~I~'I'~In,LllltlO~ 1111. I, I I .. 4 4 .. 2.. 511114 1 1,) 4 114; 11112 J. 2141 .. 121 il,.,13 3

Inflamat!OIl '.;' I .. "1 .. 1 "I' '1 2,., 2'1" ,.. I 1"1,,1,, IH I. ·i,..• · '1"1 1•. 2 "I"Infll1matlOn of Blad r " .·1.. .. .. .. ..I,.. .. "I" .. .. ., .. .. .. .. .. ..I.. .. I I,.. .. 1.. I.. ..'.. .. .. :.... IInflamation of Bow'ls .. 2 " I........ I.. I i I 1.. 1 I.. '.. I .. ,.. I .1.. 31 .•Inflamation of Lungtil , , , , "!' '1" ...... I:· '.. . I "I" '. I .. I II .... i 'I' .Influenza. .......... 2 3 I 3... I I 'I" .. " 3 II I 4.. I. ·1·· 2 ·1·· ". 3, 3 "1 4

1

" .. i 5 ..Injuries ! I .. '.' ., "," I 21

1

2 I 11 11 .. :.. 1 ; .. I.Ma;~ti~nus ' "'",''' .... i II' I .. I 1; .. 1 I : .. ' I"," "!,,, .. I..~f~~~;~i.ti~·.::::::::: 'i 'i':: 'i

l

::'3 ::I"2'i ::"2'i::'i 'i':::: 'i ::I'II'2' j ~'j" i '21.::1::'2 'il·il.. ::::·i::NephritIs I I I, .. I Ii ..

fl~~~~Si~~:;:~·:~i~::::i:i:::i::I:~ ::::::j:i :'i:~:i::::::::::::'~:: ::!I:::::i::I·~:j:: ::d'~:::i:igrff~~'.:::::::::::I.fJ .4.51·4.3.61'2..3' i' 4' ~ .6.3 5 l .6.5.4.[) .5.4.4! .5.. 2.. '21' 31' 7 'fJ .3'21· 81.3.4.4.4Opium 1 1 I ,.1 ! , II" I I 1111 .. 1"11 .. 1.. 1: I ; ..Paralysis,.... ....... 2 I 2.... 3 2 21 1 3

1

2 3 I 2 2 3 I I I I.. 11" II 31 II 3 211 .5 4 2 I ..Per!ortn f\pen,lntes.1 '" .. "I" .. .. .. .. 1 , ·1 I.. i I I ..PerICarditiS ,I " .. , " '. ,., ., ., . 'I" .. '. " 1" .. , , ,I·· ., II .. ' .Perit?nitis." , 1 2., 1 1 1 1'1,., 1 1

1211 I , , ,,1112 11" Ill.. 1. 3 .. ] I I

~~eeu:I~Kni~·::::::::. 1'3'4'2 'il::-'3 'i"4 ::1:: '6 '2'::'i'4'2'6'6'2'5 ~i'ii ~ 'i!" '5:'i~'2 '3h'2 '31'2'6 ~'3Premature Birth,. ·,1" ,·1 III .. [. ··1 .. 21 31.. 1 11. ·1 1 1 1 1.. 1 I !.. 1 II 2Rheumlltism .. ,. .. ... .. :.. I I............. I " '. " I.. i' .,.. !.. f .. I.... i.. ..

MORTUARY TABLE, HONOLULU, JULY, 1894, TO JUNE, 1897, COMPARATIVE.COMPILED FROM 110N'I'HLY 'REPowrs Ol<' 'rR/<: BOARD OF Hl<;ALTR,-Crmtirwed.

, ' , ------I----~I~·-~---------;I~------:-------,--

July. I Aug. i::lept. Oct. Nov. iDee. .Jan. I Feb. MaJ'. Apr. May. June.

CAUi::ll';OI~Dl~ATH.[ I I I I~4-;-1~1~1~1~I~i~~ ~~\!J~i\:-!:~i\l~ f~4-1\~I!)~;!~ \113-1\~() ~(~(;I~~ \~1~(;1~1~';(j~171~5 ~ ~ ~ ~I~ 9~1~ ~

~c~~~~:rt~.: :::~::: ::: :. :: i: :I: :I: J :, .. 1: ::I' J t·· .1:: \.. 1.: "[. ~ I .h .1 .. :. : I. II .JJ: :. ::.1 I:' :.•~~~~~:~~I~~~l :::::::: .~I::I::h ::':t:I:.·I.~ ::1-: .1:: .1 1 I:.: :21.1.2: I ... ' ' 1" .:1.~.1.~.1 .. 1 1~l~ici~h: 1.-.1,,1," "'''1:''1'''.1.. .. I I \11" I 11 .. 2 1 III 1 1 1 . 3. 1 1i::lyphl~lb "1··\ .. 1.. I .. 11 ! I 1

1

' I [ .. 1 . 1Teetlung . '1" .. 1 1 . 1 I.. o' ' • 1 . 11

1

, . .. . II .Tetanus "I I I.. . I 11

1

'\.... . I· .. · . '1" I. 2 1TUlliO\' 11 .. 1.. 1 . .l.. 2. ,.. 1..... .1 1 \1. .\.\.. 1

1

, .. 1 I . 1. " 1. . 1 2U1l'I'\'ateo :rh\,oat···I .. I.. I.. l . , ..1" " .. ,2 "I' .. " .. I' 11 ·1· I.. . " ...Uull'p\, of ::,>tomach .. ··I··!·· " . . I , .. I' .... 1· 1 ·.1"1' . I' I" .. ..g~t~~~~i::'.::::::::::::.6 .1'.~ . ~.~.~ ... ~i.~1 .. I ~I 1'~ll ..1.. 1

11,8 3: .1·.[.2 212 2: 2, . ~\ t 32 ~ ~

Val'ioulS(i::lecNote) .. ~tI. ... k21 ...... '1.1 .. ,hl 1 10\ .,eslcII. 1"1 .lnl'I .. ll"lls!rll ... \b1U1'l]\1 j]

Whouping Cough ... 11' 1: 12 I.. ,j ,l,i': il'" .. ' ;'''1 '1 41" . I I'll 110,.. 1(;\ 1 4.. II,.----------1----1-- 1 '-1--,---1-1-1-- .-- ~---i-I----------I-Total. .... " ..... (;2 .';1 4~ .';il()] :Ii; 4411124;;,.)0 il --iR 4(; <i0 5i; i:i fl.) M 4\)150:.32:41') 7R;lR 45 r,:, 51 ,62~~9 56 ,53 6~m1j,~~5i 57

NOTR.-a, Appendicitis; b, Asphyxia; c. Dementia, StrIcture, an,. Womb Trouble 1 "". : d, DyspepBla: f, EpllepBy, J, Intermt'nt. fever;g, Hydro. Pncumo. Thora.x; h, Leprosy; ,:, l\nscarrh~g:e; }, Nom'a; -k. Pare'-lh~: t. Poisoned j In, Trolapsus Recti; n, PyonophrItis: o. Scorbutus:q, SplnRl DigenRe: r, St.rangltn. of Intestines: ,Of, Thr(,mbo!-is; I, Thrush:

40 HAIVAIIAN ANNUAL.

TABLE OF RAINFALL, PRINCIPAL STATIONS(From Government Survey \Vcatht..:r Service l{ecords,

Station. Observer. I 189,,-6_.~,--- ~~_--HAWAII.- ----. _IJu~Y'I~Ug~\Sept~ ~~: !"ov. ~ec.

Waiak"a R. Kennedy.... , 5.84119.6310.83 7. 05' 2.68 5.34Hilo(town) E.G. Hitchcock' 7.58113.65111.21 6.59,3.12 5.30Kaumana G. II. WiltiamS'II.94126.nI17.46 9.40 3.29 7.S4Pepeekeo !W. II. Rodgersl 7.5017.5 I \10.03 7.31 3.06 6.09Honomu Plantation ' 8.651 17.53,10.81 8·75 2.54 ....Hakalau (;eo. Ross 670'14 94:11 71 7.88 1.98 6.63Laupahoehoe IE. W. Barnard. 6.83113 201 6.16 6.23 2.08 5.80Ookala Iw. G. Walker.. 5'32,6.14' 4. 81 6.07 1.79 7.28Kukaiau .1. R. Renton. '4.3317.11' 1.91 4.91 1.01 5.32Paauhau IA. Moore 4.68! 5.08 0.87 320 1.68 5.95HOl.'okaa D; M. Muir. 5.4"/5. 64 1.02 3·6g 1.60 5.53WaImea IE. \,y. Lyons 2.96, 3.00 1.01 1.76 0.70 3.61Kohala 1A. Ostrom 5.981 3.80 1.82 4. 02 : 0.64 4.38Kailua IW. S. Yowell .. ' 3.1415.521 5·94 3.46 0.55 3·79Keala~e~ma .'~. II. Davis .. 5 1014.001 6.85 4·.,4 1.15 1.')7Kalahlkl C. D. Miller. .. 2.95 2.37 2.01 4.82 0.80 3.79Naalehu ,G. C. Hewitt. 0.86

1

12. 50 3.14 0.75 6.26 2.61Pahala !T. C. Wills 0'74110'91 1.37 1.45 4.46 2.64Olaa '" .1. W. Mason 10.1322.77 18.67 10 .04 568 9.28Kapoho D. ll. Lyman .. 3.02 5.13, 4.58 4.38 4.24: 4.01Pohoiki ,R. Ryeroft. 2.84 6.17114.61 5. 13 3.34!4.54

:\orAUI. : , IHaleakala Ranch.,W. F. ':.ogue... 0.25 I.ooi I 25 0.80 1.86 6·3QPuuomalel A. :\lcKlbbm .. 2.83 3.60'10.63 3.90' 1.31'15.06Paia D.C. Lindsay.. 1.70,0.90 0.142.231.611694~ahului.: i~. I:.. Wilder .. 0.5810.24 0.12 1.58 1.46 4.38KaanapalI ,E.I,elmdn .... 1.41 3.17 0.00 1.69 0.56,599Olowalu A. Ilaneberg .. , 0.00 0.64 0.00 0.07: 0.8012.37Hana ~lantn K. S. Gjerdrulll 2.68 206 2.84

1.,.88 3.171 8.35

Molokal )k :\Iowlltz... 3.33 4.18 0.98 3.26,1.14,6.13KoeleO;I·I~.······F.II.Hayselden3.071134511.63 0.61; 3.141, 6.85

Punahou J. Lyons 0·55 3.68 0.64 3.57[ 3.46 6.70Kulaokahua ,W. R. Castle .. o.oOi 2.121 0 39 2.04' 2.29! 6 54Kapiolani Park 111. :~c.Cullum .. , 0.0413.521 0.00 0.84' 3.24' 5.58.Manoa J.I,ulwell. 1.22 4.25' 1.38 4.88, ..... :.....Pauoa ''is. E. Bishop 0.95! 3.571 1.20 3.7114.421 7·47Nuuanu Avenue .. 'W. \Y. Hall. .. 0.94' 4·QO! 1.25 3.30! 3.75' 7.80

. Valley E!ectric ~tat;on 2.S?1 61311 43 6.14' 4.7716'52Lua.kaha ,\\ater \\orb .. 4.3)iII.2~1 2.24 7.02,7.5213'<'3Walmanal" ,1\. 'rvlllc 0.')41 2.081 0.33 3·4IiII.121 9. 1 3Maunawili ,Geo. Gibb 2.70i 763 1.11 5.54! 7.76110.83Kan;ohe ,J.P.Mendonca. 0. 961' 5.14 1.12 4· 35 i 4.8716.63AhUlmanu H. :\Iacfarlane. 3.08 7.83 2.12 5.80, 9.92i 9.69Kahuku Geo Weight 0.881 3.27 0.85 I.5C 3.2°1 3.68Waianae A. Ahrens 0.001 5.13 0.00 0.00 :).33, 4.80Ewa Plantation C. scrimc;er" 0 121 ,.74 0·37 0.95: 3.99 5.26

KAUAI. , ILihue G. N. WiICil 1.14' I 2610.83 2.39'133 1 5.59Hanamaulu W. G. Smith .. 1.88i 2.44 2.02 2.33113.86; 4.14Kilauell;' II; R. Anahu:. 2.221' 3.7613.16 5.16~ 7.2]' 4. 24Hanalel. \\. H. Devenll 2.81 .~.92 4.66 7.0518.341 5.02Waiawa A. F. Knudsen. 1.06 0.39 0.1614.371 I. 93

RAINFALL, HAWAIlAN ISLANDS. 41

THROUGHOUT THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS, 1896·97.

59. 8222.16

3623

45. 0643. 6855. 8676 .93

1.85 33 162.56 29.72

3·742. II2.50

1.84

1.951.59

·°3.52

.911

o 73 34 252.46 52. II'

° <;10.611 39.050·551 IS 54.... I

0.20 17.36

°4°

2. In

I 872·951.7S1.674. 062.074. 121.67

3·343. 804.563. 880.891

1.6~

0·93

1.46 1·55 1·44 2953° 95 0.96 0·99 20.500.060.54 1.11 1644

2·141.762.782·950·310·791.011. 630.8<;

0.g8 1.392.46' 1.611.2-1 0.640·44: .....0.45 1.19° 00

I. 160.7°,1·432.17a 241

3- 100.9 1

1.09.1·140.002.0114. 821. 89

0. 741' ....

3.36 0.581.14 ° 540.06[ 0.141

0.811 0. 751.,0.00 0.001.81 2.351.69, 1. 67

10831 1.751I

50 270 1.9[,1.87150 ~. 13 0.89! 1.20110 1.02,0.17'1°.321

100 , 1

50 1.79' 3. 10 1 2 . 8650 1.411 2.84 2.31 I

405 4.21, 7.3217.21850 4.74' 4. 84 7.331

25 2.48 0.61 1.44300 4.68, I. 75' 2.8°1100 2.41 I. 19, I.~II

35° 4·95 2.951 3·9925 1.60' 1.30 1.241

15 0.1 5,.......1 ..... 160 0.59, 0.151 0.44

200 ' 0.62, 3 95 9.5 2:200 0.58 3.89. 6.451325 2.78 9.4218.831'

10 2.0915.0219.4532 0.81 .97 3. 26

. , Feet I 1897.

_ ~:~:~__ Il':~vt~!);;I1~Tf~IJ__ -~lar~-~p·r.I-'rvr~Y:· i J!l11~'1 Tot~

Waiakea i 5°'.3'59111.20,12.69 3·[1; 6,431, 3.461 '91. 85Hilo , 100 3.28 I1.55I3.47 3. 661 479 3. 191 8734Kaumana ! 12501 4'47117'56,19'~5' 7. 22 : 1;'9.1 5. 26 ,136 . 14Pepeekeo i 1001 4.62 9.2810.29 3. 02 4 ~2 2.361 85·99[Jonomu l 300 3.011016 9.73 3·37 3. 83 241'\labia'!......... 200 4 03, 8.35 9.04 3.06 4.56 2.13 81 08Laupahoehoe i 10 5·6::>i 6 6::> 8.26 I

Ookala1

40°4298.. 61' 5.90 548 2.03 .. · .. 1Kukaiau... 250 2.6816.02 3.25 3·71, 2.24 0.7 8

1 43. 27Paauhau 300 2.5814.38 1.12 2'58 1.44 0.32, 33. 88Honokaa........ ~P5 2.381 4.36 1.53 3. 16 " 1.50 0.611 36 .42Waimea 2720' 5'911 0.7<; 1.43 1.911 0.76 1.371 25·79I~o?ala 1 350' 3.86 3.68 1.63 I. 40' I. II , .I,atilla.......... 950 2 23 L76 5.16 2.01' 6.93 4 9:) 45 39Kealakekua...... 1580 5.°51 2.07 3.30 4. 08 5· S5Ka,·. Iahiki. 800 0.611 1.7') 3.04 1.07 2.45 2.20 27·9'Naalehu......... 650 1.75 1.06 3.07 0.81 I. 12 I 24' 35 17(',lha1a 1[00 2. 9°

1

°. 40 1.05 0.58 ' 0.68 0.411 27.5 1Olaa.. 1650 5.63,164125.58 6.21 9·74 5 53 145. 67Kapoh". 110 54',336 6.18 3. 25 ~·76I'ohoiki 10 447 1' 2.53 ' 3. 19 248

MAlJI, ETC. .Iialeakaia Ranch.. ' 2000Puuomalei. .. . ... 1400Paia . .. . .. 180Kahului.. .... 10Kaanapali.. 15Olowalu 15Hana Plan... . . . . 200Mapulehu,Molokai 70Koele. Lanai.... 1600

OAHU.

Punahou .Kulaokahua .Kapiolani Park .Manoa .School Street .Nuuanu Avenue ..

Valley .Luakaha .\Vaimanaln .Maunawili.Kaneohe .Ahuimanu ,Kahuku .Waianae .Honouliuli

KAu.\I.

Lihue ...•......Hanlmaulu .Kilauea .Hanalei •.......•Waiawa .

By C. J. Lyons. Continued from la~t AN:;.\lJAL.)

------

(

SUMMARY OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AT HONOLULU, 1896·97.[Compiled from records of \Vf:alher Bureau by Prof. A. B. LYONS.]

LATEST CENSUS. 43

LATEST CENSUS RETURNS, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.Taken September 27, 1896.

POf'ULATWN. DWELLINGS.

SU B-DIVISION. Unin-Male. Female. Total. Inhah- habi- Build· Total.

ited. ited. ing.

'22,,6:32 10,653 :3:3,285 5,0:33

!\10LOKAI. .. . .. • • • .. • .. .. 1,355 972 2,307 G51

(

OAlIu--Honolulu 18,775Ewa 2,284Waianae. . . . .. 886Waialua. . . . .. . . . . . . . . 926Koolauloa . •... 1,289Koolaupoko "1 2,00-'::

126,164

HAWAlI-Hilo •......... '19,071Puna 1,228Kau. . :.1 2,U;HS. Kona. , ' I, :3\l7N. Kona............. I,U05S. Kohala............ ;318N. Koha!a 2,67;\Ham.kua.. " , 4,007

11,145783;W5423546749

14,041

3,807520877u;,o

1,lf,(j240

1,450I,Hn

28,920a,0671,2811,:H91,8:352,753

40,205

12,8781,7482,9082.:~~7

3,OGI558

4,1255,6~0

5.15:339020621123249:1

6,G85

1,88025G437403f,26102GIlS18

840 47 6,040G7 7· 4G42 208

:-l7 24837 3 27282 3 578

1,065 60 7,810

165 7 2,05238 3 297

135 4 576:3:3 7 443

129 7 G6252 I 155

1:39 2 752268 4 1,090

959 35 G,027

92 3 746

LANAI.......... ......•• 51

MAUl-Lahaina..... .... 1,529Wailuku. _. . . . . . . . . .. 4,098Makawao '" . . . .. :3,2tilIlana _. . . . .. 2,547

54

8691,9742,2031,245

105

2,3986,0725,464:3,792

23

454!JS9

1,1775:36

13

198165120167

86

3 6554 1,158:3 1,3008 711

11 ,435 6,291 17,72G 3,156 650 18 :1,824

KAUAI -Niihau....• '" .Waimea .Koloa. _ .Lihue. _ .Kawaihau .Hanalei. __ ' .•....

763,226I 'J~~, __ II

2,:3042,OG71,950

881,205

5581,121

695825

1644,4:311,8:353,4~5

2,7622.775

31586359263;3S7425

3212165G2

130

I:~

I

4

34607:~8:3

(j29449559

:302 !l 2,661

7,0106,027

UG3(j

:3.82434

8 2,627

1,065 GO!l55 ;35

!l2 ;)1:3

G50 18;3

29!J

Total-Kauai and Niihau. _ 10,900 4,4\l2 15,392 2,531

,---- RECAPITULATION. --~

Oahu 26,164 14,041 40,20;; G,GS5llawaii 22,G:12 IO,G5:3 :3a,285 5,0:33Molokai ' 1,3;35 972 2,:307 (j51Lanai " . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . 51 54 105 2:3:V1~ui 11 ,4~~ 6,291 17,726 3,156Nuhau " ,6 88 1G4 :HKauai "" " , .. " 10,824 4.404' 15,228 2,320

Totals .".........•... 72,517 36,503 109,020 17,099 3,081 124 21,104

HAWAIIAN ANNUAL

--------~-----

CENSUS TABLES, HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.By Districts, Comparative, 1896 and i890.

By DISTRICTS AND ISLANDS.

HAWAII. 18g6.

Hilo 12,878Puna 1.748Kau................ 2,908North Kona :~,061

South 'Kona 2,:~27

;o.;orth Kohala 4.J25South Kohala. . . . . . . . . 558Hamakua . . . . . . . . . . .. 5.68U

1890 18g69,9:-15 Lanai..... 105

8:~4 OAHU.2.577 Honolulu 29,920I.753 Ewa :l,0671.812 Waianae............. 1.2814,:;03 Waialua.... 1.349

5:~8 Koolauloa 1,8:l55.U02 [ Koolaupoko 2.753

22,9072,155

9031,286 \1,4442,499

---::~3.285 26,754 40.205 31.194

2,523216

],7552,1012.4722,79'2

18g6.2.250

15,1911,4:~2

10160U455

11,859

'890.1,3448,6021,0:~4

7U419588

2,:3986.072:l,7925,464

MAUl.Lahaina .Wailuku .Hana .Makawao .

KAUAr.2113 Waimea 4.4316:708 ~iihau............... 164:-;,270 Koloa..... 1,8355,2661 Kawalh.au 2.762

Hanalei , 2,775

1_,,",'_"6 -I" 'l'-' Lihue 3,4251,00)4" _

:'oIolokai 2,:~07 2,652 15.:l92By NATJONAl.ITY.--1890 AND 18HG CO:\IPARKD.

18go 1896Hawaiians 34,436 31.019 i Britons .Part Hawaiians....... 6,186 8.4851 Portuguese .Chinese 15.30J 21,616: Germans .Americans. . . . . . . . . .. I ,928 :~,086 . French .Haw.·born, for'gn par. 7,495 * Other foreigners .Japanese 12,360 24,407 Polynesian .Norwegian. . . . . . . .. .. 227 378

1't Divided into nationality of parents.

Total Population 189.0, 89,990. Total Population 1896, 109,020.

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF POPULATION. HAWAIIAN ISLANllS, 1836·96.

lSLA~Ds.

--------------_.- ._-_._----: , I

Cen...us ! Cen"us Cel1su~.: Census: Census Census ICensus Census Censusr836. : 1853. 1860.: 1866. i r872· 1878.! ~S~4. 1890. 1890.

------1 ---, i-;--;- -,,--j --~--i---.--;-:·I~-,:;-:;,-'----.Hawaii 39,364IA,400 _1.i81: 19,8U;', 16,0011 L.OM: _4,9.J11_6,104, 33,280:\Iaui 24.199,17,574 16,400 14.0:351 12.3:l41 12,1091 15,970

1

'7.357, 17,726O h ,,- 809' 19 1'~6' QI Q-i' 19 -9ni .,0 6-1 1 ~)U ').){~I ')8 0"8 "1 1"4 40 "0'~u~i·.: : :: -~:9:34: 6:99;, - 6:4~~ 6:~99! - 4:9()] 1-5:(j:~~1*-8:935 i\:64:l J5:;;2~Molokai... 6.000 1, 3.607" 2,86'1, 2.299" 2,:349' 2,;)811} "614 2.652" 2,:l07Lanai. .... , 1.200. 600 646 3941 348 214! - 174 105Niihau.... '99:~1 790 647l :~25 233' 177i 216, 164Kahoolawel 80: ....... '" .... I .... .. .. I .... .. .. , ....

T~~a"ls:"':":108,579i73.1:38169,800162,959156,897157,985180.5;8 89,9901109,020--I-- 1--l--i---- -·-1--

All Foreigners.... 2,119\' 2,7161 -4,1941 5,:~(j61 10,4771 ;36,346 49,368! 69,516

Hawaiians ~67.0s4i58.765I'5l:5:nI47.508I~4-:23240-:622139,504

41 Inc;luml1£ Niihau

CENSUS STATISTICS.

THE CENSUS OF 1896 BY AGE AND NATIONALITY.

45

r

, !' , ," 1 -

NATIONALITY. ,!VNDER 15:15 TO 3c.130 TO 45145 TO 6060 TO 75/'OVER 75 TOTAL..i VEARS. I YEARS., YEARS.! ,"'EARS. YEAkS. YEAR~.

----1-----'-- :------'-Natives., .:: ... , , ,. " 9,9911 8,56°: 6,04~1 3,579 2,2I1

1

636 3',019Part Hawallan,-- .... : 5,0271 2,1861 9621 239 671 4 8,485Haw'?born Frgnrs. '1. 12,844! 63.91 17°1' 63 19i I 13,733Amencans .. ; . '" . ". 2011 7081 821 348 I66 i 22 2,266British...... .. ... .. 94 428 5791 317 1021 18 1,538Germans ·· .. ··,···1 75

1

3021' 326; 15 1 531 5 912French. . . . . . . '1 I 12 1 28i 16 15 3 75Portu~ues" '.' 917 3,369/' 2,2121 1,398 3031 33 8,232Norwegians ! 13 56 1/21 32 ~I I 216Chinese , '1' 73°1' 8,655 6,657,1 2,933 392 15 19,382Japanese....... 287 13,491 7,958 564 27 2 22,329Polynesians 1 8 1691 1451 65 181 4 409Other Natio~alitie~.1__1_31 9~1_~~~ 4_~

Totals.· 1 30,201 38,6691 26.194. 9,806 3.402 748 109.020

CO~IPARATIVE TABLE OF NATIO:IlALTY OF POPULATIO:Il OF HAWAllANISLANDS AT VARIOUS CENSUS PERIODS SINCE t81>3.

~'~'::~':~~;-:18':-':866,' i ,872 • i 1878. I 1884. I .Sgo. 18g6.Natives ! 70,036 57, t2 51 49,044144,088140,014134,436 -;:~~PMt Hawaiians.,..... . 983 1.64°1 1,487, 3.4201 4,218

1

6,186 8,485Chines". ';" , 3641 1.206, 1,938 .: 5,916117,937 15,301 13,7.33Americans , , 69211 889, 1,2761 2,066 1,928 2,2b6

Haw'n·born Frgllrs ... . 309'1' 849 947[ 2.0401 7,495 1,538British .... ,.......... 435 61 9; 883 1,28211,3H 912I:ortuguese, .... . ... 86

1395, 4361 9,377 8,6~2 75

liermans '" . ,. . 81, 2241 2721 1,600 1,4.>4 8,232Fr"nch . '" 601 2,988 88: 8/1 192'1 70 216Japanese.. .. . ..... i ' : 1 116 120360 19.;,82Norwegian, , . 8

1

', i 36211 227 22,329Other Foreigners. . . . . . 801 364 666; 4 16 419 409

~olynesi~n.~:~__.... 4--'I~i~i-?~1__5~ __~~

____~0-'-~-.:..:-:.~.~73,r38162,959156,897: 51.985 80,578189,990 109,020'l" Th~re Was. no complete division of nationahties Hoted in the census of 1866.

ESTI~li\TED POPULATION HAWAIlA:Il ISL.'l.NDS, JULY I. 1897.

1All other

~atiles ChineSI' Japanese Portngse.•·oreignrs. Total1-----1----

Population as per Census, Sept.,' !8 I ,

I 9,6 , '139.504 21.616 24,4°71' 15,191 80302 109,020E;£ f Excess over departures'lgf ~ , ,4th Quarter, 1896..... '1 ... ' 1,377 1.6731 .... 339 3.389~ 0;: 1 Excess over departures, '~~ ~ 6 mos. toJuly 1, 1897 .1 .... 2,9°8 3961, *58 207 3.569

Total ..:. .... " .... 139>5~i.":5~I ~115'249~~* Less 3 excess or departures in 1896. '1,1. 2.6

HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

TABLE OF SEX, BY NATIONALITY.(From latest Census returns, 1896.)

\"HOLE POPULATION.

Males. Females. Total.._--------

16,399 14,620 31,01 94,249 4,236 8,4851,975 I, II I 3,0861,4°6 844 2.250

866 566 1,43256 45 101

216 1621

3788,202 6,989' 15,19 1

19,212 5,195 24,40719. 167 2,449 21,616

321 134 455448 152 600

---- -'-~'----72,5 17 36,503 109. 020

1 HAWAIIAN BORl\;

NATIONALITIES. I OF FOREIGl\; PAREXTS.

I Males. IFemales. Total.

-H-a-w-a-ii-a-ns-.-.-.-.-..-.-.[. . .. . . .. . .Part lIawaiians ' .A~l,:ricans ·.·1 401 419 820 IBntlSh 1 352 360 712 IGerman 1 252 268 520French.: 1 10' 16 26Norwel-:Jan "'1 71 9 1 162Portuguese. . . . . . . . 3,606 3,353 6.959Japanese ' 1,054' 1,024 2,078Chinese.... 1,2°4' 1,°30 2.234S. S. Islanders.... 2 I' 25 46Other Nationalities. __~' 8_91__1~

TotaIs. . . . . . . . 7.058 6,67 5 __1-,,3~,7,,300:3_---'--=--__=__

POPULATION, BY NATIONALITY, OF PRINCIPAL TOWNSHIP

DISTRICTS OF HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

FRO~1 LATEST CE.'lSllS.

NATiONALITIES.HON'LULU HILO, LAH'INA,:WAIL:KU,i LIHUE,

OAHU. H,\WAII. MAUl. ' ~IAUI. : KAVAI.

:---1---"---Hawaiian.............. 7,918 1,868 1,"98 2,206j . 625Part Hawaiian.......... 3,468 48o, 276 58°1 171Hawaiian born foreigners.... 4.612 1,933: 194 1 451' 612American .....•..••••...... / 1,538 1531 441 58, 20British........ ........ .... 909' 130 II, 421 21German.................. 383: 42 19 24! 191French... 54! 2 i JNorwegian.... .. 1 1041 3 2 10' 2

Portuguese ......•......... 1 1,9731 1,662 34 2951 345Japanese ! 2,174, 5,124 409 1,0541 1,066Chinese , 6,4841 1,404 227 1,2951 359S. S. Islanders.. . . . . . . . . . . . 59 1' 22 129 29' 4Other nationalities '1 244 27 . . . . 28 1 8

T"tal, Censu~ of 1896 ·1-- 29,92°1 12,878 ' 2,398 ~I-;::;STotal at prevIOUS Census '1_ 22,907

1

9,935 __2~ __6'7081~'!:

Net gain '. .. 7,013' 2,943 285 633

RELIGIOUS STATISTICS.

TABLE OF RELIGIOUS BELIEF, BY NATIONALITY.

[so FAR AS REPORTED IN CENSUS RETURNS, 1896.J

47

NATIONALITIES. PROTESTAl'TS. ROMANCATHOLICS. ~fORMONS.

4,368396

IS3472

(

I

Hawaiians." 00 12,842 8,427Part Hawaiians. . .. .. . . . . . . 3,242 2,633Hawaiian born foreigners.... 1,801 6,622Americans. . . . . . • . . . . . . . . . . 1,404 212British....... ...•• .. .. .... 1,184 180Germans ..... ;............. 59~ 83

~:~r~~gi~~~: ::: :::: :.: ::::::I 154 S~portuguese 00 001 146 7,812Japallese 711 49 4Chinese. . . . . . . . • . . . . . . • . • . 837 67 49S. S. Islanders." , 178 42 I 3Other Nation;rlities. i.• •..• , .1 176 171 ! 7

TotaL I-~----~~i--4.886 -

NOTE.-This table shows but 54.522 of the populatIOn (just about, ne-half),to ha"e ma,le leturos of their religious belief. \Vith 21,535 Japanese alI<I 18,429Chinese, (probably Buddhists alld Confucians,) unreported because not plovidedfor in the schedules, the great difference is largely accounted for.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.-The ANNUAL is indebted tQ A. T. Atkinson Esq.,General Superintendent of the Census, for the use of tables to condense into theforegoing series, in advance of the publication of his official report. ED.

STANDARD AND LOCAL TIME.

The StalllLml Time of the Hawaiian Islands is that of Longitude IS7° 30' W.,10 h. 30 m. slower than Greenwich Time. The time of sunrise allli SUllsetgi'"en in the tables is or course local time; to correct this to stan-lard time, addOr suhstract a correction corresponding with the differences between 1570 30'and the longitude of tbe station. .

The corrections would be f~r the following stations.

STATION. CORRECTION.Niihau +IO.8m.Mana, Kauai + g.o m.Koloa, Kauai _ + 7.9 m.Kilauea, Kauai " + 7.3 Ill.

Waialua, Oahu ..........•. + 2.S m.Kahuku, Oahu + 2.010.

Honolulu, Oahu + I. S m.Kalae, Moloka;' - 2.0 10.

Lanai ...........•........ - 2.S nl.Lahaina, Maui ......•.••.. - 3.0 m.

STATION. CORRECTIONS.Wailuku, Maui - 4.0 m.Haiku, MauL - 4.8 10.

Hana, Maui ......•....... - 6.0 m.KaIlua, Hawaii ...........• - 6.2 m.Kohala, Hawaii .•......... - 7.0 m.Kukuibaele, Hawaii ......• - 8.0 m.Punaluu, I lawaii. . .. .. .. 8.0 m.Ookala, Hawaii .••. ; .....• - 9.0 m.Hila, Hawaii ..••......... - 9.8 m.

HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

SCHOOL STATISTICS, HAWAIIAl\I ISLAl\IUS.(From Reports of the Department of Education.)

CO:\fPARATIVE TABLE OF SCHOOL POPULATION, 1896-97.

II :>:0. IN S<;HOOL, JAN. 1896. NO. IN SCHOOL. JAN. 1897.ISLANDS. SCHOOLS---------'- SCIIOOLS ---------

_____i~ Boys. \_ Girls'l Total:,~~~ I Gir~ !!otal:

Hawaii .... ,1 62 1,841 1,540 i 3,3811 64 2,008 I 1,703 3,711Maui & La· I ! I ,. . I I

nai ······1 38 i 1,245 1,088 2,313' 37 I 1,319! 1,151 ! 2,470Molokai 1 5· 175 59 1 234 6 1 114! 64:' 178Oahu [ 66! 2,92 9 2,283 I 5,212 71 : 3,429! 2.670 I 6,099Kauai& Nii· : 'I i '

hau ... ""1 16 \ 823 'I 633! 1,456 17_i__8~ 687 I 1,565

'~s~~'7~~j~6 195 i 7,748 6.~~t~~NUMBER OF SCHOOLS. CLASS, ETC., 1897.

• GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.I:>:IlEPENDENT

SCI-IOOLS.

ISLANDS.

---------------~- I _

'- :I '- ,;, 1--· c,,; [' '- : ',- ;. 1'-0_"'1 0 ~ 0..:E .;'IO~ U', z== C ci:=- ~ c.... .- >"1 .- - 0.. - ~ •

'"c g ..-0 ~ c;-~ c ~0 «== : ~ g 0 -5 0 ~Zr51~~ Zc,.._IZ;... c~ IZ~Z~ zg

--------- ~I.~ --,--~iI~~I--=-Hawaii..... 50 84 1,640' 1,403 3,043 'I 14 321 668Oahu.......... 34 99 II 2.1001 1,473 3.5731 37 14312,526Maui and Lanai.... .... 28! 59 1,13°, 878 2,008 ,I 9 20 462Kauai and J"iihau...... 14 32 i 770, 61 7 1,387 II 3 8 178

Molokai.~:..:._. ~!.__6.1~1~1~:!----.-._._._.~Totals.... .... 132 i 280 5.754' 4.435110.189 if 6. 203 3,834

*" Of Government Schools taught in Hawaiian there are now but two, with a total of 48pupils.

,8g6,J"orwegians. . . . . . . . . . . . 96Chinese.......... .... 740South Sea Islanders. . . . . 29Japanese.............. 261French.... 8Other Forei~ners. . . . . . . 52Total, 1897 .,

NATIONALITY OF PUPILS,

.. ,8g6. ,l!g7·HawaIIans 5,207 5,480Part Hawaiians......... 2,198 2,448Americans....... ...... 386 417English. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 256Germans... 253 288Portuguese . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3, 186 3,600

Total, 1896,...... 12,616

1l!g7·98

92128

3972

8814,023

The nationality of teachers in all schools ~f the islands, -January I, 1897. wasas follow>: Hawaiian 64. Part Hawaiian 63, American 226, British 76, Ger·man 8. Belgian 7, I'rench 5, Scandinavian 6, Dutch I, Portuguese 13. Chi·nese 12, Japanese 2; total,4S3.

SUGAR AND POST OFFICE STATISTICS.

-~~ ---~-~------~---------- ~-------~~~-

HAWAIIAN SUGAR PLANTATION STATISTICS.

49

(

From 187;' to 1897 inclu!'\ive.,----Sugar-___

Year. Quantity, Lbs. Value.1875. . . . . . . . . . .. 25,080,182 $ 1,216,388 821876. . . . . . . . . . . . 26,072,429 1,272,334 531877...... 25,575,96S 1,777,529 S71878 '" .. 38,431,458 2,701.731 5°1879...... 49,020,972 3,109,563 66188o 63,584,871 4,322,7[1 481881. 9j,789,483 5,395,399 541882...... . 114,177,938 6,320,890 651883 114,107,155 7,II2.981 [21884...... . 142,654,923 70328,896 671885 [7[,35003'4 8.356,061 941886...... . 216,223,615 9,775,132 [2[887. 212,763,647 8.694,964 071888 235,888,346 10.818,883 091889 242,165,835 13,08903°2 10[890. . . . . . . . . . .. 259,7890462 [2,159,585 01189[' 274,983,580 9,55°,537 801892 ......••••.• 263,636,7 15 7,276.549 241893 33°,822,879 10,200,958 37ISlQ4 306,684,993 8.473,009 10

1895 294,784,8[9 7,975,59° 41[896 ...........• 443,569,282 14,932,172821897 (to July 1st). 375,963,0°7 11,0;<1.352 74

,----Molasses_____Quantity, Gals. Value.

93,7"22 $ 12,183 86130,073 19,510 95151,462 22,719 3093,136 12,107 6887,475 9,6~2 25

198..,55 29,753 25263,587 31.630 44221,293 33,19395193,997 34,819 46110,53° 16,579 5057,941 7,050 00

1 [3, [37 14,50[ 767[,222 10,522 7647,965 5,goo 4054,612 6,185 1074,926 7,6°3 2955,845 4,'72 \ 4047,988 5,061 0767,2'~ 5;928 9672,971 6;050 II

44097 0 3,037 8315,885 1,209 7221,79° 1,145 00

POST OFHCE STATISTIC~.

LETTERS PASSI:-IG THROUGH THE GENER.\L POST OFFICE

HO:-lOLUJ.U, FRO:,>I ISS:! TO JUL\', 1896.

IINTER-ISl.AND LETTERS. i FOR~:IG:\ LETTERS.I 1-··__ ··_·_~__··· _.--

I Received. Forwarded. !Received. IForwarded

I- i-----_._----_._~-_.

185,006~ __ A __.-.-.--_-- ····1

80.509 96,4821882 ....... '1 23°,0051883. 195,8oS 241,542 [OS,985 120,0631884 .. · . 199,48[ 253.[36 [3 1,761 146,81 5[885 ......... 1116.924 349,421 IJ·P75 133,5941886.

,476,63[ 254,177 1:l2,89, 136 05 0 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ,

1887 ........ ,-. 6[8,960 299, 183 143,158 i36,21 71888 ............... 692,9[5 333,283 144,430 140 ,76 ;1889· .......... 716,496 369,3'4 166,398 165.262189°·· . " ........ 776,486 359.780 200,399 2°403941891 .............. 867.248 393,6°3 223,620 220,30 518q2 ......... 871,00q 53 1,7 10 226,7 15 239,8011893 .. 87[,466 427,764 253,279 263,74.'11894 .. ........ ... 890,852 50 4,285 278,2°7 283,2991895 .............. 1,065>3 24 5 11 ,719 3°2,53° 297,°381896 (6 '110S. to July). 626.262 266.084 174,533 151.97'

The figure, given for Inter-island letters received, since 1885, include citydrop letters, and letters received from the other islands for forwardance abroad.

50 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

VARIETY OF FISH SUPPLYING HONOLULU MARKET.

lCompileu from Reports to the Board of Health.]

"

-,\-"m~a.~------~--O-a-n~a~-----l~iCCih~i-m-a-n-u-.--- Mlkiawa~

Aawa. Oio. Hinalea. Moa.1\ ·U. OOpu. lIonu (turtle). Moano.A ua. Olali. Humuh,'mu. Moi.A' ua'u. Omaka. Kahala. Momomi.1\lla. Omilu. Kaku. Mu.Ahaaha. 0,1<). Kala. \ . Nohu.Ahi. Opae (Shrimps). Kawakawa. Nunu.Aholeholc. Opelu. Kihikihi. Pauu.Aku. Opihi. Kole. I Pakii.Akule.· Opule. Kumu. Palani .

. Alaihi. Uu. Kupoupou. Panuhunuhu.Alalaua. Uukanil'0' LaE:nihi. Papai (Crabs).Aloalo. Uhu. Lai. I'ipio.Aloiloi. Uku. Laipala. Poo'u.Amaama (mullet). Ula. Lauhau. Poopaa.Aniholoa. Ulaula. Leleiona. Pualu.Awa. Ulapapapa. :Maika. Puhi (Eels).Awela. Ulua. :'ofaiii. I Puhikii. 'Aweoweo. Upapalu. Mahimahi. Wana.Ea. Umaumalei. Malamalama. \Veke.Enenue. Halalu. ~Ialolo. Weiea.Iaulaula. Hapuupuu. Mamamo.Iapake. Hee (Squid). :'olanini.Iheihe. Wlu. :'olano (Shark).

Of the ahove list cf ninety-se\-en varieties, all but about twenty-five may besaid to be regularly in market. The total number per week range hOIl! 38,000up to 80,000.

HAWAIIAN SILVER COIN.

The following denominations of Hawaiian Sih'er were coined during the reignof Kalakaua, at the San Francisco mint. and imported for the circulating mediumof the islands in 1883 and 1884. They are of thE: same intrinsic valuc as theUnited States silver coins and were first introduced into circulation January 14th,at the opening of the bank of Claus Spreckels & Co. in Honolulu. Theamount coined was $1,000,000, divided as follows:

Hawaiian Dollars............................. . $500,000Half llollars. . . .. . 350,000Quarter Dollars 00 • 00 •• 00 00 .'00 00 •• 00 125,000Dimes.......... 25,000

Total. ; ......••••••...•••.......... $1,000,000

(

CALIFORNIA'S PARTICIPATION IN THE COMMER

CIAL DEVELOPMENT OF HAWAII.

(Prepared by request for the San Francisco Bulletin, and revised for theAnnua!.)

~N the steady development of the commercial interests of the

Hawaiian Islands it is gratifying to find them so closely, identified with San Francisco in all their business relations.

The evidence comes not only from the published tables of tradebet~een the two countries, but is supplemented also by investments of California capital in various business enterprises thathave no showing in the Customs', or Chamber of Commercereports of either country, yet which furm links of no light consideration in the commercial bond existing between the two.

Being the nearest neighbor to these "gems of the Pacific" andtheir regular source of supply, it is quite in keeping with naturalevents that the demands through so prominent and central amarket as San Francisco should absorb the lion's share ofHawaiian products, and in these mutual business relations thatthe American impress or influence should be as prominent as itis found to be.

lt is a well known fact that Hawaii ranks high, compared withall other and larger countries, in the annual export trade of SanFrancisco, and has, for a number of years past been recognizedas one of her best customers. This is good evidence that SanFranciscans ha\-e occasion to rejoice at the commercial prosperity of Hawaii through its improved trade therefrom. Furthermort:, investigation shows they participate to a considerableextent also in the declared dividends from Hawaiian investments.

Many readers may not be aware of the fact that of the fortysugar corporations of the islands, claiming a capital stock of$:!8,22-l,300, four of them, representing $13,800,000 are corporations organized under the laws of the State of California, nearly

52 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL,

all of which stock is held there. Of the remaining stock of$14,424,:300, comprising the other thirty-six corporations, $2,821,:300 thereof stands in the names of persons residing in theUnited States, most of whom are reside:1ts of San Francisco andOakland, This therefore gives California ownership to SHi,·621,;30001' nearly 59% of the total value of sugar corporations, inthe Hawaiian Islands, and leaves but $11,603,000 to representthe in vestments therein of all other American, British, German,Hawaiian or other nationalities resident in the islands, and inEngland and Germany.

In an exhibit of nationality of investors in all sug-ar estates;md mercantile corporations in the HawaiIan Islands, compiledJune, I89:3, from sworn official returns to the Minister of Interior,as required by law (to be found in Blount's Report*), out of thetotal mvestments of $36,iH 1,%0 shown, $26,109,166 is accredited to Americans, $i,:! 16,944 to Britishers, $2,116, i6:J to Germans, and the balance $1,399,118 to all other nationalities.Confining examination to the sugar industry itself the proportionof investments as tQ nationality show nearly i 3% American, afraction over 16% British, 5y;% German and 316% to all others,

It is needless to say that this amount and predominence ofAmencan capital invested in Hawaii has been since the passageof the treaty of reciprocity in 1876, the mutual beneficial workingof which has been shown over and again in various ways. Therevived cry by opponents as to its one-sidedness must be fromthe fact that nearly 60% of the benefits from alleged remission ofsugar duties go directly mto the pockets of California stock·holders and 13% more to other Americans at the islands and inthe Eastern States, and the balance to be shared by various othernationalities. Yes, this shows it to be a one-si<led affair inwhich Americans get by far the largest share, while Hawaii, forher loss of revenue in the long list of articles admitted freeunder the tr'eaty takes the chances of enhanced values throughimproved trade to recoup herself by increased internal taxes.

It is not the province of this article to deal with a controversythat has had able articles, tlaborate statistical tables and exhibitsfrom time to time in support of the treaty and illustrative of itsmutual benefits, though it may not be out of place to confirm a

• A summary table was given in the Hawaiian Annual for 1894.

CALIFORNIA PARTICIPATION. 53

few points in dealing with California's participation in the com·mercial development of Hawaii.

San Francisco banking capital, in years past, has renderedmaterial aid in devtloping the business interests of the islands,and on several occasions accorded valuable assistance to tideover periods of tr"de depression. The fu II extent or amount, offinancial help may not be readily ascertained, \lor is it germainto the subject, the fact being well known. Capital, proverbiallytimid, seeks gilt edged securities, especially in foreign investments, and it is a satisfactory commentary on the conservativecharacter of San Francisco capitalists that their judgment of thesecurities which Honolulu agencies offered proved so soundthat the losses, or "penalties of misplaced confidence," if any atall exist, have been "few and far between.", This speaks wellalso for the integrity of the business cummunity of the HawaiianIslands.

( In the rapidly developing coffee industry of the islands theimpress of California enterprise and forethought is not so prominen~ as has been shown exists in the sugar industry; the American capiHd interested in extending coffee culture being somewhat equally divided between the Eastern, Middle and WesternStates, but San Francisco mercha nts have their eye on theprospect of marketing the annual crop just the same.

\Vith the shipping engaged in the Hawaiian trade, however,a far different showing is made and gives emphasis to the fact ofSan Francisco's 'identity with the commercial development ofthe islands. Her merchants and ship-masters have generallyhdd the controllmg and at times the sole interest in the variousvessels from time to time identified in the Hawaiian trade. The"Regular Dispatch Line" of r.1cRuer & Merrill and the contemporary line of Chas. \Valcott Brooks & Co. are both memonesof the past, but the "Oceanic Steamship Compal~y," the "Hawaiian" line of \Villiams, Dimond & Co., the "Planters" lineof \Velch & Co., the "Matson's" line and others, succeed themin reaping the principal share in the:: golden harvest of Hawaii'simport and export trade::.

Some adve::rse comme::nt has lately appeared with reference tothe sugar cargoes shipped direct to the Eastern States by wayof Cape Horn. This is not an act of Hawaiian planters or

54 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

their Honolulu agents, but by the contractors for our product inthe United States who charter the vessels and direct their portsof loading and delivery, and should not be scored against Ha·

- waii?-n as discriminating against San Francisco shipping interests, especially as lias been already shown, California has thelargest ownership and naturally the controlling- voice in the

. disposition of the sugar crops.The total value of imports of the islands for the year 1896 was

$7,164-,561.40, and their exports for same period was $15,515,.230.13. The sugar exports amounted to 221,784.Yz tons, valuedat $14,932,172.83. California's share thereof(59'7~) represents$8,~09,982, the profits on which are estimatedat$I,918,755;doubtless a satisfactory though not -accessive rev~nu~ for theyear's return upon a capital stock investment, as shown, of$16,621,300.

Of the total value of exports from the islands for the year 1896which amounted to $15,515,230.13, the report of the CollectorGeneral of Customs »how that U. S. Pacific ports-which isalmost wholly San Francisco-received 76.411%, Easttrn U. S.ports 23.24 %' and all othercoun tries .36%. The total value ofimports for the same period amounted to $7,164,561.40, of whichU. S. Pacific ports furnished 73.118%, u. S. Atlantic ports 3.19%,Great Britain 10.50%, and all othtr countries 13.19%.

Notwithstanding the apparently healthy condition of Hawaiiantrade for years past, by 'the regular txcess of exports overimports, the profitableness of it all is seen to be on the SanFrancisco side of the investment and the healthiness of it mustbe unquestionable in that little Hawaii, with as yet but partiallydeveloped agricultural possibilities-instanctd by the strides ofthe reviving coffet industry-continues to give much more thanshe receives, yet withal is making commendable progress.

With the expansion of the sugar industry came tht necessarytransformation of the inter-island coasting fleet from sail tosteam, and it is noteworthy that with the exception of three ofthese steamers, all have been constructtd on the Pacific Coast,San Francisco building eight or nine and fitting thtm, as alsoall those built at ports north of her, with mact:inery. Of thethree exceptions one is a Honolulu production and the otherswere built ill Philadelphia and on the Clyde by California capital

BURNING OF STAMPS. 55

(

especially for the inter-island trade and Rold to parties here ontheir arrival. Of the remaining fleet of seventeen schooners sixare the output of San FranciHco Hhip-yards, two are from PortLudlow-that vied with Port Blakely in building our steamersthree are of island build and the rest are from various qua~ters

of the globe.Admitting that these and kindred improvements in Hawaiian

trade and commerce are the effects of treaty benefits by conct'ssions from the United StateH, there is no questilln that the bulkof it is enjoyed by citizens of and residents in that country, ofwhich Californians get the principal share. \Ve of Hawaii admitits reciprocal benefits, as it was designed, but deny the softimpeachment of giving little or no returns therefor. In itspractical working it is by no means a one-sided affair in favor ofHawaii, and' it is Jnly those who won't See that are blind to itsUnited States'-and especially California-advantages.

The foregoing are but some of the salient points in the commercial relations existing between San Francisco and the Hawaiian Islands, but they are perhaps sufficient to illustr .. 1c thefact that what affects the prosperity and welfare of Haw'lIi-beit annexation, continuance or abrogation of the treaty, is amatter of serious import to California, fully as much so as toHawaii, not only in its result to the general trade, but in itseffects upon the investments that have been Rhown.

TILOs. G. Thrum.

OFFICIAL REPORT ON THE DESTRUCTION OF HA

WAIIAN POSTAGE STAMPS, ETC.

HONOLULU, FEBRUARY I, 1897.

SIR:-We, your Committee, duly commissioned on the 5th dayof JanualY, A. D. It\97, under and by virtue of a Joint Resolutionof the Legislature, approved May "27, A. D. IK9G, to supervisewith the Minister of Finance and Postmaster General, the Enumeration and Destruction of all Postal Cards and PostageStamps and Envelopes issued prior to the present issue, begleave ~o report that on the 27th day of January, A.D. 1897, your

56 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

Republic of Hawaii.

Committee enumerated the Postage Stamps and Envelopes, as

given in the Inventory annexed hereto Itnd which Was found to

correspond with the lists furnished bl' the Postmaster General,and Registrar of Accounts; that the said Postage Stamps and

Envelopes were then placed in mail bags, sealed with the privateseals of your Committee as well as that of the Government, and

then deposited in the time vault of the Finance Department

until the morning of the ~r<th. when they were transported tothe furnaces of the Hawaiian Electric Co., and there burned in

the presence of the Minister of Finance, the Postmaster General,

and of the several members of your Committee.Respectfully submitted,

(Signed) W. M. GIFFARD'l( ) J. H. SOPER, ,Committee.

( ) F. L. STOLTZ. JToSANFORD B. DOLE,

President of the

INVENTORY OF HAWAIIAN POSTAGE STAMPS AND ENVELOPES

ISSUED PREVIOUS TO THE PJ{ESENT ISSUE OF THE H,EPUBLIC

OF HAWAII AND WHICH RE~IAINED ON HAI'D AT THE POST

OFFiCE A"'D TREASURY, DEC. :31, A.D. 1896.

SURCHARGED PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT. 18!J:I.

""

2 Cent Violtt -lll':!!£-

5 " Light Blue 579UJ~-

10 Chocolate 16:!fi

12 " Black 19j'~-!~

18 " Red l:!~i~*

50 " H.ed . . . . . . . .. . . .. . .. 4:2 :~%!

$1.00 Red 8;)~~!

5 Cent Envelopes i!J:3:!.

10 " 1O,29:t

Sheets :!09, I :35.... 289,5:)6

81,:!00

91',919

6:!,t-Ij9

:! 1.15\-11,!Hll

Stamps

""""""

OnsoLETE Issl'Es.

2 Cent Red, Kam. IV., Imperf., overprinted "Reprint," 92-1+%Sheets, I :),1;'7:\ Stamps.

COTTON GROIVING. 57

(

5 Cent Blue, Kam. IlL, Fac simile of 185:~ issue, overprinted"Reprint," 318H Sheets, 6,:~6!) Stilmps.

13 Cent Red, Kam. IlL, Fac simile of loS.53 issue, overprinted

"Reprint," 415%~ Sheets, 8,304 Stamps.5 Cent Blue, Kam. IlL, ISfd issue, overprinted "Specimen,"

363-H Sheets, 7,276 Stamps.13 Cent Red, Kam. IlL, IHi3 issue, overprinted "Specimen,"

HI2H Sheets, I fi,257 Stamps.In addition to the abilve Inventory of SLlmps your C<llnrnitlr:e

also destroyed 10,000 Reply Postal Cards of the denominationof 2 Cents Blue, issue of l~KI. Th=se Postal Cards, however,were not included III the official inventory of the Postal Bureau,but were a consignment sent a few yeilrs ago in error by theNew York engravers and had never been accepted by theHawaiian Government.

COTTON; A POSSIBLE HAWAIIAN INDUSTRY.

G"X TTENTION has been called 111 the Honolulu press

~~ durin.g the past ye:II', to the .possibilities ~)f Cotton~ grow1l1g as another llldustry SUited to the clImate and

SOIL of these islands, and for which a new market is opening upin Japan in their eager desire for recognition as a manufacturingcenter.

The cultivation of cotton -would be no new thing in Hilwaii,considerable experieilce having been had therewith some thirtyyears ago. It would be, rather, the revival of a lapstd industry,which, during the time of the civil war in the United States,when prices ruied high, gave satisfactory returns to the smallnative plantels here and there on various parts ot the islands.

To :\Ir. H. lit!. \Vhitney, the then publisher of the COllllllercial

_Advertiser and the Nltpepa Kltokoa, belongs the credit of theinitial effort toward its cultivation, for Inot only by his pen inboth languages in the journals mentioned, but in di~tribution

of choice seed; in prizes offered; in the purchase of the product. and the introduction of machines to cleiln ilnd prepare the staple

for shipment, did he aim to encourage the industry. 1863 is

·58 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

the first year where cotton figures in the export tables of theCustom House, amounting to :~, 122 pounds. The followingyear it declined somewhat,' but jumped the third year to 11,780pounds, and reached the climax of its production in 1866 with22,21:l9 pounds. From that time it steadily declined, ceasingentirely in 18,4 with its export of 2,~55 pour-ds.

In this twelve years experience, little if any effort was madeoutside of individ ual Hawaiians; nothing of organized, systematic, or scientific methods were employed; hence, the discour·agements by pokos (cut worms), so numerous in new brokenfields, and the decline in price of the staple as the Southresumed its productive capacity, proved too much for theindividual cultivator of small kcleanas.

The advocate for a new effort in this direction has been devo·ting considerable time the past year to practical tests in differentparts of the islands in support of his views, based on personalexperience in the Southern States, believing that it is not onlyfeasible, but by systematic effort on a large scale can be madequite profitable. By request he has prepared the followingarticle on this subject for this issue of the ANNUAL, in theinterest of diversified industries for Hawaii.

Cotton (gossypi1I11l), a genus of the plant 1J/ntracen, is indigenous 'to all tropical and sub· tropical countries. It has beenscientifically divided into and classified under five primary orprincipal heads, viz.: H erbncelllll, arboreulIl, hirsutulIl, religio

sum and bllrbndense. Professor De C~ndoll, a noted authority,found nineteen species; Dr. Royle referred all to eight, whileSawartz placed all cotton under a single head.

For practical purposes, however, I have found it sufficient toconsider all cotton under the three aspects it presents to thecommercial world. First, we have the herbaceous cotton,representin;4' the entire product of the Southern States and muchof the valuablt: output of oth,r semi-tropical lands. It is reallythe cotton of commerce.. N "xt we find the shrub cotton,peculiar to all parts of the tropics, including the HawaiianIslands. It is grown to some profit in Central and SouthAmerica, Fiji, India and Egypt. Lastly, we note what may becalled tree cotton, peculiar to Egypt but to be found in all

COTTON GROWING. 59

(

countries bordering the Equator. As a fiber producer, it is comparatively worthless.

In the Temperate Zone the herbaceous and shrub cottons areannuals; but in the tropicb they will attain an age of from twoto forty years, in the course of which their product will besubject to gradual deterioration. The pod of the shrub speciesis much larger than that of the herbaceous and is more oval;but the productiveness is almost incomparably less and thestaple is much shorter.

The commercial value of cotton is determined, first, by clean·liness, or freedom from dirt, stain or water; second, by thelength of staple and fineness of fiber; third, by absence of color.The two general classifications are, long and short staple. Ofthe first, the Sea Island species of Cotton may be counted uponfor the best results. It is distinctively a long staple product.All other Cottons of America and the Orient are classed as shortstaples, except in rare cases of a particular lot or growth.Besides having the longest staple, Sea Island Cotton is notedfor the fineness and strength of its fiber, making it the mostvaluable of any of the secondary species. It is used in themanufacture of fine yarns, laces and other delicate fabrics, andis also employed in great quantities by silk manufacturers, thefine, soft, glossy fiber blending almost perfectly with the thread

. of the silk worm.The three classes of cotton named above will flourish equally

in the Hawaiian Islands, though I am inclined to think that theSea Island species of the herbaceous product will stand a widerrange of climate and soil conditions here. That is to say, as aninstance, it could be; grown successfully at Olaa, while the otherspecies would perhaps not be able to c·ontend against theexcessive moisture there. From numerous experiments andminute and constant observation, I am convinced that thegeneral soil of the country meets perfectly the requirements ofthe Sea Island product, and the climate is certainly as favorableas any in the world. That, too, bein~ the cotton of highestconsideration in the markets, it is the species to which thiscountry should naturally direct its entire attention.

One of my best experiments at Sea Island Cotton raising inthe Islands was begun September 1, H:!~6. The seed were

60 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

deposited in the ordinary garden soil of Honolulu. I cultivatedthe plants in the same way as a field of cotton would be workedin the South. The hills, or stalk-stands, were three feet aparteach way. When the third leaf appeared, the plants were"thinned" to one stalk at a stand. For two months after thisoperation, the grass was removed once a week, and fresh earthwas turned about the plants whenever the soil became dry andcrusted. About the second week in January, a little more thanfour months after planting-, harvest began. The yield in sightwas then an average of over 100 bolls, or pods, to the stalkfive times what is, in the South, considered a good crop.

Harvest continued until dbout March 1. In the meantimenew blooms and new pods were constantly appearing.. Then Ibegan the second, and most important part of my experiment.I knew from previous observations that the staple would deterioratt: in a continuous production from the same stalk, and Ibelieved that a system of pruning could be successfully employedto get around the difficulty. So, about the time mentioned allthe limbs of the bushes were cut off, leaving bare stumps, aboutthree teet high, at the service of nature. In a few days new \limbs began to appear. Tht:y came out at the top and alongdown the stump almost to the ground. The upward growth IIfthe mother tree having been checked, all of its strength wasthrown into the new limbs and fruit. More than double the!1umber of branches came out, and the increase in fruit wasnearly three-fold. Pods appeared in clusters on short stemsand in large numbers along the branches. In May, or a littlemore than half the time consumed by the growth of the firstcrop, the second harvest began.

The cotton produced was equal in t:very respect to the firstcrop, and was as fine as any. I have ever seen. As a cottonexpert, I classed it as Middling Fair. On the Liverpool markt:tit should bring, at the opening of the season in August, from 18to 20 cents per pound. The experiment proved conclusivelythat the expense of replanting and recultivating, when a deterioration in the staple is noticed, can be easily avoided and that tothe great enhancement of the yield.

Just what there is in cotton in the Hawaiian Islands must bedetermined by cultivation on a large scale. The small experi·

COTTON GROWING. 61

ments made prove it to be a crop worthy of substantial consideration. It is evident that the yield of the Sea Island productwould be far in advance of that realized on Southern plantations;but I am not prepared to say that the crop would, under all circumstances, prove more profitable than cane. It is a cheapcrop and one of quick returns. In Louisiana, where only theshort staple cotton will grow, a very large acreage in everyparish is devoted to the product. Cotton and cane are foundgrowing in adjoining lands. Here, we have the first advantageof being able to produce a cotton worth twice as much per pound,and, second, of running far ahead of the Louisiana planter in theyield per acre-besides having what is an equal if not bettermarket-the mills of Japan-close at hand.

Since preparing tht foregoing r have been able to determine,with a greater degr~e of certainty, by careful experiments on this

( island, on Maui and on Hawaii, the yield and probable returnsof the cotton industry in this country. The calculations are, ofcourse, made upon a basis of average circumstances arid are notto be relied upon under all conditions. Everything dependsupon the soil, moisture and freedom from very heavy winds.

U r:der conditions similar to those existing at Ewa, this island,I cannot see why, with almost a continuous yield, five bales ofabout 500 pounds cotton per acre, of the finest fiber and staple,may not be rpoduced in a year. At twenty cents per pound,which is a conservative estimate, the market value of an acre ofcotton would be $550.00. The seed would be worth at least$25.00 per acre more, bringing the total receipts up to about$575.00. With labor as cheap as at present, an acre of cottoncan be planted, grown, harvested and marketed for $20. Thisdoes not include the rental of lands nor the cost of irrigation.

If my present plans carry, I hope to organize during thecoming year a company for the cultivation of cotton on an extensive scale. Considerable American support will be enlisted inthe enterprise.

L. D. Timmons

THE DAYS WE CELEBRATE.

HOLIDAYS AND THEIR OBSERVANCE IN' HONOLULU.

~OLIDAYS and anniversaries, national or otherwise,

occupy a prominent place on the ANNUAL'S calendarpa~e, as it does in the Hawaiian mind, if not theirheart; for with the easy going, lighr hearted race, more

impulsive than providen t, the occasions for gaiety, festivity,excitement and feasting touches them, as ~ay be said, "rightwhere they live." This trait of the race is seen in their readyobservance of various individual or family anniversaries, and itmatters not whether it be a birthday or death-day commemora·tion, the preparations for a gra:1d luau, and a gay time thereat,are entered upon with like jollity and must not be interfered withby "previous enga~ements" or common routine labor. It isnot then a matter of wonderment that Hawaiians observed thecelebration of the Queen's Diamond Jubilee with the same gustothat they did the Fourth of July, nor that they observe anyforeign national holiday with the same spirit that they do theirown.

That this has ever 'been so, or at least since forei~n anniver.saries were introduced or recognized here, may be inferred bythe following paragraph in a private journal by a pioneer residentrecording the observance of July 4th in Honolulu in 1829.

"Many dinner parties were held and many luaus among thenatives were got up. In fact, it would be difficult to say whoappeared to take most interest in the occasion, Americans ornatives."

Just how much we forei~ners have imbibed this Hawaiiantrait, whether influenced by them, or through the seductiveeffects of their climate, might be a fruitful subject for SocialScience Club consideration, and it may be of interest to readers,here and abroad-certainly in future years-if a brief record is

THE DAYS WE CELEBRATE. 63

1

given of the Hawaiian holidays of 1897, and how Honolulan'sobserved them.

For this purpose they are dealt with in chronological sequencerather than in their order of importance.

January 1st., New Year's. This important day of happygreeting and mile·stones of good resolutions to so many nationsand peoples has lost none of its hold upon the civilized andeducated mind by its transplanting to these isles of the Pacific,though It may be losing some of the customs, of late years, thatprevailed when whalemen formed a large part of Honolulu'sforeign population at the holiday season, from whom the Kanaka·boat boys, doubtless, took points as they sought to catch youfirst with the greeting "Happy New Year," and, if successful,would follow it up with-"Give me a quarter."

This well.wishing for a consideration has been out-grown andthe practice of New Year's calls by gentlemen upon their circleof lady friends has become obsolete, as it has elsewhere.

The events of the day of 1897, as for several years past, wereof a semi-official, social character. From II o'clock till noon thePresident and Mrs. Dole held an offiCIal reception at the Exe:utivebuilding, which was largely attended by officials and citizens.This was followed by the usual New Year's lunch and receptionat the rooms of the Y. M. C. A. for young men, under the auspi.ce's of the W. C. T. U. and the "Y's," at which the Presidentand Mrs. Dole, Mr. and Mrs. P. C. Jones, Judge and Mrs. Frear,Mrs. Dillingham, Mr. and Mrs. A. B. Wood and others assisted.In the evening a free concert was given in the Hall. Both eventsproved successful in drawing a large atte~dance. Picnic and ex·cursion parties to different attractive points, by railroad or otherconveyance, were many, while in the afternoon a foot-ball contestbetween "towns and gowns" gave an exciting outing to a largegathering at the Makiki Basebitll League grounds.

January lith. Anniversary of the downfall of the monarchy.This has been observed regularly since 1893 .but was not estab·lishedas a National holiday till the Legislature of 1896 made it so.

This year it was celebrated on Saturday the 16th, the leadingevents being a big luau in the court room of the Police Stationby the police force, at which the Attorney General, the Marshaland other officials connected with the department were partici.

64 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

pants, and in the afternoon a series of athletic sports and bicyclecontests at Kapiolani Park, which gave entertainment to a largenumber of people.

Chinese New Year fell due in 1897 on February 1st. Thisday of all days in the year to a Chinaman has forced itself intorecognition here for a number of years past, partly owing to theirnumbers, and partly in having been so "nominated in the bond"twenty or more years ago that "three days holiday" be grantedthem for the observance of their New Year's festivities. Fromthat time Honolulu households have been ruled once a year forseveral days, if not more, by their Chinese help. Fire·crackerand bomb explosions were of frequent occurrence day and night,commencing the eveninK before the new moon and lasting tillthe day after. LarKe lighted lanterns decorated their verandahs,while all of them, even the poorest, kept open house to all visitors,to whom they tendered refreshments and delicacies such as theirmeans allowed. Since the formation of the United ChineseSociety, official receptions have been held on this day at theirbuilding, by Goo Kim, the Chinese consular agent for theseislands, assisted by the officers of the Society. A noted featureis the elaborate luncheon provided; the hospitalities extendedusually lasting from 12 to 2 p. m.

February 22nd. Washington's birthday. Though not gazettedas a holiday it has nevertheless been observed by many residentshere for years past. Of late it has been noticed as a generalholiday in a quiet way by the closing of all government offices.Its observance this year was further marked by an afternoonreception on the U. S. S. A lert, and the meeting in the eveningof the Hawaiian Society of Sons of the American Revolution.The American Relief Fund officers hold their annual meeting onthis anniversary to recount the aid needy countrymen haverequired of them, and strengthen each others hands for futuredeeds of similar benevolence. They have done this regularlynow for 33 years.

March 17th. This is not St. Patrick's day in Hawaii, but thebirthday of Kamehameha IlL, in commemoration of his consider·ation for his people in giving them lands, their first writtenconstitution and the ballot. For these and kindred deeds, hehas been termed "Kauikeaouli the good." As a holiday it'is not

THE DAYS WE CELEBRATE 65

(

observed as it used to be, and has ceased to be gazetted as anatior.al day.

May 24th. Queen Victoria's birthday. This day, usuallyhonored with patriotic observance, had in it this year an extravein of loyalty by no means limited to British subjects. Gaybunting fluttered to the breeze, and the general invitation by thelate Commissioner Hawes to his afternoon reception in Herhonor proved a memorable event, the very large attendanceindicating the regard felt by all classes, in this mid· Pacific realm,for England's noble Queen.

May 30th. Decoration or Memorial day is a holiday of com·parative recent adoption in Honolulu, dating with 1883, but ithas found here a responsive, sympathetic field. It was observedthis year on Saturday the 29th, with unusual impressiveness.While originating with the G. A. R. organization, and held asa military day, its observance is much more general than manysuppose, from its mute appeal in memory of the dear departed.The procession this year-through the presence in port of thePhiladelphia and Marion, and participation of the police force,regulars and mounted-was quite imposing as it marched to theNuuanu Cemetery, many bearing floral tributes with which todecorate the graves of fallen comrades. The address of theoccaSIOn, which was both eloquent and appropriate, was deliveredby Col. G. F. Little of Hilo.

June II tho Kamehameha day is a national holiday that cameinto existence in the latter part of the reign of Kamehameha V.,said to be in honor of the conqueror of the group and founder ofthe dynasty; but in actual fact, it is the "Derby day" of Hawaii,the annual races taking place at Kapiolani Park. This sport hasmarked fascination for Hawaiians as well as many others; andthe program of events are made to cover a full day. As an offsetto the known influences attending the race track, the day ischosen for the annual picnics of the several Sunday Schools ofthe various foreign churches, and by free tram-car, bus, or rail·road conveyance, participants are whirled away to variousattractive grounds where games are instituted for the little ones,and busy, self sacrificing committees prepare the good thingsfor romping, hunl{ry crowds. The centers of such attractionsthis year were Punahou grounds-as for several years past; Allen

66 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

Herbert's Kalihi premises, and Remond Grove, while privatepicnic parties sought the Pali, Tantalus and valley seclusions.

Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee celebration was observedJune 23rd. as a general holiday. Government, Consular andprivate flag staffs and vessels in port were gay with bunting.A morning regatta, comprising a series of six aquatic events,gave interest and excitement to a large gathering of people whocrowded wharves and shipping, though the absence of trade windsrendered t~e yacht races tediou!' and finally void. Special thanks·giving services were held at 51. Andrew's Cathedral at 10.30 a.m. The house was crowded to its doors. The sermon wasdelivered by Rev. Alex. Mackintosh, and the choir for the occasion comprised 80 voices.

Children's sports were made a feature of the day, and from 10a. m. till 1 p. m. a gay play field was made of Kapiolani Parkgrounds. The series of games was succeeded by a long program of field sports by athletic aspirants, the winners of prizesbeing decorated with gold medals by Mrs. T. R. vValker, onbehalf of the committee. One special race had for its prize a finegole! watch, suitably inscribed, the gift of the late CommissionerHawes. The tram cars and other conveyances did a livelybusiness conveying the many people to and fro. N otwithstanding the full day's enthusiasm, the climax of enjoyment was inevidence at the grand ball in the evening at InGependence Park,in honor of the day. The hall was tastefully decorated for theoccasion with' flags, palms, evefl{reens and electric lights ofspecial designs. Over 800 people were estimated to be inattendance.

] uly 4th. Through declaring the Republic of Hawaii, in 1895,on the Anniversary of American Independence, we have sincethen a dual celebration on this day. The Fourth falling thiS yearon Sunday, its commemoration was set for the following day;though, in fact, certain features took place on the third. Elaborate preparations had been made through various committees fora display of more than usual patriotism. Favorable politicalprospects, with a prosperous business year, found the communityresponsive to suggestions for a jubilant celebration that shouldeclipse all that had preceded It, and, if the crowding of eventswithin limited time is any'indication, it can be scored a succ~ss.

I --

EXECUTIVE BUILDING.

JUDICIARY BUILDING.

THE DAYS WE CELEBRATE, 67

...

The presence'in port of the Philadelphia, which' had participatedsuccessfully in a water carnival a short time before at SanDiego, suggested the introduction of an illuminated carnival inour harbor to accompany an exhibition of fireworks to be set offabreast of the Inter-Island Co's wharf. This feature of the ct:lebration took place on the evening of the third. Unfortunately thewind grew boisterous and interfered somewhat with the successof several pieces, as also with the effect.ivc: display of the Carnival. The illuminatiop of the Healani and Myrtle boat clubquarters; the Philadelphia, and the free use ot her search lighls,as also the Naniwa's, added much to the brilliancy of the scene.The wharves and shipping were thronged with spectators; theband on the Philadelphia, and the Government band on thewharf alternating in discoursing patriotic and other airs for theenjoyment of all. Competitive prizes were awarded for ongin·ality and effectiveness 'of design in the several carnival entries.,Great guns ushered in the morning of the 5th, arousing the ,cityto an exciting day and busy hands 'to the com pletion of decora'tions. In due time ship and shore were resplendent with colors;the residences, hotels and business houses decorated with flags,shields, bunting etc., and the populace largely badged with "OldGlory" gave an impress to the city quite unmistakable.

A parade of the military compames has of late become a Fourthof July event. The usual turnout of "Antiques and Horribles,'so called, gave place this year to a gent:ral proct:sslJn, withsundry floats, which, joining with the military, police and FireDepartment, gave a large and imposing procession, which wasvery successfully carried out under the marshalship of \Y. H.Hoogs.

Floral decorations were a feature in several divisions of theprocession, but markedly so with the Fire Department, whichturned out in full force. The bicyclists, both single and tandem,sought effectiveness in the more airy bunting and ribbons,flowers lending tasteful harmony in several schemes. The floatsattracted much attention, comprising a Hawaiian fishing company in their canoe beneath a lanai formed of Cocoa-nut leaves;the signing of the Declaration of Independence, enacted by acompany of young men in wig and ancient costume; Tug-of·warcontest, illustrative of the pending Japan-Hawaiian immigration

68 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

controversy. The floats of business firms comprised commendable exhibits by W. W. Dimond, J. T. Waterhouse, the CentralMeat Co., Lewis & Co. and People's Ice Co.

A diminutive cart completely covered with flowers, In which apretty child as plettily dressed, rode, drawn by a shetland pony,attracted much attention enroute. Crowds of spectators linedthe streets and blocked sidewalks thlOughout the line of march,all nationalities enjoying the occasion. Messrs C. B. Ripley,G. C. Beckley, A. T. Atkinson, D. Logan and C. B. \Vilsonwere the judges for prizes in the exhibits.

Shortly after the procession ended, the Opera House openedfor the literary and strictly American exercises of the day. Itwas quickly crowded by a throng eager to welcome and hearMinister Sewall, orator of the day. Nor were they disappointed.The patriotic utterances and imposing airs fell on responsiveears. The afternoon was devoted to field sports and games forall ages at the Makiki base-ball grounds, be/;inning at I :30 o'clock.The entries were many in each event; and prizes were contestedfor, followed by a regular lea/;ue game of base ball, free to allthe gathered throng, at 4 p. m.

From 3 to 6 p. m. the official reception of United StatesMinister and Mrs. Sewall took place at their Waikiki residence,which was very generally attended. \Vith the effective buntingand palm decorations of house and grounds, the delight ofmusic by the Philadelphia's band, and the agreeableness of hostand hostess, everybody was charmed. The grand ball in Independence Park paviliun eclipsed all public balls that had preceded it. The decorations were mentioned as specially appropriate to the day, and the occasion was tasty and effective. Invi.tations had been sent out freely. A large attendance had beenplanned for and the expectations of the Committee materialized.

July 31st. This used to be a grand Hawaiian holiday in theolden times in commemoration of the restoration of the Hawaiianflag by Admiral Thomas (particulars of whIch are gIven in theANNUAL for l89J), but it was struck out of the calendar ofnational days by Kamehameha V. Nevertheless, many nativeshold it in annual remembrance by luau gatherings throughoutthe city, as they did this yt:ar.

Regatta day. This is a new national holiday, by legislativeenactment in 1896, whereby the third Saturday of September is

THE DAYS WE CELEBRATE. 69

set apart in deference to the desire of quite a number of Honolulu's populace for the encouragement of aquatic sports. Itsfirst observance, last year, was entered upon with considerablespirit and enthusiasm between rival yachtsmen and contestingcrews of the various boat cluhs, and, at this writing, the eventsfor this year promise to e<;lipse it in interest through more variedentries.

Thanksgiving day. Good Americans early engrafted this dayin Hawaiian soil, and though not appearing as a national day, is,nevertheless, regularly observed by special and apprupriatereligious services. Last year it was. made also a HawaiianThanksgiving day by proclamation of President Dole, and nodoubt has come into this country's calendar to stay.

November 28th. Anniversary of the recognition of HawaiianIndependence. This is justly a national holiday of much interestto Hawaiians and all interested in the welfare uf the country,commemorating, as it does, the compact of England and France,on this date, in 18403, "to consider the SandWIch Islands as anIndependent State; and never to take pOi;isession,. neither dire-:tlyor under the title of protectorate, or under any other form, of anypart of the territory of which they are composed. "';' 'vVithoutthis, Hawaii would have been early shipwrecked in her career,and not left to choose her destiny.

December 25th. As in all Christian lands, Christmas standsout on the calendar of Church and State in Hawaii nei with anindividuality which no othEr holiday possesses. The days andweeks of preparation of tokens of Good will, and the attractivedisplay of Christmas goods make the coming of "Santa Claus"a welcome event.

So general has the custom of giving gifts at this seasonbecome, that, not only have Hawaiians learned the joy thereof,but Chinese and Japanese are not strangers to its observance.

Family gatherings and Christmas tree entertainments enlivenmany homes, as also the various Sunday Schools of the city,sometimes to receive and sometimes to distribute for the joy andcomfort of others. In this and other ways the unfortunate leperson Molokai are always remembered at this glad season. Thereligious feature of the day is observed by special services in allthe foreign churches.

* See Annual of 1893, .page 68.

BRIEF HISTORY OF DIFFERENCES BETWEEN

HAW All AND JAPAN.

BY S. E. BISHOP, D. D.

~N 1895 a law was enacted in Hawaii, which prohibited any

immigrant to land who could not produce $50. Theobject of this regulation was to prevent destitute immigrants becoming a public burden. This law was repeat·

edly enforced against white immigrants, and was known to haveacted to prevent many more from embarking for Hawaii. In1896 this law was found to be systematically evaded by Japaneseimmigrants, increasing numbers of whom were pouring into theseIslands. In 11)84 the Japanese in Hawaii numbered 116; in1890 they numbered 12,360; in 1896 they were 24.407, out of atotal population of .109,0:20. In 1~95 the whole arrivals ofJapanese were 2,:3\:18, while during 1896 there were 6,322, ofwhom 2,273 came during the last three months of the year.

At that rate, in less than ten years the Japanese would form amajority of the whole population, and Hawaii would become aJapanese colony.

Up to a r"ecent date, nearly all the Japanese immigrants werebrought here as contract laborers, to supply needed labor on thesugar plantations. These laborers were introduced under aspecial convention made with Japan in 1886, whereby all suchpersons were to have special permits previously secured fromthis Government hy the planters, and at the expiration of theircontracts, Were to be returned to Japan, if they so desired, at theplanters' expense. The increase of arrivals in 11:196 was due tothe efforts of Emigration Companies organized in Japan, whichpoured into Hawaii many thousands of independent immigrants.In order to evade the law, it was found that each immigrantwas supplied with $50 as a loan from the Emigration Company.

·DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HAWAII AND JAPAN. 71

This loan was to be repaid to the Company immediately afterthe immigrant landed.

After some ineffectual attempts to check these frauds, whichwere thwarted by appeals to the local Courts, the Government,supported by American precedents, adopted a determined andsummary course of treatment. On March lith, I S97, the Japanese steamer Shinshill-Maru arrived with 670 Japanese passengersfor Honolulu. A careful examination of these passengers bythe Deputy-Collector, as by law provided, resulted in findingthat only 235 of them were qualified to enter the c()untry. Itwas found that a majority of those immigrants exhibiting $50of coin were not the bona fide possessors of the same, but hadreceived it as a temporary loan for' the purpose of evading thelaw. It was also found that a majority of those of the companywho claimed to hold contracts to labor were WIthout the requiredpermit from the Government.

The cases of the rejected immigrants were appealed from theDeputy·Collector to the Supreme Court, whose decision wasrendered against them on March 17th, following certain decisionsof the U. S. Supreme Court, to the ~ffect that the inspectingofficer had sole jurisdiction to determine the right of immigrantsto land under the law, and no other tribunal could interfere.

During the two following days, the Minister of Foreign Affairs,Henry E. Cooper, together with the Collector· General, J. B.Castle, carefully reexamined the cases of the 535 persons previously rejected by Dept:ty-Collector McStocker. A most lenientcourse was pursued, under which 112 more were passed. Theremaining 413_ were reshipped to Japan by the ship they cameon, which sailed March 20th.

On March 19th, the Japanese steamerSakura·Maru arrivedwith 316 more immigrants, of whom 163 were similarly rejected.The ship being bound to Seattle, they remained here in chargeof the Marshal. On April 8th, the Kinai·Maru arrived with 682free laborers from Japan. After a careful examination, like thatof the others, by Messrs. Cooper and Castle, 549 of these werealso rejected. On April 18th, the Kinm·Maru returned to Japanwith these. and the 163 rejected from the Sakura-Maru. In all1125 Japanese immigrants were forcibly rejected as disqualifiedto enter, and were sent home by the Hawaiian Government.

72 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

The japanese Minister at Honolulu, Mr. Shimamura, stronglyprotested against these proceedings. Strong language of disapproval was used in a public. meeting of japanese residents.This action of the Hawaiian Government awakened the mostserious displeasure in that of japan, as being in violation ofTreaty rights. It also created much excitement among thejapanese public, as manifested by strong denunciatimls in thejapanese newspapers.

On May 5th, the Japanese cruiser Naniwa·kan arrived, bringing Councillor Akiyama, who was commissioned to cooperatewith Minister Shimamura, in seeking redress for the injury done.The active correspondence with Minister Cooper was continued,which had been begun by Mr. Shimamura. In anticipation ofdifficulty arising with japan, the U. S. S. Philadelphia hadarrived on April 16th with Admiral Beardslee.

Without describing at length the somewhat voluminouscorrespondence, the purpose of this historical sketch will begained, by stating the positions maintained by the contendingparties.

After the arrival of Mr. Akiyama with instructions from Tokyo,the Japanese Representatives at once took what the HawaiianGovernment considered an extreme and untenable position.They entirely denied that, under her Treaty of 1871 with japan,Hawaii had any right at all to restrict the entrance and residenceof japanese subjects in these islands. They refused to enterupon any investigation or discussion of whether the personsostensibly possessing $50, were in bona fide possession thereof,or had been treated with justice.

The main position taken by the Japanese Representatives wasthat of planting themselves immovably upon an extreme interpretation of the Treaty of 1871, which, they claimed, gave to thesubjects of japan in Hawaii all the rights and privileges enjoyedby the subjects of the "most favored nation." The words of theTreaty upon which they based that claim, are the following, inArticle II of that Treaty:

"Article II. The subjects of each of the two high contractingparties, respectively, shall have the liberty freely and securely tocome with their ships and cargoes to all places, ports and riversin the territories of the other, ~here trade with other nations is

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HA WAll AND JAPAN. 73

permitted; they may remain and reside in any such ports andplaces, respectively, and hire and occupy houses and ware houses,and may trade in all kinds of produce, manufactures and mer·chandise of lawful commerce, enjoying at all times the s(l11leprivileges as may have been, or lJlay hereafter be granted to thecztizells or subjects of any other nation, paying at all times suchduties and taxes as may be enacted f.-om the citizens or subjectsof other nations doing business or residing within the territoriesof each of the high contracting parties."

Japan now claims that the words of the article which are hereprinted in italics, constitute what is known as a "most favorednation" provision,. entitling the subject of Japan coming toHawaii, to all the rights and privileges which are conferred bytreaty upon Citizens or subjects of any other nation.

The Hawaiian Government controvert this claim of Japan bypointlng out that the words upon which that claim rests form adependent clause, between, l:ommas, in a sentence relatingsolely to persons engaged in trade, and to the privileges of tradeto be enjoyed by such persons. These words do not relate torights and privileges in genenil, nor to rights and privileges tobe employed by Japanese subjects of all classes, but solely totrading privileges to be enjoyed by Japanese traders. They alsomaintain that so broad and important a "most favored nation"provision as this is claimed by Japan to be, conferring extensiverights upon all classes of Japanese subjects, would not havebeen made in an obscure and ambiguous clause of a sentence,but would have been expressed clearly by itself in a distinct andseparate article.

The Japanese Represectatives carry their application of theTreaty still farther by quoting a Treaty made by Hawaii withSpain in 1863, in Article IV of which occur the following words:"In fine, they shall in all respects enjoy the same rights andprivileges which are granted to natives, and they shall be subjectto the same conditions." Japan accordingly claims that underthe "most favoted nation" provision in their own treaty, Japanese subjects are like those of Spain, entitled to all privilegeswhich are granted to natives of Hawaii, including the right toenter the country at will, and the right of voting.

To this, the Hawaiian reply is that this article also had refer-

74 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

ence solely to the privileges to be enjoyed by traders as such,and that Spain had never claimed under its provisions the rightsof voting franchise, etc., enjoyed by natives.

No progress having been made by the correspondence towardsa mutual good understanding, and the attitude of Japan beingunyielding, on June 28th, the Government of Hawaii proposedto the representatives of ]a'pan to submit the points in contro·versy to Arbitration. Two weeks later, word was received inWashington that Japan signified consent to that proposition,and much "atisfaction was expressed at the reasonable andfriendly disposition shown thereby.

On August 16th, the written reply of the Japanese Governmentwas received in Honolulu. It was such as to seriously abatethe hopes previously entertained. "The Japanese Governmentaccepted in principle the suggestion of the Hawaiian Government for arbitration." They now "explain the terms and conditions" deemed "essential to a satisfactory issue," and proposethe King of the Belgians as sole arbitrator.

In "defining the scope of the reference" Count Okuma deemsit "due to frankness" to state "that the Imperial Governmentcannot consent that the questions of the bona fides of thepossession of $00 by each of the free laborers, or of the applicability of the Treaty of 1871 to Japanese subjects other thanthose belonging to the merchant class, shall be regarded aspoints at issue upon which the decision of the arbitrator is to beinvited. If the Government of the Republic are ~repared tomeet the Imperial Government upon the foregoing essentialpoints, it is not apprehended that any difficulty wiII be experienced in arriving at an understanding in reference to the questIOns of minor importance."

Count Okuma fails to specify those "minor" questions. Oneof them is understood to relate to an increased duty on saki, orrice-wine, of which large quantities are imported from Japan.The two "essential points" which he specifies as the onesimpossible to submit to arbitration, are precisely the two greatpoints upon which Hawaii failed to agree, and therefore proposeto submit to arbitration.

The reply of Foreign Minister Cooper was made on Augu!>t30th. It lilUggests "that this Government cannot be e~pected

IMPORTING TROPICAL FRUITS, 75

to give its reply as to whether or not this proposal i~ acceptableuntil the points which the Imperial Government are willing tohave submitted to arbitration are definitely made known to it."

The negotiations were thus, in September, apparently at adeadlock, Japan claiming extraordinary rights and privile~es forher subjects, which Hawaii would not admit, while Japan refusedto arbitrate that question. In the meantime' the Nalliwa·kansailed for home, early in September, thus withdrawing all semblance of menace, if any such had been intended.

IMPORTING TROPICAL FRUITS.

~T seems strange in this tropic land, wherein oran~es and~ limes of excellent quality abound, that Hawaii should beCi:J beholden to other markets for a sufficient supply of tropicalfruit for local demands, yet in 1896 California supplied theseislands with I ,3~6 boxes of oranges, valued at $3,282.26, and722 boxes of lemons and limes valued at $1,295.45, and fromother directions came' 300 boxes of limes and 142 boxes oforanges, valued at $600.30; showing a total outlay of $5,1 i7 .98for prod ucts which with a little enterprise and forethought shouldfigure among our exports, or at least prove sufficient to meet therequIrements of our own market. This condition exists solelyfrom the fact that there is no systematic cultivation of tropicalfruits, outside of bananas and pineapples, carried on in any ofthe islands. Perhaps this condition, so far as certain sectinnsof the islands are concerned, may result from the alleged perish·able character of tropical fruit and distance from market, but theabove showi~gwould indicate that there is at least $5,000 a yearthat can be sdved to some local fruit raiser instead of its goingabroad. On the principle that "a penny saved is two penceearned," this means $10,000 to Hawaii.

EDUCATION IN HAWAII.

PRIMITIVE SCHOOLS.

~DUCATION in the Hawaiian Islands may be said to have

begun with the year 1822, when the first spelling bookwas printed. The eagerness of the people to acquire the

? novel and wonderful arts of reading and writing wasintense, and for the next few years almost the whole populationwent to school. These primitive schools were kept from one totwo hours in the afternoon, and were called together by theblowing of conch shells. The attendance of the adults, however,gradually fell off, and after 1830 the chief attention of themissionaries was paid to the education of the children. Duringthe next ten years several important schools were founded,which are still flourishing.

ORGANIZATION OF GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.

Soon after the adoption of a written Constitution in 1840, thefirst school laws were enacted by the King and chiefs in council.In 1843 a department of Public Instruction was organized andplaced under the charge of a ministt:r of the Crown, who hadthe direction of the school agents in each district, and personallyinspected all the schools. This arduous position was first heldby Mr. W. Richards, at whose death in 1847 it was given to Mr.R. Armstrong, under whose able and energetic administrationgreat progress was made. In 1855 the department was reorganized as a bureau, administered by a Board of Education,consisting of five members, of which Mr. Armstrong was thepresident until his death in 1860. In 1865 the office of InspectorGeneral was created, and first filled by the late Judge Fornander,the distinguished historian and archaelogist. By an act of theLegislature of 1896, the school system of Hawaii was againconstituted a department of the Government. By this Act theMinister of Foreign Affairs is ex-ofjicio Minister of Public Instruction, and presides over a board of six Commissioner::;, appointed

iII

;..

HIGH SCHOOL, HONOLULU.

L

PAUAHI HALL. OAHU COLLEGE.

EDUCATION IN HAWAII. 77

by the President of the Republic, whose term of office is threeyears, one-third of them retiring every year. Two of the commissioners are ladies.

THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN SCHOOLS.

At the outset, the public schools were all taught in the Hawaiian language, and used Hawaiian text· books. In 1840 a familyschool for the young chiefs of both sexes was established inHonolulu, in which English was the sole medium of instruction.Ten years later it developed into the present Royal School.Other English schools were afterwards instituted by the Government, in response to a popular demand, at which a fee of $5.00a year for each pupil was charged. This class of schools steadilyincreased in n urn bers till in 1888, they contained a majority ofthe school population, when they were made free schools by law.Since then the schools conducteu in the Hawaiian languagehave rapidly diminished, until now they have ceased to exist.The School Act of 1896 requires that the English language shallbe the medium and basis of instruction in all public and privateschools. The law also requires that every child between theages of six and fifteen, both inclusive, shall attend either a publicor a private school. Special police, called truant officers, areemployed in every district to enforce this requirement of the law.

THE GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS UNSECTARIAN.

The heterogeneous character of our population makes it vitallyimportant that all the children should be trained in the use ofone common language, the English, as well as in the knowl~dge

and practice of their duties in all their relations to others ami tothe State.

No distinctively religious teaching, however, is given in theGovernment schools, and no person in holy orders or ministerof religion is eligible to fill the office of Minister of Public Instruction or that of Inspector-General. The Constitution of theRepublic of Hawaii also forbids any aid from the public treasuryto "any sectarian, denominational or private school."

THE STATUS OF TEACHERS.

The school system is essentially American in its text bo'oksand its methods. The department holds periodical examinationsfor teachers, and issues three grades of Primary certificates,

18 HA IVAllAN ANNUAL.

according to the percentage obtained. During the past fewyears a Normal school has heen established at Honolulu, with apractice school attached to it, which is supplying a class ofteachers acquainted with the peculiar conditions of our schoolsand the best methods of dealing with them.· The teachers haveformed associations in the different islands for their own mutualimprovement, and a national Summer School is held each yearin Honolulu, in which eminent educators from the UnitedStates take an active part. Removals of teachers rarely takeplace, and only for cause. The schools are in session for fortyweeks during the year.

GOVERNMENT SCHOOLS.

The limits of this article forbid any attempt to describe individual Government schools. .There are many of them whichwould be a credit to any country, and the general standard isconstantly rising. As might be expected, nearly all of the pupilsare in what are called Primary and lower Grammar grades inCalifornia.

The highest place among these schools is held by the Honolulu High School, which is justly the pride of the Department,both for the beauty of the building and grounds, and for the highcharacter of the instruction given in it. The Royal School,already referred to, has grawn into a school of eleven rooms,and nearly 500 pupils.

INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.

The importance of Industrial training is fully appreciated bythe Government, although it is as yet but partially provided for.The Lahainaluna Seminary, founded in 1831, and taken over bythe Government in 11:\4,9, furnishes instruction in agriculture, carpentry, printing and mechanical drawing, and the students havehitherto raised most of their own food. The boys in the Reformatory School are now learning useful trades. The experimentof teaching sewing in the schools has met with great success.A simple form of the Swedish Sloyd system of knife work hasbeen introduced into a number of schools.

INDEPENDENT SCHOOLS.

But the best work in this direction is being done by certainIndependent schools. The Kamehameha Schools for Hawaiian

EDUCATION IN HAWAII. 79

boys and girls, founded by the late Mrs. Bernice Pauahi Bishop,besides furnishing a good 'primary and grammar school education, provides a thorough m ,m ual training in several branches.The buildings are among the finest in the country, and are fittedwith every moderr: improvement.

The Hilo Boys' Boarding School, which was founded sixtyyears ago, as a self-supporting industrial school, suggested toGen. Armstrong the plan of the Hampton Institute. A similarschool has been established at Malumalu near Lihue, Kauai, byprivate benevolence.

Thereare a number of boarding schools for girls at Honoluluand other places in the Islands, s~pported by private individualsand Mission funds, which are renderinginvaluable services to thenation. These last formerly received grants from the Government, called "capitation fees," which, are now discontin ued.

The most advanced and comprehensive courses of study areoffered by Oahu College, which occupies a beautiful site, in theeastern suburb of Honolulu. This noble foundation has grownout of a small school founded by the American Mission in 1841.

It now possesses a fine and commodious group of modernbuildings and extensive 'grounds. It furnishes what is virtuallya High School course, and also a thorough Classical course,besides instruction in modern languages, music, drawing, etc.The high standing which its graduates have taken in the universities of the United States, speaks well for the training whichthey have received here.

The St. Louis College at Honolulu is conducted by Brothersof Mary from their training college at Dayton, Ohio, who aredoing faithful and effective work. It has at present over 500pupils in its various departments. Iolani College, under thedirection of the Anglican Bishop of Honolulu, is a well conductedacademy for boys.

KINDERGARTENS.

Free Kindergartens were established in Honolulu in 1892 byan association of benevolent ladies for children of five differentraces, and have met with a gratifying degree of success. Othershave since been opened at Palama, at the Ewa Plantation, atHilo, and in other places.

80 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL".

STATISTICS.

Over one-fifth of the" expenditures of the Hawaiian Government have been for the support of public schools, viz: $404,000for the two years ending December 31, 1897. Probably half asmuch ag'ain is expended on independent schools, which wouldbring up the total amount spent for the cause of education inHawaii to about $300,000 per annum.

The average salary paid Government school teachers last yearwas $626. The following tables show that 14,023 pupils wereenrolled in the schools of the Hawaiian Islands at the close otthe year 1896. Of the entire attendance 56.5 per cent was Hawaiian or part-Hawaiian, and 25 per cent Portug'uese. Of the14,023 pupils, 10,189 were attending Government schools, and3,834 Independent schools. The former gave employment to111 male and 169 female teachers, total 280 teachers, and thelatter to 72 male and 130 female teachers, total 202 teachers.Of all teachers in the country 46.5 per· cent are Americans.Hawaiians and part-Hawaiian teachers come next, and form26.5 per cent of tbe entire teaching force.

NUMBER OF SCHOOLS, TEACHERS AND PUPILS FOR THE YEAR 1896.

ISCHOOLS.' TEACHERS.· 1_ PUPI~ __

__• MALE.I FEMALE.i~1MALE. FEMALE.~~

Government..... 132 I' III I 169 i 280 5,754 4,435 10,189Independent.... " '1__63_1~~i 202 1,994~~834

Grand TotaL.. 195' 183 i 299 I 482 7,748 6,275 14,023

NATIONALITY OF PUPILS ATTENDING SCHOOLS FOR THE YEAR 1896.I

, MALE. i FEMALE. TOTAL.----------

3,048 i 2,432 5,4801,152 1,296 2,448

219 198 417105 151 256152 136 288

2,066 1,534 :~,600

51 47 98242 155 3()7641 280 921

15 13 2857 33 90

7.748 6,275 14,02;,

W. D. Alexander.

NATIO:-IALITY.

Hawaiian .Part-Hawaiian ". '" - .. " .American .. _ " " .British , .German " " ,Portuguese " " .Scandinavian "..Japanese... ." .Chinese " .South Sea ·Islanders .Other Foreigners.. ',' .

I----~

Grand Total. .

NOTES ON THE CENSUS OF 1896.

~HE population of the Hawaiian Islands is heterogenous

~~ in character, being made up of Hawaiian, American,British, German, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese and

(' other nationalities. The total number of the populationin 1896, the date of the last census, was 109,020; males, 72,517,and females, 36,503. Of these 31,019 were full blooded Hawaiians, 23,038 were Americans and Europeans, 24,407 were Japanese, 21,616 were Chinese, and 455 were South Sea Islanders.There remain 8,485 Part-Hawaiians, who derive their, descent

~ from American, European, or Asiatic fathers and IIawaiianmothers.

POPULATION IN GENERAL.

The Hawaiian population, of pure birth, is still decreasing,though the rate of decrease was less for the past six years thanit was for the similar period before that. From 1884 to 1890 thedecrease was 13.9 per cent, while from 1890 to 1896, it was 9.9per cent.

The Part-Hawaiian population shows a large increase on theother hand, having advanced from 6,186, as reported in 1890, to8,485 in 1896, a gain of 2,299, or 37.1 per cent.

The Hawaiian born population where both parents are foreigners also shows a wonderful advance, viz: 7,495, as against13,733, an increase of 6,238, or 83.4 per cent. Of this number6,959 are Portuguese, thus out of a total pure Portuguese population of 15,191 according to the report, 45.8 per cent were bornon the islands. Of the Japanese population, only 8.5 per cent,and of the Chinese 10.3 per cent were born here. These lattermay be reg-arded as the transient population, a people who comeand go but do 110t make their homes on the Islands, whereas theAmericans and Europeans do make their homes upon the Islands,bring up their children upon the Boil as it were, and form a per-

82 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

manent population, a population which, together with the PartHawaiians will eventually form the entire backbone of the Islandpeople.

The foreign born population has increased from 41,87:3 to 55,783, ~n advance of 13,910, or 33.2 per cent. It is among thissection of the population that the great disproportion of the sexesoccurs, and of course it is here that the preponderance of theAsiatic comes in. Of this 55,783 mentioned above, 22,329 wereJapanese and 19,382 were Chinese, a total or 41,711; of these36,121 were males and 5,590 were females. These, as has beenstated already, must be regarded as in a great measure a floatingpopulation, working on the plantations, and returning to theirnative countries with small accumulations saved from theirwages, their places being filled by fresh immigrants.

Summing up the percentage of population it will be found asfollows:

Per cent of thePopulation.

Hawaiians , '" .......•.............•••••.••••.. 28.4Part-Hawaiians _..... .. 7.8Americans, Europeans and their de'lcendants. . . . . . . . . . .. 21.1Japanese...•••.......... _....................•... - ... 22.:;Chinese...•...............................•..•....... 19.8Other Nationalities............................. .6

A KEY NOTE.

The key note of the future is to be found among the survivalsof children. If the young children are increasing, there is hopeof a healthy state growing up. Now in this direction the prospects are good. The total increase of the population dUrIng thesix years from 1890 to 1896 was 21.1 per cent, but the increaseof children between the ages of one and six years during thesame period has been 4,496, or 39 per cent, which is a thoroughlyhealthy showing.

Analyzing the increase of young children accordIng to nationality there is a gain among Hawaiians of 5 per cent, the figuresbeing 4,514 against 4,275, a gain of 249. Among Part-Hawaiians the increase has been from 1,568 in 1890, to 2,590 in 1896,a gain 'of 1,022, or 65 per cent. Thos~ children born, both of

NOTES ON THE CENSUS OF 1896. 83

whose parents are foreigners, have increased from 5,018 to 8,339,a gain of 3,321, or 66 per cent. These figures are very significant both in their g-ross totals and in their percentages. It isclear that so small a percentage of increase of children' betweenthe ages of one and six years among the Hawaiians is not 'goingto counterbalance the loss during the later years of life, so thatwe cannot look for anything but a deficit amung Hawaiiansduring the next !'ix years. Allowing that the decrease is 8 percent instead of 9.9 per cent, as it has been during the past sixyears, in 190:! there will be :!8,538 pure blooded Hawaiians inthe group. On the other hand the natural increase of the Americans and Europeans will be very large, even if they were notlikely to be reinforced by immigration, which, in the event otannexation, they would be very considerably.

THE WORKERS.

The population of the Islands is an industrious one. Takingthe working population to be all those over fifteen years of agethere are of all nationalities 56,i98 males, of whom 5,094 reportedthemselves as of no occupation, or who failed to state what theiroccupation was. This is only 8.96 per cent of the total possibleworkers. But here the national tendencies show up, for theHawaiians report 18.:!1 per cent withuut occupation, the PartHawaiians :1l.75 per cent, while the most industrious are evidently the Portuguese, who have only 61, or 1.45 per cent reportedas without occupations. In this connection it should be noticedthat the non-workers among the Hawaiians are to be foundrather among the young men than among the old. ManyHawaiians remain at school after the school age, fifteen, isreached, and many, even though they have left school do not

. start in any regular Jccupation. During the last six years thenumber of female wage earners has increased. In 1890 therewere 2,143 females who reported employment, or 5.2 per cent ofthe total workers. In lii96 there were 3,589, or 6.9 per cent ofthe total workers, and this ratio will undoubtedly increase duringthe next six years.

l,-EADING AND WRITING.

The literacy of the Islands, based upon a standard of abilityto read and write, standt; vel)' high, and will bear comparison

84 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL,

with almost any country in the world. Taking all nationalitiesthere are !l3,105 over six years of age, and of these 63.90 percent are able to read and write. But this general statementshould be analyzed, as in the following little table, in order toshow clearly where literacy is and where illiteracy:

Number Number able Per centNATIONALITIES, above to read able to read

six years. and write. and write.

Hawaiian and Part-Hawaiian,. 32,390 27,6~5 85.28Americans and Europeans other

than Portuguese.......... 5,319 4,556 85.65Portuguese................... 9,089 2,252 27.84Japanese, Chinese and South

Sea Islanders..... , ....... 41,913 21,421 51.10

This does not include foreigners of Hawaiian birth. It shouldbe noted also that 26.21 per cent of the Hawaiians and 69.21 percent of the Part-Hawaiians are able to read and write English.

The percentage of those attending school is very high'. Thetotal number of children within school age, viz: 6 to 15, wasreported as 14,286, the total number attending school was 13,744,or !l6.20 per cent. This is a big increase since 1890, when thepercentage attending school was 81.59, an enormous gain over1884, when the percentage was 70.73.

REAL ESTATE.

The total owners of real estate were reported in 1896 as 6,327,while in 1890 the total was 4,695. .This is an increase of 1,632,in the six years. This increase is undoubtedly due to tht: actionof the homestead law, and the main part of it is divided aniongthe Hawaiians, Part-Hawaiians and Portuguese. Tabulatedit runs as follows:

Nationalities.

Hawaiian owners of real estate ..Part-Hawaiian owners of real estate .Portuguese owners of real estate .Ten other nationalities owners of real est.

Thus the three nationalities mentioned

1890. 1896. Inc.

3,271 3,995 724395 722 327234 438 204795 1,172 377

here had an increase

PEARL HARBOR A FACTOR. 85

of 1,255 owners of real estate, while the other ten nationalitieshave increased but 377.

Of the 5,966 houses which are dwelt in by their actual owners51.94 per cent are owned by Hawaiians, 7.64 per cent by PartHawaiians, 11.64 per cent by Portuguese, and ten other nationalities together own 28.78 per cent.

Alatau T. A tkillsoll.

PEARL HARBOR AS A FACTOR UNDER PRESENT

CONDITIONS.

mESCRIPTION.-pearl Harbor is on the south side of the'Y"J island of Oahu, under the lee of the main sierra of 3000

feet in height, and six miles away. The entrance to the') harbor is seven miles west of Honolulu harbor, which,

though excellent, is, in comparison, a mere pocket in the fringingreef. Pearl Harbor proper is an inland lake of nearly oval form,six miles by three, lying east and west. It is separated from theocean by a belt of coral lowland two and a half miles in breadth,together with a reef which is one dnd a half miles more seaward.There are thus over four miles between th~ harbor and the opensea. A passage of one-third mile in width connects the harborwith the ocean. The outer end of the passage through the reefis at present obstructed by a sand-bar which can easily beremoved by dredging in the same way that the entrance ofHonolulu harbor was deepened a few years ago. The map ofPearl Harbor thus resembles an oval fan with the handle on thelonger side.

The oval lake is crossed from north to south by two lowpeninsu las and an island which divides it into four "lochs,'·containing areas in ail of about eight square miles of water. Thenorthern or inland portions of these areas are shoal, owing to thewash of the uplands. Of the remainder about three square milesare from five to ten fathoms deep, admitting the largest ships.An equal area is from two 1') four fathoms. At several pointsthe waleI' i~ from four to seven falhoms deep close alongside of

86 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

the low coral bluffs. Much of the deep water is in channelsbetween such bluffs, from one-third to one mile wide.

There. are several localities where level tracts of ground ofseveral hundred acres each can be secured, suited to the uses ofa naval station, adjacent to deep water.

The climate of Pearl Harbor is ideally perfect. swept by themild trade winds, which have been dried by crossing the sierra.Summer temperature ranges from 7()0 to 88°; that of winter from56° to 78°. Little rain reaches beyond the east shore of theharbor, except in the infrequent southerl:y gales. There arenever storms of great severity, endangering ships in harbor.Hurricanes or typhoons are unknown. There is no malaria,owing to absence of humidity. The water supply is copious andof great purity, from Artesian wells.. On the west and northshores are situated two of the largest sugar plantations in thegroup, depending entirely upon irrigation by steam pumps fromartesian wells, which will soon deliver nearly 100,000,000 gallonsdaily. Owing to the charming climate, on the eastern peninsulais located what is becoming a favorite beach resort.

DEFENSIBILlJ:Y OF HARBoR.-As shown above, the open seais four miles distant from the head of the entrance passage.The naval station may be located one or two miles farther inland,thus interposing from five to six milt::s from the possible approachof an enemy. The length and narrowness of the er.trancepassage renders its protection extremely easy. A battery onthe southern extremity of the west peninsula will rake the wholepassage. Batteries on either shore two miles below will compelan enemy cruising outside to keep his distance. The outer reefextends many miles unbroken each way, and forbids boats fronilanding except through the outer passage. The naval and military officials who have thoroughly inspected the harbor agreethat it is eminently safe as a naval station, as well as otherwiseperfectly adapted for that purpose.

The greatest value of Pearl Harbor to the naval power hereafter possessing it lies in the fact that it is the only place capablt::of use as a naval station throughout the eastern two-thirds ofthe North Pacific, except on the American Coast. Honolulumight, perhaps, at much expense for excavation of reefs, be soused. But it i8 tuo ncar the upen ocean fur due security. Else-

PEARL HARBOR A FACTOR,

where in the group, are no enclosed harbors. No enclosedharbor exists in any group for thousands of miles west and south.The naval power owning Pearl Harbor will therefore hold incomplete monopoly the mastery of the Pacific Ocean north ofthe Equator. From a naval point of view, therefore, Pearl,Harbor is the chief jewel of the Hawaiian group. It is the mainelement which perfects the incalculable strategic value of the

group.. An enemy of the United States, in possession of Hawaii andits chief harbor, would be within easy striking distance of thePacific ports of the United States, and could also annihilate thecommerce of those ports. vVithout Hawaii, such an enemycould have no coal{ng and supply station near enough for offen-'sive efficiency. This has been fully set forth by American navalauthorities, especially by Captain l\Iahan.

It has been understood and held by the Hawaiian Gover!1mentthat the right of the United States to occupy Pearl Harborterminates with the Treaty of Reciprocity, of which it forms astipulation. Any doubt or. that question would be finally s<-\lledby the expected establishment of political union of the isl"ndswith the United States. The Great Republic certainly cannotpermit so unique a possession as Pearl Harbor to pass into thehands of Great Britain, to which Power it would be eminentlydesirable as completing her chain of stations between her Canadian and Australasian colonies. New Zealand, FIji and Fan.ning's Island need Hawaii as the wanting link to perfect England's chain across the Pacific, and make Britain absolute mis

tress of this ocean.Nor are the present longings of Japan for control of Hawaii to

be overlooked-neither the prospective influence of Russia inthe Pacific. Although not yet prepared to reach out seawards,Russia is preparing to become one of the great Pacific commercial powers. \Vith the completion of the Siberian Railway thatposition will begin to be assumed, and Russia also become aserious competitor for dominant power in this ocean. To thepossession of such power Pearl Harbor is the key.

s: E. Bishop.

THE LABOR OUTLOOK.

~. ITHIN the narrow limits granted in the present article

, for discussion of the Labor Problem in Hawaii therey .

(~ is room for no more than a consideration of the. important relation thereto of the contemplated poliotical union of Hawaii with the United States. The strongestobjection of a material character that is urged against Annexationis that in the termination of the penal contract system, coupledwith the prohibition, by American laws, of assisted immigration,impends greater loss and difficulty to the planter eventually thanwill be offset by any protective policy that is likely to continueindefinitely. This view is held by a number of staunch advo·cates of Annexation who are frankly willing to pay the price ofa possible decadence, or partial decadence of the sugar industry,for the benefits which they believe will be insured to the countryat large. If the apprehension of a loss from this cause is wellgrounded, its importance demands instantly the most thoughtfuland careful study; for in the stimulus which potential productswill probably receive from Annexation in larger proportion thansugar, it cannot be necessary to destroy that industry which hasbeen the mainstay of the country. The views of the writer uponthe practical treatment of the problem were set forth very fullyin The Planter's Monthly of March, 1~97. Did space allow thepresent article would be but little more than repetition of whatwas there contained. It is noteworthy, however, that as a pleafor the abolition of the penal contract, a result to be expectedfrom Annexation, the views there set out deserve considerationonly as an advocacy of what the writer believes to be the truestsolution of the labor problem then to confront us. The suddenextinction of the penal contract, while exercising great influenceupon the situation, will not prove of so revolutionary a characternow as it would have done ten years ago, for there has been a

THE LABOR OUTLOok. somanifest tendency against it steadily increasing during thatperiod, and a frank deprecation by planters of its supposednecessity, irrespective of Annexation. This is proved by thefact of a material decrease since the earlier days of the sugarindustry in the proportion of contract laborers to the total numberof laborers employed. As that industry still practicalIy monopolizes the exports of the country, the figures in relation theretf)are sufficiently indicative of the whole. The conditions governing sugar production for the four years ending December ~ I,1896, appear to be nearly uniform in this relation, and the proportion of contract laborers to the whole number settles down toalmost exactly 50 per cent. It is probably safe to say that thenumber of contracts that would be affected by the consummationof Annexation this winter would not exceed thirteen thousand.To a planter who has been content with this system, and "laissezfaire" so far as the social duty and obligations to civilizationwere concerned, the sudden loss of legal control of half the laboron the estate will naturally appear portentous .• Effort to establish a satisfactory substitute for this system has, however, hc:ensufficiently prolonged and successful under differing conditionsto throw the burden of demonstration upon the objector, and tojustify the demand for reasons overwhelmingly convincing thatthe loss of contract labor would be fraught with any disaster to,or even handicap the progress of the country. Until that isforthcoming the claim must stand, that viewed broadly su:hresult of Annexation in the labor question will be a blessing tothe country barely disguised, and that without Annexation orcommercial Treaty the basic principle of profit-sharing appliedon the sugar estates of the country in the varying phases determined by the differing conditions of those estates, is the surestroad for successful competition in the world's markets by permanently securing the highest efficiency of labor at the lowestcost. It is improbable that Hawaiian sugar, drawing its laborsupply from a large Japanese population, (an inevitable future indefault of Annexation to the United States). and working uponthe principles above referred to will find any difficulty in makingat least a fair profit in the markets of the world as long as sugaris made from cane. The question H:en becomes, to every citizentaking higher than a merely mercenary interest in the future of

gO HA WAtJAN ANNUAl..

Hawaii, not, "Can we make money without the help of theUnited States?" but, "\Vill the United States enable the growthof an Anglo Saxon people in Hawaii, and the establishment ofcommunities of American labor?" There is no qt:estion, probably, of our power of simple commercial' and financial selfprotection without Treaty or Annexation, by the means stated.Our only hope of establishing- American civilization and population as well, is by becoming an integral part of the United States.Some firmly believe that wh~ther in the degree of protectionfurnished to sugar by the Dingl'1Y Bill or by the \Vilson Bill, thesugar industry of Hawaii can offer good inducement to theAmerican farm laborer, and a home prospect with a "nest egg"margin at the end of the year to the hardworking and thrifty.Already employing a much larger percentage of American citizenclass of labor than the California beet sugar industry, it offersgreater promise of extension of such employment, and probably,under existing agricultural conditions of the cultivation of thebeet, any inducement it can offer will be more than equallecl bythe natur.tl conditions of cane culture in the American territoryof Hawaii. But without assistance equivalent to that given bythe existing commercial Treaty it is impossible to expect permanent accomplishment in this direction. Examination of thevarying conditions and difficulties encountered by our sugarindustry for the last twenty years in spite of the assistanceof the Treaty will c(lnvince the fair-minded that any failure toaccomplish more in this matter has been largely excusable, ifnot wholly justified.

It i5 110t within the scope of this article to elaborate the causesof such possible failure. It will suffice to say that retrospectforcibly emphasizes the detrimental -inHuence to the country'scommercial stability, of a Treaty terminable every seven yearsand by every turn of the tariff kaleidoscope. As it were,the majority of Congress ha ve thrown dice, loaded with prosperity or adversity to Hawaii, ~ccordingly as each tariff bill didor did ,not exempt the Hawaiian Treaty from its operation.Difficulties and adverse conditions had been largely overcomeand surmounted by 1890 and that year presented for the firsttime a field of effort apparently fertile of reasonable hope andconfidence of good fruit in this direction, when "free sugar" Hung

THE JUDICIARY OF HAWAII. 91

the industry on to bed rock and postponed results. Again thetide sets definitely in this direction, and any commercial Treatywith" which we are' acquainted would prove but a' sword otDamocles to effectually discourage effort. Annexation to theUnited States ,will practically make vigorous progress in thisdirection a certainty. 'Will the Senate of the United Statesenable that progress?

James B. Castle.

THE CONSTITUTION.

~HE Constitution of the Republic of Hawaii was enacted

,('0 on the third day of July, A. D. 1894, and proclaimed on~ ~./ the followin~ day. The. Constitutional Convention was

, composed of the Executive Council of the ProvisionalGovernmtint, numbering five, the Advisory Council, numberingfourteen, and eighteen members elected by such men of Hawaiian, American or European birth or descent, twenty years of age,who had been domiciled in the Hawaiian Islands for one year,had paid their taxes for the preceeding year, and who took anoath of allegiance to the Provisional Government and to op'poseany attempt to re-establish monarchy. The elected memberswere made up of five native Hawaiians, eight Hawaiian bornAmericans, one Hawaiian born En~lishman, two Americans andtwo Portuguese. The Advisory Council consisted of one nativeHawaiian, three Hawaiian born Englishmen, five Americans,two Englishmen, two Germans and, one Portuguese, and theExecutive Council, of three Hawaiian born Americans, oneAmerican and one Englishman.

The Constitution recognizes the three inalienable rights,guarantees freedom of religions, of speech and of the press, theright of assembly and petition, the privilege of the Writ ofHabeaus Corpus, the r,ight of persons charged with offenses, totrial, and full opportunity of defence, the right of trial by jury incertain cases, freedom from repeated trials of the same offense,prohibits involuntary servitude except for crime, and protects

92 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

persons, their houses and effects from arbitrary search :'andseizure.

Citizens are born or naturalized. Provision is made for thosewho took an active part or otherwise rendered substantial servicein the establishment of the Provisional Government and remained loyal to the same, to obtain the privileges of citizenship uponprocuring a certificate of such service and taking an oath to support the const itution and laws of the Republic during residencewithin its territory. Letters of Denization of two kinds may begranted at the discretion of the Executive Council. The firstclass confers privileges of citizenship except the franchise; thesecond class confers all rig-hts of citizenship, but is limited topersons having certain qualifications for naturalization whohave resided in the Hawaiian Islands for not less than sevenyears prior to the promulgation of the Republic, and who shallapply for such letters within five years thereafter. All personsreceiving- letters of denization take the oath prescribed by theConstitution which is as follows: "I do solemnly swear in thepresence of Almighty God, that I will support the Constitution,Laws and Government of the Republic of Hawaii; and will noteither directly or indirectly, encourag-e or assist in the restorationor establishment of a monarchial form of Government in theHawaiian Islands."

The Executive power is vested in an Executive Council madeup of the President and a Cabinet of four members: a Ministerof Foreign Affairs, Minister of Interior, Minister of Financeand Attorney-General, appointed by the President subject tothe confirmation of the Senate, if that body is sitting-, and to itssubsequent confirmation if it is in vacation. They may beremoved by the President with the consent of the Senate, andthe President, with the approval of three members of theCabinet, may remove the other member.

The vesting of the executive power in the Executive Councilis a distinguishing feature of the RepUblic of Hawaii. Thepredominance of the President as the head of the Executive ispreserved by the provision that a legal maj:>rity of the ExecutiveCouncil for acting upon questions before it, must include thePresident's vote, also by his power of appointment and nomination in certain cases, of convening the Legililature or the Senate

THE CONSTITUTION. . 93

alone, of veto and other specific powers and duties. The Cabinetare advisers of the President in all matters within his officialdiscretion, and their approval is necessary to the appointmentby the President of the members of the various executiveBoards and of the District Magistrates, and his removals fromoffice. The members of the Cabinet are, ex·officio, members ofboth houses of the Legislature, but without the right to vote.The result of this system is, that the power of the President issurrounded with more checks and limitations than is the case inthe United States system, while he is not so shorn of powers asto become a mere figure-head relinquishing to a responsibleCabinet the administration of affairs with the logical result ofsuch ~n arrangement of oft recurring efforts by the Legislatureto unseat the Ministers.

Appointments to office are approximately adjusted so that thePresident and the heac1s of Departments or sub-departments,(which are designated Bureaus in distinction from Boards, eachof the former being under the administration of a single individ·ual,) are in fact responsible for the successful management ofthe work entrusted to them: and yet many of the importantapp~intments are under such checks that the possibility of anycaptiJre of a department by its head through corrupt appointments is rendered very remote. The President with the approvalof the Senate appoints the Cabinet, Judges of the Supremeand Circuit Courts, Auditor-General and diplomatic and consularoffices. vVith the approval of the Cabinet he appoints membersof the different Boards and District Magistrates, and removesexecutive officers, excepting the Auditor-General, and makestreaties with foreign governments, subject to the ratification ofthe Senate. The members of the Cabinet, with the approval ofthe President, have the appointment and removal of the heads ofBureaus in their respective Departments, and the heads ofBureaus have the appointment and removal of officers underthem, subject to the approval of the Minister in whose department they respectively belong.

The President is the Commander in Chief of the army, has atenure of office of six years, and is not eligible for reelection forthe term succeeding the one for which he has been elected. Heis elected by_ a majority vote of the Legislature sitting together,

94 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

which majority vote must include a majority of the Senate.The Legislature is composed of two Houses of fifteen elected

members each. A member of the lower House, or House ofRepresentatives, must be a male citizen, twenty-five years old,able to read I write and speak the English or Hawaiian language, have resided i~the Hawaiian Islands three years, ownproperty there worth one thousand dollars over encumbrancesor in lieu thereof have received a money income of six hundreddollars during the year preceeding his election. A member ofthe upper House or Senate, must be a male citizen thirty yearsold with the same qualifications as to education and residenceas a Representative, must own property in the Hawaiia:1 Islandsworth three thousand dollars over encumbrances or in lieuthereof, have received a money income of twelve hundred dollarsduring the year preceeding his election.

A voter for Representatives must be a male citizen or insteadof being a citizen must hold letters of denization of the secondclass or hold a certificate of service as hereinbefore mentioned,take the oath prescribed by the Constitution, have paid his taxeswithin a specified time, have resided in his voting district onemoDth preceeding registration, and shall, unless he is a certificate of service man, be able to read, write and speak the Englishor Hawaiian language, and must be twenty years old. A voterfor Senators besides the above qualifications, must own re~l

estate in the Hawaiian Islands worth fifteen hundred dollarsover encumbrances, or in lieu thereof have had a money incomeof six hundred dollars during the year preceecling registration.

There is a Council of State of fifteen members, five of whomare elected by the House of l{epresentatives, five by the Senateand five appointed by the President with the approval of theCabinet.. The members of the Executive Council sit ancl takepart in the meetings of the Council of State but do not vote.This body may at the request of the Executive Council appropriate public moneys during vacations of the Legislature for theemergencies of war, pestilence or other great public necessity.

. During the year 1895 this power was exercised in connectionwith the insurrection and the cholera epidemic of that year.The Council of State, when required, advise the President in

. matter~ of ~tate and in matters of pardons he is requil:ed toc~~"

THE JUDICIARY OF HAWAII. 95

suit it as well as the Cabinet., 'There is a Supreme Court Of three Justices establish~d by theConstitution. The lower courts are established by the Legisla.'fure. The Justices of the Supreme Court hold their officesduring good 'behavior. They may be impeached and may alsoDe removed from office by a resolution passed by a two-thirdsvote of the Legislature sitting together, upon the recommendat'ion of the Executive Council. The President and Cabinet mayrequire opinions of the Justices upon questions of'law and uponsolemn occasions.

The President besides his power of vetoing a bill, may vetoirny specific item or items in an appropriation bill.. The Constitution may be amended or revised by the passingof amendments or a revision through two consec,utive regularsessions at the second of which a two-thirds vote of each Houseis required.

Sa1lford B. Dole.

THE JUDICIARY OF HAWAII.

~ HE present status of the law and its administration in the~ Hawaiian Islands has been established by a slow pro

cess of evolution, changes having been made from timeto' time to suit the changing conditions economic and

political. The disappearance of the arbitrary rule of the Kingbegan in the reign of Kamehameha III, and the first decidedstep was his promulgation of the Constitution of 1840, the com·pilation of regulations into the form of wrItten laws and theestablishment of courts. An elaborate code prepared by alawyer bred in the Civil Law was adopted by the Legislature in1846 which proved too complicilted for the existing courtsuneducated in law, being largely held by native Hawaiians, anda simplified Penal Cod::: was adopted in liJ50, followed in 1859by a Civil Code. Kamehameha had in 185:2 promulgated a newConstitution establishing two Houses of Legislature and providing for a Supreme Court, Circuit Courts for the variousislands of the grolJP other than Oahu, where the Supreme Courttook the place of the Circuit Court having nisi prius as well as

96 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

appellate jurisdiction, and Police and District Courts. The samesystem was continued until the enactment of the Act to reorganize the Judiciary which went into effect January I, 1893.This system exists today under the Republic. The variousislands are divided into judicial districts twenty nine in number.One or more district magistrates are appointed by the Presidentand Cabinet for each district. These mag-istrates hold office fortwo years and sit without a jury. They ha\-e jurisdiction incivil causes where the ad damllum is not over $300. They have8ummary jurisdiction in all misdemeanors which are defined toDe offenses where the statutory punishment is not over two yearsimprisonment at hard labor, also larceny in the second degree,gross cheat and certain classes of bribery. In felonies, whichare defined 'to be offenses where the statutory punishment isimprisonment for terms at hard labor exceeding two years, theirjurisdiction is to commit for trial in the Circuit Court before ajury, where the evidence presented would justify a reasonablebelief that a jury would convict. The f!lag-istrate on commitment sends the evidence to the Attorney-General. He or hisdeputy prepares an indictment which, together with the evidence,is presented to the Circuit Judge presiding at the term ensuingafter commitment and he finds a "true bill" or declines to do soaccording as the evidence warrants it. Our laws know of noGrand Jury and our system of examination by a magistrate andcommitment in felonies has worked so well that the establishment of Grand Juries has never been mooted in our legislatures.The Attorney-General has also the power to decline to prosecuteand to move for a nolle prosequi. The courts next in order arethe Circuit Courts, the Judges of which have jurisdiction atChambers in Equity, Probate and Admiralty. The J udg-es areappointed by the President for terms of six years, subject toratification by the Senate. The first Circuit Court has twoJudges with cor-current powers and holds four terms of the courtannually. This duty, together with Chamber business and thehearing of jury waived cases at law, keeps them continuallyemployed so that they have literally no vacation.

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and two Associate Justices. Four terms of court are held annually. Theyare appointed by the President with the approval of the Senate,

HAWAIIAN POLICE. 97

their tenure of office being for life, subject to impeachment, andtheir salaries cannot be diminished during their term of office.This court is purely appellate with a limited original jurisdictionin some extraordinary writs.

Our codes, laws and decisions are founded upon the CommonLaw, but it was not formally adopted until the Judiciary Act of1892.Abo~iginal Hawaiians and those of mixed Hawaiian and

foreign blood are entitled in criminal cases to be tried by a juryof Hawaiians. In civil cases where one party or the other isH<lwaiian and the other a foreigner a "mixed" jury is drawn.Asiatics i!re tried by a foreign jury, composed of foreign residents, Americans, Germans, British as they happen to be, alsoHa~vaiian born of foreign blood. Unanimity in verdicts hasnever been required. Nine of the twelve jurors who hear thecase can render a verdict. Forty-five years experience has notled t~ecommunity to doubt the advisability of this principle andwe should part with it with regret.

'The Supreme Court has exclusive jurisdiction in all cases ofcontested elections to either branch of the Legislature.

All offenses save murder and treason are bailable. The procedure in the courts of record is partly settled by the Codesupplemented by the Common Law where the code is silent.

Ten volumes of decisions of the Supreme Court have beenpublished. The Law Library consists of over five thousandvolumes', and i::. accessible to all Attorneys without charge.

A. F. Judd,

HAWAIIAN POLICE.

'll:e.., HE Bureau of Police is organized under the Department\\h) of the Attorney.General. The Chief of Police of therD~ Islands, who is styled Marshal, is appointed by the

.' Attorney-General, with the approval of the President.On each of the main islands there is a Chief of Police of theIsland, styled Sheriff, who is appointed by the Mdrshal, withthe approval of the Attorney-General, and in each district of the

. several islands there is a Deputy Sheriff who is appointed by the

98 HAWAIIAN ANNUAt.

Sheriffj with the approval of the Marshal. In each district:anumber of police officers are appointed by the Sheriff with theapproval of the Marshal, excepting on the Island of Oahu, wherethe Marshal appoints them with the approval of the AttorneyGeneral. The whole force consists of a Marshal, a DeputyMarshal, three Sheriffs, 2:3 Deputies and 196 officers. In addition to the police work the care of the prisons and prisonerscomes under this department. A central jail, or States Prison,is maintained in Honolulu and on each of the four main islandsthere is a: central jail, besides a small jailor lockup in eachdistrict'. Besides the Jailer of Oahu Prison and his assistant,there are 57 prison officers and guards.

The Marshal, his Deputy and the several Sheriffs and DeputySheriffs are not only charged with the duties usually pertainingto such offices, but, in addition, they act in the capacity ofdistrict attorneys.

The Marshal, his Deputy, the Sheriffs and· their Deputies aswell as the District Magistrate, are coroners and hold inquests.The Marshal, his Deputy and the three Sheriffs are white me·n.Of the 23 Deputy Sheriffs, 16 are Hawaiian and seven are whitemen, and with the exception of the police of the City of Honolulu,nearly all of the regular police officers are native Hawaiians. InHonolulu the regular paid force are all native Hawaiians,excepting the corps of 24 mounted policemen, who are nearly allwhite men.

In Honolulu the regular nativ~ force is divided into threewatches of nine officers in each watch, with a Captain anda Lieutenant. The mounted police consists of 22 officers, aLieutenant and a Captain. Of these, eight perform day duty and16 are on during the night. At night the mounted police patrolthe city in pairs and have proved to be a very effective force.

The judiciary .of the islands is composed of a district magistrate in each district, who has criminal jurisdiction of all misdemeanors and sits as a committing magistrate in case of felonies. There is no grand jury system. In civil cases the DistrictMagistrate· has jurisdiction in all cases where the amountinvolved does not exceed $300.

On each of the Island of Hawaii; Maui and Kauai, there is aCircuit Judge. The Circuit Judge presides at the terms of the

HAWAIIAN POLICE,

Circuit Court, which are held at stated times during the year, atwhich juries are em panelled. The jury consists of twelve men,nine of whom may render a verdict in any case, civil or criminal.The Circuit Judges also have probate jurisdiction and jurisdictionin equity and admiralty cases. On the Island of Oahu there aretwo Circuit Judges, the work on that Island being very much

greater than on the other islands.The Supreme Court consists of a bench i)f three Judges who

have only appellate jurisdiction.The Marshal, his Deputy, the Sheriffs and their Deputies,

acting as public prosecutors, have to attend to all criminal casesin the District Courts and prepare for commitment those which

are to be tried before the Circuit Courts.The original statutes, prepared when the judiciary system was

inaugurated in these Islands, were based largely upon those ofthe State of Massachusetts and following somewhat those of theState of New York. The first Chief Justice was from Massachu~

setts and the first Attorney .General from the State of New' York.Law and order are very thoroughly maintained throughout the

Islands. It would be'difficult to find any country where propertyand lives are better protected. ,Murders and robberies areexceedingly rare, and any person, man., woman or child, ,maytravel in any part of the Islands with safety. The Islandsafford a very poor field of operations for burglars or criminals ofthe desperate class. Owing to the in>iular position of, theseIslands and the infrequent communication with other countries,it is very difficult for a criminal to escape. For the same reasonit is rare that a prisoner escapes. Occasionally prisoners attemptto get away, but with few exceptions they are soon secured.

The peace and security which is maintained is not due only tothe efficiency of the police department, but also to the manner inwhich the laws are ~dministered by the courts. Trials are rarelydelayed and, as a rule, punishment follows crime. The systemof nine jurors out of twelve rendering a verdict even in capitalcases, which has been in operation for many years, has provedto be excellent. It is the certainty of punishment rather thanthe severity of the penalty that makes the laws effective.

W illium O. Smith.

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS.

~ENERAL.-A striking feature of the Hawaiian Islands

/ is their bold and rug/{ed outline, as seen from ev.ery pointof view. Being almost entirely of volcanic origin, theyabound in high mountain peaks and broken ranges, while

volcanic cones, extinct craters, and ancient lava flows are foundon all the islands, with Hawaii itself as a living- example of theprocess of growth.

Their characteristics are of such a varied nature, that eachisland is taken by itself, beginning with Kauai, the most northerlyas well as probably the oldest in formation.

KAUAI.-Kauai is approxir.lattly thirty miles in diameter,nearly circular in form, with the central pe~k of vVaialeale rising5000 feet above the sea level. It is unique in this feature, thatit has large mountain streams flowing in every dire~tion fromthe natural reservoir on the central plateau, the rivers on the leaside of the island being equal in size with those flowing downthe windward slopes. The higher levels are heavily wooded,and many of the radiating valleys are broad and deep, with largeareas of bottom lands, noted for their richness of soil. Thelower slopes and alluvial plains of Kauai have a deep rich soilwhich is very proC:uctive, with the aid of irrigation works of con·siderable magnitude. The western end of Kauai isa low, leveiplain, succeeded on the northwest by a series of almost inaccessible cliffs, rising abruptly from the sea, to a height of 2UOO feetor more.

OAH U.-Oahu is irregular in form, with an extreme lengthof forty-five miles from e'ist to west, and a width of abouttwenty-four miles.·· It consists of two entirely distinct mountainranges-the Koolau chain, 3000 feet in height, alan/{ the wind·ward side, with a narrow and fertile belt of lowland at its ba~e,

and the Waianae range at the westem end of the island, reachi~g

an elevation of 4000 feet. Between them i~ an extensive table

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS. 101

land, cut by numerous gulches, and devoted .largely to pasturageand agriculture.. The deep soil of the plains needs only waterto make it yield rich returns, and this is now being supplied bypumping from many artesian wells.

The harbor of Honolulu is an opening in the coral reef at themouth of Nuuanu valley, and is the only one at present availableon this island, for deep water vessels. Pearl Lochs, an extensivesheet of deep water, eIght miles west of Honolulu, can be madeone of the best harbors in the Pacific, by the opening of achannel through the bar. The survey now in progn:ss byofficers of the U. S. Navy, will show many intt:resting facts inaddition to what we already know of its value.

MOLOKAI.-About twenty-eight miles south·east of Oahulies Molokai, a 10nR, narrow island stretching due east and westforty miles, with a width of less than ten miles. The westernhalf of the island is low rolling pasture land, with a very lightrainfall, which accounts for its barren appearance. The easternend alfords a striking contrast with this, for to the visitor it furnishes some of the wildest scenery of the whole group.

The mountains attain an elevation of nearly 5000 feet, whilethe whole northern coast is a succ::ssion of precipices, frolll I UUOto 4000 feet high, cut into by the great valleys of Waikolu, Pelekunu and vVailau, which penetrate to the very c.enter of theisland. The island is devoted mostly to pasturagt: of cattle andsheep and larRe numbers of deer are found in the mountains.

MAUI.-Maui, the second in area as well as in the height ofits mountains, consists of two great peaks, connected by a low,sandy plain. West Maui has every appearance of great age,the mountain having been eaten away to a mere skeleton ofsharp ridges, separated by deep gorges. lao Valley has a depthof about 4000 feet, right under the summit of Puu Kukui. Thesummit is well wooded and watered, but the lower lands are dryand barren except where irrigated.

East Maui is one great mountain two miles in height, havingat its summit the crater of Haleakala, half a mile in depth, andtwenty miles in circumference.

Though there are no authentic records of vJlcanic eruptions onMaui, the southern coast shows unmistakable signs of outbreakswithin a comparatively recent period. The south and wes~ sides

'102 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

of Maui are mostly cattle ranches with little forest growth,butthe northerly and en sterly slopes are heavily wooded, and cut bynumerous mountain streams. These streams are now tappedby irrigation works, carrying- the abundant water supply to thelower slopes now occupied by large' and prosperous plantatioi1s~

Many of the valleys and \\Iooded slopes are well adapted to fruitand coffee culture, whi::h is being raridly developed.

HA\VAII.-Hawaii exceeds all the other islands. of the groupin area, and in the heig-ht of its mountains. It is 9:3 miles inlength from north to south, and about 00 mIles from east to west.Mauna Kea and ivIauna Loa are nearly 1:l,GQO feet in elevation,Hualalai over 8000 feet, and Kohala mountain about 5500 feet:

Hawaii has the only active volcano, .KiJauea .iql the Kau.district, with a c'rater eight miles in circum ference, and BOO feet indepth. On the summit of ;\Iauna Loa lies the great crater ofMokuaweoweo, which was in violent eruption .for a few weeks inApril, 1896, when a magnificent display _was afforded the fewvisitors who made the ascent. Since the opening of the century,it has sent forth from its flanks several immense lava flows, themost recent ones being the Hilo flow of 1880-81, and the Kauflow. of' 1887. The north· east coast of Hawaii is made up ofbold precipices. The only running streams are found in thissection, and the largest and most constant of these are in the Hilodistrict, with its heavy rainfall. In Puna, Kau and Kona, theheavy rains of the uplands are rapidly absorbed by the porouslava fountain. The lower slopes of Hawaii on the windwardside are mostly devoted to cane culture, which has been verysuccessful. Above the cane belt is a strip of land extending intothe forest to a height of about ::J5fJO feet, which is well adaptedto fruit and coffee culture. Above the forest and above the 6000feet level are extensive tracts of pasture lands, and still higherthe vast mountain wastes. Mauna Loa is one great dome of barelava-rock with hanl:y a sign of vegetatiun above the two milelimit, while ;\Iauna Kea is a collection (If volcanic cones of sandand scoria, scattered oVer a plateau ot cUllsiderable area. Hualalai, in the Kona district, is of comparative recent origin, withnumerous craters near its summit, while Kohala shows evidenceof much earlier formation.

CLIMATE OF 'THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS,

Of the smaller islands and rocks, Niihau, Lanai and 'Kahoolawe are elevoted almost entirely to sheep raising.

CLIMATE.-Climate in Hawaii depends so much upon location, altitude and other physical conditions, that much mightbe written upon that subject, but it has been treated in anotherarticle and need not be touched upon here.

Fran!? S. Dodge.

CLIMATE OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS.

~ HE Hawaiian Islands are in an ideal location as regards-{~ climate, ancl various conditions combine to give themr.;)~=< one which for salubrity and agreeableness is hardly

C excelled l[l any tropical or subtropical region. Beingjust within the tropics there is never danger of frost, and extreme'sof heat are unknown, The Illountainous character of all theislands gives great variety in temperature; one may have choiceof torrid heat in sheltered val lies at sea level, or arctic cold andalmost perpetual frost high on the mountain sides, while at theintervening- levels any climate may be selected. The air isremarkably pure, coming over thousands of miles of ocean, allimpurities must be removed and the only contamination bederived from the few miles of land over which they blow. Fornine months the fresh, and in many places, strong, trade windsconstantly renew the atmosphere. As a consequence contagiousdiseases are i,nfrequent, ancl epiclemics, when they occur, areusually of mild type, rapidly run their course and disappear.Surgical operations are not 'liable to be complicated by bloodpoisoning and are s~ccessful from this cause.

The temperature is very moderate, at Honolulu, the annualaverage is 72° to 7;io Fahrenheit, the minimum 5 ilo and the maximum 88°, the latter being rarely reached. This mildness is dueto the fact that the group lies in the track of the great Japanesegulf stream, the Kurosiwa, which is a vast river of cool waterflowing across the Pacific ocean and lowering the temperatureof all the regions through which it passes, preventing the possi-

104 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

bility of extreme heat. Many localities show a lower averagethan Honolulu, which, from its position, is somewhat cut off fromthe full effect of the trade winds.

This is a land of sunshine, there are rarely more than twodays in the year when the sun is entirely obscured. There arefew cloudless days, but the clouds are light and fleecy and addmuch to the beauty of the landscape. There is a wonderfulvariety in the cloud scenery; there are often three distinct stratamoving in different directions and each totally distinct in formand density. From dawn till evening the great billows of tradewind cloud, high over the mountains are a glorious spectacle,varying with the hours, from the purple, bronze and gold of sun·rise, the snowy white of the day time to the almost unearthlybeauty of the sunset tints. Also it is eminently the land of rain·bows, which are a peculiar feature, day after day, spanning theheavens with irises·of marvellous brilliance.

The rainfall in general is moderate, the average for all theislands is about fifty inches for the year. At Honolulu it variesfrom thirty-five to fifty inches. At Hilo, it is one hundred ar.dfifty, and at the Volcano over two hundred inches. Places onthe leeward side of the islands at sea level are arid, almost rainless, but a mile up the mountain side there is abundant moisture,and some of the finest coffee and fruit lands are in these localities. At Honolulu the rains are almost altogether showers, aday of rain being very rare. There are down pours occasionally, .two to five inches falling in as many hours, but generally fromone-fourth to one inch is the range. It is not often that a weekgoes by without one or more showers. The rain seems to fallthrough the air without saturating it, so seldom is it that inshowery weather the air is heavy and sultry. 111 Hilo, Hawaii,the housekeepers dry their linen under the verandahs while therain is pouring outside. .e'ogs are infrequentin most places, andwhen they occur are light and transient. The porous quality ofthe soil favors rapid removal of moisture and insures drainagewith little trouble; so markedly is this true that though therehas been great carelessness in providir.g drainage to residencesyet typhoid and kindred diseases are rare. Malaria, where itexists, is generally due to artificial marshes where are cultivatedtaro and rice, and even in the neighborhood of these malarial

CLIMATE OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 105

disorders are obscure and mild in type.From the foregoing it is evident that the Hawaiian climate is

a healthy one. People live largely out of doors and all the conditiot;Js necessitate abundant ventilation. The comparativelysmall range of the thermometer prevents the bracing effectsderived from striking contrasts, and yet the variation is such asto call for decided changes in clothing during winter and summermonths. Violent acute diseases are rare. Pulmonary diseaseam()~g foreigners mfrequent. For young children it is a paradise.' Digestive and bowel troubles are much less common andseve~e than' in the United States. The infantile death rate issmall. It is a favorable location for those predisposed to tuberculosis or suffering from the early stage of that disease. Manysuch find restored health and vigor, and others a prolonged leaseof life. Delicate constitutions, and feeble elderly people findhere.a safe home and long years of life. The strain on vitalforce is much less severe than in colder regions, where the chillraw; winds and prolunged storms of spring and autumn are fatalto 80 many feeble folk.

"Vith increase in travel and population most delightful andsalubrious country resorts will be established at various elevations, affording opportunity for rest, recreation, and recuperation,for tired and debilitated people, among the most agreeable surrotlndings, and supplying such change of climate as may bedesirable, without the necessity of leaving the country.

Of necessity the evenness of temperature, and small diurnalrange of the thermometer stamp the climate as one where greatand prolonged activity is not well endured. The inhabitantsmust adjust themselves to the conditions and so doing, a vastamount of work physical and mental can be happily accomplishedwithout detriment to health. The white races can do the worknecessary on a farm as well as in the summer in America,indeed with less discomfort and danger, for sunstroke is unknownhere. The history of the country also proves that men andwomen can pass long lives in constant and earnest intellectualwork, and enjoy health and vigor. A large proportion of themissionary fathers and mothers have liv,ed beyond four score inthis "land 0' the leal."

George P. Andrews, M. D.

., .

SUGAR AS· AN INDUSTRY FOR THE·HAWAIIAN

ISLANDS.

1'1

,~HE origin of sugar from cane is involved in so much

>t(9, ~bscurity. 'th~t no attempt will be. made in this ~~ticle to,rU~ rieconcile the different accounts given from time to time.

One writer, however, thinks the original home ofthe sugar,cane w~s in the South Sea Islands because they produce someforms strictly local. It seems quite certain that sugar,cane was.int;oduced into Spain by the Moors, and by the Sp~niards intothe West Indies and Brazil. It was introduced< into L~~isjana

in 1766?y the Jesuit fathers, Just when the s;,{garcanewasintroduced into these islands is unknown, but the first knowledge,had of the manufacture of sugar, says Jarves in his history ofthese islands, dates back previous to the year 1828, but the nameof .the pioneer planter has been lost. Old residents speak of'sugar and molasses of a coarse quality being manufactured in,sufficient quantities for ordinary consumption in '1828. Fieldsof cane were grown in and about Honolulu, and also at Waikapu,Maui, and there were sugar mills in Nuuanu valley and also atVVaikapu. The first attempt to cultivate sugar cane on a large

;scale was at Koloa, Kauai, by Dr. R. W. \'lood, (a man wellknown to old Honolulu residents), in 1835, but with what profitthe writer is not able to say; but there is evidence to show thatin the course of the next five years, say to 1841, sugar to'the'value of $:j6,000 had been exported. Mr. William Ladd,!l!1other well known Honolulu resident in those early days, in an.article contributed to the Hawaiian Spectator in 1838 on the" Resources of the Islands," speaks prophetically of the manu·facture of sugar. He. says: "It is a common opinion that sugar wiH become a leading article of export. That this willbecome a sugar country is quite evident if we may judge fromthe varieties of sugar cane now existing here, its ad~ptatione tothe ~oii,\he price of labor and a ready market. From experi.

SUG'AR 'A~ liN ltJDUSTRY.

'mentsmade it;is'believed that sugar ofa superior quality can beproduced here."

This prophecy has been more than fulfilled since then, forsugar has not only become a leading article of industry andexport, but the king of exports from the islands, and from thefew hundred tons exp()rted in 184\ it has risen to 2:l6,000 tonsin 1896, and with a large home consumption as well. From184\ to 181i0, Ihe growing of sugar cane and the manufacture ofsugar therefrom was carried on with varying degrees of success,and often in very crude ways; the percentage of sugar obtainedwas small compared with what there was in the cane or compared with what is now obtained; but there was continualexperimenting, with more or less profit. Since 1860 the growthof the indt;slry has been gre;:ter and more certain, until nowlarge plantations with their thousands of tons ,output, from yearto year, are to be found on all the large islands. These outputswould have been considered impossible ev~n as late as 1875 or1876.. This great increase has been made possiblt:: by the bettermethods of cultivation, high fertilization, artificial irrigation, agood supply of labor and constant improvements in the manufacture of sugar. Persons who have lived long on the i&landsand been more or less in touch with the sugar industry, knowwell that it has not been profitable to everyone who hasengaged it; there have been wrecks all along the years, andmany hundreds of thous~nds of dollars have been sunk andowners ruined financially. To the Reciprocity Treaty, negotiatedwith the United States in 1l:l76, is due more than to anythingelse, the present prosperity of the sugar industry of these islands,and its abrogation would undoubtably severely cripple, if it didnot completely crush it. There is a common saying: "That itis not wise to put all your eggs in one basket," and it oftenapplies when speaking of the sugar industry. It is asked:What will become of the islands should sugar, from any cause,become unprofitable? There is no other to take its place or fallback upon. This ought not to be; other industries should beencouraged and brought forward. There is, no doubt, much oftruth in the above statement, but the inducements in the pasthave not been such as to lead men to invest much money inthem. A change for the better has come within the last few

108 HAWAllAN ANNUAL.

years in the new impetus given to the coffee industry which it ishoped and believed by a ~ood many will yet rival that of sugar

'as an island export.For years the whaling industry was the one lar~ely depended

on by the people of the islands for their prosperity, and it wasoften said in those days that if it failed there would be seriousdisaster to the commercial and mercantile interests of thecountry. Failure to the whaling- industry, in time, did come,but, no serious disaster occurred or followed; the groWlllg ofsugar cane and the manufacture of sugar had progressed andsoon took its place and has continued to progress up to thistime.

r see no reason, from present conditions of the sugar industry;>r from any outlook, to believe that it is not to continue to bethe leading and profitable industry of these islands for years tocome; with annexation there should a somewhat more exteJ1dedcultivation of sugar cane be made possible by artesian wells andpumping plants, he'nce a lar~er output than at present; but Iwould not, at the same time, neglect any other industry thatoffered a fair return for the capital invested.

One cannot cloubt that the prese~t prosperity of the islands isdue almost wholly to its sugar industry. Contrast, if you please,the condition of the whole country in 1860 and now.

The cultivation of sugar cane and the manufacture of sugarfrom it has been the means ofbringing into use large tracts ofland, giving the owners fair prices for it or good rents if leased;it has afforded employment for the natives so long" as theywished to work, besides a large number of other races; it hasbrought mto the country many skilled laborers with their familes,creating thereby a higher and better civilization; it has createdand made profitable many lines of business, including lines ofsailing vessels and steamers, not only for inter-island but for·eign business. With the increase of population which theindustry has been the means of creating, there has come new,wants and needs. Schools and churches have had to be builtall over the islands at large expense. Good roads have had tobe provided to open up the new ,lands brou/{ht into cultivationand use. Railroads have been built on three of the islands,

COFFEE, THE.COMING IND U~TRY. 109

giving better and quicker transit for passengers and freights toth~ seaboard and mark~ts.

The above are but a f~w of the many signs of prosperity dueto the sugar industry, but they are substantial ones, requiring ,the outlay of much capital, not only home but foreign.

This great increase in material things has given the government a con~tantly increasing revenue from duties and taxes ofall kinds, and it has also given it a credit abroad as wt"11 as athom~, enabling it to borrow money at a fair interest for neededpublic improvements.

J. B. Atherton.

COFFEE, THE COMING INDUSTRY.

[For the history of the introduction of coffe~ in these island; seeANNUAL for r876, or condensed in the ANNUAL of r895 J

~ EXT to sugar the most important product of the4~ Hawaiian Islands to-day is coffee, and taking into'--1) consideration the present rapid advance of the latter,

th~ next few years will doubtl~ss show it to be theprincipal stay of the country, especially as it can be successfullyproduced on almost all of the tillabl~ land of the group, and isa crop which accommodates itself re'Hlily to the limited purseand faciliti~s of the small agriculturalist.

A short tim~ ago it was thought that the Kona district ofHawaii was the only section of the islands adapted to coffee,and for several years its cultivation w<lsconf1l1ed to that smallquarter. The Kana coffee, from the first, proved a superiorarticle and wall for itself in the market an 'excellent reputationand a price rather above that commanded by the best products

,of Central and South America. The great success of theindustry in Kana superinduced experiments in other districts.Hamakua was the first invaded, and then the little red berryfound its way into Puna and Hilo.

J. 11. Horner is perhaps the pioneer of extensive coffee culturein Hamakua. His trees are now four' and five years old and


will yield this year nearly two pounds each. He expectsa. crop.,of from thirty-two to thirty-five tons. The Honokaa homesteadsshow a more recent growth, though none the less promising.

• The holdings are small, just about as much as a thnfty familycan manage. N. de Mello, a Portuguese, is an instance of thesuccess that is being met with. He started without capital tospeak of, and has now seventeen acres in coffee, which insuresa comfortable future income. VV'. H. Rickard, and many othersin the neighborhood, have excellent coffee prospects. All thecrops of trees are young and are just beginning to pay something.There is a great deal of valuable land in this district stillunoccupied, waiting the advent of thrifty families who desire tofound for themselves the means of certain livelihood.

The Kamaili community of Puna, though new, has madeimmense strides in coffee culture. It is being settled andcultivated by persons of means who will be able to hold theirown until their estates begin to pay. It is here that Han. R.}{ycroft has extensive fields; and C. L. Wight, the Wilders,ex.judge Carter and others are making heavy investments. Twoof the young holdings yielded 2.000 pounds of fine coffee thispast year. A landing to reach this neighborhood has beenestablished by the Wilder Steamship Company at Kahena.Peter Lee and the Goudies also have large interests in Puna.The latter are among the older planters and have an excellentprospect for a profitable business.

Olaa has come into prominence in the pa,ot few years as amost promising coffee center. The opening of the road fromHila to the volcano, which traverses this neigh borhood. was themeans of bringing the possibilities of the Ola 1 lands to publicnotice as well as within reach. The holdings of prior pioneershad turned out sutliciently well to justify the rush that cameafter tlle lands were opened and the boom that Olaa hasexperienced ever since. Today Olaa coffee is on the marketsof the wlJrld where it has made a reputation as enviable as theKona growth. More c~pital is perhaps invested in coffee inOlaa andneighborhond than in any other part of the islands;and so far no one has failed in the enterprise, and all have themost sanguine hope of success'- It is here that severalAmerican companies have invested th~ir money, and many

COFFEE, THE CuMING INDUSTRY. III

American farmers are taking: up lands and' 'planting Cll£' e; It IShere that the industry has passed from the "experimf'ntal stage"and is proving itself immensely profitable; here then: is lots ofland. The government owns several tracts in the neighborhoodwhich will be opened up as rapidly as new roads make it possiblefor settlement. It is estimated, upon a basis of Olaa returns,that a seventy-five acre coffee farm will have, at the end of fiveyears, paid its running expenses; while 'from that time forwardthe returns will be from $S,OOO to $10,000 a year.

There are many other portions of the island of Hawaii inwhich coffee is being successfully cultivated. The trees growbest at elevations ranging from 500 to 1,600 feet. However,experiments have shown that coffee has a wide range in varyingconditions of soil, moisture, temperature and altitude. Itflourishes in these islands from the !'ea shore up to a height ofnearly 3,000 feet. Nor is its successful growth confined toHawaii. On Maui and on Kauai coffee is being planted andthe prospects are reported as "flattering." On Molokai the treesflourish in a wild state. Three plantations have been started onOahu. The finest prospect ever seen in this city was noticed onseveral bushes from Judge Widemann's place at Waianae, broughtup in October and placed on exhibition. During the past yearMaunawili, \V. G. Irwin's coffee farm beyond the Pali, sent itsfirst crop to the city. The beans 'were full and heavy, and thegrade very high. A stock company has been· formed for thecultivation of coffee at Makaha, a few miles beyond Waianae,where Mr. Samuel Andrews has already' made considerableprogress in the business. In the next few months, if presentindications carry, other coffee prospects, with Oahu as the baseof operations, will be started; and the year may prove that theislands, as a whole, are tht: natural home of coffee and the firstplace in the world for investment in this profitable industry itaffords.

Realizing the importance of the coffee industry and tht: impe-'. tus it was likely to receive when the possibilities of the bllsiness

became known, the Government and a few moneyed firms ofHonolulu have done a great deal to help matters along. TheGovernment has, as rapidly as possible, opened new roads intothe coffee belts and plotted public lands for settlement. Sui\able


tracts have been offered for sale and on long- lease at mostreasonable figures. The Wilder Steamship Company have.issued numerous pamphlets describing the coffee lands, andhave materially assisted local and American investors in settlingthemselves upon profitable estates. Foremost among thosewho have substantially and continuously aided the industry,however, stands Hackfeld & Co., the Queen Street merchants.This firm has not only ~ssisted investors who had secured goodproperties, but has made advances to help along such as startedout with small means. It has opened channels to the bestmarkets, and has purchased the coffee at prices received fromthe jobbers, as well as sold it practically free on consignment.All these things have assisted the industry upon its feet, untilnow it promises soon to vie with sugar for first place in the listof the resources of the country.

One substantial way in which this firm has assisted the coffeeindustry in the Hawaiian Islands shows itself in the handsomebrick building at the corner of Fort and Queen Streets in whichis located the machinery for hulling and polishing the bean andgrading it for market. The facilities throughout are most complete, in fact are considered by some to be several years ahead.of time; but it was the desire of the firm to do everythingpossible to aid the industry and those engaged in it, so thefacilities were made as exterisive and complete as the future.could possibly demand. The equipment is so complete thatcoffee can be treated at a very nominal figure, and when it leavesthe works, cleaned, polished and graded, is worth all the wayfrom three to six cents per pound more than the bean treated bythe old process. It therefore affords the planter a means ofbettering his crop by enhancing his values at a cost which isreally less than the primeval one of hulling and making a bawk

at polishing.The building occupied by the new coffee cleaning apparatus

is two and a half stories high, the drying rooms being on thegarret floor. When the coffee is received at the works it is takenin a huge hopper and conveyed by elevator pans to this apartment. There it is spread out and dried. So complete is thearrangement that green, or imperfectly dried berries are cured aseffectually as those fully treated. A great loss to the planter in

COFFEE. THE CUMiNG iNDUSTRY. 113

the primitive method of curing came just at that point-theproc~ss of drying. After drying the coffee passes into a secondhopper and from there into a cleaner, a cylinder in which stones,sticks and all foreign matter is separated from the berries. Theberries are then ready for the huller. Dropping into a secondcylinder the hulls are removed and the beans appear, clean andfree from dust. Next comes the polisher. This machinery,which is familiar to all in coffee growing communities, is of thesame design as the huller, but is finer and more delicate inhandling the beans. Polishing is a frictional process.

From the polisher the beans go to the grader, a new piece ofmachinery in this country but perhaps the most important of all.Hackfeld & Co. saw that to establish a market basis for Hawaiiancoffee it was all important that it be most carefully gradeo andheld up to the standards. Coffees shipped from Hawaii in pastyears have been sadly mixed, and thus have received a lowergrading in the markets than the quality entitled it to. To illustrate: The best coffee of a certain farm brought eighteen centstwo years ago; after being treated by the above machinery andproperly graded prior to shipment, it brought twenty-five cents apound! Strict honesty is followed out in all the grades down tothe lowest. Thus, the planter knows what he is selling and the,consumer is guaranteed the quality he is buying.

The last work in the house is sacking and marking the grades.The first to fall down from the separator are the broken andsmall flat beans, the lowest grades, both separate; next comethe middling flat beans and medium pea· berries; and finallyappear the large flat beans and the big pea berries. These areall cardully separated. The latter, the large flat beans and bigpea· berries, make up the best grade of coffee shipped from thiscountry, which is destined to extend the reputation of theHawaiian product. It is this grade which has successfully helda first place in the markets against the products of Guatamalaal)d South America, and has made Hawaiian coffee famous.

It is hard to estimate what the coffee output of the HawaiianIslands, during the coming year, will be. Certain it is, however,that the shipments will be larger than-ever before. Olaa alonewill have 100,000 pounds to sell. Kona, Hamakua and Punawill have more, with other new regions to hear from.

L. D. Timmous.

AGRICULTURAL POSSIBILITIES.

~HILE Hawaii does not have, accurately speaking, a

. tropical climate, but rather a sub-tropical-there are()~ no frosts below a height of 5,000 feet above the sea

, level, and therefore all, or nearly all, of the tropicalfruits and plants do well.

On 'the higher levels, the fn,its and grains of the temperatezone may be cultivated with success. Wheat, barley, Indiancorn, rye, do well subject to proper cultivation and care.

The area for agriculture is not, as compared with the greatareas of the United States, very large, but the limits of It forcultivation will not be reached for many years. Success inagriculture in the islands <:1epends, as it depends in all other.countries, upon the intelligence used in the cultivation of crops,and upon the markets, which is a most important consideration.

There is no difficulty in raising the banana, the pine apple,the orange, the lime, the guava, besides sugar cane and coffee.

Cattle and sheep, pigs and fowls, do well if cared for. Anyone proposing to immigrate to these islands, should thoroughlyunderstand that there is no a/{ricultural "bonanza" here, asidefrom sugar making, which is very remunerative under presentconditions. The immigrant must consider himst:lf a pioneerin many ways. He will find everything he desires in the way ofa mild climate, but. that will not bring him an income.

The local market for produce are limited. The Chinese,Japanese and ,native Hawaiians, obtain their own particular foodin their own way. The Anglo-Saxons do not number over 6,OQOcmen, women and children, and their consumption of agriculturalproduce is therefore limited. The outlook for agricultural andhorticultural markets is on the Pacific Coast. The increase inthe Anglo Saxon population will naturally increase the localdemand for home products, but it may be a slow increase-

KAMEHAMEHA SCHOOL.

LUNALILO HOME FOR INDIGENT HAWAIIANS.

AGRICu~rW<AL PO~S.lBl.LlTll'~. 115

foreign markets must be foul1d. ""l\Ie"xico and 'tne Central. Amer.ican States will compete with Hawaii in the American markets.

There is practically no limit to the production of bam1nas, onthe large island of Hawaii-they can be raised at an extremely"low rate, nor is there any limit to the production of pine apples,nor of oranges, but the home consumption of these fruits islimited. At present inter-island transportation is too expensive,and the freight rates to the Pacific Coast are too high toencourage a large export trade.

From the island of Hawaii, which contains the largest amount. of land suitable for agricultural and horticultural produce, thereis at present, no direct steam communication with the AmericanCoast, consequently the banana is not raised on that island toany extent for export. The development of the coffee industry,however, as well as the need of freight room for the sugarproduct, will, before long, establish quick transit and makeopenings for many persons who desire to engage in raising thesefruits: Whenever this is done, the future of the fruit trade ofthe islands will be secure.

As the Uriited States have no tropical region, they must dependupon foreign countries for tropical products to a large extent.While the distance from the tropical regions of Mexico to theconsuming centers of tp.e United States is much less than thedistance of the Hawaiian Islands from the Pacific Coast, thecost of transportation from the islands will be less, as it is awater transportation.

The horticultural products of the islands can be so cultivatedthat they will reach the coast markets" between seasons" andbring the highest price. There is a season on the Pacific coastin October and November, during which period the home-grownorange is not ripe and the markets are bare of the fruit.

By careful selection and cultivation these islands may supplythis demar-d. Extended facilities of transportation from thecoast to the interior will increase the demand for fruit in these"between seasons."

But little attention has been paid to high farming-horticulture-in the islands, up to the present time, owing to the absorbinginterest taken in sugar production. The brains and energy ofthe country have-been concentrated upon that industry.


As the new and more diversified industries become apparent,the best methods of agriculture and horticulture wil1 be adopted.

The soil and climate of the islands furnish excel1ent opportunities for the cultivation of flowers which produce perfumes, andthe extraction of these perfumes. As an illustriition of this thefaranesia acacia grows wild and in abundance. This shrub iscarefully cultivated in Italy, and a considerable population makea living out of it. .

The chief adnntage of a residence on these islands is thesingularly salubrious climate, and the absence of frost, while thegradual elevation of the land permit the most diversified culti-'vation to be carried on.

W. N. Armstrong.

HAWAII AS AN ARTIST'S FIELD.

,,~N your land of Hawaii is there material for the artist ?". Such a ouestioner we would bid to come and see. If he

/ were a true artIst he could hardly turn back dlsapPoll1ted.. "But have you anythll1gbut a volcano, some palm

trees, and great fields of cane?" Again we should exclaim, "0,come ilnd see!" These islands were not raised out of the deepfor the ages to soften and mellow that the sugar planter alonemight reap harvests. Happy is the artistic soul who can bringhis palette and brush and gain in some small measure the harvests that nature holds ready for him. It is not a market forart, but a repository from whence to draw. If you come from anorthland of frozen earth and murky heavens, you will realizebefore you see an island form that the skies are growing kindand very beautiful; that the heavens and the sea are blue, so blue,and that the pearly, misty clouds and crested wave that pressforward to break upon the coral reef almost defy you in theirloveliness. And when the shore is reached, glancing back overthe waters whence you have just come-see them I-there ispurple and green and sapphire; now that is gone and there isdiamond, amethyst and opal flashing under the sun. Then lookup unto the hills: the clouds rest over some of them, and

HAWAII AS AN ARTiST'S FIELD. 117

between you and their purple and blue there may be found arainbow which you would not care to miss as the finest you haveever seen. But wait; there will be another one a little later, andtomorrow too. Then when the sun is not quite so bright, sothat everything stands less brilliant in the clear air, new beautiescreep out of the:shadowy canons, and subtle forms which hidefrom the bright light show themselves. The traveller whoexpects these islands to be bor'dered with palms and ferns whichdip their long fronds into the waters will be disappointed,perhaps disheartened at the first sight of brown, rugged hillsides,and arid steeps and plains. But the true artist knows thatnature keeps her beauty for him who seeks, and the searcherwho understands her ways will not have far to go.

The varied resources of the islands are not all within stone'sthrow of each other, for between them may be miles of horsebackriding and many more miles of ocean channel. But the fullportfolio and the greater satisfaction for him who has theseadvantages! If the days come tha~ sketching tours are arranged,and some artist with an outdoor class shall come with their arrayof camp stools and umbrellas, they will find a field over whichthey will linger long and be loth to leave. And then, art students, when you are once here, beware of your greens! Therice fields III their vivid shades; the valleys, largto or small, downwhose steep sides verdure seems tumbling in leafy cascades;tropical creapers, giant ferns, sturdy bananas and perhaps aglimpse of the mer-:antile sugar cane; these will draw from yourcolor box such combinations of the pigments blue and yellow,that, unless they are accompani"ed by a full measure of thoughtand skill, the canvasses will resemble the colors which mightbetter be displayed on St. Patrick's day in the morning It is acolor study in Hawaii from the coal black of it" lava rock throughall its shades to the white of the coral, and the same of the soilwhich paints the roofs bright red in some localities with its dust.There IS in succession a scale of hues that be speak ruddy soil,glimmering sands, hazy waterfalls, brown rocks, shimmeringmirage or giant mountain-to enumerate them by contrast.

If color is here, so are iorm and feeling. The former is shownin serrate hilltops or tringe ofcoco'i palms against the sky; in thespiky leaves of the lauhala, in towering cliff and variedbva


form; and in a hundred~w'ayswhich will keep the master or thestudent silent with admiration. With form and color for ourbasis, let us think of sentiment and feeling. The human currenthere is varied. Besides the Hawaiian flag there floats that ofthe great dragon, representing thousands of Chinese; and theJapanese in sandals and kimolla are to be found on all sides.Gay kerchiefs and bright shawls show the presence of the Portuguese; and these three nationalities in the byways of theirhomes, inore picturesque than aesthetic, as well as in their laborsin the fields, furnish pictures both quaint and pathetic. Youneed not seek China to see its sons plowing the wet rice fieldswith curious cattle like the rhinoceros, nor Japan to find its countrymen in houses with thatched roof and sides, which have quitesucceeded the interesting grass houses of the Hawaiians. Andas to the latter, with their rich, dark skins, good carriage, lovingnatures and their leIS of flowers-who will be the Millet that willdraw from a hundred sources close at hand some scene whichwill touch the world with som,ething of the spirit of the Angelus?N at far need he look for an atmosphere in which to place it, bothphysical and mental. See the canoes so long and dark withtheir curious outriggers, which the natives so deftly bring to theshore, and then see the form and the colors of the fi.sh that they.bundle, marvels of shape and hue. See the smoke of the imu,the fast disappearing calabash, the less frequent luau, in theirquaint tropical setting; set: the subjects that so few are dt:alingwith, and get out your brushes!

Hawaii has its artists, a fair number and of merit, as pastyears of the Kilohana Art League prove, with thest:mi annualexhibitions of varit:d and original work; but the field is vastlylarger than has yet been gleaned in. In taking 'these mereglimpses, no mention has been madt: of sculpture of the nativetypes, as are instanced by the work now in the Bishop Museum.But the subject has only been touched, and though a glancemay not reveal the possibilities here, it is just as true as of thegreater beauties to which it all points-that he who seeksshall abundantly find.

Philip Henry Dodge.

THE PICTURED LEDGE OF KAUAI.

~) r EONILOA beach at Koloa, Kauai, Hawaiian Islands,

G on which the "pictured rocks" are found (Figures Iand II illustrate specimens of the work), lies betweenthe sand· stone cliffs of Makawahi on the east and the

lava cliffs of Makahuena on the west. The beach is about onehalf a mile in leng-th; at the western end near the picturedsand stone ledge is the small boat landing- of Kaneaukai. ]. D.Dana in his "Characteristics of Volcanoes" expresses the opinion"that the shore line 'fol'matidn of the Koloa sea coast at andnear Keoniloa beach shows evidence of a change in 'level in theIsland of Kauai,. * * lit though to what extent cannot beinferred."

Prof. Wm. T. Brig-ham in his "Hawaiian Volcanoes," reviewing- Dana's observations, does nJt come to the same :onclusion.He says: "The evidences of elevations on Kauai are by nomeans as satisfactory as on Oahu. The so-called raised reefnMr Koloa, I am satisfied, is only a consolidated dune of c0ralsand; -,' '*' ,- I did not see any marks of subsidence."

As the ledge on which the pictures are made is, when free ofsand, only partly exposed at low tide, and then nearly coveredwith water by every good sized wave, a natural conclusion isthat the beach has subsided at least six feet since the pictureswere cut.

The pictured ledg-e. 110 feet by 25 feet, is usually for year!> at atime covered ~ith many feet of sand. The writer first saw thedrawings in lR87, and again in June, 1897, when they wereexposed for about ten days, at which time sixty-seven j3ictures ,and markings were to be seen, (some of them deeply graved intothe ledge), varying- in size from one foot to six and a half feet :nlength. Measurements of, twelve and rough sketches of fifty.seven were made, also a few rather poor photographs of eight

120 /iAWAJIAN ANNUAL.

I '

V~ .11I \ (

F[GURE 1.

were secured. The graving though somewhat worn was stillfrom one-fourth of an inch to three· fourths of an inch deep, andfrom half an inch to one and a half inches wide. The upperhalf of the ledge was dark and well glazed over, and the gravings{)n it were worn to the same appearance.

shortA

I<'IGURE [I.

,:):....-_-...~ experiment

showed'n.J" that with a'7.- \- hatchet a

four footfigure couldbe made inabout twoh 0 u r s of

steady work; that with a native stone adz it would take at leasta day, and use up a number of such tools. No ttadition of thework or the workers has been obtained. On June I(jth an oldHawaiian woman named, Kauda, who has lived near Keoniloa formany years was interviewed. She said: "I first saw the pictureswhen 1 was about thirteen years old; that was in l8·H~. 1 wentto see t.hem with my school teacher and his other scholars andtwo Roman Catholic priests. My teacher's name was Alexandero, a Frenchman. He was the first Roman Catholic priestin Koloa and built the Catholic mission buildings. We sawallthe picture rocks exposed; you have only seen a part of themtoday. Another ledge from fifty to. one hundred feet furtherinland, under the sand, has pictures of birds, fishes, a canoe and

THE P1CTURED LEDGE OF KAUAl. 121

strange animals cut on it. The animals are not like anythingnow seen; they have uodies like cattle, heads and ears like pigs,but no horns; the canoe.has n9 out-rigger or figures in it."

"The priest went home with me from Keoniloa and talked withmy father, Walewa,le, arid my' grandfather, also with a number ofother old IHtives (in those days there were ll1,tny old people inthe land) about the drawings. They had all seen the pictures buthad never heard who cut them or why they were done. Theoldest folks said that their fathers and grandfathers had toldthem that the pictures had always been there."

the sand hills to the west of Keoniloa are said to have beenold battle fields; they were certainly used as burial grounds.

Fugitives from Oahu wars are said to have landed at Keoniloaand been killed and buried in these sand hills by Koloa natives-a good way to discourage immigration and annexation.

Alexander, in his Brief History of the Hawaiian People,chapter 15, says: "About the end of the 13th century, K,daunuiohua, a warlike and ambitious Moi (king) of Hawaii undertookto subdue the whole group. * * * He defeated the leadingchiefs of Maui, Molokai, and Oahu. * * * He set sail forKauai and landed near Koloa, where he was met by Kukona atthe head of the warriors of Kauai, and totally defeated, his fleetbeing taken and his army destroyed."

It was about this time that a vessel, called "lllamala" in thetradition, arrived at Kahului, Maui. The captain and crew aresaid to have been foreigners of light complexion, with brighteyes, who intt.:rmarried with the natives and became progenitorsof a light colored stock. As there were no Europeans in thePacific Ocean in the I :Hh century, it IS most probable, as JudgeFornander has suggested, that these foreigners were the crew ofsome Japanese junk, driven out of its course by a typhoon, anddrifted to these shores, as has twice happened in recent times.

Also, that, about the year 1527-28, Spaniards, a man and hissister, were. saved from a wreck on Hawaii. * * * Theyintermarried with the natives and became the progenitors ofcertain wel1·known families of chiefs, such as that of Kaikioewa,former Governor of Kauai. Kaikioewa's family came from theIsland of Hawaii.

Jarvis in his History of the Islands says: "Cook found in the

122 HAWAllA N ANNUAL.

possession of the nativ'es of Kauai two pieces of iron; oneaportion of a hoop, and the other appeare'd to be part of the bladeof a broad sword. * * ,~ The knowledge and use of ironwas generally known."

Kauila's story would take us back to the early part of the 17thcentury without a tradition of the workers.

Two of the designs look enough like a cross and a flag tomake one think that foreigners may have had a hand in the workor have given the natives-if they did the work -a knowledge ofthose emblems; were it not for them one might think that thepictures were made by a party of Northwest Indians who could,I believe, easily sailor drift in their large canoes down to theseIslands with the currents, in a shorter time than a Japanese junkcould do so. One can usually see half a dozen northwest driftlogs on the beach at Keoniloa. On the beachef> of the island ofNiihau, some flO miles,away, hundreds of logs and red-woodposts have br'en pil:l<ed up a few months after freshets on thePacific coast of the United States and British Columbia hadwashed out tht: saw mill logging dams. Drawillgs somewhatsimilar to those at Keoniloa are or wt:rt: to be seen at Halemanu,Waialua, Oahu, on tht: great carving platter of Kokoa or KalaAikanaka. and at Honaunau, Kana, Hawaii. Of the former

(Figure IlL), Gilbert Farquhar Mathison, Esq., inhis "Narrative ofa visit toBrazil, Chili, Peru and tht:Sandwich Islands duringthe year 18:21 and 18t2,"says: "I had expected tofind a monument of greatmagnitude; instead ofwhich I saw nothing butaflat stone, resembling anEnglish tomb-stone, aboutfive feet broad by six orseven in length. The surface was very smooth andupon it I discovered many

FIGURE III. rude representations of

THE PICTURED LEuGE OF KAUA!. 123

men and animals, similar to those which have from time to timebeen met with and described among- the Indians of America.Many were defaced, and in otbers I could trace no resemblanceto any known objects, either animate or inanimate: the stoneitself was very imperfect, pieces of it having evidently beenbroken off on different sides, which I learnt from the guide hadbeen done by the neighboring inhabitants, in order to convert

r' the materials into knives, mirrors, pots, and other domesticutensils, which were always fabricated from stones in formertimes, previous to the introduction of iron by foreign traders.Annexed is a drawing, taken on the spot."

The tradition, as related to me by Coxe, is briefly this: "Manyhundred moons ago. a race of people, more warlike and savagein tht:ir habits of life than the other inhabitants, occupied thispart of the island. Une chief, Herimino by name, who exer·cised supreme authority over them, was celebrated far and widefor courage and cruelty, and under him they might be said tolive entirely by wa r and pillage. But that which most distinguished them and spread terror among their more peacefulneighbors, was their avowed cannibalism, the prisoners whom·they took in war being always butchered, to satisfy the cravingsof this unnatural appetite. The habitation of the said chief wassituated on the very spot since called after him, Herimino, whereI now stood, and the stone in question served as an altar uponwhich the unfortunate human victims were sacrificed. Near ita large rour.d hole, abollt twenty feet in circumference, and stillclearly discernible, was pointed out as the place where thekanakas, or men, were cooked and devoured by the Chief and hisadherents."

"The marked expression of horror on the countenance of myguide bore witness to his own belief of this story, as by dint ofsigns, and the repetition of a few words that I understood, heenabled me to trace the vestiges here described. The conclusionof the history is, that these bloody-minded barbarians were atlength driven by superior force from ,the plain into their mountainfastnesses. There Herimino fell by the hand of his brother-inlaw, who had some private feud and motive of enmity againsthim. His followers, however, still continued in possession of


their fastnesses, whence they issued from time to time, like theScottish children of the mist, to wreak their venge;.mce upon allwho had the misfortune to fall into their hands. They were notfinally extirpated till about forty years ago, when the principalchief of the island, previous to King Tamahamaha, pursuedand killed them all, except one man, whose life accidentally wasspared. One of thIS man's children is now a menial dependantupon the present King, and in no respect distinguishable from'any of the other natives."

Kalakaua in his "Legends and Myths of Hawaii" says that"It may be assumed that near the close of the 17th CenturyKala Aikanaka and his people, the chief of the cannibals ofHalemanu, landed at Waialua, Oahu. They came from Kauaiwhere they had he en living for the previous ten years or so.They are said to have come to Kauai from one of the Southernislands, which our tradition does not mention, in double canoes,and as they were in a starving condition, it was thought thatthey had been blown thither by adverse winds while journeyingto some other islands, They lived at first on land near the footof the mountains back of Waimea; then in a secluded valley inthe mountains of Haupu. Kalo Aikanaka's real name wasKokoa. He was of chiefly proportions, and his muscular limbswere tatooed with rude representations of birds, sharks, andother fishes. His" features were rather of the Papuan cast. Hispeople were somewhat darker than the Kauaians; they wereexpert fishermen, etc." The mountain of Haupu is but a fewmiles from the Keoniloa beach ane its landing place, Kaneaukai,

is used by fishermen today.

The drawings at Hvnaunau, Kona, Hawaii, have" not beencopied or measured by anyone, as far as the writer can learn.He was first told of them by Dr. Emerson of Honolulu and Mr.W. A. Hardy of Hilo, Hawaii. They are said to be cut intoblack lava rock, pahoehoe, on the beach, but far enough inlandto be usually free of wdter; they are now much worn andresemble those at Keoniloa.

Honaunau is not far from Keei, the place at which the Spanishman and woman ar~ said to have landed in the early part of the

LAND POLlCY. 125

14th Century. A large Pahonua, (city of refuge), that contained·three heiaus (temples), is'now at Honaunau.

Three of the figures on the Honaunau ledge, according tonative tradition, are the outlines of the body of Kamalalawaluand two of his dogs. Kamalalawalu was the king of Maui whowas slain in battle at Hokuula, Waimea, Hawaii, in the latterpart of the 14th Century.

It is said that an attempt was made in behalf of King Kala.kaua to have some of the Honaunau drawings cut out and takento the Government Museum then in Honolulu.

Without doubt a number of the Keoniloa beach figures couldeasily be removed.

Du Chaillu in his "Vlking Agfj" has pictures of the rockdrawings of the Scandinavian Peninsula that are similal to thoseat Keoniloa, and stand like them without a tradition.

J. K. Farley

HAWAIIAN LAND POLICY.

~N 1S46, in connection with other great rdorms of that

period, an Act was passed by which the common peoplehad an opportunity of obtaining titles to the small holdings which they then occupied and cultivated as tenants

or retainers of the chiefs. About 11,000 persons took advantageof this provision". Afterwards the Government drifted awayfrom this liberal attitude toward the people and for a long timeits land policy was of a character most unfavorable to thedevelopment of a prosperous rural population. Large areas ofarable and grazing land wele leased for long terms or sold outright for cash. The crown lands being inalienable were leasedin large areas for long terms. The rich easily obt'lined thecontrol of extensive tracts while it was a difficult and discouraging enterprise for the poor man to secure the few acres that heneeded for a home and for cultivation.

In ISS! an Act was passed by the Legislature providing for.the setting apart of homesteads out of the government lands


to be conveyed to landless applica'1ts on reasonable terms. Theadmir.istration, however, was indifferent to the object of the lawand it was not put in force until after the change of administration in 1887. Since that time 557 holdings have been taken upund~r this law, of which 256 have been patented.

In lb9l Queen Liliuokalani promoted the leasing of a part of'the Crown land of Olaa, Hawaii, then in demand for cultivationon ac(ount of the new volcano road built through it, in moderatetracts from 50 acres and upwards upon reasonable terms. Atabout the same time provision was made for leasing portions ofCrown lands in Puna and \Vaimea, Hawaii, in smaller tracts toapplicants on still easier terms.

In 1895 the legislature of the Republic of Hawaii at its firstsession, enacted a very comprehensive law known as "Land.Act1895." This act marked a great advance on all previous landlegi<;lation and was one of the main grounds for convening thelegislature in session at that time.

Upon the abrogation of the Monarchy in 189;~, the Crownlands which had previously been devoted to the support ofroyalty became vested in the government. The" Land Act1895" classed all government lands, except town lots, sites ofpublic buildings, roads, landings, nurseries, parks, reservationsfor forest and conservation of water supply and lands used forother public purposes, as "Public lands," and placed them incharge of a Board of three Commissioners composed of theMinister of Interior and two pe rsons appointed by the Presidentwith the approval of the Cabinet, one of whom to be designatedas Agent of Public Lands. The Act divides the territory of theRepublic into six land districts and provides for a Sub.Agent ofPublic Lands and Rangers 'in each district. It divides thepublic lands into first and second and third class agriculturallands; first and second class pastoral land ; pastoral-agriculturalland; forest land and waste land. The Commission~rs withthe consent of the Executive Council may sell parcels of PublicLands of not more than one thousand acres in extent at auctionfor cash, and parcels of not over six hundred acres atauction under an agreement of sale containing conditions ofresidence or improvement and payment of the purchase price

LAND POLICY. 127

~.I

in installments and providing for delivery of a Lapd Patentupon performance of conditions. Land Patents may also beissued without an auction sale in exchange for private lands orby way of compromise, and quit claim deeds may be issued forquieting titles upon legal or equitable grounds.

The Commissioners may make leases of public lands fur notover twenty-one years without privilege of renewal, with rent tobe paid quarterly, semi-annually or annually in advance. Leasesare taxed upon the .value of the real estate demised.

The special methods of opening lands to settlement und erthe Land Act, are by Homestead Leases, Right of PurchaseL~ases and Cash Freeholds, which may be acquired by eithermen or women over eighteen years old who are citizens or whohold Letters of Denization or Certificates of Special Rights ofCitizenship, are not under civil disability for any offense ordelinquent in payment of taxes and who own no land in theHawaiian Islands except wet land. Homestead Leases areintended to provide persons without capital and their heirs withpermanent homes. They run tor 999 years subject to continuous use of the same as homes and payment of taxes and certainmoderate conditions of improvement. There is no rent and nopurchase price. They are limited to eight acres in first class,sixteen acres in second class agncultural land, thirty acres infirst class, sixty acres in second class pastoral land, or forty-fiveacres in pastoral-agricultl1.ral land.

Right of purchase leases and cash freeholds are limited to onehundred acres in first class, two hundred acres in second classagricultural land; six hundred acres in first class, twelve hundredacres in second class pastoral land, or four hundred acres inpastoral-agricultural land. The lands are appraised, and theright of purchase lessee pays, annually, eight per cent. on theappraised value. From the end of the first year to the end ofthe fifth year he must maintain his horne on the premises. Afterthe third year the lessee is entitled to a land patent upon payingthe appraised value of the premises if he has resided thereonnot less than two years, and has reduced to cultivation twentyfive per cent. of the area and has performed certain otherconditions. The term of a right of purchase lease is twentyone years.

121i HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

Cash freeholds are sold at auction upon the appraisement asan upset price. One· fourth of the successful bid is paid at thesale, the balance in three years, in annual installments, whenthe purchaser is entitled to a land patent if the conditions havebeen performed. He is required to maintain his home on thepremises from the end of the first year to the end of the thirdyear; make certain specified improvements and pay his taxes.

Provision is made for furnishing a number of lots in oneblock, under the cash freehold system, to associations orcommunities who desire to settle together.

Undcr the special provisions of the Land Act, l8!J5, forconveying land in small holdings, the following documents havealready been issued: Right of purchase leases, 206; freeholdagreements, 2 I; certificates of occupation, preliminary tohomestead leases, 62; agreements of sale conditioned onre»idence or improvement and payment in installments, 48.

Sanford B. Dole.

HAWAII'S COMMERCIAL RELATIONS.

~~~HEN the l\lcKinley bill went into dfect in IH~J2 the

)')1, interests of the masses in the Hawaiian IslandsC were affected to a great txtent. l\ltn not directly

associated with the chief industry uf the countrysaid the sugar planters deserved a set back, because theirmanagers had ,ignored the U niteel States to a degree that Congress had felt it necessary to inflict a little punishment by wayof retaliation; Hawaii had benefitted by the reciprocity treatyin the matter of tariff allowances, but Great Britain had benefitted to the detriment of United States manufacturer" in thematter of machinery with which to manufacture the sugar whichcongress had, prior to the McKinley bill, admitted free againstduty-paid sugar from other countries. The owners of Britishships had also profited through carrying the cargoes of sugar toSan Francisco.

If the statements made at that time were true they cannot beso concerning the conditions existing' during the past few years.

COMMERCIAL RELATIONS. 129

Nor could they be substantiated to the letter at that time for itis a well known fact that one of the largest mallu:'acturers ofmachinery on the Pacific Coast, had for several years prior toISCI:l, a representative in Honolulu who secured orders f0r thousands of dollars worth of plantation machinery, and the largestmills on the islands are now fitted out with pumps and machinerymade in the United States. With the increase of these importations of American products and manufactures comes a corresponding decrease of the same lines fro}TI European countries.During the recent visit of Senator Morgan to the great plantation of the Ewa Company, this condition of affairs was broughtto his attention as he passed from one department of the mill toanother.

During the early years of the sugar industry in Hawaii,British vessels were idle in San Francisco, and it was an easymatter to put them in the trade between the United States andHa waii. On the other hand, as the inel ustry developed, interests in American vessels were bought hy citizens of Hawaii andthe registers change to Hawaiian, so that while the statistics ofa dozen years ago may have shown a mininum freight carriedin vessels other than Hawaiian, it in no sense proves that itwas not Amc:ric:l!l h hor and American capital that built thevessels.

Another mi.,leading statement is sent out with the statistics:The Custom House reports show the tonnage only of vesselscalling at Honolulu, but n" complete record of the tonn:lge ofmerchandise is kept, so that in the case of the Pacific Mailsteamers Belgic, China, Coptic, Doric, and Gaelic, which makefive voyages each per year, there is shown an aggregate tonnageof 11,976 for a single call when as a malter of fact the quantityof freight carried by those steamers between San Francisco andHonolulu is infinitesimal.

Let the Custom House reports for 1896 be taken as a basisand note the result. The imports of merchandise from theUnited States during that year had a valuation of$5,464,208.10,more than 75% of which was carried in vessels of Americanregister. Against this, goods to the value of $1,700,353,30were imported from all other countries. Does this not show

130 HAWAlIAN ANNUAL

that Hawaii contributes to the reciprocal relations between thetwo countries?

In the fleet for 1896 carrying between United States and Hawaiian ports there were exactly 100 vessels of American registerhaving a tonnage of 88,753 against 27 British vessels with atonnage of 45,778. It will be seen by this that even with thelarge tonnage of vessels flying the British flag which call at theport of Honolulu, but which carry little fr~ight the difference isin favor of American veiisels by more than 51 per cent.

Another point to be considered in reckoning the tonnage ofBritish registered ships is the fact that the six vessels constituting the lines running from Vancouver and Portland to H onolulu, carry produce from almost the entire North West PacificStates. To ship from \Nashington and Oregon to Honoluluvia Vancouv~r is found to be cheaper than by sending to SanFrancisco and then tranship. The idea of the producers inthose States is to get their products to market as quickly aspossible without regard to the nationality of the vessels carryingit. The Honolulu producer finds his market in the UnitedStates and he ships, whenever possible, on American builtvessels. Of the exports from Hawaii duringl896, valued at$15,515,230.13 only $24,865.18 was shipped via Canadian portswhile $15,46U,09tl.15 went intC' the United States via Pacific andAtlantic Coast ports.

People who have cried down Hawaii because of its patronizingBritish ships have done so through ignorance of the real facts.No country ir: the world can shown a larger per centage ofAmerican built vessels in her trade, and if Hawaii's patronageof British built ships has been such as to cause comment it ismainly because vessels in the American merchant marine havebeen withheld. Hawaii is ready and always has been to throwits trade to American built vessels and this should be countedin. her favor. The people and the country should not be denounced if American manufacturers patronize vessels other thanAmerican in sending their goods to these islands.

James T. Stacker.

+

JAPAN'S "PEACEFUL INVASION."

~~ H E matter of the" Ptactful invasion" of Hawaii by thet~ Japanese is one entitled to all the consideration, and.J¥ more, than is given it by the people of the United

, States. Residents of Hawaii paid little attention to theinflnx of Orien.tals until it was almost too late to check it,except by legislative enactment, a step not deemed advisable atthis time.

Representatives of Japan in Hawaii, during the past fiveyears, have vigorously denied the rumor that their governmenthad any intention of taking the islands, coupling with theirassurances of a contrary nature, the statement that Hawaiicould not be governed advantageously by Japan owing to itsgeographical position. However that may be, the fact remains,that during the past twelve years, up to October, 1897, accordingto the .records of the Board of Immigration, 37,4[>1 Japanesecontract laborers have landed in Hawaii; and during that sameperiod less than one-third have returned at the c1o~e of theircontracts.

Japan may not have intentions on Hawaii, by either war-likeor diplomatic methods, but that it may gain control throughstrategy is possible, even probable. The Okuma policy is toland as many of Japan's subjects in Hawaii as is possible-theplan has been made public, innocently perhaps, by officialsof the Japanese government, and then by force of superiornumbers demand the right of frdnchise for its citizens. Thisobtained the rest would be easy, and so long as Hawaii, in itsisolated position, retains its autonomy without the support of astronger power, the interests of the Anglo-Saxon are in jeopardy.

It must be admitted that the Japanese are progressive to theextent that they are copyists. It has been stated by Americanswho have visited Japan since the Japan-Chinese war, that there


is not an article manufactured in the United States whichcannot be produced in Japan and sold in America, even with thehigh tariff, at thirty per cer.t. less than it can be made for inChicago. This may be attributed to the low cost of living inJapan, and up to this time the use of silver as a monetarystandard. vVith the change to gold, the cost of production maybe increased; but even then Japan would still be a strongcompetitor of the American producer.

Mention has been made of the number of contract laborerswho have arrived here since the signing of the HawaiianJapanese treaty in 1871, but those figures do not represent theentire number of citizens of that country who have assisted informing the masses making the "Peaceful invasion." Duringthe past two yeilrs Hawaii has had to contend with a classknown- as free laborers, men and women, brought here th roughthe instrumentality of immigration companies. After :3000,approximately, of this class had sought domiciles here theHawaiian government discovered that their advent in the countrysavored somewhat· of fraud, and through the efforts of theExecutive 1100, who came during the early ·part of 1097, wererefused a landing. It was not until this action was lclken by theHawaiian government that Japan openly asserted its positioIJ inthe premises, claiming for its subjects, privileges unthought ofby the framers of the treaty. The question is om.: which attractsthe attention of the diplomats ·01' the world. Figurativelyspeaking, Japan has expused its hand in the question ofsupremacy in Hawaii; its attitude is such as to strike terror inthe breasts of every lover of republican principles and Americaninstitutions, for Hawaii is essentially American and the citizensare ready to foster republican principles.

The following table shows the arrival and departure of Chineseand Japanese at the port of Honolulu from 1886 to 18%, bothyears included. vVomen and children are not included, for thereason that they do not, in their own country, have a voice indirecting the destiny of their people. Except in point of moralitythe people of Hawaii have nothing to fear from the women fromJapan; it is the men, who, acting upon the advice or suggestionof wiser heads, may now be aiming at control. It will be seen in

JAPAN'S "PEACEFUL INVASlUN." 133

this table that in the early years of the convention but few of the

immigrants returned. This may be accounted for by the factthat only occasional contracts had expired; and the penal clause

in the document precluded the possibility of dissatisfied members

of the colony leaving until they had performed their part of the

agreement.

ARRIVALS. DEPARTURES.

1886 ...•...181:\7. ......•1888 .181:\9 .1890 .1891. .Iti\J~ ..1893 .1891. _ .18g5 .18:16 ......••

Japanese.

692 ....1,155 •..•2,787 .2,513 .3,087 .4,486 •...3,006 .3,609 .3,:!86 .:!,306 .5,1 ~9 .

Chinese.

270860

I, I08344;160tl5:!

1,506836

i,:!(i62,5 \:!4-,gSI

Japa1lese.

11'86.... .... 4-811'1:\7.... .. .. 511888. . . . . . .. 40818/"1g , ::itill1890.... J4(j

1811 68318g:L :I:U11:\9:3. 1,fJ671894 \,G7 j

ISg5 I,:I:!l1t/90 1,:11:\ I

Chi1lese.

1,4341,:1351,196I,;)fd1,4071,851I,OOl1,0:10l,ll! r,

983I,Zl:i7

Total ... 3Z,056 14,895 Total ....8,!J6D I :1,9g l

From these figures it will be seen that the" invasion" hasbeen gradual, high water mark having been reached in 18U6,

and of the number of Japanese males now in the islands 185read and write English, though thollsands understand that

languag-e well enough for business or cunversational purposes.

The power of Japan in Hawaii is not alone ill numbers.During the past two years these people have made inroads uponthe Anglo· Saxons engaged in mercantile pursuits, and in the

trades, until there is scarcely a line but what has its Japanese

representative. Single and alone the government of Hawaiicannot combat this condition of affairs successfully; it requires

a stronger arm to maintain the rights of the people who have

made Hawaii what it is to-day. The period of immigration toHawaii from Japanese ports covers only about twelve years, and

yet one hundred per cent. more Japanese in fjawaii own theirdwellings than do Americans. Of course the value of the

property owned by the Americans is many times greater than

that of the Japanese; the figures are given more to show theadvance made by the Orientals, and as they have become property


hOlders only within two years past the percentage is not a titheof what it will be, should the islands be allowed to continueunder the present conditions. The people of the U niteel States,in view of the vast commercial interests, can ill afford to standby and see this continue. For the safety of American capitaland civilization, Hawaii must have closer political relationswith the United States.

Thos. C. Hobsoll.

SANITARY CONDITIONS AND APPLIANCES.

~ HE Hawaiian Islands, owing to their geographical position,

Jt~\9 natural formation, conditions of soil and other factorscD going to make up a climate, should rank high among

cthe world's health resorts.

The healthfulness of any loc;ility depends primarily uponthree vital conditions, viz: variations of temperature, degree ofhumidity of the atmosphere and formation of the soil.

These three factors, in the making of a climate, are controlledby nature and are subj ct to but little disturbance by the handsof mankind.

Other conditions, however, of almost equal importance to thehealth of a community, are directly under human control, forexample; intelligent selection of sites for dwellings, the securingof an abundant and pure water supply, proper drainage, prompt,safe and efficient disposal of all waste material, and a sanitarydisposition of the dead.

Hawaii, although geographically within the tropics, possessesbut little of what is commonly understood as a tropical climate.The summer heat is considerably less than thnt of the EasternStates of America and is tempered by the north east tradewinds which blow steadily for eight or nine months in the year.

Sunstroke and heat exhaustio:l are unknown terms in thistropical country' and at times when every mail of summer bringlireports of suffering and de:lth from the excessive heat of the greateastern cities, the inhabitants of this favored spot go about theirusual vocations perfectly indifferent to the sun's rays.

SANITARY CONDITIONS. 135

The annual rainfall varies, to a considerable degree, upon thedifferent islands and between different localities upon the sameisland. As a g-eneral rule it is greater upon the windward(north.east) side of eaL:n island, and increases in correspondenceto an increase i~ altitude.

The rainy season begins about November 1st, and lasts untilthe middle of April; but summer showers are common on allof the islands, anrl the mountains are capped with cloudsthroughout the year.*

The land rises rapidly from the sea to the mountains, and thesoil is very porous, so that drainage is excellent and the grounddries out quickly after the heaviest rains, except in the valleys.

Thus it will be seen that the Hawaiian Islands possess, in aneminent degree, the qualities essential for a salubrious climate.

In the country districts, where the crowding tog-ether ofdwellings and other community problems do not exist, thepromise of immunity from disease held out by the climatic'conditions is fulfilled, and sickness of an epidemic nature isalmost unknown.

A certain amount of remittent fever prevails, notably at thebeginning of the rainy season, due to the drinking of rawsurface water, and bowel troubles are apt to occur from thesame cause. Epidemic dysentery is an unknown disease In

Hawaii.\Vhen we come to the plantations with their villages of

employees crowded together in barracks, new factors areintroduced, and diseases due to the commingling of humanbeings arise. But even here epidemic disease is rare. Remittentfever becomes more common, and an occasional case of typhoirlappears. Typhus does not exist in this country.

Honolulu being the only settlement on the island of sufficientsize to render the consideration of city problems necessary,is deserving of special attention from a sanitary standpoint.

The city of Honolulu extends along the waterfront fromKalihi to Diamond Head, a distance of about seven miles. Theland from the sea back towards the hills, for a distance of one

* See· Rainlall and Meteorological Tables, pages 40 to 42.

136 HAWAlIAN ANNUAL.

mile, more or less, is flat and only slightly above sea level.Ascending the hills the altitude increases rapidly. The followingfigures were obtained from the survey department:

Elevation. Ele'Jotion.

King Street...... 7 to I;) ft.Prospect Street.'.. 178 to 198 ft.Beretania Street.. 10 to 30 Powder Magazine. 19iSchool Street..... 30 to 71 Wilder Avenue. .. 55 to <i5Judd Street 131 to 148 Makiki Reservoir. 1GOWyllie Street. 225 to 250 Punahou College. 70Gov. El. Light Stn 400 Rocky· Hill....... 200Kam'ham'ha Schls 40 Punchbowl Hill.... 498Insane Asylum.... 43 Roundtop Hill..... 1049Mormon Church... 91 Tantalus Road... 1630Punchbowl Res'vr 165 Mount Tantalus... 2013

There are many beautiful building sites upon the hills directlyback of the city, where any altiturle between 150 and 1000 feet

• above sea level may be obtained.

Many of the finest residences in the city are built at too lowan altitude. In any seacoast town, especially in the tropics,the most suitable sites for dwellings are on the hills, rather thanon the coast is in the valleys.

A thin haze, like a diaphanous fog bank, hangs over the. cityof Honolulu about four nights out of every seven. Almost anymorning at day.break, from the harbor, this may be plainly seenstretching away from Nuuanu Valley to Diamond Head. Itrises to a height of fifty or sixty feet. The fortunate individualswho liv~ upon the hills enjoy the privilege of looking downupon this haze from a clearer and drier atmosphere. Thismisty vail is dissipated by the first rays of the morning sun.

To one standing upon the top of Punchbowl, the city of Honolulu is a beautiful mass of green foliage, with here and therea flag pole indicating that somewhere beneath the tree tops is adwelling. This is undoubtedly more restful to the eye of theobsen'er than would be a collection of house tops-but it keepsout natures two powerful remedies against disease-fresh airand sun light.

The ground upon which the city stands consists of a stratumof soil overlying a deeper stratum of black sand. This layer

SANITARY CONDITIONS. 137

of black sand has played an important part in preventing Honolulu from becoming an exceedingly unhealthy city. Therebeing no sewerage system, it has been the custom for manyyears to depend upon cesspools excavated in this black sandstratum for the disposal of all sewage. A soilless porous wouldhave become long ago supersaturated.

There is an abundant supply of water for all present purposesbut a grea t deal of waste occurs, first in collecting and then instoring it. The N uuanu reservoirs are crude and badly constructed, allowing considerable loss from leakage and ev"poration and not sufficiently protecting the water against contamination by organic matter. The artesian supply is excellent butthere are not enough wells and it is not available for personsliving above an elevation of 150 feet.

The health problem for Honolulu is a simple one and thesolution is plain.

Nature has performed her p,lft with a lavish hand by giVIngus a temperature range which it would be hard to improve upon,an atmosphere which although humid is not excelled by thatof any tropical country, a sun which shining almost every dayin the year uses the power of its rays on Iy for good, a soil whichhas stood abuse for many years without retaliation and a watersupply pure and abundant if properly conserved.

The water which is collected from the water sheds must besecured from any possible contamination by organic matter orelse it must be run throught filter beds.

It must be stored in impervious reservoirs of sufficient capacity. The reselvoirs must be located at such a height thatresidences erected upon the hills-back of the present city may

be supplied. The artesian water supply must be increased andalso protected from any possible contamination through the soil.

A complete and efficient system of sewerage must be estab·lished without delay.

The burying grounds at present in use must be discontinuedand a new one of sufficient capacity to last for many yearsestablished· at a point i'emote from the city.

These things are imperative and it is probable that the comingyear will see all of the needed impmvements well under way.


Complete plans and specifications for a sewerage system havealready been draw~ up and submitted to the government byRudolph Hering, C. E., of New York, and a report upon thewater supply has also been prepared by the same eminentauthority.

Honolulu has a well equipped quarantine station with amodern hot air and steam disinfecting plant of large capacity.Quarantine matters are handled intelligently and efficiently andthe introduction of disease by foreign steamers is a rare occurrence.

Soon after the establishment of the Provisional Governmentin 1893, a re-organization of the .Board of Health occurred,whereby the medical profession was given representation. TheBoard of Health under the monarchy consisted, singularly, oflaymen only; as at present constituted the membershipcomprises the Attorney·General, three physicians and threelaymen.

During the last four years also, other important sanitaryimprovements have been accomplished. The quarantine stationhas been greatly improved and a disinfecting plant secured.Satisfactory quarantine arrangements have been made withChinese and Japanese ports, and Hawaiian medical inspectorsappointed at ports of departure in these countries. The workof segregation of lepers has been forwarded with commendablethoroughness and with excellent results in checking the spreadof the disease. A bacteriological laboratory and experimentalstation for the study and treatment of leprosy has beenestablished at Kalihi.

The old fish market, with its unsanitary surroundings, hasbeen destroyed. The Nuuanu stream has been walled in, andthe low-lying marshy ground around it is now being filled.This, when completed, will comprise one of the most valuableproperties in the city. A proposition to discontinue the presentburying grounds and establish one at Aiea, nine miles from thecity, is being considered.

C. B. Wood, M.D.

THE NEW PALl ROAD.

~J.flAWAIIAl\ history tells of the battle of Nuuanu, byQ~lS which Kamehameha I. in 1795 became master of Oahu,~r;-v~ leaving but the islands of Kauai and Niihau, of the

whole group, yet to fall under his sway. The conquerorhad a few foreigners and some artillery to help out his horde ofbetween ten thollsand and twenty thousand warriors. AfterKaiana, the leader of the Oahuans, had fallen by surprise atmeeting a cast iron imitation of breadfruit, it is related that thebrave defenders of their insular autonomy, who objected toannexation without a plebiscite, were chased up the valley, someescaping over the rid;;"" on either side, while other3 werehemmed in and driven over the Nuuanu "pali "-the nativeword for precipice-and were hurt worse than the averagetourist of to-day is in falling over the word itself.· In fact,where they dropped their autonomy they left also their anatomy,portions of which continued to be picked up as relics until arecent date.

\VithaJ the historical interest thus attaching to the spot, however, it would be audacious, on the part even of the hackman,to ask a stranger to take a drive thither on that sole account.There is a nearer locality where one of Kamehameha's distinguished prisoners was offered as a sacrifice to that hero's war-god,but modern authorities have never even legislated a site for theawful ceremony, in all their provisions for attracting tourists,nor yet given it high renown in the hackman's scale of charges.

Nuuanu Pali has scenic grandeur and panoramic beauties inits keeping which entitle it to the prominent place it holds inguide books. and traveler's directorie!5, and, in the judgment oftraveled people, this Hawaiian mountain pass affords a view that'gives ita right to be catalogued amongst the most attractivescenery of earth. From the Honolulu post office the distance to


the Pali is a little more than six miles. There has for manyyears been a road-maintained from fair to excellent in condition-to the plact, but this is not the road of which the presentwriting treats, as will be seen further on. The road to the Paliis an txknsion of Nuuanu aVtnlle, from the city's early days Itspremier rtsidtntial thoroughfart. As it leaves town-it has beenchased up by town of late years-the road btgins a serits ofascents, until at the Pali an elevation is attained of 1207 feet.On the right hand rises steeply a wooded mountain brow, c1eav.ing the sky on comparatively even lines. Succulent pastures,stuclded with dairies, cover the narrow ground intervening, andtownward suburban villas are increasing in number. On theleft hand, tht mountains 'ue mure broken in shape, and gardeners and graziers occupy little plateaus and sequestered vales.Close to the road, on either hand, are the city street lightingelectric station and reservoirs of the water works from which thepower for the dynamos is derived. Pas"ing between jungles oftropical vegetation further along, which present the mostoutrageous tangle of crooked stem and jumbled tendnl thatcould confound a dream, near the pali is found tht new publicforest nursery with.it5 thousands of seedlings.

Arrived at the head of the pass you have on the north side theLanihuli ptak, 2iSO feet, and on the south side the Konahualluipeak, 3106 feet above sta levt:l, or an avtrage of 1726 feet higherthan your standing ground at the top of the road. Here theway has hitherto conducted the traveler to a desperately steep,frightfully ruRged and picture~quely zigzag road down to theplains below extending to the OCtan. At the top you comeabruptly to a stone wall over which you peer straight down overthe precipice, but a dtnse jungle rtaching nearly to the brinkscreens the depths completely. This is where the last defendersof Oahu indeptndence were rushed over. The effects of greatvertical height here lost in scrub and fern brakes are restored infull measure by a glance to tee left, where appear bare walls ofrock ending in needle peaks and fine domes, the initial series ofcliffs extending, in sinuous outline, to conjunction with the seain a noble promontory standir.g out of blue haze several milesaway. To the right the view is shut in by perpendicular wallsending in forest clad ridges. Between, the eye drops on green·

THE NEW PALl ROAD, l,U

foothills and pbins, with sugar and rice plantations, gardensand pastures. K:-lileohe, the nearest sugar mill location andvillage, is four and a half miles away. The pali road that was,with its extension into the settlement5, winds in and outthroughout the scene, adding greatly to the charming effects ofthe whole perspective.

Over the rocky road, just now faintly described, from theearliest times has traffic been conducted between Honolulu andthe other side of this island. There is the sea route, and aroundabout route each way by land, but whatever else the paliroute is the most direct. Long pack trains, with their motleyconductors, carrying produce to market and purchases back,formed a daily picture. There was no small amount of trafficin saddle and on foot. Even wheeled vehicles have come andgone over, but whm they did It was deemed worthy of bruitingabout in the newspapers. Accidents were not rare, includingthe falling of stones upon hapless wayfarers. Horses would

. slip or stumble, m"lyhap take to bucking, and bring their riderssorrowfully into infidelity toward "the noble animal." Thepatient mule has even sustained more th:-ln his share of adversecriticism on the pali road.

For many years tbt< problem of a carriage road, easy of gradeand smooth of surface over the pass, was a p(()bl~m thatsuccessive governments pondered over. The class that can runa newspaper better than its case·hardentd editor, or a hotel withsignal success where t he most experienced Boniface rna kes amess of it, only needed an outline map of the island and a leadpencil to draft ,I perfect profile of the desired roadway. Yetskilled engineers a m:<ny scratchtd their heads more th"n theydid paper about it. The late Harry McIntosh, when Superintendent of Public Works about eight years ago, suggested aplan which, according to information, is the one mainly followedin the final surveys. By the legislature of 1896 an appropriationfor the work was made of $40,000. Former legislatures hadvoted money for the same without its being expended. Thepresent government did not treat it as a joke. Before thishand-book has been long issued the road over the pali will beopen for traffic, safe and smooth as the best street of Honolulu.It will be a great boon to the transmontane settlers of the island.


As opening a delightful district,-whose atmosphere is said byphY5icians to be exceptionally wholesome,-for country retreatseasily accessible, it will be a blessing to many city folk. Inbeauty and sublimity to sight-seers, the road cannot fail to beone of Honolulu's greatest attractions for both citizens andstrangers,

Preceding a somewhat technical description of the work, it isin place to introduce the men who are doing it. This duty is somuch the more pleasant from the Llct that they are very youngmen to undertake such a formidable piece of engineering.Messrs. John H. \Vilson & L. M.\Vhitehouse were among thefirst students in Stanford University, in whose engineeringbranch they formed a mutual attachment. \Nilson is a Honoluluboy who received his preliminary education in the schools of thiscity. He is the son of Mr. Charles B. \Vilson, who was onceSuperintendent of \Vater \Vorks in Honolulu, also tbe lastMarshal of the Hawaiian Kingdom. \Vhitehouse belongs toOakland, California. He had practical experience, ofter leavingcollege, witb the Northern Pacific. Ibe Central Pacific and theColorado Centr" I \{ailways. \Vilson in his college va::ationswould come home and put in hi" time worki'lg for the OahURailway & Land Co. and the Ewa Plantation Co. Uponfinishing his engineer course at Stanford he obtained employmentwith the Southern Pacific Railway, in which he remained untila few months ago, when he decided there was enough work athome to employ him profitably. Besides the pali road the firmof \Vilson & 'vVhitehouse has contracts on the \Vaialua extensionof the Oahu Railway, also heavy road contracts from thegovernment on the island of Hawaii. One of the latter is tomake a road on the face of Laupahoehoe pali, which is said tobe eVen more difficult than the one herein described.

\Vhat may be called the engineering Statistics of the road willbe of interest, not only to professional mtn, but to others, asaiding a due contemplation of the magnitude of the work.

The original survey of the Pali road was made hy \V. \V.BI~unerin I 1'89; an~1 the linewas re-l()cat~d by the sam~ engineer'in March, I1-\9i.: On this latter occasion he w~s accompanied

by John H. \Vilson, who desired to familiarize himself with thegiound' hefo're hiddingfor the contract. Tendtrs wcre called fot:

THE NEW PALl ROAV. 143

,-

April I, 189i, and the contract·was awarded :\la)' ~~th to \Vilson& \Vhitehouse, the price being $:)i ,500. Ground was brokenfirst on May 26th, a gang of forty men being put to work. Onthe 1st of June there were one hundred and thirty men employed.The greatest number of men engaged at anyone time wastwo hundred and twenty-four, on September 30th, while theaverage daily working force was. in June, one hundred and fortyseven; in July, one hundred and seventy-two; in August, onehundred and eighty-seven; in September, two hundred andeleven; and in October, about one hundred and sixty.

The road begins six hundred feet on the Honolulu side of thePali and follows the cDurse of the old road for a distance of onethousand feet, at which point the grade is twenty feet directlyabove the old road, the embankment being held in place by amasonry retaining wall four hundred feet long. At the end ofthe wall the road follows a narrow ledge of rock, jutting conveniently from the face of the cliff for a distance of one hundred andten feet. This ledge was compared by one ofa party who went tosee the works, when directed to it as a convenient trail acro~s

the vertical precipice, to " a lead pencil stroke on the side of ahouse." The remark was received as a strikingly correctdescription. For this dizzy stretch-a hundred feet or moreabove any rlace to Cdl upon, if or:e missed his footing-thenecessary widlll of roadbed is obtained by an extension ofconcrete, artificidlly widening the ledge, laid on a projectingframework of steel girders. One hundred feet from the termination of the gIrders is another masonry wall forty feet long,and from the end of this wall the roadbed is benched in, uponthe face of the bluff, for its entire distance with the threefollowing exceptions: l--A five foot arched culvert two thousandfive hundred feet from the top of the pali, where the road crossesa mountain stream at the head of a waterfall springing onehundred feet. 2-At the point where the road turns, to winddown the bluff from the upper levels, there is another masonrywall eighty feet long. 3-At the point the road re-crosses themountain stream, three hundred and fifty feet immediatelybelow the arched culvert, there is a wooden opening upon whichthe road is built.

The total length of the new road IS 7620 feet. At the lower


end the new road joins an old' grade, which was built by theGovernment about seven years ago at a cost of $fJOOO or thereabout. This old grade is 4750 feet long and connects with thepresent Klneohe road. Included in the Pali road contract thereis a branch road to \Vaimanalo which begins near the wOCldenopening aforesaid, and connects with the old vVaimanalo roadafter running a distance of3:HJO feet. An eas)' grade of I; percent is established fJr the Pali road, and of 6 per cent for theWaimanalo branch. The width of the sub-grade is twenty feet,upon which is constructed the roadway. This is a macadamizedthoroughfare sixteen feet wide by one and onehalf feet deep,the superstructure of metal being firmly retained between stonecribs along the sides. There is a substantial wooden railingextending along the outer edge of the road from the top of thePali for a distance of 8,800 feet. A stone gutter the entirelength, with intersecting ditches every 150. feet, provides gooddrainage for the road.

The deepest cutting on the line is 90 feet, and through a ledgeof decomposed lava. For 10 per cent of its length the rllad runsthrough soft earth and loose lava gravel; 20 per cent, hard earth;60 per cent, decomposed lava and soft rock; and 10 per cent, hardblue· rock. There were used in the operations of the contractabout 17,500 pounds of blasting powder and 10,OUO pounds ofdynamite. As these lines are written, at the first of November,there is 6,200 feet of road completed, besides the Waimanalobranch, and the old grade repaired. It was contemplated bythe contractors to have the road turned over to the Governmentin the early part of December.

Speaking of the powder and dynamite required in the work,mention should be made of a grand exhibition of these forces inplay, which was given on October 4th, at the setting off of thelargest blasts of all. There were nineteen cells containing 2, I 00

pounds of powder exploded at intervals of a few seconds, to removea dangerous rocky ledge that overhung the road. President Doleand other officials, among hundreds of residents of Honolulu,assembled in and about the pass to enjoy the spectacle. Itproved to be an artificial volcano rivaling, if only transitorily,the sublimest ebullitions of Kilauea.. The observer might easilyhave imagined himself transported back ages unknown for just

RELIGIOUS OPPORTUNITIES. 145

a blink of Oahu's molten period, ere all these beautiful sceneswere finished to ravish the eyes of unborn globe trotters. Daring hands light one fuse after another and scamper for safetyover the sharp mountain edge. Breath is held for a few seconds. Then the fated ledge belches out smoke and dust witha mumed roar. Cell after cell explodes, none missing fire ordue effect. Great win rows of forest trees inverted, mingledwith bowlders tons heavy, all involved in avalanches of redearth, rise and hurtle reluctantly a few yards high, then crashand roll down the abyss, the conglomeration piling itself aneverlasting barricade across the ancient trail a thousand feetbelow. Yet withal the six to eight hundred tons of materialdisarranged, the scenery is scarred but a faint pin scratch by thesacrifice. There is enough and to spare, at our peerless N uuanuPali, of that commodity.

Daniel Logan.

ANNOUNCEMENT.

It is seldom the publisher of the HAWAIIAN ANNUAL intrudeshis personal views and plans upon his readers, yet there aretimes when it seems desirable to deviate from the usual routine,and "this is one of them," that he may be in closer touch withmany patrons whose continued support < has contributed to theflattering position this publication enjoys in the public estimation.

Our next issue will be an occasion for which celebration linesare already being laid, commemorative of its reaching the firstquarter post of its century race. In recognition of the generalexpressions of good-will and appreciation of the ANNUAL'S

effort to diffuse abroad reliable information relative to theseislands, it is incumbent upon us to comply, as far as possible,with the desire from various sources for a special anniversaryissue for the year 1899.

It would be much too early to announce at this time all thegood things in store for the next number of the ANNUAL. Sufficient however has been outlined to warrant the announcementthat it will not only exceed in interest, illustrations and valueany of its predecessors, but will embody features that will proveit, in more ways than one, an historic issue.

RELIGIOUS OPPORTUNITIES.

i1 nONOLULU has been called a city of missions and the~tl> Hawaiian Islands with the mingled nationalities cer'=Z~ tainly present an unusual field for religious work.

lJ \Vhen in 1778 Captain Cooke discovered the group,the population was already decreasing and with the advent of

:the white sailor and trader came the usual pernicious influenceswhich long since would have accomplished the destruction ofthe Hawaiian people but for the labors of the American missionaries, begun in 1820 by Hiram Bingham and Asa Thurston, ofhonored memory. "As early as 1848," says Professor Alexanderin his Brief History of the Hawaiian People, "the AmericanB"ard had proposed to retire from the Hawaiian Islands as amissionary field." Fifteen }ears lattr this plan was accomplished and four associations were organized, besides theHawaiian Evangelical Association, for the kingdom, consistingof native and foreign clergymen and lay delegates. The latterbody elects an executive board-the Hawaiian Buan1-whichcontrols home and foreign missions and disburses all fundscontributed for these objects. "Since then," continues theprofessor, "the Americi\n Board has merely acted the part of

,an auxiliary, and not that of a controlling body, and the placesof the American missionaries have been gradually filled by native

· pastors." The Annual Report of the Hawaiian Evangelical· Association for 1897 shows under its control twenty-one nativechurches on Hawaii, seventeen on Maui and Molokai, ten on

·Oahu, and seven on Kauai, with a total membership of 4,627.In Honolulu th;;> metropolitan churches of Kawaiahao and Kaumakapili are in a flourishing condition and number over one

· thousand members. The North Pacific Missionary Institute,presided over by l{ev. Charles M. Hyde, D. D., is a trainingschool for native pastors. Here the young ministers are taught

CENTRAL UNION CHURCH.

KAW AIAHAO CHURCH.

J<ELIGlUUS OPPORTUNITIES. 117

not only theology but how to live, ~nd with their families incomfortable suites of rooms, they learn to keep a mouel home-atraining- of the utmost value to the future parish. Other schoolsconnected with the Hawaiian Board, are mentioned in thearticle on Education.

Foreign missions are maintained in co- operation with the A.B. C. F. M. in the Gilbert, Marshall and Caroline Islands andnative Hawaiian missionaries in the Gilbert and MarquesasIslands have served for years with the greatest fidelity.

Nine English-speaking congi'egations in the group are associated with the Hawaiian Board and are distributed as follows:Two on Hawaii, two on Maui, two on Oahu, and three onKauai. One of the most powerful agencies for good In theIslands is the Central Union church in Honolulu, at presentunder the charge of Rcv. Douglas Putnam Birnie. A moreactive religious body is scarcely to be found anywhere in theUnited States. It has a membership of 5:!3 and a Sabbathschool numbering about 50U, and it supports, with the assistance of benevolent friends, missions among the l-Iawaiians,Portuguese, Japanese, and Chinese not only in Honolulu but inall parts of the group. Through the presence of ·W,OOO Orientals here, divine Providence has given an opportunity tospread the Gospel such as cannot exist in Asia. Chinese andJapanese find the bunds of old customs S(Hllewhat luusened andare more ready to receive the truths uf the Scripture. Theybecome used to the habits of American and European life andacquire a conception of Angle-Saxon civilization. The laborsof Mr. Frank \V. Delmon in the Chinese mission have beenattended with remarkable success. The Chinese church numbers I:!-l mem bel'S, the Japanese church 1:!2, and the Protestant Portuguese church 56. On Hawaii Hilo has prosperousforeign and native churches,and Portuguese and Japanese missions; Kohala has a foreign church and Japanese and Chinesemissions; and Papaikou has a Japanese mission. At Paia,l\laui, is a foreign church under the venerable Dr. EdwardGriffin Beckwith; here and in Wailuku are Japanese missions.The island of Kauai has a German Evangelical Lutheranchurch at Lihue over which Rev. Hans Isenberg presides andthere are Japanese missions at Lihue and Makaweli.

148 liAWAllAN ANNUAL.

In September, 1825, Pope Leo XII authorized the" Congre~ation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary," an order estab·lished in Paris-to introduce the Roman Catholic faith intothe Hawaiian Islands and Father Bachelot, prefect apostolic.with one attending priest and three lay brethren, arrived inHonolulu during the summer of Isn. In January of the fol.lowing year a chapd was erected on the site of the presentcathedral. The Catholic church today numbers about 14,000natives and 12,000 Portuguese. Bishop Gulstan, assisted bypriests, lSisters of charity and lay brethren, administers theaffairs of the diocese with the utmost circumspection. Thirtythree churches and sixty missions have been established uponthe different islands and schools for boys and girls are successfully conducted. The fidelity and patient labor of the sistersof the order of St. Francis throughout the island communitiesand particularly among the lepers on Molokai, is deserving ofespecial mention.

The Al'lglican church began its Hawaiian mission in 1862,upon the arrival of the Rt. Rev. T. N. Staley, D. D., the firstbishop of Honolulu. A cathedral was erected and severalschools were established. The diocese is now under the ministration of the Rt. Rev. Alfred \\Tillis, two congregations meetingin St. Andrews cathedral. Rev. Alexander Mackintosh is rectorof the stcond congregation· and Rev. John U sborn is dean ofthe ca,thedral. Churches have been established at Kohala andSouth Kona, Hawaii; Lahaina and Wailuku, Maui; and thereare missions at Honokaa, Hawaii, and Kilauea, Kauai, andChinese missions at Honolulu, and at Kohala, Hawaii.

In the autumn of 1893 a Methodist Episcopal church wasestablished at Honolulu by Rev. H. W. Peck and today thereare 100 members with a Sunday school of 90. Rev. G. L.Pearson is the pastor. Churches have been organized at PearlHarbor and Ewa Plantation ilnd these are at present under thecare of Rev. T. E. Winning. Missions are conducted in Honolulu, \Vaianae and Hoaeae on Dahe, and at L lhaina, Kula andHana, on Maui.

A church of the Christian denomination was fpunded August19, 189~, by Rev. T. D. Garvin, D. D. The present member-

THE FINANCIAL OUTLOOK. 149,

ship is 107 and the Sabbath school numbers Hf>. A successfulmission is conducted at Kewalo.

The Salvation Army located a corps in Honolulu three yearssince and has been quite active in religious work, having stations on Hawaii, Maui and Kauai.

Twenty eight years ago a branch of the Y. M. C. A. wasorganized in Honolulu with Sanford B. Dole as its first president. Today the association occupies a handsome brick edificesituated in the heart of the city with hall, reading room, parlors,gymnasium, and all the usual advantages. Secretary H. E. Coleman's report for the year ending in March makes an excellentshowing of the various activities, religious, educational, etc.Branches of the Students' Y. M. C. A. are in successful oper·ation at Oahu College, Kamehameha Manual, and the NorthPacific Missionary Institute.

Throughout the religious organizations of these Islands aspirit of harmony and toleration prevails and there is an earnestdesire to teach by precept and example the cardinal points ofChristianity, the love of God and our fellow men.

F. A. Hosmer.

THE FINANCIAL OUTLOOK.

In the following article all the value~ are based upon thetaxation returns. They are the figures upon which taxes havebeen actually paid by the various' commercial concerns and havenothing to do with incorporated values. These latter are themarket values, but for the purposes of argument in this article,the incorporated values have not been taken into consideration,because my aim was to give as conservative a view as possible.Thus in two foreign corpOl:ations the capital stock of one con·cern is $10,000,000; but the taxes paid are upon $1,200,000;the other is incorporated at $2,fJOO,OOO, and the taxes patd areupon $G:3ii,14f>, whereas there is a case of a plantation incorporated at $750,000 which pays taxes upon $751,600, andanother incorporated at $;100,000 which pays taxe" upon$701,:,00. With the above exceptions the taxable values approx-

150 HAWAllAN ANNUAL

imate very nearly to the real value as incorporated. In view ofthese discrepancies between incorporated values and tax payingvalues it has seemed best to take the actual tax paying value inevery instance as my basis, and my whole argument is bundedupon this very moderate valuation. This should make theargument the stronger, because it is a well known fact that inno country putside of Turkey and other Asiatic governments, isthe taxation laid upon the full value of the property. In 1893the incorporated values of the sugar plantations, etc., andnationality of investors were as follows:

I 40 ; 22---;-:-----c4~ I_. . ! , PI'nt'tions! Corptns.

1\ atlOnahty of Investors. [Sugar Plantn: not !other thr.n: Total:

__________1Corporations. I, Incorp'd. i sugar._I___ ..... __

American 0 •••••• [$ I8,5H4,1i95 415,000; 2,GHO,HH.1,$ 21,700.G8!)Hawaiian born American'j 2,?G?,~8~' 50~,OOO, ~.1~,~?7: ~,~O~,4?7BrItish... .... .. .... 4,.{0.3,_18 1,19,),000, 1,_8.),,,20 6.,8, ,n8Hawaiia n born British i l!16,200 .......... : 2:3:3,006' 429,20GGerm~!, .... 0 '" 0 •••• 0 •••• i 1,2:3:3,H:l5 515,000: 299,523 2,0.18,458Hawanan-born German .. I :{!).165 .......... ', 28,S:m, 68,004Native Hawaiians .....•... 1 :J8,H91 . 0 o' 0" 0 0 0: 51,620: 90,GIlHalf-caste Hawaiians.. .... 285,();)G 0" '11 277,07G fiG2,1:l2ChInese.. 0 • 0 •••• 0 •••••••• , 239,700 0 00' • 0 H,G.1O: :{04,340Portuguese " 'j' 4H,500 75,0001 .120, 49,920All ot~er Nationali~it'S ''''1 __ _ :{,5iiO

j300,000I __ ~;{,~6:;!__ ~H~,115

_Jot"l:.:~~~-...:~J!..27,9.~ 290 _:~0()0,0~-,'i,1:ji'7.4~1t~:!.;~.s~90

\Vith these remarks as preface the following review of thefinancial situation of the Islands IS submitted.

Q .NY account of the present condition of the Islands would~l/ he incomplete without some statement of the financial5~ status of the people and of the government.

The first thing to be considered is the real estate.The total value of this in 1895 was $22,183,443. It was dividedas follows:

REAL ESTATE.

Hawaiians and Part-Hawaiian's own, ..... $ 6,956,597Americans, British and Germans, own.... 12,958,706Chinese......................... •••... 1,146,301Japanese..••............... '" . . . . . . . . . . 56,900Other nationalities.. • . • .• •. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,064,939

This statement is taken from the tax books of 1895. At thedose of the biennial period of 1897, a fresh table will be made

THE FINANCIAL OUTLOOK. 15L

out, but I am informed by the Assessor-in-Chief that the increase is not very Large. There must be some increase,' however, as much land, which formerly was waste forest land, hasgone into the cultivation of coffee.

The Personal Property was valued at $17,-191,068, but thedivision shows up somewhat differently, the bulk being held bythe American, British and Germans. The figures are as fol

lows:

PEI{SOXAL PROPERTY.

Hawaiians and Half-castes , $1,1 H, I04Americans, British and Germans$ :2,161, 79fiAmericans, British a nd German

corporations .. _., 9,:B3,5fi IAmericans, British and German

firms- 2,247,856-----$13,74:1,:20:2

Chinese , __ .. _ :2.~0.'i,:n9

~ Japanese....... I77,:107Other nationalities. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2:21,116

As taxable valut; by no means represents intrinsic value, thisestimate of the property, relll and personal, may be regarded asunder the marketable value of the property, but it serves toshow in a mpasure the wealth of the entire nation, and its distribution and shows where the preponderance of property interests lies.

The Hawaiian and Part- Hawaiians number together ::Hl,504individu.ds while the Americans, British and Germans'count6,768 inclividuals. The property interests of the former aggreg;tte $1'\,101,701, while those of the latter amount to $:26,701,~08. To put it in another form, the percentage of the totalReal Estate of the whole ,community .held by Hawaiians andPart-Hawaiians is .:~ I, the percentage of the total Pet'sonalEstate held by Hawaiians and part Hawaiians is '.06 .

. The main industries in wh'ieh Americans and Europeans areengaged in, on the Islands are sugar and coffee. 'fhe latter isa comparatively young industry, and,can hardly be consideredfar out of the experimental.stage, moreover as the value of the

crop is not assessed, it is.difnRl-llli to 'arrive at fi fair estimate 0'£the.;vorth "of ,tile p'!.\\nta,~ipns,.;b.llL <il rough .estimate ·'is given. '

U>2 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

which of course is open to strong criticism, by the over sanguine, or the ova depressed, as the case may be, but which it isbelieved is a fair conservative estimate.

Of the sligar estates, according to the tax returns of 1896, thl}total vdluatiolls were found to be $18,77I,(j(jl, No Hawaiianor Part-Hawaiian plantations exist, as such, though manyHawaiians or Part· Hawaiians own sugar stock in corporations,some of the latter bemg very large holders. There were in all39 corporations and 17 firms tngaged in the cultivation of sugarcane and the manufacture of sugar. These are divided as follows:

VALUE OF SUGAR ESTATES.

21i American Corporations ....$ i 1,98:3,2064 American Firms.......... :J~fj,O13

-'----$12,:369,2797 British ~orporatil)l1s $ t, 159,8748 British l'mns . . . . . . . . . . •. 955,414

--_...$ :1,115,2886 German Corporations $ :!,~.lfj, I :!54 German Firms 4t:!,I'H:l

---.$ :3,:;57,lHJ7Chine~e Firm $ 32,100

It must ·be borne in mind that the stock in the above corporations is not necessarily all held by mtmbers of the givennationality. Thus the stock of Ewa PlantatIOn, which isregardt.:d as an American corporation, is ofttn changing hands,as all stlllks do. and the holders may be German, British,Portuguese or Hawaihlll, ns the case may be; but the majority·of the stock is )1c1d by Americans, the agents are an Americanfirm, ;wd a large number of the principal employees areAmeric:dn.

The above figures show, however, the immense preponderanceof American interest in the sugar industry. the total value ofAmerican sugar interests bting just about double that of theBritish and German corporations and firms taken together,though the American corporations and firms number thirtyagainst twenty· five German and British. The Chinese interestsare too small to be taken into consideration.

.As has been already said, though very exact figures can begiven on sugar estates, it becomes a very different thing when

THE FiNANCIAL OUTLOOK. 1f)3

374,40021,200

2,200446,950

77,700

giving an account of the value of the coffee estates. To get atthis a valuation of the cleared land has been made, a valuationof the trees up to three years growth, and a valuation of thoseafter three years growth. Based upon these estimates, I calcu·late the coffee ... states at the present time to be worth $lil·2,:131,

not including the value of the land.

These estates are held somewhat as follows:

Hawaiians and PHt·Hawaiians ......•..... $ 9.'>,253American, British and German 506,471:1Other nationalities •••............ ,. .. . 40,600

It must be: clearly understood that this is an estimate, andthat the figures are not like the other figures in this article, official. Coffee crops are untaxed, the returns made by the courtesy of the owners cannot be checked, and it is doubtful whetherall the coffee plantations are included in the list I had access to.

The following- table gives some idea of the relative values oftrading goods of the various nationalities. It is taken from theassessment books for the Honolulu district, January I, 1.'97.The Honolulu district is the great trading center, and the stockin trade carried there will show the proportion throughout theIslands, indeed the outer distncts would swtll the Americanvaluations far more than those of any other, outside of theChinese.

VALUE OF STOCK IN TRADE OF THE IJONOLULU DIsTRICT.

51 Americans $ 375,2tll35 American firms .......•. " 1,2t1O,44120 American corporatIOns. . . . . 595,185

----- $2,250,91173 British ..•............... $ 60,0003 British corporations. . . ... :}2:~,239

---$ 383,2:39I German $ 8004 German firms.. • •• . • . • . • . 373,600

---$18 Portutf.uese ..••...........

1 Hawauan .•..............281 Chinese ............••••••55 Japanese ... , •.....••....•

Total •••••....••••••••• " $3,556,596


Here again the immense preponderance of American interestsis seen. American business ventures in the city of Honolulu,carry a stock in trade almost double in value the stock in tradeof all other nationalities put together. From whatever side thequestion of property value is regarded, the American and European interests are paramount, and of these, the American intf'rests quite overshadow the interests of any other section of thecommunity. In the two main lines, viz.: Sugar manufactureand mercantile pursuits, the American interests are just doublethat of all other nationalities engaged in similar pursuits. Thefigures tell their own tale and need little or no comment.

Having thus shown somewhat of the financial condition of thepeople, at large, the financial standing of the government shouldnext come under review.

According to the report presented by the Minister of Finance,current account for the year lti96 stood as follows:

Revenue $1,9i5,~21.88

Expenditure $1,901,190.92so that the current expenditlire was kept within the currentrevenue, and upon this the Minister of Finance justly prideshimself.

,The sources of revenue are the Customs, which yielded $656,8!J5.82" the Po~tOffice, which yielded $ii .488.94, and the

. Internal Revenue, derived from taxes on real estate, or personalproperty, and special taxes such as poll, road, school, togetherwith licenses, which yielded $1,240,9:H.12.

The expenditures for the year 1896 showed a net decrease of$HH,!Jl:3.2i. There was a gross decrease of $26fi,421.i5 oncertain of the appropriations and a gross increase of $16lJ,498.4!J.The increase was made for Public Instruction, for the LandCommission, for Board of Health, vVater Works, and in otheruseful directions; the decrease was chie~y in military expenditureand in interest.

The great public works are not provided for out of the currentexpenses, but are provided for out of the loan fund. From thisfund comes the cash for great improvements,' such as 'dredgingthe harbor ,md bar at Honolulu, wharves,at the various landingson the Islands,'new roads opened' upon the Islands and especially on Hawaii, which, since the Republic has. been established,

THE FINAJ:1CIAL OUTLOOK. 155

has a system of roads almost'encircling that Island, new schoolhouses, and other permanent improvements, which are calculated,by giving inducements to settlers,to bring an indirect return tothe treasury in the shape of enhanced value of real estate andfrom direct taxation of an increased population.

The public debt of Hawaii, or that portion of it which hasbeen incurred by the H.epublican Government, is therefore

. represented by ten public buildings, wharves and roads, and hasnot been frittered away in current expenses, as salaries or ·grandentertainments or meless men-ofwar. It has been put to goodpractical pur~oses.

The public debt of the country, at the present writing, (November 1st), amounts to $-l,276,707.73, or about $36.~6 per head ofthe inhabitants.

An estimate of the value of the government property has alsobeen made rccently by J. F. Brown, Esq., Agent for PublicLands. The total value of this property amounts to $9, I89,6G I,of which $5,147,500 comes under the head of government lands,consisting of coffee, cane, rice, grazing, forest lands, buildinglots in Honolulu and Hilo, and lots on the esplanade and cityfront, and $1,560,1 Ii I comes under the head of miscellaneousproperty owned by the various departments, consisting ofgovernment and school buildings, military arms and equipments,artillery, electric light and dredging plant, wharves, buoys,marine railway, light houses, water works, bridges, equipment offire departments, and sundries f)f furniture, live stock, carts, etc.

The total amount of government land may be mughly classifiedas follows:

CLASSIFICAnON OF GOVERNMENT LANDS.

Valuable Building Lots.... ;.... l.J5 Acres,Cane Land.... .• . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25,626 "Coffee L~nd ~.. ...... ..... ..... ..... 76,270 "Rice Land ...............•... 97i"Homesteads, gO\'t. interest in..... 20,000 "Grazing Lands, various qualities 451,200 "Forest Lands, high........ .... 681,282 "Rugged 1\1ountain 'fracts........ 227,000 "Barren I~ands, estimated ..... .. .. .... 300,000 "

Total .. , •....... ;. . ..• 1,782,500 Acres.

J66 HAWAllAN ANNUAL.

Under the head' of' grazing lands and high forest lands, isincluded a large"area which, in the ft;ture, may be devoted to aclass of temperate climate products, such as grain, fruits, etc;,and :which wOtlld take thtlm out _oflhe designatiqnof,forest orgrazing lands and put them 'on 'a' par with the more valuablecane and coffee lands. '

One more thing should also be called attention to. Since thepresent Republic has been established the rate of interest hasdecreased materially. The rate paid by the Postal Savings Banknow is four and a half p.er cent. Before June 13, 1893, the ratewas six per cent., after that date it was five per cent., and this yearthe rate has been further reduced to four and one-half per cent.So also it will be found that the bonds of 1876 bore interest atthe rate of seven per cent, those of 1888 bore six per cent.,while those of 1896, under the Republican Government, borefive per cent.' interest. Nothing shows the stability of agovernment, or the economical management of its funds, bett~r

than the lowering of its rate of interest, and the showing of theRepublic in this direction is eminently satisfactory. ' '

Surveying the whole field, it will be seen that the HawaiianIslands possess a population well to do in this world's goods.That the preponderance of wealth lies with the Americans aridEuropeans. That the Japanese do not possess those largeinterests which have been claimed for them by writers who naveexpressed an opinion without knowing facts, and that theHawaiians own in fee simple thirty-one per cent. of the totalreal estate on the islands, but do not show up as owners of largesugar or commercial interests.

H we look at the finances of the Government, we find thatthey are conducted on a sO,und basis, that the current revenueis made to cover the current expenses, and that the,loan fund isused purely for public works which wiII bring in, eventually, areturn through increased numbers of tax payers and enhancedvalues of land. The value of the landed property of the Government is greater than the public debt, and the whole· propertyof the Government is double the value of the debt.

Under such conditions the Republic of Hawaii may be re~

garded as fairly prosperous. To keep up the present conditionsit only needs the protecting arm of the United States, with that,

RI£TRO~PECT. 157

those, who possess property here, can be assured that it will nottake wings and fly to Japan or to any other country, but that itcan be enjoyed by the Hawaiian, the American and the European in peace and prosperity.

Since the above was written, there has been a sale of govern.ment bonds. The sum of $200,000 was asked for, tenders tothe amount of $15H,OOO were received and the governmentrealized $206,750 for its loan, a clear premium of $6,750, whichhas never occurred in the financial hish ry of the I~lands.

Alatau T. A tkitlson.

RETROSPECT FOR 1897.

~OT a little solicitude was felt throughout the islands

~ in the early part of the ye~r at the threatened abrogation of the reciprocity treaty with the United States

during the discussion, by its Congress, on the Dingley TariffAct, as to its dTect upon Hawaii.ln trade and commerce. Happily, however the blow aimed at our main industry, sugar, wasaverted and, through the strenuous work of friends of Hawaii,the agitation doubtless proved beneficial in its educational effectupon the public mind, through the exhibits made of the steadygrowth of American trade during these past twenty years or soof reciprocal commercial relations, for in all the questions pre·sented by this country it is a fact worthy of note that it courtsthe closest honest investigation and fears not the result there·from.

About the same time our relations with Japan became strainedthrough the refusal of the authorities to permit the illegal land.ing of Japanese immigrants UPOIl these islands, particulars ofwhich are given elsewhere in this issue-(see page .0.)

Annexation to the United States has been the all-absorbingtopic throughout the year, not only from the aggressive line ofwork by the representative of this Republic, at Washington,and his co-laborers, but by prominent senators and congressmentoward the same end. That public slmtiment has grown rapidlyin our favor is apparent on all sides, for part of which it would be


Injustice to ignore the, attitude of Japan by her protest againstthe measure, despite her official asstrtions of having no designs

on the country.The treaty of Annexation, signed June 16, 1897, by the duly

empowered officials of the United States and Hawaii, was sentby Presidtnt McKinlty to the Stnatt the following day for ratiofication and receiverl favorable considtration in committee withrecommendation far approval, but in the pressing work uponthe new tariff the stssion closed \vithout action on the treaty.In the mean timt the Hawaiian Stnate was called togtther inspecial session to considtr the matttr and ratified the same,Septembtr 9th, without a dissenting vote.

PUBLIC 'NORKS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

The dredg-ing of Honolulu harbor and rock cutting tr) deepenthe site at the Waikiki end of the Pacific Mail 'Wharf, selectedfor tht spte ial nttds of the big steamers of the Orient line, hasbeen pushed, and considerable progrtss made in filling in theAala and other tracts adjacent to the Nuuanu stream. Thereremains much yet ta be done to complete the exttnsive changescontemplated by this river and harbor improvt::mtnt.

In street work the opening of Vineyard street from tht:: N uuanustream through to Punchbowl street is notable, and the wideningof portions of Fort strt...t, Mililani, and sections of other streets,(so far as appropriations allowtd), are but a f()rttastt of goodthings to come, as is also the so far completed new btach roadto Waikiki.

This year witnesses the consummation of the long desirednew Pali road, particulars of which art givtn in an articlethereon on page 139. This new road of easy grade, and theextension (now in progrtss) of tht Oahu Railway around thenorth tml of the island to Kahuku, will open up avenues of newposslbilitits to the windward districts of O"hu.

Road work on the other islands has taktn wide strid!:'s to meetthe needs of developing lindustries and for the opening up ofnew tracts or homestead settlemtnts, both on Maui and Hawaii.Recent visitors to the latter island commend the progress madeby the government in roadwork, but a small section remainingto complete the circuit with a good wagon road throughout.

RETROSPECT. 159

Hila's long- needed wharf is being undertaken at this writing,and will have a force of workmen thereon to guarantee its earlycompletion, some $n ,000 having been assigned therefor by theCabinet, reserving $~3,OOU from the amount appropriated forexpenses of a breakwater for its protection.

GENERAL BUSINESS.

The year 1897 has certainly been a prosperous one for Hawaiinei. The business activity reported in last ANNUAL has not onlycontinued, but in some features materially increased. The.Iarger output of the sugar plantations called for a larger fleetboth inter-island and foreign-to handle it, and the fair pricesrealized enabled a number of sugar corporations to declare suchsatisfactory dividends that the stock of several commands ahigh premium.

A much larger fleet of ships were engaged this year in carrying·our sugar around the Horn, mostly to New York, all of which,so far reported, except the Commodore-the last of the fleetwhich was lost with her cargo on Malden Island, have deliveredtheir cargoes without mishap, and several have made remarkablyshort passages. Satisfactory plans are reported consummatedfor the coming season's crop, part of which will go by directship to New York and part by rail from San Francisco.

Coffee occupies a prominent place in the public mind throughseveral tracts from among the pioneers in this reviving industryin Olaa, lower Puna, Hamakua and Kona districts of Hawaiiand other parts of the islands yielding satisfactory first crops.Naturally, considerable impetus has been given the industry inconsequence throughout thl,: islands, and the enquiry fromabroad for suitable lands for its culture is continual. The Olaasection having, as is said, "successfully passed the experimentalstage" and fully verified the predictions of the hopeful pioneers,finds ready buyers for partially improved properties at goodfigures-several having- recently taken place.

The frequency of call of the P. M. and O. & O. line ofsteamers at this port, to and fro between San Francisco and] apan and China, and the increased service of the AustralianCanadian line have, with the regular and punctual visits of thesteamers of the Oceanic line, g-iven us frequent mail and ample

160 HAWAIIAN ANNUAL

passenger service throughout the year. The Japanese linementioned as inaugurated last year was ciiscontinued in earlysummer, but at this writing has the promise of renewal.

By courtesy of the Customs officials we are enabled to presentthe following table, showing the total value of imports of theislands for the nine months ending September ;W, IS!l7, withcomparative figures for the like period of J8~6:

-------------------.-----~-------

CLASSIFICATION.IMPORT VALUES.

I---~·

9 Mos. 1897 9 Mos. 1896.

Goods Free by Civil Code $1,265,6:i238 li-1,385,092.89GOJds Free by Treaty.................... 3,0;{1,37583 2,2\)(),132.85Goods and Spirits Paying Duty __ . 1582,50:3.01 1,362,5;{5.90Goods and Spirits Bonded ..... _ _. ... 100.746.27 102,275.59

---T-o~~:~-.-.-.-.-.-·~=~I$5.!ls0.257~$5:i4O,(i:MThe domestic exports of the islands for the nine months

ending with September, 18!li, show a value of $11,178.042.84as agaip.st $10,3.J.I,O!l:!.n for the same period of 18!l6. This istangible evidence of the continued healthy condition of thetrade of these islands.

PLANTATION MATTERS.

The sugar plnntatlons of the islands may be said to haveenjoyed in this past year a very favorable seaSlln, both as to sizeof crop ~nd prices realized, though in several sections the unusually dry summer experienced not only affected the fieldsbeing cut, but retarded the growth of young cane comprisingnext year's crop so as to seriously impair the t"xpected yield.

The crop of sugar this year will be about :.!:!(j,OOO tons, and isthe result of continued improved machinery and cultivation,rather than of enlarged acreage-as was noltd in our lastissue. And this perfection of method in sugar-making is soughtby still other plantations, towanl which it may be mentioned thatthe Honolulu Iron Works Company, of this city, has renderedgreat aid, having for a long time past been taxed to its utmostcapacity to supply new, improved, or enlarged machinery tomeet the demands of the various plantations.

A new concern, dating with IH8i, is the large Oahu Plantation, situated in the Ewa district of this islanu, which incor-

RETRuSPECT. 161

porated for $1,800,000, the stock of which was early fully subscribed for and already commands a premium. Work is beingpushed rapidly forward in all directions; two ponderous steamplows and portions of machinery reaching here as early as July;well boring and construction of pumping plants so far advanced(November 1st) as to permit the planting of cane at the rate offifty acres a day, and other features of the corporation are in asimilar forward state.

In labor matters there was a free supply of Chinese permittedthe first half of the year, to take the place of departing Japanese. A company of German immigrants also arrived, comprising 187 in all of men, women and children, all of whomhave been welcomed by the several plantations to which theywere assigned.

Following an offer made by certain plantations to engagewhite labor from California, Labor Commissioner Fitzgerald ofthat State arrived here and devoted several weeks to the investigation of the subject, and upon his return presented a favorable report. The matter, however, has been deferred. Theintroduction of negroes from the Southern States was againmooted as a possible relief to our labor problem, but thoughassurances of 3uccess \Va;; held forth by the would-be promoterof the scheme it was deemed ill advised at this time.

Serious trouble threatened among Chinese laborers on theLihue plantation, Kauai, and Hakalau plantation, Hawaii, resuiting in the use of firearms and the death of the ringleader ineach case. Trouble also broke out among Japanese on Maui.At Spreckelsville, the Japanese interpreter was murdered by agang of his countryman.

BUILDING ACTIVITY.

Honolulu is showing commendable progress lately in theerection of substantial business structures with iron and glassfronts of modern type. The Emmeluth three-story brick build·ing, on Kjng street, opposite the Arlington; the Ehler'sblock, a two-story building, on Fort street, erected by JamesCampbell, occupying the space between Wichman's store andthe Odd Fellows building; the three-storied Mott-Smith brickbuilding at the corner of Fort and Hotel streets are all

162 HAWAlIAN ANNUAL.

finished and occupied. The two-story alid tower building forthe Central Station of the Fire Department on the corner ofFort and Beretania streets, constructed of cut island stonecreditable alike to the Government, its designer and its builder,has just received its finishing touches. On the site of the oldFort Street church Chas. S ..Deskyis erecting a fine three-storystone and brick building, with modern store fronts on Fort andBeretania streets, its spacious hall upstairs being designed forconcerts and other public entertainments.

New residences and alterations have been going on throughout the year in various parts of the city, 8nd include severalafter the Colonial design, an entirely new type of dwelling forthese tropical islands.

The new brick warehouse of Brewer & Co. on the site of theold market and a similar structure in course of erection oppositethe new market, by Davies & Co., show growth of business inneeded storage capacity.

PACIFIC CABLE MATTERS.

The Pacific Cable franchise granted by the Hawaiian Govern·ment to Col. Z. S. Spalding in 1895 was surrendered by himMay :~, 18!:J7. Earlier in the year A. S. Hartwell, Esq., withdrew his .former application for a cable charter or franchise andsubmitted a new one in hehalf of the Pacific Cable Company, ofNew York. Possibly' this may come up for legislative actionat the coming session.

Sir Audley Coote revisited Honolulu in the early part of theyear in the interests of a cable syndicate. seeking concessionsfrom this Government; none of his propositions, however, wereentertained.

Recent ad vices indicate the abandonment, for the time beingat least, of the Canadian· English scheme to lay a cable fromVancouver to Australia with stations only on English territoryacross the Pacific, while on the other hand Japan seems de·sirous of securing Pacific Cable honors and linking, Hawaii inthe stretch across the ocean.

VOLCANIC CHANGES.

Erratic Kilauea has maintained' her reputation for coynessthe past year, fully. The spell of activity which dated with

RETROSPECT. 163

July 11, 1896, continued the rest of the year, gradually subsiding till quietness again reigned supreme, save, as withbanked fires, sending forth continuous clouds of smoke. Thischanged the latter part of June, 11:197, for a brief spell. Explosions and rumblings, heard for miles distant, were followed atnightfall with a brilliant illuminati<;ll1 and outburst of volcanicfire. For a time the molten lava again appeared in the lake,increasing in area as it rose in height, but this effort to resumeformer grandeur soon exhausted itself. Another fitful effort atactivity occurred September 16th, lasting several weeks withconsiderable vigor, but at present writing Pelehas withdrawnher fires again.

Volcano parties have been more numerous than usual thispast year and during the summer months the hotel was tdxedcontinuously to its utmost capacity by people enjoying thedelightful climate there found at an altitude of 4,000 feet.

DISTINGUISHED VISITORS •

. The islands have been favored with quite a number of distinguished visitors this past year, many of whom it has been apleasure to our citizens to honor with such attention as timeand circumstances warranted. The visit of several senatorsand congressmen during the Congress vacation was opportunein affording them the means, by personal enquiry and observation, of fairly judging the important question of Annexationwhen it shall come up in the Senate for ratification. To Senator Morgan, the staunch advocate of this Republic's hopes andaims, the administration and representative citizens-as alsothe representatives of his government-sought to render thevisit of himself and daughters to these islands a pleasant memory for appreciated services.

Some attempt at an anti-annexation demonstration was madeduring the visit of the above mentioned statesmen, as also onthe eve of our Senate's action on the treaty, but each effort fellfar short of general expectation.

RETURN OF KAIULANI.

November 9th, Princess Kaiular.i, accompanied by her father,Hon.A. S. Cleghorn, returned for a short visit to her island

164 HAIVAlIAN ANNUAl..

home after an absence of eight years spent abroad in educationand travel. Though void of political significance, neverthelessthe welcome she received on landing was touching in the regardshown by natives and foreigners alike. Agreeable to her wish,no public demonstration was to be made on arrival, but thethrong at the wharf gave quiet evide.lce of the hearty aloha feItfor this estimable young lady and pleasure at her safe return.

MARINE CASUALTIES.

Misfortunes to the shipping of our coasts have been fortunatelyfew during the year and embrace but the Hawaiian bark Leahi,coal laden, which went ashore February 20th at Kahului, Maui,and the steamer Likelike, of Wilder's Steamship Coo's service,which ran ashore on the north point of Hawaii, April 23d.Both vesstls became total wrecks, but forIunately no lives were10Ft.

ATHLETICS, ETC.

Out-door sports have continued in intere5it to a marked degree.The enlarged series of games in the tennis tournament, throughthe addition of the Valley Club, was carried out with muchspirit and enthusiasm, closing May :JHh with H. Waterhouse,]r.and W. H. Coney, as the season's champions.

The base-ball season series of league games witnessed muchactive rivalry between the three clubs-Stars, St.' Louis and

R~giments-that carried an increasing interest throughout theseason, closing with champion honors in favor of the Regimentteam.

Field games have, on several occasions through the year, heldforth their varied athletic attractions for the entertainment of thepublic, each of which were very generally attended. At presentwriting foot- ball practice is in progress, preparatory to a seriesof games between Oahu College, Regiment and Town teams,shortly to be entered upon.

The recent opening of the Cyclomere track, inaugurating aseason of wheelmens' contests, has lent additional interest tobicycle riding, and not a little spirit of emulation has beenwrought among local riders in competing with seyeral coastcelebrities who. were induced to visit our "Paradi~e" and

HAWAlIAN REPUBLIC. 165

initiate the season. Its owner and promoter, Mr. C. S. Desky,is meeting the encouragement his enterpri~e deserves.

NECROLOGY.

The scythe of Time has again swept busily through our islandcommunity and cut down a number of well-known and prominent people, including the representatives of the two greatestnations and Hawaii's best friends, A. S. Willis, the AmericanMinister, and A. G. S. Hawes, the British Commissioner.Beside these ofllcials the list comprises, in part. the followingwell known residents: J. H. Pat)', \-Varren Goodale, C. Gertz,Mrs. C. D. Kinney, Mrs. Hay \Yodehouse, Jr., Sam!. Savidge,Mrs. H. \'Vaterhouse, Mrs. \Y. S. Luce. Frank Spencer, Mrs.

G. West, R. "V. Meyer, J. Lazarus, Miss L. L. 1\100re. Hon. G.Rhodes, Dr. J. K. Smith, E. W. Holdsworth, J. Grace, MajorC. T. Gulick, and of. islanders abroad: Frank P. Hastings,Charge de Affaires at \Vashington, and Dr. S. G. Tucker, latelyremoved to Oakland, Cal.

ISLANDS COMPRISING THE HAWAIIAN REPUBLIC.

In addition to the islands of I-!awaii, Maui, Oahu, Kauai,Molokai. Lanai, Nnhau, Kahoolawe, Lehua and l\1olokini, form·ing the Hawaiian group proper, the following islands are partand parcel of the Hawaiian domain.

Nihoa, or Bird Island, was taken possession of in \f;2:J; anexpedition for that purpose having been filted out by directionof Kaahumanu, and sent thither under the charge of Capt. \Vm.Sumner.

Laysan Island became Hawaiian territory May 1st, IRfii, andon the 10th of the SClme month L)'siansky Island was added toKamehameha's realm by Capt. John Paty.

Palmyra Island was taken possession of by Capt. Zenas Bent,April 15th, \i%:J, and proclaimed Hawaiian territory in the reignof Kamehameha IV, as per "By Authority" notice in the Poly.nesia" of Julle 21, 1KG:J.

Ocean Island was acquired Sept'ember 20th, IK8G, as per

166 HAWAIlAN ANNUAL.

proclamation of Col. J. H. Boyd, empowered for such serviceduring the reign of Kalakaua.

Necker Island was taken possession of May 27th, 1894, byCapt. Jas. A. King, on behalf of the Hawaiian Government.

French Frigate Shoal was the latest acq uisition, also by Capt.King, and proclaimed Hawaiian territory July I:hh. 1895.

Gardener Island, Mara or 1V10ro Reef, Pearl and HermesReef, Gambia Blnk, and Johnston or Cornwallis Island are alsoclaimed as Hawaiian possessions. D,iles of their acquisition isnot available to us at this writing.

In the archives of the Foreign Office are the articles ofconvention betwef:n Hon. Chas. St. Julien, the" Commissionerand Political and Commercial Agent" of His Majesty the Kingof the Hawaiian Islands and John 'Webster, Esq., the SovereignChief and Proprietor of the Group of Islands known asStewarts Islands, (situate near the Solom<'JI1 Group). whereby isceded to the Hawaiian Government-subject to ratification bythe King-the Islands of Ihikaiana, Te Parena, Taore, MatuaAwi anel Matua Ivota, comprising said group of StewartsIslands.

This was done at Sydney under elate of February 10, 1855,but there is no record at present found of its ratification

INFORMATIoN FOR TOURISTS AND OTHERS.

.19'1 N the political prominence to which this little nation has~ been brought the past few years the world has familiarizedCi:J1 itself with Haw>'lii as never before, and the enquiries for

information pertaining to its present conditions anel futureprospects indicate a healthy awakening to a realization of the excellent opportunities these islands offer in certain lines of agricul.ture, in scenic attractions varying from tropic growth to Yosemite and Alpine grandeur, with a healthy climate and balmyatmosphere withal that rivals the famed Mediterranean resorts.

It has been the province of the HAWAIIAN ANNUAL, ever sinceits existence, to present just such .lines of reliable informationas indicated above, for the 'benefit of foreign inquiry and home.

iNFORMATiON ,FOR"TOURiSTS. lti7

reference, and the widening circle of readers and flattering testimonials received give eyidence that the labors in thjs directionhave not been in vain.

The carefully prepared and revised statistical tables cover thefields of Government and commercial progi'ess for many yearspast, while special articles present attractions and existing conditions in Hawaii·nei and indicate also Its possibilities.

But while the preceding information has value for many readers, the trailsient visitor and tourist, with but a few days-ormaybe hours only-at their disposal, is desirous of improvingthe most of his (1)1' her) opportunity to see the attractions ofplac'e and people. For such readers the following brief outline

is give::n.To the incoming visitor Honolulu, situate on the island of

Oahu-and the capital city of the group-presents peculiarattractions, nestled as it is amid evergreen fuliage at the footand in the valleys or" a mountain range:: whose peaks kiss theclouds at a height of 3,000 feet. .The grove of cocoanut treesthat fringe the shore along vVaikiki give strangers their firsttropical impression after rounding Diamond Head-Honoluiu'sland mark-and the nestling cottages, or more pretentious residence::s, that open up to view while passing down the reef to theentrance of the harbor, presents a picture of restfulness thatcharm alike all incomers. First impressions are said to belasting, and nature has so favored Hawaii that it is a rare occurrence for visitors after a tour of the city, or of the islands, not toexpress the hope to return for re-enjoyment of place and people.

Vessels on entenng port find with but rare exceptions, amplewharfa'ge facilities awaiting the::m, and as the mail steamers warpin to the dock numerous native boys boys swim about anxiousto display their skill in diving for nickels, or it "nimble sixpence," that may be thrown in the water. The scramble offrom six to twenty divers after a single coin afford rare sport tostrangers.

Upon landing, courteous hack drivers are at hand or withineasy reach by telephone, to convey passengers to hotels or private residences, or for a drive about the city and suburbs. Thecharge for such service is regulated by law, and will be foundon page 171.

168' IIAWAllAN ANNUAL

Ii OlltJ'S timt: is Iimitt:d to the ft:w hours stay of a through~teamt:r in port the firstimpurtant point of intert:st to visit isthe Pali, at thtJ head of Nuuanu vallt:y, distant six miltJs fromthe Honolulu post offictJ. ThtJ road It:ads through thtJ earlierresidenctJ portion uf the city, affording a view of spacious andwelL kepti'gt'ounds, totbe/ m~joritY';of hc51nt:s, indicativtJ of thecomfort and taste of our residents, thtJn on past stretchtJs ofwildt:r country flanked oll.eitht:r sidt:hy moss and fern bankedmountain slopes till all of a suddt:n the gap is reached and thescenic grandt:ur of thtJ vitJW of the precipictJs of Koolau, with itsrolling table land somtJ twtlvtJ hundred feet btJneath, and theblue Pacific Ocean in the distance presents a scene of entran·cing beauty. ThiS pali is made historically famous as the placeover which the furces of Kamehamtha the First drove hisenemies in tht: final ballltJ in the conquest of this island in 1795.

N ext in sct::nic interest would be a trip to Tantalus, a mountainpeak some ~,OOO feet high, overlooking, not only Honolulu, butthe stretch of country ranging from Coco Head to Barber'sPoint: A good winding ~arriagt:: road traverses the entiredistance and passes through shady forest glades and wildshrubbt::ry into a balmy atmosphtJrtJ that is attracting publicattention as an unsl1rpasstd location for summer cott<lges,tourists' resort or sanitarium.

Another pleasant drivtJ to a commanding- point is aroundPunchbowl, an txtinct vo1canosomtJ ;)00 feet high, just back ofthtJ city. From this advantageous position many delightfulviews art obtained. Honolulu, hidden for thtJ most part amidluxuriant fuliage, gives tht impression of one largtJ park onthe bOlders uf tht sta.

vVhile the attractiveness of a drive to \Vaiklki and KapiolaniPark is admitted by visitors to afford rart enjoyment, the idtJal isreached by a sojourn among its stductive /{roves where the soundof the restlt::ss "urf, dashing on the guarding rtef, or waveletsrippling on its sandy shore, sings a sweet lullaby, and thepleasure of ocean bathing in a ttJmperature that, like its skies,its seas, and atmosphere, is surpassed by no other spot in all thewide world. Poets have sung its praises; writers have vied witheach other in describing its charms, and artists have soughtinspiration to depict on canvass glimpses of its beauty.

INFORMATION FOR TOURl~TS. 169

An experienced traveler, not long since, on watching thechanging color reflections in the water of sky and cloud, likenedit to "A sea of smashed rainbows."

To the north of Hllnllluiu are situated the KamehamehaSchools, for'bnys atlcUor girls. establishe£i for· H\lwaiia)1S by willof the late '1\1 rs., Bernice Pduahi Bishop. Th~Museu~, estab·lished by Hon. Chas. R. Bishop in connection therewith, is aremarkably fine institution, specially noted for a completenessin Polynesian antiquities second to none other. Certain days ofeach week '.Ire:: set apart for the free admission of all visitors. Atpresent this is Fridays and Saturdays, from lOA. M. to 4 P. M.These institutions are:: reached by the King street tram cars.

Trains of the Oahu Railway and Land Company leave thestation at Leleo, King street, thrice daily for Pearl Harbor, EwaPlantation and way stations. Two trains continue on to theWaianae Plantation, distant thirty three miles from Honolulu.Visitors taking a railway trip have an oppurtunity of viewing themagnificent Pearl Harbor whose sole right of entrance wasgranted the United States some years since fur a naval station;also of witnessing the interesting features, en route, in thecultivation of rice and sugar cane. At no other point, throughoutthe islands, can these two industries be seen so advantageouslyworking, as it were, side by side. Ewa Plantation, and therecently established Oahu Plantation, on lands adjacent, willafford tourists an insight into the most modern methods of caneculture and sugar manufacture by two of the largest concerns ofthe kind on the islands.

If time is too limited to pel mit any of the above mentionedtrips, an observation tour of the city would be in order and aninteresting time spent in visiting the different public buildingsand grounds, hotds, places of business, and the attractiveresidence portions of the city.

The attractions of the other islands are not to be ignored,each presenting interesting features of individuality as toscenery, places of historic interest, or established industries.Naturally the volcano of Kilauea, on Hawaii, is the main objectof interest to all tourists and is well worth a visit even in itsperiods of inactivity. The scenic attractions of the windwardcoast of Hawaii, which visitors pass on the trip to Hilo, i~

170 ~ HAWAIIAN ANNUAL;,

varied and delightful, ,while of H ilo itself an eminent visitorwrote-"SeeNaplesi and then die! 'said somebody. 'See Hila,and live for ever!' say I." Her strong natural attractions andbusiness outlook, through the sugar and developing coffee industry in its neighborhood, is bringing in an enterprising population that is rapidly extending the limits of the town. Oldstreets are being widened and new ones are being laid out tomeet the public demand of improvement.

Comfortable steamers offer frequent facilities to reach allprincipal points between the islands, two or more weekly forwindward ports of Hawaii and one or more for its leeward coastports, nearly all of which take in Maui en route. Among thestrong attractions of the island of Maui, additional to its extensive sugar plantations, are, the picturesque valley of lao-rival.ling the Yosemite-celebrated as the scene of one of the fiercestbattles in Hawaiian history, when bodies of the slain dammedthe \Vailuku and its stream ran blood. The crater of Hale·aka la, the largest extinct volcano III the world, also on thi'lisland, well repay all visitors.

The ., garden island" of Kauai in turn presents unrivaledscenic atlraction~" facilities to visit which occur thrice or moreeach week by regular and convenient steamers.

In connection with the foregoing, the following tables may beof service:

FOREIGN PASSAGE RATES.

Cabin passage per steamer, Honolulu to San Francisco, $75.Round trip tickets, good for three months, $125.

Steerage passage per steamer, Honolulu to San Francisco, $25.Cabin passage per steamer, Honolulu to Victoria and Vancou·

ver, $75; and to San Francisco per company's steamer ar·rangements, if desired, at the same figure.

Second Cabin passage per, steamer, Honolulu to Victoria andVancouver, $25.

Cabin passage per steamer to Fiji, $87.50; to Sydney, $150.Second'Cabin passag-e per steamer to Fiji, $50; to Sydney, $75.Cabin passage by sailing vessel, to or from San Francisco, $40,

or $25 by steerage.

n\;FORMATJON FOR 1·OURJ::'T~. 171

to5 006 006 108 00

10 0010 00

Cabin pa~~age per steamer, Honolulu to Hongkong or Japan,$~5n.

Steamers to and from San Francisco are two or more every fourweeks-one direct and return, the others en route to orfrom the Colonies and the Orient.

Steamers of the Canadian-Australian line to and from Vancouverare also two t:very four weeks.

Steamers from San Francisco to Japan and China, and viceversa, touch almost regularly at this port en route.

INTER-ISLAND PASSAGE RATES.

Cabin Passage per Steamers, from HonoluluLahaina, Maui $Kahului or Hana, Maui , .l'vlaalaea, Maui .•................•• , ••......1'vfaktna, Maui ................•.....••.. '.Mahukona or Kawaihae, Hawaii .Kukuihaele, Honokaa or Paauhau, Hawaii .Laupahot:hoe or Hila, Hawaii , 12 50Kailua or Kealakekua, Hawaii............... 10 00Honuapn or Punaluu, Hawaii , : 12 00Koloa, Nawiliwili, Hanalei, Kilauea or Kapaa

Kauai, each. . . . . . . . . . . .. ..........•..... 6 00Round tnp tickets art: usually obtained at a fair rteduction with

privilege of getting off at any purt along the route.

CARRIAGE FARE.

Carriage fare from steamer to hotel, for eitherone or two passengers· .............•.•.... $

Each tldditional passenger , .Carriage fare 'per hour, one passt.nger ."" two passengers .•. '! ••••

" " " three " " ...••..,. " ,. four " "

Specially for the Pali, one passenger each way .•" " " two palSsengers "

" " " three " "Specially for Kapiolani Park, one passenger

each way•...••.•••••.•••••....•....•••••.Two passengers each way •••• '..•...••••......

2510

I 502 002 503 003 004 005 00

1 001 50


<, .•,-. \

Three passengers each way $:2.00Special Punchbowl drives, one passenger, $1.00; two passen

gers, $1.50; three passengers, $:2.00.The foregoing rates are for between the hours of b A. M. to II

P. M. At 0ther hours the rates of fare may be doubled. Nodriver is compelled to take a single fare beyond the two milelimit, except by special bargain. vVhen two or more offer, theregular fare must be accepted.

Good saddle horses may be engaged by the hour at one dollaror less, according to length of time.

Bicycles can be rented from several cycle agencies at moderate rates, by the day, or hour.

HOTEL RATES.

Board with room at the Hawaiian and Arlington Hotels, atfrom $:\.011 to $5.00 per day.

Private accommodations, in various parts of the city, areobtainable at prices ranging from $10 per we~k up.

CURRENT MONEY.

American and Hawaiian currency is the standard throughoutth.e islands. Other coins may be exchanged at the banks atabout the United States Treasury ruling rates.

TAXES.

The annual taxes of the country consist of:-Poll, $1; school,$2, and road, $~. Owners of carriages pay $5 each. The dogtax is $1 for male and $3 for female dogs. Real and personalproperty pays a tax of 1% upon its cash value as of January 1stof each year.

TO :vIEET the needs of the recently established KindergartenSchools of the city, the undersigned has arranged wit h the.MILTON BRADLEY CO. of Springfield, Mass., to carry a fullstock of their Kindf'rgarten material for School and Homeinstruction. Latest catalogues can be had on a,pplication.

THOS. G. THRUM, Stationer,

Sole Agimt for the Hawaiian Islands.

PORT CHARGES, HONOLULU.

Pilotage~;\Iail steamers, 1000 tons $.')0 00Transient steamers 75 00\Var vessels, per foot draught~ eo' .. • • .. • • .. ~ 00Sailing vessels under :WO tons, per foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . 50Other vessels per ton. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05Outside anchorage charge , :W 00

Towage Rates-Vessels under :WO tons ........•...... :30 00From 2110 to :~(l0 tons ... $:Hi. From 300 to 500 tOf'S .... 40 00From 500 to 800 tons.. 45. Frum tlOO to 1000 tons. 50 00From 1000 to I :WII tons. (iO. From I :!OO to 1400 tons. ,5 00Over 1400 tons, f> cents per ton additional.Outside of pilot limits, or in case of accidents, etc., as

per agreement.Port Physician's Charges~Boardingvessel outside.. .. 2fl 00

Boarding vessel in port, $15; at wharf. to UOHarbor Master's Fee~Boarding vessel on arrival or de-

parture, or in moving, each time . . . . :> 00vVharfage~Governmentor O. R. & L. Co.'s wharves,

per ton, per day 02%Water Rate3-To vessels at the wharf, per gallon 00Yz

To vessel,;, by hghter, ill harbor, per gallon... .. . . . .. .01To vessels, by lighter, outside the harbor, per gallon .... 111 Yz

Marine Railway~Capc..cityfor 1,00 ton vessels in light ballast~Hauling charge, per ton: Stea:llerS 50 cents, saillllg vessels40 cents. Charge after first day, 2.'> cents per ton for steamersand 2,0 cents per ton for sailing vessels per day.

Hawaiian Products Admitted Into the United States,

Free by Treaty.(Under the Reciprocity Treaty, from the Hawaiian Islands, when properly certified bt:fore

the U. S. Consul. or CLmsular Agent. at the port of shipment.)

Arrow-root; bananas; castor-oil; hides and skins, undressed;pulu; rice; seeds, plants, shrubs·· or trees; muscovado,brown and other unrefined sugar, commonly known as.. Sandwich Island sugar;" syrups of sugar cane, meladoand molasses;. tallow; vegt;tables, dried ,and undritd, pre·served and unpreservtd.

Importations into the Hawaiian Islands from the UnitedStates, entitled to exemption from duties under the Treaty ofReciprocity, must be accompanitd by Hawaiian Consular certificate to that effect.

HAWAIIAN ISLANDS POSTAL SERVICE.

GENERAL I'o,r·OFFICE. Honolulu, O.lhu.-Jos. M. Oat, Postm.lster·General;W. O. Atwater, Secrl'tary; Ed. R. Stackable Supt. Savings Bank Department,A. J. Smithies, Assistant; F. B. Oat,.Supt. Money Order Department, F. B.Damon,]. L. Logan, Assistants; L. T. Kenakl', Supt. General Delivery andStamp Department, J. L. Kukahi, Assistant; Geo. L. Desha, Registry Department; C. J. Holt, Parcels Post Department; Ladies' window l\Iiss 1\1. E, Low.S. L. Kekumano, Chas. Kaanoi, K. Narita, J. T. Figueredo, 'V. Y. Afong, S.P. Nohea, Assistants.

PosrMASTERS ON OAHU.Ewa J. E. Kahoa Kahuku.......... . Geo. WeightHonouliuli 'V. J. Lowrie Laie ................•. Geo. P. GarffPeninsular '" Frank Archer Punaluu ........•..•.• Wm. RthburnWaipahu H .D. Johnson Waiahole S. E. K. PapaaiWailOae .•.............. "D. Center Kaneohe Bishop PahiaWaialua .;. . A. S. Mahailiu Heeia William Fisher

OVERLAND MAIL ROUTE, OAHU.Leaves Honolulu at 10 A.M. on Tuesday and Thursday, each week, for

Kahuku, via Pali, arriving hack WednesdlY and Friday. For Waianae, bytrain daily. 9:00 A.M. Or, on the arrival of foreign mail in the morning ofabove days the mail closes at 4:00 P.M.

Mail closes at 9:-JO A.M. each day, for ElVa and IIonouliuli Plantation, by therailroad, and returns at 12M.

On Moaday, Wednesday and Friday, mails are dispatched for Waialua andKahuku via Pearl City.

Mail for W.limanalo closes every Wedne,day and Saturday at 10 A. M.

POSTMASTERS 0:0< KAUAI.Kealia R. C. Spaulding Lihue C. H. BishopKilauea Jno. Bush Koloa E. StrehzKekaha F. W. Glade Hanapepe H. H. BrodieWaimea C. B. IIofgaard Makaweli ......••...... H. MorrisonHanalei C. H. WIllis Mana....... . G. llorchgrevinck

MAIL ROUTES ON KAUAI.From Lihue to Mana.-Leaves Lihue P. O. every vVednesday morning,

arriving at K·)loa about noon and at Waimea an,l Mana in the evening ofthe sane day. On returning leaves :'olana on Saturday morning, arriving atKoloa abemt noon and Lihue in tne afternoon.

From Lihue to Hanalei.-Leaves Lihue P. O. every \Vednesday morning,arriving at K~ali.l in the afternJon, at Kilauea about noon, and Hanalei in theafternoon of the same day. On returning leaves Hanalei on Friday and arrivesat Kilauea Fridayevening. Leaves Kealia aboot Saturday noon and arrives atLihue in the afternoon.

POSTMASTERS ON MAUl.Lahaina..........•. G. W. Hayselden IHonokohau D. Taylor JrWailuku. , Mrs. W. A. McKay Kipahulu ...•.......... A. BuckholtzMakawao .' ..•.....•••.Jas; Andersc>n Kahului .......••...... G. P. WilderHana John Grunwald Paia C. D. LindsayHamoa '..•......... F. \Vittrock Hamakuapoko ....•. \V. F. MossmanSpreckelsville , .. ,G. 1\1. BOLlte Huelo M. MattsonUlupalakua ...•..•••. S. \Y. K. Apua Honokowai.·•••. : ......•C:has. GoheirWaiakoa ••........... J. H. Nishwitz Pauwela .•••• ; •••• : ••.• P. KeaupuniKeokel. D. Kap)hakimohewa Peahi T. K. PaKanpo.. ; . . .. • C. Lake Waihee •• '.' '" W. H. CampbellMakena ••••.•• •••••••J. M. Napoulou Ke~nae .••••••••••••••• W. Napihaa.

0'"

HAWAlIAN POSTAL SERViCE. 175

OVERLAND MAIL ROUTES, MAUl.

From Lahaina to Kaanapali and Kahakuloa, every week, mail closes ahout9 A.M. on \Vednesday or Saturday after arrival of steamers Kinau, or }IaunaLoa fr. 111 Honolulu.

From Ulupakakua to Hana, weekly, mail closes in the morning on arrival ofmails from steamer Kinau.

From Paia to Hana, weekly, mail closes soon after arrival of steamer mailson Tuesdays or Wednesdays.

MAUl MAIL ROUTES.

From Paia to Makawao, and to Ilaiku, daily.From Paia tu Hue!o, once a week; to Ulupalakua, via Makawao. daily.If the steamer Claudiue leaves Kahului on Saturday for Honolulu, the mails

will arri"e and leave Paia on that day instead of FrIday.Mail for Hana sent by the Kinau or Mauna Loa on Fridays does not leave

Paia till the following week.POST~IASTERS ON HAWAII.

Hila ..............••.. L. Severance Kailua , J. KaelemakulePapaikou, '" '" .G. E. Thrum Keauhou J. N. KoomoaHono?'u W. D. Schmid: Kealakeakua t R. Wa,smanKawaIhae \V. HookuanUl N"poopoo .. JMahukona Jno. S. Smithies Hoopuloa ........•........ Jos. HoliKukuihaele \V. Horner Hoakena T. K. R. AmaluWaimea Mise; E. W. Lyons pal,ala T. C. WillsKohala 1\1155 E. D. Low I1ilea..... .. Jno. C. SearlePaauIlo J. R. Rentun Honuapo Geo. DawsonLaupahoehoe E. \Y. l:<>rn"nl Waiohinu c. MeineckeOokala. '" '" : R. Ivers Naalehu G. C. HewittHonokaa F. S. Clint(,n pun"luu \Vm. Fennellpohoiki Mrs. R. Rycroft Waipio Mrs. Ana ThomasOlaa r. R. \Niison lIakalau Geo RossKalapana iI. E. Wilson

Mail leaves Hila lor 01aa, three times per week.A daily service is now maintained between II ilo and Hakalau,Special carriers sen'e the Laupahoehoe Post Office, as follow" On arrival 01

the Kinau every ten days, a carrier Iea"e' Laupahoehoe distributing mail enroute as far as Hakalau. and returns, connecting with the steamer on her downtrip to Honolulu. Another carrier is disp3tched, on arrival of the Kinau, toserve the district as far as Ookala, and returns as above to meet the steamer onthe down trip. These are independent of the regular carrier who goes throughfrom and to Hila, every ten days.

From Hilo to Honokaa.-Leaves Hilo P O. on Tuesday or Saturday in everyten days, arriving at Honokaa on ThurSlI"y or l\lon(lay. On returning leavesHonokaa on the same day, arriving at Hilo on Saturday or \Vednesday.

Mail leaves Hila on arrival of Kinau, arriving at Volcano House same day;\Vaiohinu, 2cl day; leaves Waiohinu 3d day early and arrives at Papa; 4th dayarrives at Kailua; 5th day remains at Kailua; 6th day returns to Papa; 7th dayarrive, at Waiohinu; 8th day leaves Waiohinu arriving at Volcano House; 9thday arrives in Hila; 10th day remains iH Hila. and the following day retllrns to\Vaiohinu, etc.

Mail leaves Punalllu for Hilo, via Volcano House, immediately on arrival ofW. G. Ilall.

From Kawaihae to Honokaa.-Leaves Kawaihae p. O. on \Vednesday orSaturday in every ten days, arriving at 1I0nnkaa Thursday or Sunday. Onreturning leaves lfonokaa on Monday or Thursday, arriving at Mahukona onTuesday or Friday. M'lilleaves Kawaihae on arriv.11 of Kil1'lu. for Kailua andconnecting with the Kau carrier at I/ooken•.


A special carrier now leaves 1\1ahukona for Kawaihae immediately after arrivalof Kinau, with all mails for Hamakua district.

POSTMASTERS ON MOLOKAI.

,Kaunakakai 00' W. C. 1'I1eyer I Pukoo ooJ. II. MahoeKama!o .. ' H. McCorriston Lanai 1\1 rs. T. L. Hayselden

POSTAL TABLE OF RATES CHARGED TO COUNTRIES IN THE UNIVERSALPOSTAL UNION.

DESTINATION.

-~._-~-------~--_._---_._-------:-----=:;---

em ~I~~ ~~ S N ~~« inN1) ~ C'i I~ ~~ ~'-rn I.i v~!~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ : ~ I ~ I~ ~ E ~ f§

~I~ I ~-I~ ril_..i..2 cts. I 10 cts.1 2 ~ts. 2 ctS. 2 ctS.

Ali countries in the UniversalPostal Union 5 cts.

'Merchandise samples notto excee,1 250 grams, or 8}{ ounces, except UnitedStates, Great Britain. New Zealand and New South Wales, to which countriessamples of merchandise not exceedin~ 350 ~rams. (12 ounces) may be mailed.

tPapers to United States, Mexico, Canada and Australasian Colonies, 2ounces J cent.

§Register Fee with return receipt, [5 c.

INTER·ISLAND AND SOUTH SEA ISLANDS POSTAL RATES.

Regis. - N:"~;;E':.E,,-rs~i OtherFce. Limit of Postage i matter.

each rate each rate I~-~ ~~~- .---~-'I-------

ro cts. 4 (n I ct. t II c. per o~.§

1<; cts. ea. pa. 2 cts. A c. per 4 oz.[ cent per ounce.Magazines, and unbound publicatiuns, at

I;

Letters '375 oz. 0

::...DESTINATION.

Inter·Island '" .. 2 cts. IcIslands of the Pacific.. 10 cts. 1C

"Books, Samples and Merchandise,tPamphlets, Almanacs, Calendars,

newspaper rates.§Drop or city letters or printed circulars, [ cent.

PARCEL POST RATES.To UNITED STATES of America. 12 cents per lb., or fraction thereof.Parcels shall not exceed II Ills. in weight, nor the following dimensions:

Greatest length, three feet six inches; the greatest length and girth combined,six feet. . .

To CANADA, 20 cents per Ib" Or fraction thereof.Parcels sha I not exceed 5 Ibs. in weight, nor the following dimensions: Two

feel in length, and one foot in width or depth.To UNITED KiNGDOM-via Canad'-24 cents per lb., or fractiun thereof.U nrler the same condition as applied to Canada.

_.. Colonies. ! I lb. i 2 Ibs. I 3 Ibs. I 4 Ihs. I' 5 Ihs.,

NewZ:aland ...•.••........~I~~I~;-~Austraha 25c Ib. 1 .

\Veight 0f Package not to exceed 5 Ihs.Len~th, two feet; breadth and depth, one foot.

SUGAl~ PLANTATiONS. 177

POSTAL MONEY ORDER RATES.

\

Inter-Island I FO"EIGN I OrdersINTER- ISLAND or I" onD~:NOMINAnONS. DJm. stic. IDENOMINATIONS. I U. S.

Ord;:-,," I;;;t-~v-e-;$-51' 5 cellts INot ~xceedin-i$5~1-"25ciS-Over $5. not over 10' 10" \$5 to $10 ! 40 "Over $10, not over lsi 15" 1$10 to $20 ; 60 "Over $15, not ver 2o, 20" 1$20 to $3° 1 80Over $20, not over 501 25" 1$30 to $4° '11 00Over $50, not over 500,25C for ea. $50 $40 ttl $5° I 25

! _.Order~ ..on,IEng. (lef.

Portugal &,Hongkon,';.

25 cts.4° "7°00

3°60

MONEY ORDERS. - Domestic postal money orders are furnished on.application at any of the following money order offices, payable at any othermoney order office named below.

ON HAWAII.-Hilo, Kohala, Honokaa, Waimea, Kealakekua, \'Vaiohinu,Pahala, Paauilo, Kukuihaele, Hookena, Kailua, Laupahoehoe, Ookala, Mahu·kona, Naalehu, Hakala!), Pohoiki.

ON MAuI.-Lahaina. Wailuku, Hamakuapoko, Hana, Makawao, Paia,Kipahulu, Hamoa, Ulupalakua. On Molokai-Kaunakakai and Kamalo.

ON OAHu.-Honolulu, Waianae, Waialua, Kahuku, Beeia and Honouliuli.ON KAUAI.-Lihue, Koloa, Waimea, Kealia, Hanalei, Makaweli, Kekaha,

~ and Mana,Foreigll Money Orders are ;'Sued, on written application, at the General Post

Office ill Ilollolulu, on the United States, Enghnd, Scotland, Ireland, Portugal,including Madeira and Azores Islands, Germany, Norway, Netherlands,Denmark, China and lIongkong.

LIST OF SUGAR PLANTATIONS, MILLS AND' CANE GROWERS,

THROUGHOUT THE ISLANDS.

Those marked with an asterisk (*) are planters only; Those marked with a dagger<t) are mills only; All others are plantations c01l1 plete, oWlling their own mills.

AGENTS.NAME. I LOCATION. MANAGER. II 1 _

Beecroft Plantation,* Ii Kohal0rawaii, --III. R. Bryant, -\jDavies & Co.• Eleele Plantation. Eleele, Kauai, A. Dreier, ~Schaefer & Co._Ewa Plantation, IEwa, Oahu. W. J. Lowrie, ~,castle & Cooke.~Faye & Co., H 1'* Mana, Kauai, H. 1', Faye, Hackfeld & Co.Meier & Kruse,* Waimea. Kauai, Meier & Kruse, Hackfeld & Co.Gay & Robinson,* Makaweli, Kauai, IGay & I{obinson H. Waterhouse.

--Grove Farm, * N awiliwili, Kauai, G. N. Wilcox, H ackfeld & Co•• Haiku Sugar Co., Haiku, Maui. ,H. P. Baldwin, .·llakalau Plant'n Co., Hilo, Hawaii, iGeo. Ross, Irwin & Co.-Halawa Sugar Co., Kohala, Hawaii, IT. S. Kay, II. Waterhouse.,Ham.kua Mill Co.,t Hamakua, Hawaii, IJ. R. Renton, jDaVies & Co.~Hamakua Plant'n Co.,· Hamakua, Hawaii, A. Lidgate, Davies & Co.lIana Plantation Co" Hana, Maui, IK. S. Gjerdrum, Grinbaum & Co.

~Hanamaulu Sug. Plant'n,· Lihue, Kauai, A. S. Wilcox, Hackfeld & Co.-Hanamaulu Mill,t Hanamaulu. Kauai, C. Wolters. Hackfeld & Co.

I'


LIST OF SUGAR PLANTATIONS, ETC.,---Continued.

NAlIlE. __J_.::IO~... MANAGER. \ AGENTS.

Hawi Mill &. Plantation, Kohala, Hawaii, J. Hind, ~Davies &. Co._. Hawaiian Agricultural Co., Kau, Hawaii, C. M. Walton, Brewer &. Co._Haw'n Com'l &. Sugar Co., Spreckelsville, Maui, G. M. Boote, I, Hackfeld &. Co•..Hawaiian Sugar Co., Makaweli, Kauai, H. l\Iorrison, ..:.jIrwin &. Co.

Heeia Agrl. Co., Ltd., Heeia, Oahu, E. K. Bull, )Grinbaum &. Co.-Hila Sugar Co., Hila, Hawaii, John A. Scott, _jlrwin &. Co.. Hila Port. Sugar Mill Co. Hila, Hawaii, J. G. Serrao, Ilackfeid &. Co.~Holualoa S~gar Mill Co., Kana, Hawaii, H. Willgeroth, Hnckfeld &. Co.Honokaa Sugar Co.. Hamakua, Ilawaii, John 'Vatt, J)Schaeler &. Co.

..Honomu Sugar Co., Hila, lJawaii, John VI air, ,Brewer &. Co.-Hutchinson Sugar Co., Kau, Hawaii, G. C. llewett, ~Ilrwin &. Co._Kahuku Plantation, Kahuku, Oahu, George '·Veight, lGrinbaum &. Co.-Kaiwilahilahi Mill, Laupahoehoe, Haw. C. McLennan, ~Davies &. Co.. Kekaha Sugar Co., • Kekaha, Kauai. Otto Isenberg, ) Hackfeld &. Co.

- Kilauea Sugar Co., jKilaUea, Kanai, G. R. Ewart, ~Irwin &. Co.-Kipahulu Sugar Co., Kipahulu, l\bui, Oscar Unna, ~ Hackfeld &. Co,-Kohala Plantation, Kohala, Hawaii, G. F. I{enton, 1Castle &. Cooke.-Koloa Sugar Co., IIKoloa, Kauai, A. Cropp, 1! I a('kfeld &. Co.~Kukaiau Mill Co., Hamakull, Hawaii, Jas. R. Renton, "Davies &. Co.-Kukai'llI Plantation Co.,* fJamakua, Hawaii, J. .,1. Horner. ~llackfeld &. Co.• Laie Plantation, .La.e, Oahu, S. Eo \Vooley, 11 L \Vaterhouse.-Laupahoeho, Sugar Co., [Laupahoehoe, Haw. C. l\lcLennan, ~llavies &. Co.-Lihue Pla-ltltion, ,Lihue, Lauai, C. \Volters, ),llackfeld &. Co.-Makey Su-"ar Co., IKealia, Kauai, G. H. Fairchild, -iBr~wer &. Co._Niulii "Iiil &. Plantation, Kohala, Hawaii, Robert Iiall, lllavie,; &. Co.-Oohu Sugar Co., Ewa, Oahu, A. Ahren,;. 111ackfdd &. Co.·Olow.tlu Sugar Co., Olowalu, Maui, A. Ibnneherg, jlrwin &. Co.-Onom~a Sugar Co.. ,.ilo, Hawaii, \'1. \V. Goodale, lBre:ve~ ,\Co.-Ookala Sugar Co., Ookala, Hawaii, \V. G. \\,alker'j-IrWin & Co.-Paa:Jli:tu Plantation Co., Hamakua, Hawaii, A. Moore, Irwin &. Co..-Pacilic SUf(ar ~Iill,t IIamakua, Hawaii, D. Forhe,;, Schaefer &. Co.~Paia Plantation, Paia, ~!aui, J. \V Colville, ,~Pioneer Mill Co., Ltd., Lahaina, \Iaui, L Ahlhorn, I IIackfeid &. Co.-Puehuehu Plant'n Co.,* Kohala, Hawaii, R. Wallace, ~Dav!es &. \0.'-Pepeekeo Sugar Co., lIilo, Hawaii, II. Deacon, iDavles & Co.-Reciprocity Sugar Co., Hana, Maui, P. ~lcLane, ....IjBrewer & Co._Smith & Co., J. K., * Koloa, Kauai. J. K. Farley, - Castle & Cooke,~Union ~IilI Co, Kohala. Hawaii, J. Renton, Davies &. Co._Waiakea Mill Co., lIilo, II awaii, C. C. Kennedy, Davies & Co.• Waialua Plantation, Waialua, Oahu, Hal,;tead Bros.• - Castle N Cooke.• Waianae Plantation, Waianae, Oahu, D. Center. liB. A Widemann.

,,~-Wailuku Sugar Co., Wailuku, \Iaui. C. B. Well", ~ Brewer & Co.-Waimanalo SUf(ar Co., \Vaimanalo, Oahu, G. C. Chalmers, -1Irwin &. CO.

I)... Waimea Sugar Mill, Waimea, Kauai. E. E. Conant, ,I:-;chaeler &. Co.

Through non· receipt of the various Steamer Time Tables for tbeyear 1898 in time for compilation, we are obliged to omit the same

from this issue.

j..lf)Av

.).:l1.~

,p.. ('n-.

TABLE OF COFFEE GROWERS THROUGHOUT THE ISLANDS.

I No. OF TREES, OR AREA.

OLAA, HAWAII. i -Newly -, I to 3 yr. Trees inI planted old trees bearing.

'---------------, ..._---. -----Kuala Plantn., L. Turner 1' 62 acres. 15 acres. 8,000 trs.S. Pali , ,.......... 5,000 trs. 5 000 ..Queen Emma Plantn.•.................. 1 : , .. 2;<000"L. M. ;;taples Plantn : 25,000 trs. 12,000 "Olaa Calfee Co. Ltd i 50 ;lcres. 90 acres.....••••••Grossman Bros, ' ' I 100 :~O .........•B. ll. Brown ! 2,:WO trs. 2,000 trs. 3,225 trs.

, Herman Eldart...... . ! 40,000" 20,000" 7,000"R. D. Junkin 120,000" ;~O,OOO " ..

J.0~a~t:;le~:. : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : . : : : : !: : : : : : : : .. i~,g3g :: ::::::::::11. D. Junkin, , '" i 35,000 trs. [),OOO" .........•Abercombie & Smith, '1' ......... 55 acres .Capital Coffee & Commercial Co., Ltd.... 50 acres. 150 .W. A. McKay , ' '1' 12 18 .J. M. Janes............................ .. GO,OOO trs .E. W. tloran , . . .. . · 1 36 acres. 10 acres .

~~I:\~.n A~I';;I~~~I:~~~ ~~.h.i:'~~~i..P.I~~'~I~~ .. : I.. ~~ ... '.' 12,~00 trs. 'ii,OOO'tr~:J. Relllhardt , 'I 20 acres. 15 aCres. 15 acres.lIen & Adler 23,000 trs.Wm. B. Nailima., ,...... . 1 1,500 trs. 1,000 trs. 7,000"A. Sunler 116Yz acres IOYz acres.Mrs. S. E. Sunter.. . .. . .. . '1" ... II ..C. Supe , '" 16,640 trs. 6,800 trs .A. Zimmerman.......... . ' . I 16.. ·acres. 5 acres. 25 acres.A. lIen.. .. 33 '" .Manson & Co , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 1 11,700 trs. 3.900 trs .

~~1~~:S\·I;d~r·s~·n·.·.·.·.. : : ' : : : . : : : : : : : : Il},tu~c~~:.. '4,:l()O' ;r~ . ',i,ocio' ;;s:Kanekoa Coffee Co i. . . . . . . . . . 45 aCres. 20 acres.A. E. Sur ton i :;2 acre!:' '. . ........•1>. It. Hitchcock I... ." 20000 trs 1,500 tr8.V. M. Fulcher .. ,.,., 1 71:~ aC:,es. 1.4.. a.c.r.e.s. 5 acres.J. L. Fulcher u •••. " ••••

A. :.t. \\'ilson , .. :i() acres. 18 acres.Dr. N. Russell........

1

45 acres. :!G Yz .. 17,225 trs.A. Krans ; 15 .. .. ..Alexis l'atemkin .. ; 1 20 .Nicolas Feodorotl ." , i 15 . . . . . . . .. . .G. \\'. Cannel', Jr 1.......... 1;; acres. 4,000 trs.]. R lIall.......................... ......... 67i 4500 "Ahualani Coffee f'lantn., Kaumana.. . . . . . . 16 acres. II 9 acres.C. Eldarts, " 15,000 Irs....................•Trowbridge I'lantn., , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 aCres. . .......•Hiklhiki Plantn , . .. 3:~,OOO trs. . .

. Kaleo Unomane Plantn. . '/' 85,001l " .J3arslow & Lunn . 35,000." , ..•.A. W, Richardson.. 7,000 ' .

180 HAWAlIAN ANNUAL,

Table of CoFFee Growers Throughout the Islands.-Continued.

IIA WAH .-Cont:nued.OLAA,

No. OF TREES, OR AREA.

- Ne,,',VIY,-1 ~~-~;;'I--~'rees inplanted old bearing

1.1'. Sisson -.'.~~~~=1--~7a~r:~'i -~acr~s 9 acres.'R. Zink .•••.. " " . ' , .. '. . . . ", 5,000 trs•..........Kilauea Coffee Co., , , 30.000" 4,000 trs.E. Peck.. . ,............. 12 acres. I 22 acres. . ..:\1au,na Coffee Co.. .. 50 .. 1?:~ ," ..A. I'. LInder _. . ,..... • i 6,;)00 trs .Gut~c1IO\V ~ \\'iertle ' . .. . . . 50 acres. I 50 acres. 25 acresll. S. LewIs .'., '. . . . . . . . . . . 80 acres'l"

PUNA, HAWAH. I i

R.~Rycroft, Pohoiki .. ,' , i 50 acres.[ 46 acres.Keeau Plantn (\Y. H Shipman.) ,. ,." i 12.000 tro;. 8,000 trsC. L. Wight, Kamaili , 10 acres.

I

, 25 acres.I , ..A. \,V. Cnrter, ,0 \, lH'~ .Lib \Vilder, ,.. 10 .. I 5 acres.A. Wilder , , _ : J I I 5 "A. V. Callaghan," " .. , , 10 acres.! I, ••••••.••

\\'m. Kamau, ,. 4,lH5 trs.

l

, il,.:tH trs. 1..354 trs.Dayid Nape, '. " ,... .l acreS. 3 acres.1\I. Rycroft. . , . , , , ,. 5 ..R. H. Rycroft, (j acres.1 ~W" .. , ......R. ':: Lyman, Kula ' '1' ... ... .. 4,000 trs.

Kanaea , .. ,' .. '.. 8.000 ,.II. J. Lyman. Kapoho.. 7,500 trs.!: ........ ' 4,500"G. Eldarts, .. " . ' . . . . . . . . . . . 800" i 4DO Lrs 500"

Thrum Bros, Kamaili , ,..... ~g ac,r.es·'t',.'·.· :.1: : .F. W, Thrum. . , , _ _.M. W. Crooks, Pahoa .. , , ,,_ .•........ 40acres.

I.. , .

D. Williams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 ..Homestead Letters, Paho:\ ... ' ..... , ... ··········1 '~O " I···· .. , ..C .. 510,.,' ~cr.·.~s.1 .. ':, " ... I! .•' .' .' •....' .' .' .'rane Coffee Cn ,... . .. ;. _Goudie Brothers.. , ' , , .. , .10 acres .

KAU, HAWAII.

]. C. Searle, Ninole".................. 5 acres. 7 acres. 5 acres.C. E. Stone, Punaluu................... 3,000 trs. 5,000 trs. 1,000 trs.C. Meinecke, Waiohinu ,.,.... 1,000"Re,·. C. N. Rnault, Waiohinu , .. ,...... 500"C. Meinecke, Kiolokaa '1' 2 acres ' 500"

Waiopua.......... :l" 7,000"

10hn Nakai, Waiomau, '.:::: :::::::::::::::: :::::::::: I i acres.

Sam Kaaea, , , . , '\ 4W. K"liokaa, . . . . . . . . . • .. 3

S. Norris, Kahuku, "2' ~~;~s·.· :::::::::: 500 trs•._K_o_n_o_h_ik_i_._'_V_a_io'-p,'-u:...,a_....:,.:.....:....._._.:...,.:.....:........:,....:,....:,._._,,_._._._.-'--__ _ _

COFFEE GROWERS 181

Table o~ Co~~ee Growers Throughout the Islands.-Continued.

No. OF TKE!';~, OR AREA.

1J( acres.

5,000 trs.40 acres.5,000 trs.

15 acres.\5

!OJ(

3,000 trs .7,500 tr8 .20 acres. '" .

I to ;~ yr.j Trees inold bearing.

5.000 trs., 10,000 trs.2 acres. 2 acres.

5000 trs.30,000 trs.

· .... .... 4,000 trs.4,000 "\5 acres.

6,000 trs...... . .... 4,000"

6,000 "· ... " . . .. 8,000"

7,000 "3,000 "

· . . . . . . . . . 6,000"

::::::::.1 ~:ggg ::2,000 " I"7,000 " ...

. .~~. ~~~~s.1 ;g acres.

......... ·1······ ....::~b:~~;~s:.1:::~:~~~~s:

\8 " I .8,500 trs. . .. ;: .40 acres. I acres.

S.OOO trs'j 635 trs.66,500 ••.......•...67,000 " .30,000 " 1-·.··.···."000 " I'->, I··········

1\ acres.5

2,000 trs.

20 acres.

NewlyPlanted.

I Yz acres.

HILO, HAWAII.

J. E. Eldart, S miles from Hilo.. , ... , ...C .. Olsen, Kaumana .J. Cosgrove, " .F. G. R sa, .]. ~. Canario, ,. . .J. Eo Gamalielsen, Kukuau .J. E Anderson, Ponahawai. ..•...........1. Rossi, ,' " .b. H. Hitchcock, Booganville .II. S. Townsend, " .Ponahawai· Coffee Co., Ltd .

NORTH HIl.O, HAMAKUA, ETC.

E. \V. Barnard, Laupahoehoe. . .J. M. Barnard " - .Miss J. Senburn. Oo~ala.......•.................A. Waltjen, " . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Honomu Sugar Co., Honomu -D. Wulber, Laupahoehoe........... . 1,000 trsJ. I1atnilton, " " .T. l\!cKinley, . _ . . . . . . 5,000 trs.H. Bishoff, '" .C. Gertz. . . .. . .Petro Kalavalga, , .. " .Japanese Jabo, " , .

., Kame, .Honda, .Okada .

L. B. l\laynard, 5,000 trs.J. M. Horner, Kukaiau .Miss A. lIorner, .. _.. 20 acres.J. J. Horner, Paauilo... ... . . . . .. .. .. 20II. Loui8son, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20G. Leitz, .. .... . .... .... 10Sundry Planters," . . . . . . . . . . . .Halawa Plantation, Kohala. . . . .. :\Awini Coffee. Fruit & Stock Co... . 3,750 trs.W, II. Rickard, Honokaa.. .. 3 acres.C. William. " ..................•....Honokaa Homesteads .. '" .......• '" .Kaapahu .. . 1 .

Kainehe" .Waipio Valley Planter~:.·".·.··........ ::::::: ::.:::::::

NORTH KONA.

McWayne Bros.. Keopu .• C. Lenhart, Kailua •........•.......

Honokohau Ranch, •• . .•.............Geo. Clark, .

25 acres. 60 acres.4,000 tr8 .

20 acres .

25 acres.

\5,000 trs.

HAWAIIAN ANNUAL.

No. OF TREES, OR AREA

I to 3 yr. ; Trees inold "bearing.

25,000 trs.! 10,~OO trs.. 1 3<> acres.176 acres., 105

••••.•.••. 1 10.000 trs....: ...... 1 5;000 ..

2<> acres.I .. · ..... ·... .. .. . ... 16,000 trs.

8,000 trs., 4,000 "8,000 •. I 8,000 ..

NORTH KONA.-Continued.

Lanihau Plantn., Kailua .Kona Coffee Co., Ltd" .Geo. McDougal & Sons, Kailua ,W: C. Achi, tiolualoa .

Kahaluu ....•. , ••........... Sophia Cockburn, Kahului .J. Kaelemakule, Peukala .

liailla.nama.na .Kalaoa '" .Kealakehe .

F. \Vilberton, IJonokua, .Jas. H. Boyd, Kain.liu .Kealakehe l'lantn .

NewlyPlanted.

20,700 trs.

15,000 trs.

19 acres.

2 acres.10

9

800 trs.3 acres.

17

SOUTH KO:-lA.

2520 ..

100 acres.2540

15 acres.

5,000 trs.

](J acres.30

2

4 acres.16,000 trs.S,OOO ..a,ooo .•12 acres.1610452 "42;{

:~

43Yz

:~

3

- .

50 acres.

5 acres.30

2 aCff'S.

10222

8 acres.38]()

:~5

3015

6 acres.:~:~,OO() trs.

2,000 trs. 15,000 trs.4,UOO ,.

3 acres.

\\'. C. Achi, Kaaleoli. : , , .l\JauIloni .

K. III. IIlose Bu, Kukuiopae............. 2 acres.Frank Buckholtz. . .. .. 50L. Ahuna, Kukuiopae. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .John Gaspar, Napoopoo .Manuel Sebastian, Kealakeku~ .J. G. Henriques, .C. B(Joper, Kauleoli " . .J. Keanu, Keei....... 5 acres.Henry Haili, " .. " " .. . . .. 6Pelio .. 1Mail~lo, .S. \V. Kino," . .Kualau, .Kapule, .Kanaulu, .Kumulau, .Kauhi, .Kaili, '"Kalua, ..Kaloku, .J. H. Boyd, Napoopoo 7 acres.Dr. Lindley, Kealakekua .A. S. Cleghorn....... 3 acres.Mrs. E. C Greenwell. . . .. . .J. III. Monsarrat, Kolo .D. Kaowa and others, Kukuiopae. . .J. Silva ond others, Pahoeh,.e .\V. E. Rowatt, I<.aawaloa 10 acresM. Silva, Honokua , .. 1 .T. K. R. Amalu, Honokua .T. Friedlander, Kauhako... . ...•. . .W, \V. Bruner, Kaawaloa.............. 50 acres.

CUFFEE GROWER~. 183

~IAVI.

7,500 trs. 23,000 trs. 36,000 trs.10,000 " 8,500 " ..........112 aCles. ... .... '" .0 ••••

12 .... ...... ., .............. .... 17 acres . 6Yz acres....... ... 5 ...... ........ ...... ...... . , . 2 acres •...... .... .... .. .... 5,000 trs •

8 acres. 4 acres. 2 acres.12 ...... .. " 600 trs.

.... ..... 5 acres. .... ......!i acres. 45 acres. . .........

Table ofi Cofifiee Growers Throughout the Is1ands.-Continued.

I No. 01' TREES, OR AREA

INewly i 1 to 3 yr. Trees in

. I~~ed. I o~ i bear~~

J. C. Lenhart, Kaupo,... . .. . . . .. 2,000 trs.1

1

4,000 trs .Mokulau Coffee Co., Ka'.1po............ 2,000" JO,OOO" 2 acres.E. E. Paxton, .. . .. 5.000" 7,000" .~;ative Patches throughout Kaupo.. . . .. . . 10 acres·l··· ..............•.Lahaina Coffee & Fruit Co., Ltd, Lahaina. 10,000 trs. 100.000 trs. 30,000 trs.H. 1'. Baldwin, lionokahua 35,947" 4,669" 2.641"G. S. Goodness, Ulupalakua... . . . . . . . . . .. .... ..... 6 acres. ..... . ..•J. D. Keamo, ". . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.000 trs. 2 600 trs.E. Wilcox, . .. .. . .. .. . .. 600" I 160 ..J. K. Kalei, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250". . . . . . . . . . 50 "G. K. Kunukau, .. 250... .................••Kauai, '" .. . 50 I' ..•.. •••• 10 trs.M. Kealoha, ...............•.... ,.. 75"Kamawae, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50" .......••.Kahopukahi, . .•••.. . . . 100". . .. .. . .. . ,.Chas. Copp, Kokomo ........••......... ,........ 20 acres.........•.Awana, Ulumalu .... . . • . •• . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ;tcres ........•.........•.

OAHlJ AND KAVAI.

Waianae Coffee Plantn. Co., vVaianae .C. A. Widemann, \Vaianae .Makaha Coffee Co., Ltd., vVaianae .J. R. Bolt, vVaianae ........•...•.......Maunawili Ranch, Kailua, Oahu .H. Ii. Parker, Kaneohe, Oahu .F. Pahia, Heeia .H. W. Schmidt, Tantalus ...........••..Alex. Lilldsay, Moloaa, KallaL .J. K. Smith & Co., Kol01, Kauai .W. Il. Rice, Jr. Kauai ..•...............Napali Ranch, K"uai .

PLANETARY PHENOMENA, 1898.

Mercllry will he a Morning Star during the year.Venti' will "Iso be Morning Star throughout the year, attaining its greatest

brightness Oct. 28th, and Dec. 31st.Mars will be Morning Star until Sept. 30th; it will be Evening Star the rest

of the rear.Jupiter will be Evening Star till June 23rd; then Morning Star the rest of the

year. It will be in opposition, and therefore hrightest March z5th.Saturn will be Morning Star till Mareh 10th; then evening Star till Nov.

30th; then ~lorning1Star the rest of the year. It will be in opposition May 29th.

184 iIA IVAllAN ANNUAL.

MERCHANTMEN AND TRADERS.

c,',; '."

REGISTER. CLA.SS. NAl\IE. I TONS. REGISTERED oWNEkS.

--257 - Stmr-- Zealandia ..~~!~~ijohn S \Valker ------281 Stmr San l\lateo ......•...... : 2291 66 r\1 E 1\1 "-fakalua283 Hark Andrew \VelCh '1 85058 C Brewer & Co285 Hark Foohing Suey.. . . . . . . . . . gEo 73 C Brewer &. Co

~~~ }~~~t ~~;Hl~i~I~~~::::::::::::. l~~;;~ :[o~~e~~~'~k~~

~~~ ~~~~ -l-l~J~~a~~~'is'I~~::::::~'.:: i ~~~; ~~ :J~~ ~~~307 Schr !Allierica1l3........ .... .. 8.8:H ! Philip Braun30S Stmr :Alexander.. 0'.... .. 280 a'S IJohn Ena309 Ship i~!e1.el1. Brewer. ..... 1517 69 'e Brewer & Co

~;§ ~~~;t !~~~~ti~~~·.', :::::::: ~~~~; j~~~ rl.li~t;~t]22 Stll'r Kahului. . 852 00 L R. Bishop:P3 Bark Iolani lIs682 ,C. Blewer & Co.324 Stmr ,'Aztec '1229802 IG. \V. l\la~farlane.325 Bark ,I l>iamund Head : 926 27 is. C. Alltn.32] B.J.rk I Roderie Dhu 1397 I] IJ. A. Scott.323 Stmr China ",., 242' 97 G. \V. l\laefariane.

COASTERS--STEAMERS.---~------------

HEGISTER./ CLASS. I NAME. TONS. REGiSTERED OWNERS.----j---,---------- ------~~---------:----.-.---

190 jStmr iKilaue.~ Hou.:..... ..... 382 34 i\V~lder ~team~h~p <-:0t96 I~tmr Il\Iokolll................. 153 IO i'V~lder ~team~h~pCo204 StillY ILehua.................. 49 21 i\Vl1der Stt'am~hlp Co243 iStmr ,Kinau , '... 129 80 :\Vilder Steamship Co286 !~tmr ,:l!awaii ,.' '.1 773 0] 1\~~lder Steamsh~p ~o291 ,Stmr (.Iandme.. . . .. .. . . .. . . . . 227 44 :\\ Ilder Steams},!p Co330 [Stmr ,Helene ". "I' 392 54 i\Vilder Steamship Co236 IStmr 1,\1 aUlla Loa............. 536 07 IInter Island S N <;:0207 ,:--tmr 'James l\ilakee j 13661 lInter Island S N Co224 II:-;tm r Iwalani................ 23CJ 81 ilnter Island S N Co247 Stmr i\V G Hall...... 38027 jInter Island S N Co262 !Stmr \Vaialeale............... 175 60 lInter Island S NCo269 Stmr :\Iikahala............... 353 24 lInter J!;;}and S N Co272 Strnr Kaala , ,..... . 90 53 !Inter Island 3 NCo311 IIStmr !Ke Au HOll........... J9264 l'lnter bland S NCo314 ~tm'" !Kau i........... 265 13 Jnter 'sland ~ N ~o328 !Stmr : Kaena .. ,.............. 49 81 I'lnter Island S N CO1Q5 StmrINoeall................ 221 18 Jntf':'r hland S NCo266 IStmr iJ A Cummin.,.......... 79 44 /·\V<timanaIO Sugar Co294 II;-;tmr ['Rover ". '526 C H \Vetmore320 Stmr Iw<t , , 16f6 RRHind334 StmI Upolu.......... 53 95 R R Hind

--1--':-' ·····_-C~-~~;.ERS "~'1ltIO;;G~----~----

..::-~~:~ .~~~~ NAME~ I-=:~I_-=GIs.rERK~vNE~~41 Schr Rob Roy 1 25 49 J I Dowsett

ISS Schr l\li11e l\lorris .. ·· 1 22 32 IF \Vundenberg200 Schr Luka................... 70 52,S..C. Alleo205 Schr Mokuola................ 17 to IOliver Kalua215 Schr Kauikeaouli ... , . .. . ... . 72 13 AIIen & Robinson244 Sloop Ka\... aiJani. •.. ,........ .. 24 39 ISing Chong & Co248 Schr Sa,ah & Eliza........... IS 49 II\V F Williams250 Sehr Kulamanu.............. 85 22 S CAllen256 Schr Heei3... .. . . .. . . .. 20 49 J I Dowsett260 Schr Moi Wahine...... 147 25 S CAllen26:, Schr Kalllilua................· 4796 lInter Island S S Co276 Schr Lavinia................ 4006!S CAllen279 Schr Kamoi. 1 108 06 S CAllen

I~

SUGAR SHIPMENTS.

COASTERS~-SAILING.-Continued.

185

J~F.GI!"TlH~ CI.ASS. TOr.;"S. RRGbTf<:REl> O"'!'\E[.:S.

297 Sloop Kaiul;llli .. ........... 12 93 Sing Chong & Co298 :Schr Liliu ............... 47 26 J F Colburn-:;Ol ;~loop Ekekela 4 17 S Hale310 :Sloop Hiilawc ......... 3 02 ..-\kOlla3'3 'Sehr Norma. _........... .. 5° 69 (; ~IcDollgal

::ug Sloop Kailinlai 10 4' John KapuJ21 Schr .-\da. .............. 27 9:1 -'as F. Hardy32 9 Sellr -~()n·)ll1lu . ............ , .. 958 ,8 Johll Ella33 1 Schr Niul'l;1.lli .. .............. 15 6 \Vm Hookl1anl3T2 Schr \Vailu.1.. 24 51 H L EVilllS

EASTERN SUGAR SHIPrlENTS, 1897.

Th.e foliowing table shows the Eastern Sugar fleet of the past season fromthe different ports of these islands, together with the quantity and valueof their respective cargoes.-- ._-- -------- - _.._--------:------.....:..-

, I SUGAR CARGO. 'I

DATE YJ<;SSEL. iTOXS·I'____ VALUE.i No. BAGS. I 1'0:-;5.

----- ----------- ----. ---- ----1------Dec. 2;{, '~,(j Br. bk. Oakbank .....• 1,:1:381 41,8,7 2,597;$ 15:3,2(j1 00J an. I, '9,.. SnOw(1 ·n. 1,0(;;;'1 :3.0,(j!)(j 1,8(1;l,! 1.09,51:1 22Jan. J.t..... " Sar:101. I.II.)! :{2,51;1 2,01;, IW,fH2 fl5Jan. 28.. .. Am. sh. S. 1'. ffitchcock 2, "8 fl'.I:lli 3,547, :l09,J(j1 00Feb. 18..... H. B. Ilyde ... , 2,46;3[ (jl;, 112 4,05!)', :l!I,877 02Feh.2U.. '. Geo. Stetson .. 1,,801 4:3,2;32 2,852' ](i5,8;19 J(jMar. 8..... :'Ilay Flint :{,2,81 7!),5!);3 4,8571 287,291 00Mar Iti Ger. bk. J. C. Glade 1,425: :38,:1(il 2.4:341 8:l,21605:'lIar. 20 Br. sh. Samantha · 2,2111 (j:l,9!8 :l,988' 2;36,!J9J 00Mar. 25... \m. sh. E. B. Sutton. I.li:3111 45,438 2,788' 164,05li 00:'Ilar.;lI tlenj. F. Packard 2,025

j54,418 ;q51! 1!)9,;3:31 00

Apr. Ii Ger. bk. Callao..... .. !),8i 27.58\' 1,715; l02,1I6 00Apr. 12... Am. sh. W. F. Babcock 1,!lt):3! 55,84!J ;3,48\; 2C!J,078 00Apr. 1;3.... ", Luzon 1,:3;1\11 :3;3,8U5 2,08:3 12!,881 00Apr. 1;1 •... Br. sh. Genister ' 1,718: ;,)0.20! ;3,12([ 177,19947Apr. 1lI ... Am. sh. Geo. Curtis 1,74(j1 4li,064 2,792i 168,I!J278Apr. 2(j.... Iroq 'ois. 1,!)9,: 51;,117 ;3.40:)1 n:3,016 001\lay Ii..... Kenihvorth · 2,141i' li:l.(I;37 ;1,891; 2;14,27500:'Ilay 8...... Indiana IAI:J :Jli,7541 2,3251 1;38,(j5827:'Ilay 18 .. , . lIenry Villard. 1,!-lO ;W,2lJ:3, 2,504! 14!J,541 48May 19 '" Br. sh. Dalcairnie ..... 1,,011 48,081)i :l,079, I74,90li'97:'Ilav 24..... Am. sh. \\m. II. Macy. 20!J2 5\),158' :l,5ti5; !!l8,97!J 00'I)Q S' I a a ') ")<10 (j'- ',,).) 4 U98' "3' 7~1Q 00" ay ~o.... . . u'que 1 n .. _.,. ,',.,-_., I _. v, 0

June 17..... I~eaper 1,:358' ;15,812 2.:'::02' 132.04900June 25.... A. J. Fuller 1,781 45,820 2,818 1 J(j9,941 00July (j... .. Aryan 2,017 :m,614, :3,;1421. 200,81400July 8 Ital bk (;uise~pe.: ... I,~!,~ 2!).58 11 1,89~1' I ~O,I.9;1 01July 27 Am. sh. 1\1. L. CushIng 1.;)7;) 41,2U41 2,543, lti3,604 00July :30.... Roanoke ;1.;H7 73,8(j7i !,5061 288,4:15 00Aug. ;30. . . . Commodore 1.828 50.:30:3' ;3,100 196,204 00

COURT CALENDAR.

The several terms of Circuit Courts are held chronologically throughout theyear as follows:

First Wednesday in January, ifJ ihe town of Hilo, Island of HaWaii; firstMonday in February, in the city of, Ilonolulu, Island of Oahu; first Wednesdayin March, in Lihue. Island of Kauai; first \Vednesday in April, in the town ofKailua, N. Kona, Ishnd of Ilawaii; first Monday in May, in the city of Honolulu, Island of Oahu; first \Ve,]nesday in June, in the town of Wailuku, Islandof .\1aui; first \Vednes,lay in July, in the town of Honokaa. Island ot Hawaii;first Mond ly in August, ill the city of Honolulu, Island of Oahu; first Wed·nesday in September. in Lihue, Isldnd of Kouai; first Wednesday in Octcber,in North Kohala, Island of lIawaii; first Mond.y in November, in the city ofHonolulu, Island of Oahu; first \Vednesday in December, in the town ofLahaina, Island of Maui.

By Circuits the several terms are held as follows:First Circuit-Island of Oahu.

On the first Monday of February, :\Iay, August and November.Second Circuit-Island of Maui.

On the first Wednesday of June, in Wailuku, and on the first Wednesday of December III Lahaina.

Third Circuit--Island o~ Hawaii.(Hawaii is divided into two circuits.)On the first Wednesday of April, in Kailua, N. Kona, and on the first

Wednesday of October, in North Kohala.Fourth Circuit-Island of Hawaii.

On the first Wednesday of January, in Hilo, and on the first Wednesdayof July, in Honokaa.

Fifth Circuit--Island of Kauai.On the first Wednesdays of March and September, in Lihue.

The terms of the Circuit Courts may be continued and held from the openingthereof respectively until and incllldillg the twenty-fourth day thereafter,excepting SundlYs and legal holidays.

SUPREME COURTS.

The terms of the Appellate Court are held as follows: On the third Mondaysor March, June, September and December.

REGISTER AND DIRECTORY FOR 1898.

REPUBLIC OF HAWAII.

EXECIITIVE C(I{lNCI1..

Sanford B. Dole, Prt:~idcnt of the RepublicHawaii.

Henry E. Co 'per, \li!li~tcr of Foreign Affa.irs.James A. King, Minister of the InterIOr.Samuel M. I )amUtl" . . . . . 1\1 illi"ter of Finance.\Villiam O. Smith, .. 4 Attorney.Gene:ral.

LOUSeJI. OF STATE.

W C 'ViILler, Cecil Hrown, C !\'l Cooke,Ena, J A Kennedy, A (; f\.t Robertson,Naone, P C Jone-, .Jnn Notl. C Bolte,:Mendollca, G T B Munay, \.1 P Robinson,S K Ka-ne.

Lit ;JSLATIVI~ HOI)Y.

S~'''ATOKS.

lla-waij- J. Kauhane. F. ~. Lyman, F. ~orth·rup. H L Holstein.

Alaut'-H. P. Haldwin, A. Hocking \V. Y. Hor-ner "-

Oa:Jzlt-Cecil Brown, J. A. McCan,Hess, Hellry\Vaterhou"e, H. \V. Schmidt, W. C. VlilJcr]. ~. Wright.

Ka.,ai -\V. H. Rice. G. ~. Wilcox.

l~EPI(ESR"TA TIVI<;'~.

OahH- A. T. Atkin ..on..\. V. Gear, A. G. \'1.Roberts,m, J L. Kaulukou, L. L. McCandltss,

S. G. \Vilder.fl'[aui-\V. F. Pogue, n. Kahaulelio, S. \V.

Kaai.Hawaii -E. E. RicharJ~,.-\. B. Lobenstein, J.

D. Paris, \\7. C. Achi.A~auai-P. Jsenberg, S. K. Kaeo,

~A·rtnNAL (;IJAHI> OF HAWAII.

Commander in Chief. . Pl·e:-:idt·nt Sanfllrl H DoleAdjutant General, John H SoperOrdnance Officer l\lajor Geo C PotterQuartermaster Major Curtis P laukeaAid-de-Camp Captain \V A KinneyAid-de Camp Captain J \V Pratt

First Regiment, 'IrJ (; H

Colonel Commanding... . ..... J H FisherLieul Colonel (;eo -F l\lcLeodMajor 1st Batb,lion J \V JOllesMajor 2nd Battalion Ch:nles J. McC3rthy

Re;;imental StaffRegimental Surgeon... .'... Major, C. H. CooperOrdnance Officer •.•..... Captain.A Gart ..nburgQuartermaster, Captain \V. G AshleyAdjutant. . . :. Capt:lin John SchaeferSurgeon 2nd Hattal\lm R- P. 1\1 y\~rs

SUlgeon 1st B lttalion ' .. :'. H. RaymondAdjutant, 1st Battalion Louis T. KenakeAdjutant 2nd Battalion Ed Towse

Line-OfficersCompany "A. to

Capt, Paul Smith; bt LielJt, W ""etter, 2ndLieut, Henry Klemm~

C0mpa~lY ., B:'

iu~f\~i~~I't:. c: ii: 'C~;;r'ell~t Lie,ut, T. H. Petrie,

Company "C,"Capt, J 1\( Camara, Jr. bt Lieut, 7\1 Costa, 2ndLieut, E Silva.

Company" I)."Capt, 0 Bergstrom, 1 t Liput, C S Crane,2nd Licut, L A Timm~.m .

Company HE."Capt, A Coyne, 1st Lieut, Jna Evensen,

Company "F."Capt, C \V Zlt:'gler; 1st I.lent, H LuJt::.wk,

Compally "G."Capt, John Kea; 1st Lieut, is L Kekumano,2nd Lieut, Gu-.tave Rose.

Company" H."Capt, Tn l\.Iurray: 1st Lieut, \V \V Carlyle, 2ndLieu:, F. H fI' \Vollers.

First Company of Sharp Shooters.

Capt, F'S Dodge. hit Lieut, J L :\fcLean. 2ndLicut, J no Cassidy.

Department of J ndiciary.SVI'REME COURT.

Chief Justice H01~ A F JuddFirst \,.s leLlte justice Hpn \V F FrearSecond As..;ociate Justice Hon \\" A \Vhitill~

Clerk JwJichry Department. ...•.. Henry ~mit"

Circuit Judges.

Fir~t Judge 1st Circuit, Oahu....• Hon A PerrySecond Judge bt Circuit, Oahu .

.. . , HO:J W L StanleySecond Circuit, ~Iaui...••••••. Hon J \V Kalua;lnl and 4th Circuits, Hawaii. Hon E G HitchcockFIfth Circuit, Kauai HOll J Hardy

CLEIU':S OF SUPREME AND CIRCPIT COURTS:

Henry Smith ex officio1st clerk 1st Circuit, Oahu Gel) I.ucas:!nd clerk 1st Circuit, O,tlm•.... J. A. Thompson3rd clerk ht Circe:t, Oahu P D Kellett, JrSecond Circuit, MauL Goodale Armstrong3rd and 4th Circuit~, Hawaii Daniel PorterFifth Circuit, Kauai R \V T Purvis

IN'1 EI~Pf,:ETERS. ETC.

Hawaiian ..............•.......••••Jno E BushChinese , .••......... , Li CheungJapanese , C A DoyleStenographers ...•..J \V Jone~, p .M ~lc~lahan

District Magistrates.OAHU.

W L Wilcox HonoluluC F Peterson (Deputy)................ "S Hookano E~'aJ Kekahuna ..........................•\VaianaeWm Rathburn KoolauloaEd Hore , ........•••• \VaialuaWm Henry........•••...••....•.... Kolaupoko

IlAWAllAl\' ANNUAL.

u S Con~lllar Agt, :,lahukona, C J F.llk.

Dipiomatic and Consular'" epresentatives of

Hawaii Abroad.In tlu Ullikd .')'tatl's.

United .!";tatc-.;---Fran· is ,\1 Hatch, FUVLlYExtraordillary and l\lini-.;ter Plenipotentiary,\Vashi ~tun, n C.

S~cret<Jry~and Charge el' Afr-ire, J I: C,;,.;tle.New Vork--E HAllen, CO:I;ul-(;t'I'lentl f'lr ~ew

Yo,'k ano :\ tlalltic Se:.thoard SUI e~.

SaIl Francisco--C T \Vilder. (on-u!·(;eneral forthe Pacifi, States: California, Onc·goll, Ne·\'ada and \\'a~hingtoll.

Chicago--Fred \V Joh, L'ou"ul (;~l'eral. fer JIIi·noi~, :\Iiciigan, 'Ohio, Illdi'<na and Wiscullsin.

Philadelphi:L. .. . . .. , Robet·t Ii I "tVlS. {'OIlSU!Boston ..... (;orha1l1 ]) (;ilm<ln, Consul (~t::neral

for New f<:nghnd Stales.Ponland, Or J ..'\IcCraken, L'ow.;tdPort Towllsf:nd. \Vash James (; Swan, Consul~eattle .Ina H '. 'a'ter, COl1sulTacoma, \Va:Jlington. ,) T Steeb, 'cllng l'otIsulSan IJiego, Cala.. . . . . . .. . .. H l' \Vo d. ConsulDetroit.. A L I:re,.;ler. C\lTlsul

.lfe_l-/('(I.

:\It:'x~c(), Col \V J peres.'>. Con"lll-(;enr'l; \\' A1) (;res-.;, Vice·Con~ul

:\Janzanillo Roh· rt Ja cs Ban,ey, C,)\lStl!Ensc;ada .. ras .\1 ourke:ls, \~ir~e·C(,n"t11

Central and SOI/tli A1Jlt'J"i,:Il.

Valpl.l"ais,', South America..t.h trge d'AfTai es and COll~ul-Gelle,;d.

Lirn I, South Ame -ic;'t.. . F L Cn>~h\', CO!lsuli\lonte \'l,.leo. ~ AmeriGI. " C HugheS, Con~ul

Great Britai/!.

.Lihue. ... Koloa" Hanalei

. .. \Vaimea. Kawaihau

.. .. Hila.. Hil.)

. . ~orth Kohab. ... South Kohala

. .. North Hila.' .. Bamakuu

. Puna. ..... Kau

. . N ol,th Kana.. South Kana

. \Vailuku. Lahaina

. l\lak;:\\l,iao. Hana

. .. Kipahulu, Hana.. Honuaula

. ~lotokai

.I ..anai

1-1.\\\".\11.

Diplomatic Representatives Accredited tothe Repu!JIic of Hawaii.

United ~tates--Hun ~I.:\I Se\',,·a:.1. Ellvo)" Fx·traordmary an t 'MI1l1stL'r Ple11lp )tentia~')"

Great Britain -\\' J Ke:~n)', Acting Co nsul-Ceneral.

P~~~~~~~\~:~t:~1:loC:·~1~lt~I_~;t~~;~~_~;.1I1avarf0,Charge

France-:\Ions L,)uis V'j'-'SiOll, Consul and COOlmissioner: :'\llms, j\ Vizzavona. Chancelier ofLegationJapan-H Shimamur, .\lirJister Re-sidellt· A

Hirai, Al tacLe. '

Department of Foreign Affairs.:\lini~ter of Foreign ,\ffalr:">..... Henry E. CoolJerSecretary of Department. . :\Iaj(ir (3eo C PotterClerk pf l)'·partm(;Ilt,.. :\lex St .:\1 I\Iackinto"hStellogri'pher of De anment \1 iss K. KelleyStenvS!rapher Ex:c Council B L ~larx

Type\\"riti~t...... l\li~,.; .\dele \ViddilieldSecretary Chiue,.;e Bon-an ..... J iiS '..',' (;i,·\,in

London, , ---.C')llsul-Gellr'lCyril Hi)pkins \'ice Consul.

Liverpool>.. . Harold. Jalli01l, ConsulBristol,. . ~\1ark \\'hitwt:lI, Co ,~ul

1-1 ull.... '" ... \V ~loran, CunsulKe\\-castle on Tyne... ..E Hiesterfeld, ('onsdFalmouth•... ' , C R Broad, ConsulDuvr:r (;"Uld the Cinque Pon~), F,;:tI1cis \Villiam

PrcscolL Consul.Swansea .. '. . . . . . . . H UoIJberg-, ConsulCardiff, , . .. .. J l.hvey, COll!'oulEdinburgh and Leith .•.• E (; Ut:chanan, Consul

Foreign Consuls, Etc. Gla~gow.•••.•.•.•.. , .. Peter I )ennl~tot1, ConsulUnited States--Consul-Gelleral, \Vm Hayw·,'od; Dundee..... ..J G Zoller, Consul

Vice and IJeputy Consltl-Gelleral, \V Purter l)ublin R Jas \Iurphy, ConsulBoyd. Queen to\ n t;eo B Dawson, Con~ul

Italy-I<" A Schaefer, (Dean of the Consular Corps) Hdfa--t. ...............•.•••• \V A Ross. Consu:Netherlands.. .•.••••.................... :\liddlesborough 13 C Atkinson, ConsulBelgi1!m H Focke Blitis!z Colonies.Austrt1.-Hungary J I' Hackfeld I

Sweden and,Norway ..••••. Acting. C S \VeiO"ht 'Toronto, Ontario,] EThompson,Collsul-GeneralDenmark .............••....... H R l\Iaefarl:ne Col Geo A Shaw, Vice-Consul.GerI'(1an Empire ......•..... , J F Hackfeld Montreal Dickson Anderson, Consul:Mexico H Renjes Kingston, Ontario ..Geo Richardson, Vice-Consul'Peru Bruce Cartwright Rimouski, Quebec, J N Pouliot Q C, Vice·ConsulChili, , , Julius Hoting St John's, N B. Allan 0 Croobhank, ConsulGreat Britain, Vice·Con~ul ...•••••• T R \Valker Yarmouth, N S, ••• Ed F Clements, Vice-ConsulRussia, Acting Vice·Consul T F Hackfeld Victona, B C R P Rithet, Consul·Spain-Vice-Consul - H Renjes General for British Colu:nbia.China-Consular Agent, Goo Kim Fui' As~is. Vancouver, B. C F \V McFarland Vice-Consul

tant Con"iular Agent, \Vong Kwai.' Gibraltar Horacia Schott, ConsulUnited States Cons'l'r Ag't, Hila C Furneaux Sydney, N S \V F H Moore, Acting ConsulU S Consular Agent, Kahului A J Dickens General.

G W A Hapai ..Jos p ~j"SOll (Deputy)R. H. Atkins .S ~[ ~lahuka .E\V Ba nard .J \V :\Iocl11;1lI1i\Vm Kaman ....J H \Vaipui!ani.A Mc\Vayne .T H Wright..

H K Kahele..Chas DLtke.J W Lota .......J K Ka uniai.David Kua..

W A ~lcKay ..D Kahaulelio..P N Kahokuoillna ..T K Iosepa .) K Piinlanu.S E Kaleikall.J H ~J:,hoe.

S Kahoohalahala..

HEUISJEH "No Dl1<ECTul<Y [89

S7ucdcIl and !{01"Zl'ay.

Stockholm.. . Coll"ul-GeneralChri"tiania .•••.•. .. L Sailison, ConsulLys\il.. . •... H Berg"trom, Vice-ConsulGothemburg. . .••.Gustay'Kraak, Vice-Consul

Japan.Tokio " R \Va1ker Irwin. l\liilister H.e~ident

Kohe G R :\1 Craham, Acting Vic -''':Ol,SU

Yokohama......•................ ---ConsulNang;:\s:tki. . Frederick I~ inger, Consul

Bllrel.u of I\griculturePre",ideIlL.. . .. . ..... ex·omcio J /\.KingCommi ..;sioller. . . . . ..•••• }o)S .:\lar.( 1en.\J .. mbers ... A Ilerbt"rt, E \V JorJall. T J King,

\Vray Taylor.

H 'waii, Hil,)--!) H Hitchcuck. ~ (' "'ilfong,(i K \Vlttler. .

\l,i.hukorn. . .I,)hll S Smithi ... "" Ch:,~ J Falk.KclllUlui, ;\bui... J \V 1, Z'lInw:tlt

Government Surveying CorDS.\V D Alexander.... ..~un·<:yor-G~lleral

J S Emer,,:;oll ( \ctin~) As-;istant ill charge of officeF S Ih)dge ;\;-;-;.sta It in ch;jr~e 0 cilY work.\V E \Vall,........ ., ....h-;istant.

S \1 Kanakanui, C J \Yi li~ .

Board of Immigration,Ja..; .-\ King: . . . .. . . . .. PreSIdent.\-I~lllbe,-s~Jo., ~Iarsdell, I) I; Smith, Jos BAthertlm, Ja-.; G '-':lwn :e'-• .f Carden.\Vray Taylor..... ••.••.•• '" ••••• Secretary

Commissioners of Fences.HAWAI[.

Hilo B Brown, D H Hitchc-JCk, C NotleyHamakua , ------North KOlla J Coerper, J Kaelemakule.

C nnmis ion of Public Lands..las :\ King, J F Brown and F S Dodge

J F Brown , A,gent Public LandsC P lauk'a ....•••••....... . . Secretary .Robt \V Atkinson...... . . " . , .. Clerko Sorensen. , .. I )ranghtsman

SUB-AGENTS.

1:,;t District, Hila and Puna ED n3.ldwin2nd " Hamakua r:has \Villiams3rd Kona and Kau •.•••. J Kaele!l1akllle4th Mani .......• " •......... \V 0 Aiken5th Oahn.······ C P Iaukea6th Kauai .

:.\Ie bourne, Victoria (; ~ (laUey, Con~ulBrisbane, (;tleen:-i!and ..•.\lex U \\'eh~ter, ConsulHobart, 'l'a:-;lllania, •.••.... Hon . .:\uJley Coote,

ConwlLaunceston (;eo Collins. Vice·{ 'on-ul~ewcastle, X S \V... " \V J (;dlam, Consul•-\uc1<land, :'J" Z ... . J },L~efa lane, ConsulDunedin, N Z. . . \V (~ Neill, COi,sul'Calcutta .... , . \\T B Colville, CUll ulHong Kong, Chnia .. J J Bell lrymg, Actmg"

Co.nsul-Gem:ra .France and C(I!l'nii's.

Paris .. ' Alfred Houle, L"h'l.I-ge Ii' AtT,<,ire.'"and Consul·General; ,-\ N H 'l'episier, ViceCon~ul.

:\Iar-;eilles ..Bordeaux ..Dijon., .Libourn'~ ".Tahiti, Papee,e ..Cette ... , ...(;n:lll)ble.

Viel1l1:l ..

Iloilo:ManilaCebl1 ...

I'llillijine IsllInds.

........ • (;('0 Shell1l(' dine, Cun"'l1l..... Ja~pel' ,\1 \Vuod, COI1,<;,ul

..... ' C;eo A Cadell, Con:-oulPortNg-al and Co!ouit'!;.

Lisho1. . ... A F de Serpa, Consul-(ie lei'alOporta.,. .. Narciso T l\l Ferro, C()I1~ul

:Madeira .... . .. Henry Hempel, COTl..;ulSt Michaels B \1 de Faria \Iaria, Con..;ul-

General, Ada S :\loreira, ConsulSt Vincent, (~ape de Verde 1.,-;lalld~•. ,

Vice-Consul.Lagos., .......••••••. 1\1 J lhrbo'sa, Vice Con:-;ul

flalv.Rome Dwi~ht Benton, Consul· General

Hale P Denton, Vice and Deputy Con.-Genr'lGenoa· " Raphael de Luchi, ConsulPalermo••••••.... , ••• Angelo Tagliavh, Consul

/I/·ct!terla1tds.

Amsterdam D H Schmull, Consul-GeneralDordrecht .....•.......... P J Bouwman, Consul

BelgiumAntwerp Victor Forge, Consul-GeneralGhent. '" E ('oppieters, ConsulLiege Jules Blanpain, C0l1';u1Bruges , Emile Van den Brande, Consul

Interior Department.Minister of Interior J,',s A KingChief Clerk of Deparlment. ••••... J A Hassinger

. Clerk~; ._J H U,)yd, II C \leyers, C;eo Ross,...... --.- ~<lnsul S ;\h..haula. Edwd S Boyd, GLlS Rose., .. t.rnest. ~e BOls-ac, (~onsul Re,l!;istrar of Con,'eyances.. . .... 'I'hos G Thrum" ..... H \ l:lhoml~ne, (~~lIl~U[ I Deputy Ke~i.;,trar.........••••••. R \V Andrews.. Charle. :-:t.:ha~:-.:.l':r, {.ol1sul ! Supt Public \Vurk..; and C E \V E Rowell

.. f A J, ,n~t, CO',sul I Superintendent \Vater \\'orks A Brown...•. J Ch:Ya~se, \:~C"-C:0n",ul ' Clerk of \Vater \\")J'ks. . J \V Pratt

. ..... J L (Tarem, \ Ice-Co ,suI Electoral Rt:'gi..;trar....... " \\~ray TaylorGt!rmI1IlJI. Inspector l<Jec,'ic Llghts..... Jno Ca.;,sidy

Berlin. . .... H F Ghde Clur,~t' tL\ff lire:-; ;:I\ltl Road ?uperd or. }ionolnlu. . \\' H. ~u~l.minsCon..;ul.(;eneral. C()ml~11.:-':-O$)llerof I "tent:-.. . .. ,. t, I, Iqpley

. l~remen . J,)1111' F ;\1 nIlel. CUIl';"11 PhY'-;lnan I n",ane A..:;ylum I)r C I j ercertHamhurg ..... ,.. .l·:d'war I I-" \\,T,~b 1', C()n~ulFr~nkfJn-,-JIl-\laine .. los'pll Kopp. CunslllDresden. .. ;\u,,4ustu,, P 1<lhS, COlls,1i

A "st",·a." Hu..:;o Vvll Sdwll$f-:r,!er, Consul

Spain illl'; / ·olollies.

Ban~,~1011a. I':llriqll~ ~lill,~uez, Con.;,ul-(;t:llenll,Cadiz.. . .... , .. Jam!;.'...; Sb,lW, ConsulValencia. . .. -' uii, l S"b.r, C,m"ul1Iabga. . F T de ~ ,v:ura, ConsulCarte'!;e11 3,. . J P~ln", ConsulLaiol Palilla". '<;'';:In Ca!la:ia, Lui .. Fa'co:l y Que.

"ed\), Cut1.;,ul ; r Hr,l.vu de L:l.~u:la, Vice-~ ·o,....;ulSanta Cnl1-... - .. \ C til: Ia", L':b<i~, \TiceCon",ulAreeife ·1e L:1illarotte-~E :\1 ):'a e", y ({olri":l1ez,

Vin"Coll';'1.11.

1\10 HA WAIIAN ANNUAL.

r.lAlll.

Lahaina.. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. .. H ] >ickensun\Vailuku . .. . ..~amLlel KapaMakawao Jas l\mler:,oll

oAIILT.

South Kana .... R \Vassmannt J T()dd, J GasperN~t~Ifz0aha~1~~~1'.'H L Holsttiu, h HlIld, Jr,

South Kohala•.................. ---.----Kau a D \V Kaaemoku, C i\leinecke.

/\lAtH.

Lahaina .... L :\1 Bald win, G II Dunn, H Dicbenson.

\Vailuku .... \V :\ McKay, \V H H ... lstead, Geolion,.

~lakawao.... F \V Hardy, J \\~ag-ner.

Hana.. J Nakila, F. \Vittrock, .:\1. H. Reuter.Molokai ... J H :\lahot':, I) Kailua, D ,\lcCor.

Hamakua ...~ vrth .Kuhala.

Kona .Koulaupoko .Koolauloa .\Vaialua .Ewa and \Vaianae ..

. .t; P Tulloch

. ... ~Ir:-. E ~I ~akuilla

E P Aikut. \V Rathburn

.A S .l\Iahaulu.J E Kah•..-'l

OAHU.

Honolulu .... J II Boyd, A B Wood, S M Ka.aukai.

Ewa amI \Vaianae .... J T Campbell, J J..:ahua.'Vaialu:l H. \\'h rton, A Cox, A Kaill'Ko)laup,)ko H C A.dan~s, Wm Hel,ry, l)

~\1 Kapalau.

Agents to Grant Marriage Licenses.lIawail-Hila.....• oJ H Mahy, L ~everanceJ L E Swain,

V A Carvalho, H H Brown.Hamakua .... J \V l\Ioanal.i, J K"inakaoluna, J

\V Kapi)Iolu.North Kohala .... E de Harne. J S ~rnithies, \V

\Vilson. H K :\lulale. J A ~I Osol-iu.South Kohala James BrightNonh Kona 1) Alawa. J Kaelemakule

S Haanio.South Kulla .... U \V Kallui, J H oli, \V J

\Vright, H T i\IilkPu"a H J Lyman. HE Will·on.K~ttUi__ T L \Vil's, C l\leiJlerke

\Vailukll 1\1 P \Vaiwaivle, (iel) Hon~, S EKaleikau, \V E l\laikai. \li~s Kalua, (i KKunukau, \V E K i\laikai.

Lahaina ---~~-

!\Iakawao H Kawaimaka. J Anderson, \\' F~Ioso;rnan, T K P:l.

Hana ... J K Xakila, J K losepa, J K ~aun

der~, C bl. ke.Kaanapali ..........•............... S 1\1 Sylvat\lolokai .. I) Kailua, K Kainuwai, \V N ollt:y,

H I'edua.Lanal ··.· -----Oahu-

Ko"a .... J H lloyd. J ~I Viva" E ~I Naku·ina, , \1 Camara Jr.Koofaupoko....... . E P AikueKoolauloa \V Henr~', 1\1 Naku~l.auEwa and \Vaian·te ......• H D Johnson, .\Irs S

Kektla, H K .\leernano.\Vaialua J F AndersonKaua:-Koloa l'~ StrehzLihue J H K KaiwiKawaih·,u S U Kaneole, II Z i\u~lin, \VH \Villiams.Hanalei .. P Nowlein, S N K Kakina H K

:\nahu\Vaimea........................ SF. Krl.lJa

Niihau ....................•...... J B Kapmea

Commissioners of Private Ways and WaterRights.

HA\\'.'\II.

Hila B H Brown

Koloa rind Lihue.. . .. S}{ Hapuku\Vaimea.... . .. .. . Th BrandtKawaihau II Z AU...,!ln

Inspectors of Animals.Oahu. . . .... J R Shrl\\, P R benherg Jr. \V

T Mon~arrat,

Hawaii ..... \V H Shipman, A \Vall t J R \\'ilsonJ S Smithies, C J F~tlk, E Plow

l\laui... . .. S F Chillill~worth, J L \VZumwalt ~

K:ulai.... .. S Hundley. \V H Hke Jr

Agents to Take Acknowledgments to Instruments.

ISLAND OF OAHl.:.

Honolulu It' 1\1 Hate,"" S M Kaaukrti_, \\' F Dillingham, R \V Andn:ws. ?:t'.wa.................... . ... A KaulH\Vaianae................. . .. .1 Kekahutla\\'ai~du.a......••••....... ..;\ :..; :\laha1duKoohllioil................ . E j> ...\ikueKuolaupoko. . . . . .. . . . . ..• . .. . A KU

ISl.AND Of- !>I.\.l,·J.

Lahaina H I )i~~kens(ln\Vailllku S F Chillingworth\'taka\\rao ~---

Hana. Kaupo..... . ... C LakeKipahulu.. . . .. . . . . .. .. . . . . J K N akila

l\J()1.0K·\1,

\fololkai- Kalaupapa,. " .. , A mhrose H utchinsunKamalo . ...•.•• 1) \lcCorri:-:.ton

lSL.-\ND OF IIA\V:\IJ.

N Kolnla J) S Kahook;lllO, C H PulaaS H K Ne.

~ Kohala .H:llnakua .1 \V LevnhartHilo .... (i \V A ~a,\ai, B B \Iacy,(~ E ThrumPllna........... '" .Kau ; C \feinecke,S Konn ..............•••••...... '1' K R An1alu,N Kona ......••....................... J) Alawa

ISLt\:'<lD OF ~AI'AI.

Koloa ..............................•. ---\Vaimea.......... . -'---Lihue S \V \Vilcox, J B Han:li1:e

~iYh~I\~~~.. ~: ~ '.~~J (t/i~:;;~~~

NotarIes Public.Hawaii. "'" D Porter, E ,V Barn.. rd,

D H Hitchcock, T B \\~right J S SOlithies,\V Vredenberg F L \\·'inter. S Haanio. Tl HKahauleIio, J H \Vaipuilani, F ~I \Vakt-·field,Ii T Mills J J Rice, G K "·ikl~r. \\:Horne,',

REGISTER AND DIRHCTORY. 191

Jas" I\right, G P Tullvch, \V P Fennel, R A~,yman, E D Baldwin, R \V l'odmore T Aiu,S \V Kekuewa, H J Ahu, S H i\lahuka, JGreig. S Lazaro, J K ."'ahale, ..\ \V Heydtmann, \V H ookl1anui, C \Villia1l1s, H Ii: \Vi\:-.on.Z Pa~lkiki,..-\ \V Hobson, \V S \Vise, \V JRickard, J E Bush, C H Pu a~:.

Maui .... C H Dickey. \V F Mossman, E HelekUllihi, E H Bailey, J H S Kaleo, P N Kahokuolun:1, H C Ovellden, G· Arm"trong:. :\1 P\Vaiwainle, G H Dunn, (;eo Hans, C Kunnkau, B K Kaiwiaea" J K Saunders, H THaysdden, A N Kepoikai. F \V Hardy, J Hlb.hcock, S E Kaleikau, S H Kahaolelio.

Oahu .... , .... Jas i\I ;\loll:-:;arrat, N "1 L<)wrey,J A 2\lag-oiH1, A B \Vaod, J 1\1 Camara Jr,J A Hassinger, C F Peterson, J K H:..upu,R C :\ Peter...on, E H Bart, E A I\1ottSmith, A F Tavares, G J) Gear, D Lamb,N Fernandez, H Holllles, \V I, I'etersor,A ~1 Brown, E A Jones, J M Vivas, \VG A... hley, A \V Carter, J H Barenaba, EM N akuina, \V J l"orbes, .J \\' (;il"\,in, CA LVIl~, \V ~1 (;raham, \V R (~.,sde,

l I) Ch~.;e, ~ H Kalamakt:'e, J ~1 Poepne,\,VIll Henry, \V I. Stanley. C Ai lor Ie, J \V})JJ6 H E \Vilder. (; A I);\vis, A V (;t'ar. JH Fisht'r, C P laqkea, f-I C l\leyers, \V A.Ht'llshall, J Q \Vool!.

Kauai .. Jno :-'1 Kt'ah)ha, Th Brandt. \V E HOeverill, E Strehz, !{ \V T Purvis. P NowIe II, 1-I Z Austin, C Blake, C Ii Bi~h()p, ZK:tkina. E Olllstcad, J \V Neal, E J (; Bryant.

Agents to Acknowledge Contracts forLabor. ~

Oahu-H0n,)lulu, J A Hassinger, H G Crahl)e,:\loses Keliiaa, ]uhn LUC:lS, C {) Chase,d E \Vilder.

\VaLdua...... . .•.••. S I{ KalalllakeeKoolaupoko. . . . ....Ewa and \Vaian:1.e .. ' Kahoa. H T Taylor.

Hawaii-Hila... '" L Severance, I... E. SwainJ H. \lab)", .J .\IaU!)c)ll, A V Carvalho.

:N K'Jna. . '1' Aiu, J \V SmithS K,)na , \V J \Vrlght, H T 1\1 ilh•.Halll:1.kua c \Vil1ia.ms, J L KanakaolunaN Kohala .. [) S Kahookano, (; P Tulluch, S

\V Kekucwa, C H PulaaS Kohab.. .... . ..... Jas BrightKa:\. . . . .. . . . \V J Yate"" T ..\ L \Vills.

f,Iaui--Lahaina. ..T C For~yth, L M BaldwinH Dickerson.

\Vailuku .. D Quill, S E Kaleikal1, 1\1 P \Vaiwaiole, A N Kepoikai, Geo Hons.

~Iakawao - F W HardyHana. . J K N"akila, B K Kaiwiaea

K:l.lw.i---Koloa E StrehzI,ihtle J B HanaikeHanalei J \V Loka, J Kakina\Vaimea C D Pringle, S E Kaula H

Kapuklli.Kawaihall J l\1 Kealoha, H Z Au~tin.

Niihau... . ....J B Kaomea

Board of Health.President ' " " ., \\' 0 SmithMembers: T F Lan,.. im;, CA Brown, n Kehipio,

Dr N B Emer~on, Dr C B Wood, Dr F R Day,Secret;lrv•.••••......•............ Chao: \V:koxr ~.,' .r".--~., i,- ': \__. 1: :~"~'Il L;...: _\_~" I

~lolls:-~t,-at, J 1) i\lt:Veigh. L L La PiLrrc::Manager, Garbage Se-rvice.

Sanitary Inspectors .. N P Jacobson, and C ).;Ro~e.

Port Physician Dr F R Day,GOVKRNMr':NT PHYSICIANS.

OAHu-Honolulu, Dr II \V Howard; \Vaiall1aand Kunlau Dr R H Reid. Ewa, Dr J Weddick. \Vaianae, Dr T T French. Kahhi Sta·tion, Dr L F Alvarez.

KAl'AI~\Vaimea, Dr () Campbell; Hanalei,Dr H P Hugus.

l\IAuI-l\lakawao, Dr P J Aiken, Hana, Dr R JMc(;ettigan \Vailuku; Dr E S (ioodhue,Lahaina, Dr C Davison.

HA\v.')'ll-Hamakua, Dr C B Grecilfield; Hiloand Puna, Dr \V L Moore; N Hila, Or L SThompson; Kau, Dr Victor J Capron; Kh..'lla, Dr Ii D hond; S Kona, Dr H A Lindley; KOlla, Dr A Mc\Vayne.

ISLANJl Qt<' MOI.OKAI, Dr A M0uritz. LKPKK

SETTI.EM ..:NT, Dr R Oliver

Board of Medical Examiners.Dr G P Andrews, Dr G H Herbert, Dr C B

Cooper.

Road Boards.HAWAII.

Hiln_ , J AScott, H DeaconNorth Hilo W G \Valker, M Bronc, A Lhal.

mel'sPuna , J \V l\-laso'l, H R Rycroft, H J

Lylilan.Kau G C Hewitl S Kauhane, J Ikaakat, anlakua A Lidga! , -' d'att, J) Forbes.N Knhala. . .. J Hind. (; Ii' Renton, R HallS Kohab .. W Vrt:denbur~, K:-ttlwe.N K na GeoChrk;J Lenhart,] K Na·

hale.S KOlla .... A J \Vil:.;on, S Lazaro, F' Bl1~hholtz

MAUL

Lah<\ina 1. Ahlborn n Kahaulelio, R CSearle.

\Vailuku .. C B \Vells, \V T Robinson, L 1\-1Baldwin.

Hana .. }) H N~,pihaa, P l\leI.ean.J S Garnett,.:\1 ~l kawao .... C 1-1 Dickey, P J Aiken, \V H

King.l\Iolokai ..... ' U l\IcCorriston, S Tremble, J H

l\1ahoeOAHU.

KoOlallpoko. . . It' P;lhia D :\1 Kapalau. E PAikue.

Koolauha Geo \Veight, W Rathburn, .MNakuaau.

\Vaialua ,. Ed Hare, H \Vharton, A Cox.Ewa anu \Vaianae J T Call1phdl, D

CCllter, \V J Lowrie.KAUAI.

Koloa J K Farley, A McBryde, M KalunaLihue..... .. F W Carter, J H K Kaiwi. W

H Rice.Kawaihau S N Hu~dley. D Lovdl, J W

Neal.Hanalei ..........•.•••.... C HWillis, J Kakina\Vaimea ..J K Kapuniai, T Brandt. E E ConantNiihau ., J B Kaomea,

n· artment of Finance.

I' ~lihlSlt::r vf FillillH.:e .....•.......... S M Damon

Registrar of Public Accounts W G Ashley

192 fiAWAIIAN ANNUAL

Schuol Agents in Commission.

Board of Prison Illspectors.

F J Lowrey, J A Magoon, C P Iaukea.

D,partm,nt of Public Instruction.~linister of Public Instruction ..... H E Caapet·Commi~~io~.ers-\VD Alexander. \V A Bowen:Mrs B F I )ilhlgham l .:\frs E \V Jordan, Hvon Halt, Ceo ,V Smith.Inspector C;enci-al.. , .. H S Townsendl'ep. Illspr. and :,chool Agt-. for Honolulu ... "1' H

Gibson.

..... J F Seo". ,J K Burkett

\V E H Deveril. ..... G H Fairchild

...... H Dickenson... \ ~ Armstrong. ... F \Vittrock

. ... :'\1 rs A S Dickey. .. P ::\IcCJr.-iston

.... Dr C T Rodger

.. L Severance.... J E Eldart"

. ....• L: .::\leinecke. . ~l F Scott

. .... l\Ii.,,, El1a f-! Pari~

. ~I iss E \V Lyon~

...... Dr B D Bond..... A B Lindsay

.............. "1' H Gibson•••••••• 0.00. \\' J Lowrie

.J'I:-; R Holt, Jr

.. J F ,Anderson. \\'111 Henry

H.\W.'\IJ.

Seen-tary ..

HiloPuna ..Kau ....North Kona.South Kona.South Kohala.North Kohala.Hamakn::l.

lL\lIL·.

Lahaina and L::l.nai ..\Vailnku.Hana .;'\Iakawao 0 •••

:\Iolokai.

Honolulu,Ewa\Vaianae ..\Vaialua.Koolanloa and KOOIaIlPdko.

[,;:,\l-Af.

\Vaimca and Niihan.Koloa, Lihue.Hanalei .Ka\\"aihau .

Customs Department, Honolulu.Collector ............••• 0 ••• 0 0 •• F B :\1 cc.;to' kerDeputy Collector.,.. .. .. . J F ClayEntry Clerks ..... Jas B.cknell l C S HaH l L::\1

Scott. .Statistical Clerks..... \\' Chamherlain, J g Cib-

son,P H Burnette.Appraiser. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... E R FolsomAssistant Appraisl"r. . .. J G \V~libcl

Asst. Apr. and Ex.. oj H Hare l E \1 Becln.•!iLhStore keepers.... . ..J J Kelly, S :\IcKeagueGau~er and Tester , ., J H :\1 mUmHarbor l\la~ter .. , , , , , . , . " ,Capt A FullerPilots- J C Lorenzen, A ~lacauley, ;\1 )J Sand-

ers, J Hilbus.Port Surveyor.. . .. G C Stratmeyer

Auditor General. . . .. . H LawsCollector Genewl of Customs F B ~I cStockerClerk of Regi:;trar. . . Henry HapaiTax Assessor and Collector, Oahu rona ~haw

Deputy" ., ., \Y Nri~h

2nd I epn y Alex n ThompsonTax ,~~se->sor and ~:ollectorl l\layi .. C H, Dick:y

Hawall .... H C AU~llTl

Kauai. ..J K Far:eyCollector Port of Hila Geo /'1. TurnerCollector Port of Kahului. E H HaileyCollector Port of Laha;na. . ...Collector Port of l\lahukona J S SmithiesCollector Port of Kealakekua.... -----.-Co!Iector Port of Kawaihae.. . ..Collector Port of Koloa ,..... . E StrehzCollector Port of\Vaimea ..••.••.. C B HofgaardPort Surveyor, Kahului J \V L ZumwaltPort Surveyor, Hila Capt Fitzgerald

Post Office Department.J 1\I Oat.. . Postmaster·Gl·llerai,V lJ Atwater, "nook-keeper and Ca"hterEd R Stackab!e Savings Bank DepartmentF BOat, Money Order DepartmentL T Kenake General Deli\"ery Department

Department of Attorney-General.Attorney-General.. . . . . ,. , : .... \V 0 SmithDeputy Attorney-General.. . .. E P Dole

. 1Iarshal of the Hawaiian Island.." _.. ,,\ 1\[ Br0wnDeputy Marshal.. ., ... H R HitchcockClerk to Marshal. ....••............. If ~I !lowClerk Attorney-General';; Department..J i\I KeaSheriff of Hawaii. L .:\ AndrewsSheriff of l\laui •.... . L ~I BaldwinSheriff d Kauai....... . F \V CarterJailor of Oahu Prison... .J A LowOahu~DeputySheriffs,Ewa, A Kauhi; \Vaia

nae. G \V Nawaakoa; \Vaia[ua, Andrew Cox;Koolauloa and Koolaupoko, F Pahia.

Kauai--:;heriff, F \V Carter; Deputy SheriffsLihue, and Kawaihau, J H ('oney; Koloa andWaimea, E Omstead; Hanalei, C K Haae.l\folokai~DeputySheriff, ....•...Geo TrimbleMaui - Sheriff, L 1\1 Baldwin; Deputy Sheriffs;

Lahaina, \V J Sheldon; \Vailuku, \\. Scott;Makawao, \V H King; Hana, C R Lindsey.

IIawaii-Sheriff, L A Andrews DeputySheriffs, ~orth Hila, L E Swain; Hamaklla, H SOverend; South Kohala, Z Paakiki; NorthKohala, Chas Pulaa, North Kona, J K Nahale; South Kona, S Lazare; Kat!, \V J Yate~

Puna, JE Eldarts: S Hilo, R. A Lyman.

Chamber of Commerce.President. . ... , , , . ,.. . . . F A SchaeferVice-President. .. J I DO\'\- settSecretary and Treasurer J B Atherton

Hawaiian Sugar PJantf.. rs Ass'n,Re-organtzcd No\" ISO;'), frum the Pbnter's LabOl-

and Supply CoPresirient. ...J F Hackfelc1Vice-President.. .J B AthertonSecretary. . . . . . . . .. . , , , . , .. , , , , C EolteTreasurer 0' •••• P C Jone~Auditor .... , , , , . .. F A Schaefer

Board of Underwriters-Agencies.Boston. . . , , ,C Brewer & CoPhiladelphia. . .... , . , . , . C Brewer &. C(\.New York_.. , .. , .. Bruce CartwrightLiverpool. ..... ,. . .... '1' H Davies & CoLloyd3, London , ... , , .. 0. T H Davies & CoSan Francisc0, 'o .••• ".H Hackfeld & Cc,Bremen, nresden~ Vienna F A Schaefer

Honolnlu Board of Underwriters.A Schaefer.•..• 0 0 •••••••••••• 0 ••••• PresidentB-! thenan. . Vice-PresidentA Gilman.. . . Secretary and Trea~uret-

REGISTER AND DIRECTURY. 193

Y. W. C. T. U.Organized Jan. 1839.

President. .. , , ")Irs E \V JordanVice-President. Miss H S ruddRecording Secretary 1\1 is," Agnes)uddCor. Secretary 1\1rs E \V PetersonTreasurer .................•••••Miss C Gilman

. Packet Agencies.Boston Packets C Bre'\ver & CoPlanters' Line, San Franci"co , C Brewer & Co!\[erchants' Line, San Francisco .. Castle & CookePioneer, Liverpool T H Davies & CoCanadian&Australian, 55 Line. T H Davies& Co ,Oregon R & S Nav Co., Portland to Chica and

lapan '1' H Davies & CoOceanic S S Co's Line ,v G Irwin & CoNIPP)!l Yu~hen Kabha,Jap::m to

:--'elttle \V G Irwin & Co IPacific Mail S S Company .... H Hackfeld & Co iOccidental & Oriental S S 1...'0 .• H Hackfeld & C) ;Bremen Pac~ets. . . . II Hack feld & CoLiverp'Jo! Packets. _ . H Hackfeld & CoHawaiian Pac:t:et Line SF... H Hackf·-ld & CoSan Francisco and Honolulu. F :\ Schaefer & Co

Honoluln (Steam) Fire Department.Originally orga'1ized 1851, and condl1c~ed a~

volLlnteers till .i\larch 1, l.sO:~, when It was I.

changed to n P.-\ID DEI':\RT~IE~T.

Officers for I 890~2 :Fire Commi~si'JI1ers A Brown, C Crozier,

J H Fi,her.Shi~f E?gineer . " ras H H notScowr l< ore man '" ..•.•••.-John ClarkHonolulu Engine Company No I location, King

Street near Richards.:l\Iechanic Engine Company No 2~ location, Ceo·

tral Station, Union street.Chemical ""\pparatu-;. located at ::\Iaunakea

stred, corner Pauahi.Protection Hook and Ladder Company No I,

location, Central Station, Union ~treet.

Fire Wards of Honolnlu.Fire Alarm Signals.

Hotel amI Fort." " Nuuanu

6 fl \1 <-lllnakcaII Richayd

S U Pi.mchbowl

1~ K~~g ~~d ~~~I~\~ll~ke13 Fort14 Alakea15 Punchbowl16 Queen and Maunakea17 II •• Nuuanu18 " Fon19 " Richard21 " South23 " Kakaako24 Allen and Fort25 P 1\\ S S Co Wharf26 Smith and Fauahi27 Beretania and l\lauilakea28 " •• }Juuanu20 " FI)rt31 II Emma;~z I. Punchbowl~{4 Nuuanll "Vineyard35 H School36 II Kuakini37 " Judd33 Liliha " Judd39 " School41 " King4':l Kin,1; and Do\V!'>ett Lane43Iwilei45 R R Depot

45 School and Fan4; PunchbO\d and Pauoa Rond48 •• "Emma49 .\1 iller51 Kinau and l\liller.~:2 " •• Alapai53 King and Alapai54 " H Kapiolani56 Beretania a'ld Kapiolani58 Pensacola and \Vilder Avenue59" Beretania61 Piikoi and King62 01 "Kinauti:j .• T,unalilo64: \Vilder AV<:'llue and Ke,~..alo6,'") ,. J\lakiki67 ,. Punahou67 Heretania and Keaumoku69" PUllahol1',1 Beyond PUl1ahol.1 Street7~ K11lg and Keaul1lokl'73 \Vaikiki74 Harbor

Queen's Hospital.Er~ECTED IX 1860.

President. , , .The PresidentVice-President. . F A SchaeferSec'y .. Geo "r Smith! 'freas H \Vatf':rhouseAuditor... . ~1 PRobinsonPhysjcian~ Drs C B \Vood, C D CooperExecutive Committee-A S Cleghorn, H \Vater-

hous-e, F A Schaefer, M P Robinson.

Sailors' Home Society.

Organized 1853. ::\Jeets annually in December.President. . . . . . . . . . . . J I DowsettVice-I-'resident •.•........... , T ::\IaySecretary, F A Schaefer I Tr~asurer, T R \ValkerEx Com, J EAtherton, R Lewers} J F Hackfeld

Young Men's Christian Association.Organized 1869. Annual meeting in April.

PreSIdent. . . . .. . . A B \VoodVice-President. . \V R CastleSecretary •..••....... " ....••..... '" \V A LoveTreasurer. . .. . . . '" .•••..... \V E BrownGenerdl Secretary. . H E Coleman

Woman s Christian Temperance Union.Organized Dec., 1884.

President Mrs J :f\.I \VhltneyVice-Presidents :\I1's J D Garvin, Mrs.

G L Pearson, i\lrs P C Jones.Recording Secretary Mrs R Jay GreeneCorresponding Secr'etary Mrs E \V JordanTreasurer .•••••.........•••...... l\Irs L B eoan

Board of Hawaiian Evangelical Association.Originally organized 1823.

Constitution revised 1863' Annual meeting JunePresident. , Han A F JuddVice-President. . . . H \Vaterhouse

194 llAWAlIAN ANNUAL

Normal Dept. R F \Vood wardMathematics. .. . . . . . . .. . A A MacurdaLanguage......... . .. T J PenfieldDrawing. . . C A l'lacdonaldMachinist.... .. .. . C F PerryEngli,.,h '" Mrs F E Wolfendeni\1 usi. . . . • • . . . . . . . . . . . . • . •. ..M i",-; R JohnsonI\.latroo:..... ..•. . ... , .. l\Ii:-iS LisleSupt. Hospital- Sirs U Th'JmpsonTailoring .. , , , .. D KanuhaFarm and Labor........... . (;eo E Ru~g

Asst Itorging. . . . . .. . . . .. . ... J Smith

Preparatory Department.Pr;ncipal. _. . . . Miss A E KnappMatron.............. . _.. l\liss A E MudgeAssi:-;tants-:\lis~es J Gcarhardt, Alma Krusen

and E H Bicknell.

Corresponding Secretary Rev 0 P EmersonRecording Secretary Rev C M Hyde, D DTreasurer, \V \V Hall I Auditor, J B Atherton

Mission Children's Society.Organized 1851. Annual Meeting in June.

President , , ., •............ J S EIllt:rsonVice-President Ceo De La VergncRecording Secretary Rev J LeadinghamCor Secretary ~1iss 1\1 A ChamberlainElective MeJllber~ Rev a H Gulick and ~l iss

Ii S Judd.Tn.:asurer I~ A Dickey

Woman's Board of Missions.Organized 1871.

President...... .. Mrs eM HydeRecording Secretary ....•.... 1\'lrs G P ~\.ndrews Kamehameha Girls School.Home Cor Sec'y Mrs \V A Bo\\-enr~oreign Cor Sec'y .............•. "lrs A Ii' ]uJd Principal--. . .. \\1 is:; Ida H Pope1 reasurer. .Mrs B F Dilling-ham Assbtants-~l isses (. B Albright, F N Albright,Auditor , \V W- Hall :\t E \Vvodward, F Lemon. ('orde1ia Clymer,- ! Jenny D~m:er and 1\1 rs J N Sturgeon.

Missionarv Gleaners.Pre,.;ident. . ~l rs Thea Richards •American Relief Fund.Vice Pre~ident. ~ll.-'sGSnow Organized 1864. .'\Ieets annually February 24

Rec. Secretary...... '," .. ~J1SS H Forbes' President . c R l~ishopCOl. Secretary..... . .. l\Ibs Ec Damon Vice President.... .., \V FAllen'-l'~ea<;urer . .. . 1\1 rs \V ~ Bra' II Secretary and Treasurer , .. H Cartwright])Jrectr~s:"'>. ", ~hss Judd Relief Com .1 I<:mekuth, C B l<ipleyAS:-:it. Dlrectre,.;s.... . .!\ltss Sexton

President. ...VIce-PresidentSecretary, ...Treasurer (Acting) .. '

Free Kindergarten and Childrens' AidAssociation.

Organized 1895.

Pre"idellt.... . . .....'lrs C ,\1 HydeVice Presidents 11rs \V F Allen, ~lrs ;:; B Dule

and :\1rs T R \ValkerRec. Secretary. . !\] iss l\1 HopperTre<tsur~r. . , , 1\1 rs F :\1 SW;lIlZY

.Fin:.m. Secretary .. Mrs H C Col· II1<''I.n

Auditor... . .. . .. \V A Bilwell

Oahu College.President.. " . J<' A Hosmer, A \1Chem.-anti Nat. Science ...•.. .:\ IJ II gal..;, A :\11\lath and .\1 echan. Drawing ... A L Colston, C ELat, Polit, Eeon. . . . . . . . \V H Rabbi t, A BGre-:k, Hist., de :\-liss F KeL;eyp.usltles~ Depart.. _ J L Howard, A nGerman and French. '" :\liss A L Ha:;forthl\lu~ic, Vocal and lnst. , ,Miss C H HydeDrawing and Painting... '., B F French1\latrOIl. ' !\1i"s E CrolierSupr A~r Dept. .......••.•. 1" \V Barwick

Oahu PreparatoryPrincipal' . . ' .. '. . S P FrenchMis=; H K "3orensen, l\liss C A Gilman, Miss 1\1

E Ely, Teachers.

Kawaiahao Girl's Seminary.:Mi"::'.s P Pauldin.g : ' PrincipalA"''':i1.4ant~: \hsses J R Brockle, 1\1 L Barnum.J Haman, J Johnson, L Roy~ton, l\'1rs E :'.Iahe.

IOlla and .t\Iiss A Aikue.

Kamehameha School.Principal ... _•• " ........••••....Theo RichardsVic:: Principal, ...............•• ,. U Th0mp~on

Hawaiian ReHef Society.Org::wized 1895.

. ... :\1rs S C AIlt"1l. .. l\Irs Jallle'; Campbell...... :\lr,; (it:o Beckley

. !\lr~ ~ C ,.1.llen

Pacific (Formcrly British) Club.Organized 1852. Prelllises on Ahkea :'-itn.:et, two

doors below Berdan ia.President. . . . . . .. . . .. . .... :. . A S Clcghorr.Sec'y•.. J 1\1 Monsarrat 1Treas J C SIJencerAuditor. . . .. . . \V FAllen:\lanagers~Ceo l; Potto:-r, T \1 St<lrkey and

Geo Hoardman, with the a\ (lve offiC(·rs compri ....e the Hoard.

Hawaiian Medical As!"ociation.O,g:anizeu l\Jay 24, lS9;,

President. Jlr J S .\-lcGrewVice-President.. . Dr R \V MyersSecretary and Treas. . . . Or L 10' Alvarez

Hawaiian Society SOIlS of the ArnerieanRevolution.

Organiuu June 17, 1895Pre:-.ident. . . . . . . . . . P C JonesVice- President •...................... A F Jud~lSecretary " . '" ' .. Jno EHingerRegistrar. . . . . . .. . _ W D AlexanderTreasurer \V J Forbes

Amatenr Athletic Association.Organiztd May!st., 1895

President Chas CraneVice- President. Geo AnguliSecretary H A Gilesl'reasurer " ....•.......... , .. D F l'hruul

REGISTER liND DIRECTORY. 195

German Benevolent Society.

Organized August 22, 1856.President _, H A \Videm:nmVice }'resident. J F Hackfe1dSecretary .......••••............ John F EckartTre~surer. . . . . .. . . . . .. . H SchultzeAuditor H J Nolte

Portugnese Ladies' Benevolent Society.

Organized I >ecember. 1886.IJrc .. iJent ......•••.• '0 .•....••• '. ~I rs CanayarraVice-Presidents. :\1rs \VG Irwin, l\1rs C l\1 Hyde

,f·~~~~~~~~ ~ .. ~: ' ~: ::~i ~tiG~:~:~f~~:Portuguese Mutual Benefit Society of Ha

waii.

Org;tniled Jan. 1882: Incorporated 1,S87.

President " 1\1 G ~ilva

·~~~!~r~~~~~~:~:::::. ~::.:::: :':-:·:·:·:·:·:·iyx~~~';iStranger's Friend Society.

Or~anized 1852. Anuual .Meeting in June.President l\Ir A .\lackintoshVice- Pre....idems " 1\lrs T H HobiOn, ~Irs A

Fuller.Secretary. . . ...•••......••.• :M rs S 1\1 DamonTrea..surer ....•.••............. Mrs E \V Jordan

British Benevolent Society.

Organized 1860. ,:'\leets annually April 23.President .Vice-President " H.e\' A MackintoshSec'y R CAtton I 'freas J A Kennedy

Sons of St. George.

Pr;;slJent. , " Alex St }[ :\fackintoshVH.:e-President '" . Ed\\ard B Thoma,:;

~'~~~~~~~{r " ~;.t;.~r~.\\~ ~a{~i~,~£~~

Librarv and Reading Room Association.Organized March, Incorporated June 24, 1879'President. C R BishopVice-President.. .. . l\l l\l ScottSecretary " 1-1 A ParmeleeTreasurer '" Miss ~l A Burbank

Hawaiian Historical Society.Organized Jan., 11, 18HZ.

Annual meeting N ovemher 28.Pre~idel1t. \V R CastleVice· Presidents S H Dole, \V FAllen, J S

Emerson.Recordillg Secretary Rev C :\1 Hyde, D. D.Corresponding Secret~ry Prof \V D Alexander'l'reasurer.. .. . . . . .. .. .. . '" ']' l-' ~lo Sln2l.n

Librarian ..........••...... i\1 iss ~l A nurballk.hsi.stant Librarian , Dr N B Emerson

Kilohana Art League.Organized May fl, 1894-.

President ......•..... , 1) How,:u-d HitchcockVice·Pre·ident. , .. , P H DodgeSecretary ................•........C \V UickeyTreasurer .. " " , l\lr:; \V 1\1 Graham

Hawaiian Rifle Association.Or.~anize,l December, 1885.

President. , \Valter E \VallVice- Prt:sident '" .. F S DodgeSecretary and 'I 'reasmer. . .J I. :\lcl.eau

Honolulu Cemetery Association.Pre:-;ident.... .. . ." J 1 Do\\'settSecrebry .Treasurer.. . .. ' H Cartwright

Myrtle Boat Club.Organized Feb. 5, lXS3.

..\ G 1\1 Robertsun...... .•.••.... Pre~ident

\V F Love............... . .. Vic(' Presidentl' P Petrit~............... . ...~ecretary\V C Parke , .• Tre,)!o'urerGeo Angus' . . . . . . . . .. Captain(; S Harris. . .. .. . . AuditorTrustees .... C A Brown, 0 Sorenson, C S Crane

Hooulu Lahoi Society.

Organized, 1~7S

l"lrcsident. KapiolaniVice-President. :'\11':' ~I C BeckleySt:cretary. . . . .. . . .. . . . :\1 r:-; Eugenia J.\1 Rl.:isTreasurer. '" '" .l\lrs F \V Macfarlane

Young Hawaiians Institute.

Organized Aug. to, 18H4.

~i~~~t~rl~~·iJ·e~·t·.· ·.'.~(;~oHL I:~e~~;Recording Secretary , " Isaac SherwoodFinanci~1 Secetary , .......••.... J L HoltTreasurer , .. " , Chas \VilcoxMarshal J N K Keola

Meets every 1st and 3rd Wednesday of themonth, in the .F'oo;;ter Block, Nuuanu street be.low King-.

Healani Boat Club.I ncorporated Dec. 13, 1894-.

C I:rown.......... . PresidentG R Carter Vi-::'e President and Captain

l, ir O:lt~:~.·""",·""""""",·""""""""""""" "'f~~~~~~:};Auditors Jas.l.owTru~tees \V E. \Vall, C n Gray, J 'v\l ~lcChes·

ney, \V \V Chamberlain.

Leilani Boat Club.Organized 0 t. 2, 18~)4.

David Kawan~lIlakoa, Presiden~

\Vm 1\] clnerny... . Vice PresidentJ L Holt. SecretaryF J Kruger .........••............... '1'rea~urerJ F C Hagens AuditorJonah Kalanbnaole CaptainTrustees ......• J<: Stiles, S E P Taylor, P Phillip


Hawriian Rowing Association.Qcganized J Hne ~O, 18\);),

A G .:\1 Rohert.->on.......... .. Pre'iic1ent\V H Mel nerny. . . . . . . . ..... Vice Pre~ident\V C Parke Secretary and TreasurerRegatta Cnmm.ittee ,C H (;ray, C S Crane,

Jonah KaJauanaole.

Publications.The lJawa.iian Gazette, i~sued semi-\"'eekly hy

the Hawaiian Gazette Co. 011 Tue~days a~1dFridays. \V '!\ .hm ·trang, Editor.

The Daily l'adlicCOJlllllt'nJa! .·ld'l'crtiser, is~ued by the Haw~l.1iall (;azette Co. every morn.ll1g (except Sundays). \V F Armstrong, Editor

The Daily Bulletiu, i,,~ued every evening (except Sundays), by the Daily Bulle~ill Co. 1)Log-tn, Editor.

1/te flawaiian Star, is~ued every evenmg (except :--unday.) by the Hawaiian ::-itar Newsp~pe: A.ssociatiol1. ..\ T Atkingoo, Editor.\\ ee"ly b"tje on ,\londays.

The Friend, is~ned 011 the tir:'it of each month;Rev. S. E. BIshop, Editor.

The .rlll};!icftn CIUtrel, Chronic/fI, bsueJ on the~rst Sat~r~ay of ever:y month. H.e\'. A. :"IacklDtosh, J~chtor.

The Paradise. o/the Pm:lji,,'.·i ~l1ed monthly. FL Huogs. Edilor and Publi:-her.

The Planters' JfoJlt/!I)', issued on the 15th ofeach month. H.;\1. \Vhitney, Editor.

Tlte Ilollo!u/it DilJccsall .11 tga,~i!le" issued quarterly. l<t I{ev Bishop \Villis, Editor.

Y I\l C ..\ }3-eview, is:-.ued quarlerly, If E Coleffi3n, EUl(Or.

The KlIokoa (native), wee·· lv, issued ever·ySaturd ly morning, by the Haw.1.iian GazelteCo., Jo~:\1 Poe poe Editor.

o Luso, (Portu,guese) iss'_led weekly on Saturdays, J S Ram'Js, Editor.

o IJjrecto (Portu~ue:;e) issued weekly on Sat tndays, .-\ J ke~o, Editor

As Boas 1.VrJ71as- (Portuguese) sectarian monthly.A H R V,eira, Editor.

The Ila7uaiiall-Cltinese .A~e'1(Is, issued weekly,Hee Jackson, Editor.

Cliinese Times, issued weekly, Lai Kee Editor.Chinese C!lronicle, ~'eeldy, i~sued every\Vednes

day. Ynen Chu Ho, EditorThe Indejendent issued daily, E Norrie,

Ediror.Aloha A ina (native) i~::.;ued d·,ily except Sunday:,;

\Veekly is<;ue every Saturday. Ed Like,Editor and .\fanager.

Ka Loea }(alaiaina (native) D \V Kamaliikane,Editor. Issues daily and we~kly,

Ka ~l1akaaillana, (native) issued every Monday.\V B Kapu, Editor.

Shim ..\;"ipOfl, is'med sem:~weekly, in the Japanese langua~e. G Saw, Editor

The. Yamato SltimbuJl (Japanese) semi-weekly.Mlz~mo Hamon, Editor.

fla·waiian Slzimpo issued eta:ly in Jap"nese. SL'akahashi, E tit,)r-

Ilandicraft, is!'lued monthly during the schoolyearatthe Kamehameha :--chool. T 1{ichards,Etlitor

ili/o Tribune, i"sue I. \\:eekly~ on Saturdays bythe Tnbune Pubhshm; Co., E D ~parrow,Editor,

Tlte Ila7Uaii Herald, issued weekly at Hila, onThll sday's hy the Herald Publishing Co., J TStacker, Editor.

I KOlla Echo, issned weekly at Holualoa, by Y IIII 'yashi, Ed,tor.

l'rogrt'ssi<!t Educator, i ..sued monthly (luring~:~:ft~lr.year at Lahainalull 1, H S lownsend.

l/a7.uaiis Y(lltllg. Peopl,' ,issued monthly at L<lhain,lluna. C S Rosecrans, Editor.

J-I.-\WAIIAl\ AL:'IIA:--:.\C :\:-;:1) c\I\NlT,.\L, i;;;sued thelatter llart of December for Ih~ following yeal-.Tho:' (; Thrum, Editor and Ptthli:,her.

Lodges.

Lo])(;!': IA'; PHOGRI-:S DE L'OCE,\:-';IE, No 124.' A F."i, r\ .al; meets on the last .:\Ionday in eachmOllth.

H.\\VAIfA:-': LODr;F, No 21, F & A l\1; meets inits hall :\Iasonic Temple, comer Hotel andAbkea Streets, on the first :\Ionda:y in eachmonth.

HUN'OLL'LU C~LH'TER, No T, R A l\f meets in:\1 as, >11 c Hall on the third Thursday of eachmonth.

HO!\'OLUX CO\f:\L-\NDEh:\' No I Ki\HjHTS 1'EI'I1

f'L\R meets ill :\b.sonic H:1!J, on second Thursday of e;:lch month.

KA\IEHA;,\IEHA LODGE OF PERf<·ECTlO~. No. I.

A &, A S R; meeb in :\Iasonic Hair, on thefourth Thursday of each month.

NIT.'\."'l· .ClfAl'TER OF Ro.""E C1WIX, No I, A& A S R; meets in :\Ia..onic Hall O:l fir."tThursday in the month.

ALEXA:\Dl':R LmOLIHo C()(:XCII. No I. OF KA

DOsH ; meets on the thin;l Munday of alternatemonths from Febrnan'.

PACIFIC LOllCiE No S2:2 A F & A ;,\1, meetsHall of Ha·waiian Lodge every sec011d .\fonda"of the month.

KrLAtEA LODGE, U D, m~"ts Satun-Iay nearest·full mOull at l\Ia..;onic Hall, Hi:o. ,.

EXCELSIOR LODGE. No I, I 0 0 F; meets ~tthe ha,ll, in Odd Fel!ows' Building, on Foit St,every 1uesday evemng.

HAIDro~Y LODGE, No 2, I 0 0 F; meets each~Ionday evening in Harmony Hall.

PAC1FIC DEGREt: LODGE, No I, LJAl"GHTE1·?S OF

REBI~KAH;meets at ~xcel~ior Hall, Fort street,second and fotlrth Fndays of each month.

POLYNESIA EXC.-\:\IPME:1\T, No I, I 0 0 F'meets in Odd Fellows' Buildin,g, Fort street"tir~t and third Fridays of en-ch month. '

OAHU LODGE No I, K of P; meets every'J hursday evening at Ca~tl ... h:::.!! 0-:-_ F01 L .street.

~IYSTIC LODGE, No 2, K of P; meets every \VeJ.nesday evening, at Castle Hall. .

SEeTIOX No 22S--ENDOWl\lENT RANK, K of p.meets on the se~ond Saturday of January, Jul;'and Decemher In the hall of Oahu Lodge.

,\LOHA LODGE No 3 Knights of Pyth:as; meets.Saturday eVf'ning at their Hall in Custom

. H'Jllse, in Kahu ui, :\laui.~J..\ILE LODGE, No. 4, K~IGHTS OF PYTJ-JIAS_

meets e\'ery ~aturday night in Lyceum BuiI'.--Iing, !-lo':ohla, Hawaii. Vi;i:ing brothers always welcome,

HAWAIIAN COUNCIL No 689, A~tERICAN LEGION OF HONOR; meets on second and fourth

. r~}l~ay evening:i of each mont~ in Harmony

OCEANIC COUXCIL, No 777,A:\IERICAN LEGIONOF HONOR; meets on the first and thiId ruesdays of each month, at the K of P hall.

COURT LllNALILO, No 6600; A 0 of FOlmSTERs.

J<EGISl1:k AND DIXECTOl!.Y. 197

-----------------~---------

meets at hall of Oahu {,oeIse, K ofP, on second prayer, ,vith. ~erm(;n at ~1 A :'.T. H;~waiianand fourth Tuesdays of each month. Evensong :-l:30 I' :'II. Ev.:mng Prayer with ser-

COURT CA:'\101 S, ~ 0 SIlO, A 0 F, meet.s ."econd mon 7::~() l' l\I. Holy Commuilion at 11 A III theand fourth Tuesday evenings of -month in K of last SUllthy in each month. Sunch.y S{''lC)o! 10P tiaIl. A:'II. Daily prayer at 7 A 1\1.

GEO. \V DE Lo,"\G Pn.ST, No 45, G J\ R; meets Second Congreg::ttiol1, Rev A :'.lackintosh, P~,,-the second Tue.;;clay of-each month at Harmony tOf. Services on Sunday: ~lOt ;ling pn._yer withhall. <;,efillon, 9:45 A -:\1: Evening prayer v.-'ith serm~n

GEO C \VILTSE CA:'II', Son:': Lf Veterans' meets 0::-30 ~ :\.1.9

}:()ly Con~mulli0'"' flrh~_ ~tl~ar ::1thO I T e" iay f h h' KIP munt".;) A-M. • Un, ay ~o(' ," , •

h~ll. Ir( u St· 0 eae mont In ~m ,1~vellin~ prayer,. ever): F~iJay, at I:~O P l\l

Chll1cse Congregation, Service:; on Sunday atCAPT. COOK L01)(jE ~0. 3;'13, Ol~/)EI~ Sn:\'s OF 11 A:'>I ;H1('[ I::~O I' 1\1. Evenin,g prayer e\ery

ST, (;EOR(~E; meets <;tt the K of P Hall, Furt sr., \Veuneslby, at 1::10 1':'>1.

every.:'\Tonday ever, mg. ICliRISTI.-\l'O CHI;-.JE"'E CHURCH, Forl Street, F W-- Ihmon, actin,!:?; Pastor. Services every Sn:luay

Places of Wor.ship .. at 10::):) A !\l -alid 7::~() l' :\1. Prayer Meeting\Vednesda\"s at 7:30 l' .\1.

CENTII:.-\L UNI"N ~Hl'}H.:U Con;.rcga(.nnal. (.In-1 Portl.lg-uese (I.lru.testant) \iis~i,m; Re\' A V SoaresdepeIJde?t).cor. JJeretal1la..at1~ lXlch"nls st:>;, Hxv p,,"-tor. ~t"f',lCeS ('very ~a! bath at the usualD P BirillC PaSlor. SerVICeS every Sunday I hours. Sunday school at 3 pm. Chapelat II A .\1 and 7:30 l' .\1. Sunday School situated c,xl:er Punchhowl amI .\tiller streets.

meet:' one ~our befure morning- service. Prayer I jAI'A:'Jl':."E U,'\lOK" CHlh~CH, (Connected with HameetlOg \Vedn6Jay evel11ngs a.t 7:30. I waiian B03rd :\Iis:-.ion:-.), i-<ev K Okumura Pas~

l\tETIIODI~T El-'ISCOI'.-\L C!-Il"I<CII, Rev C L Pear- tor: Hold Service~ at the Lyctum, ~t 101-,;\-1.50n, Pastor; ~llmlay service.,; at II A l\l and Pre:1chin?, at 11 A1\r., and 7:30 I' .\1, Sunday7:8010;"1. at. their lle\~ church,,~cmnerof Berela- Services. - Prayet· and pYaisc meeting \V,·dnes-mOl. ,-Jlld i\-ililer st. ~ullday :-'clH)ol meets at 10: days at 7 1'.\1. and evening school l\Ionda)':.iAM. Prayer meetin'g \Vedne"day at j:;~n 1'.\1. I Thursdays and hidavs.

TH;: C~~~~"TIANr CH.;RC,II~ l~ev l' I> ,..~;ar~·in I Japanese Church. REV H Kihara, Pasta\,. Hold1 astol> ~unda) scI"\- .ces . tIl, A:'I1 and I ••~() I !II, I services in hall O~l Herdania street.at their ne.v house of worship, :\lakea street,near King. Suctay School meets at 9.45 A ;.,{ NATl\'E CHlJI'-CIIE.">.

SALVATION ARTIlY, service~ held llighLly at hall KAWAIAHAO CHL:RCl-l (Con;:re;;ational). cornercomes of l'\uuallll and i>:ing ."treet.", \'lith Sl1n- 1 of Kine.- and Plhchbowl Stret:ts, Rev H Hday service.,; at the u.--.ual hours. I Parker;"'Pa~tor. Sen'if,;es in }-law:1ii~n every

ROMAN CATIWLIC CHr:f<CH. Fort Street, near Sunday at 11 A M, and at '1:30 on Sund.\y even-Beretan.ia; .. Rt Re.v (;lll~ta'n F R.opert, I-h~.]:op i.:l:;S a te.-nating with K~uma~~pili'r Su~da~of Panopo!Is; Revs Leollor and Clement, as"-lst- . School at 10 ;\ !It. Prayer ~r eet.n~, \\ cdne:-daying, :'en·ices every Sunday at 10 --\ M, and at I ~t 7:30 p ~l.

4::~O p ~L Low .Jla'-s ever), :.by at 6 <lllJ 7 A M. IC\l'!llAKAI'ILT l.~I--I{1I{CH (Congre.e:.;tional), BereHigh 1\1 "s ... Sunday;;; and Saints' (lay; at 10 '\:\1. tania street near ;\l<'.unakf"". Rev S 'l'imotto

ST. ANDREW'S C"'~THE[)R.\LI Elllma ;--quare, I Pastor. Sencices _in l-la\,'aii~.n every Sun.dayFirst Congreg:ltion, Clerg-y: Rt Rev Bishop I at 11.c\ 1\1, z:nd ;~t • ::~~) P 1\1 on :-tll1daYl..;evemngs\Villis, Rev John U ...,boTlJe, Dean. Rev Y II· alteratln~ wnh KT\\"al~hfl.o. St!Tll~ay ,.chool atKitcat, Precentor. Services on ,-';umlay: I 10 A!lI. Prayer '\1'~·etlll.g every \Vednf~-Jay atHoly Commnni011 at 6.30 A :\1. :\1.;rnin,g! 7:3n P !\1.

• • •A Monthly Illustrated Journal,

_.--------------------"-

Devoted to Hawaiian Interests,

• • •SUBSCRIPTION, $1.50 YEARLY.

Addressl p, 0, Box, 26, Honolulu, H. I.

INDEX.

PAGE

2a Government Lands, Area, etc ....

24 lIawaiian Land Policy .Hawaiian Police..... .

28 II awaiian Postal Service .!ll --Registered Vessels .........•

186 Hawaii's Annual Trade Balance ..Hawaii as an Artist's Field......•

21 Hawaii's Commercial Relations...lI"lic\'\\', Ohserv~d in II aw"ii"n

;!~ j bland; .

PAGE

2221

201819HIIU"0)_.J19

18419

622817 -"417II111:{121812

1857li1545

29

2829

14U

28

:H

12597

174184

16U6128

5

Eastern Sugar Shipments, 1897 .Educati \11 in Ha\\!,lii...... . .Elevations. Tables of Principal. ..Estimated Population, July I, 1897Exports-see Custom flouse.

Financial--Annual Internal Taxesfrom 18,6 , .

--Bonded Debt, lIawaiian Isl-ands .

---Internal Taxes,bien'l, 1862-96--Outlook, The .--Receipts, Expenditures and

Public Debt, 1856-96 .26

Days \Ve (e1ebrate, The .70 Debt Bonded II awaiian Islands ..

2 Dimensions Haleakala, lao Valley-·-Kilauea, ~Iokuaweoweo ..Distances, Inter·lsland by Sea .--Channels and Ocean .

51 --Overland, Hawaii '"45 Kau.,j .

Maui. .Oahu .

22

177 Custom f1ouse.-Contillued.114 -;--Quantity and Value Domestic145 i Exports, 18U6 .2!l . --Showing Countries Sent to ..27 CustOIll House, Total Value all

Exports and Imports... . .4U --Imports, 18% :

--Bonded Goods, etc., 1896 ,16 --Countries from .

--Free Imports, Value .17 --I'a"enger Statistics, 1896 .34 -~Receipts, 189G ..

--Registered Vessels .32 ---ResunleofImports ........•.

179109

1867-10

Calendar, Counting Hou,.;e .. _ ,--Court .-- Quarterly. . . .. '" . ..California Participation in ('om

mercia I Development <if Haw.\ii.Census of 18% by Nationality ....--Comparative Table,.;, 18:{G-

189G .--Latest Returns by Islands,

189G .Nationality, Comp., 18.j:l-915.

Channel and Ocean Distances .Church Days and Iiolidays .Climate 01 the Hawaiian Islands ..Cli pper Passages .Colfee Growers Throughout the

Islands, Table of. ..... , .C,'!Tee, the Coming Industry .Compara'tive Tables - Domestic

Exports, 18U2-95 ..--Import Values Various Coun-

tries, 1891-18915 ..--Nationality 01 Vessels in For·

eign Carrying Trade, 188U-UG ..--Principal Articles Exports,

18G7-96 ..--Receipts, Expenses.and Public

Debt, 1856-9G .C'mstitution, The...•.... , .Court Calendar .Custom House Tables, Exports---Domestic, 1896 .--Princip"l '.rtieles nf. ('Olll!, r-

ative, 1M,-Uli .........•.....•

A~encies Sugar Plantations .Agricultural Possibilities .Announcement. .Annual Internal Taxes from 1876-- Licenses Fees, List of ._-Sug-ar Exports, Atnnunt and

Value from 1875 .--Trade Balance of Hawaii from

1879 " " ..Area. Elevation and Population of

Hawaiian Islands......... . ..--of Grants a'ld L. C. Awards ..Asiatic and Portugue,.;e Plantation

Laborers, 18UG .

Briel History of Hawaii-Japan Dif-ferences .

iNDEX. 199

PAGE PAGE

70

166112H

50!ll62

14988

119

5528

4342

106

28187

47146

55157

47

179

46

1542

176404729

28:n2fl3'24948

49

177134

Postage Stamps, Hawaiian, De·struction of. . . . .. . .

Public Debt, etc.. of Hawaii .75 Rainfall, Principal Statio.1s, lIa·

waii"n Islands, 1895~6 .Rli.fall, lIollolulu, 18!l5-6 '" '"Receipts, Expenditures and Debt

of llawaii, 18;')u-Hli .I{egister and Directory .Religious Belieff-, Tab Ie of. .Religious Opportunities .Report on Destrtlction of Hawaiian

Postage Stamps...... . .88 Retrospect for 1897 .

:{~

:14Standard and Local Time .Statistics-~see Custom Hou,e.

'27 --Bo ,ded Debt, lIawaiian Isl-ands, I8!)7. .. . .

47 --Land .:'" --- !>assenger .'v --Plantation Labor. .

--Post Office '"---School .---Sugar Exports, Amount and

Value, I875-!)6 .42 ---.- Plantations, 1\lills and I\gen-:1:1 Cles. . . • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .....

~anitary Conditions Clnd Appliancesao Sugar as an Industry for the

Hawaiian Islands .

~;; , Table of Coffee Growers Through.13 lout the Islands.. . . . . . . . . . .. .1:' Table of Sex, by Nationality, Cen-

- "US of 18!l6~:{ ---:- Elevatio~s',' 'r;;i~~ip;l L~~~ii:

tIes ....................•.•..~:{ '--:'Ileteor"logicaL 18!l6-7 .85 -- Postage and Parcel Post Rates

100 --Rainfall, Principal Localities.II!l --Religious Beliefs .I8:{ --Taxes, Annual, Bienni,1, .177 ---Variety of Fish in Honolulu

:{'2 Market .4:{ The Constitution. _•.•••.....••.

The Days We Celebrate... • ...•46 The, Financial Outlook ....•.... '

173 The Labor Outlook.174 The Pictured Ledge ~i 'K~~;i'::::

Pas~enger Statistic~, 1SHU .Passengers. in Transit. Cf)mpara-

tive, 18DI-!)(j ..Pearl Harbor as a Factor....... .Physical Characteristics .Pictured Ledge of Kauai, The .Planetary Phenomena, 18H8 .•.•.Plantation Agencies, List of. . ...--Statistics, ~ugar, Labor, etc.Population Hawaiian Islands, 18!IGPopulati~n Principal Townships,

Hawallall Islands .Port Charges, Honolulu. . .Postal Service, Hawaiian Islands.

History of Hawaii-Japan Differ-eI1ces .

Importing Tropical Fruits .Imports-see Custom House.I nformation for Tourists, etc .Inter-Island Distances, hy Sea .Internal Taxes .Islands Comprising Hawaiian Re.

public ..................•

Japan's Peaceful Invasion .Judiciary t,f IIawaii " .

Labor Outlook, The .Labor Statistics _Land Statistics A • •••••

License Fees, List of. .

1\Ieteor01ogical Observations, Ho·nolulu, )8Du~D7 .

?llortuary Table, Ilonolll1u, 18(l-i-7

New Pali Road .Notes on the Census ...•......•.Nationality of Plantation Laborers--Ve~sels in Foreign Carrying

Trade.. . .Notable Trips of Pacific Steamers.N umber and N ationality-- Planta

tion Laborers.... .. . ••.•... -

Overland Distances--lIawaii .Kauai .Maui ..Oahu .

E. -We JORDANIn""l!Jorter Hnd Dealer in

No. to FORT STREET, HONOLULU, H. I.

INSURA,NCE IN FORCE, $72,000,000 .

T H B:' --------;,'"--

ASSETS· $24,000,000 ..

GERflANIALIFE INSURANCE CO. OF NEW YORK.

Persolls desirillg II!Sl/l"<ll/cP all their !i\'es will best serve their Wall ....

interests by CIlllillg ill /,ersoi/ Ol! the ')Illl/ager of the above ReliableOld Company. or by addressillg by [etta, gi\'illg age.

W. A. JACOBS & SON, MANAGERS PACIFIC DEPARTMENT,

MILLS BUILDING, SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.

.. .... -+-..•.-+-.• ...----+- •........--........---

J. ALFRED M/lGOON,

General Manager,

Hawaiian Islands.

A. V. GEAR,

Special Agent.

STOP HERE!~

A. E. MURPHY & CO.,Importers and Dealers in

IPllNIB IB<OXOYf§ <& §lH!01ES9ARLINGTON BLOCK, HOTEL ST" HONOLULU; H. I.

A oisit to this concern will reimburse qou.Gioe us a trial and you will be sati8~ied.

XVI

B. F. EHLERS & CO.EIILEHS' BLOCK, FORT ST., HO:,\OLULlT, H. 1.

Dry Goods Importers.:,-_~~_._ All the Latest Novelties. __.:_~.

FANCVOur Drivers areall Experienced l\'len, familiar with all parts of

the City and Surrounding Points of Interest.

CLUB STABLES, Ltd.CHJ\S. H. BELLll\I.~, Manager. FORT ST., between Hot",l and Ber"tania.

LIVERY~ BOJIROnlG t.~(J. SJllES STJlBlES.. ~.-.-.-~-.-.-.~.~.~.

Tlte largest dud brs! ('quipped ~....,tablcs iil the llull'iliiall islands. ll'( art'

especialf.r equipped tu Cllt,,/' to yUill' trade-fll·ir dlll/illg (llltl good service is

what 'J<' dcpmd IIpon to gd it.

t"!iJ l'UUf<.ISTS desirtll/.[ fiut' Turnuuts can bf-' (/(CUIIUllUdafcd 1('ith single

double or fOllr-in.hand hllns. Alsu, SADDLE HUl<.S!'.:; ilt lIIodiTatc prices.

-Specl'cll arrangelJlents J/u,d(' for ilte "Pali, 11 ''PlfllcltlJiJ101 ,. llJld H'tlikiki.

OUR REPRESENTATIVES MEET EVERY STEAMER, TEL 416,

San Franciscc:",California .••Ir~n W~rks.

Manufacturedby the .•.

IGE& REFRl~ERATIN~ MAgHINERYVukan

• -----------8

REFERENCES:

Hawaiian Camrrercial and Sugar Co., Spreckelsville, Maui.Hila Electric Light Ca., Hila, Hawaii.Bailey & Wadsworth, Kahului, Maui.R. R. Hind, Kohala. Hawaii.W. S. Terry, Hila, Hawaii. r&r SEND FOR CATALOGUE.

xv

ESTABL.ISHED 1870.

FORT STREET, (BEt:w,,,· HI.OCK), HONOLULU.

~-AND-----'

Publisher of the "HAWAIIAN ANNUAL."Ke~p<; constantlY on hand a L,ll end varied ass'lrlment of

Blank Books. \Jemo. and Pass Books.

vVRI~rING PAPERS,LINE:-.I TYPE-WRITER AND CARBON PAPERS.

Lat¢st Styl¢s Tabl¢ts and Sltationny. novdti¢s Constantly lIdd¢d.

ENVELOPES, ALLSIZES.~

DR.-\WIN"t; PAPER, TRACING PAPER, TRACING CLOTH, DRAWING

PE;\lCILS, INK STANDS, GOLD, STEEL and QUILL PENS.

INKS, Black, Red, Violet, Blue and Carmine.

Checker Boards, Cribbage Boards, Parlor Games, Chessmen, PlatJing Cards, Etc.

Headquarters For Tennis Goods, Baseball Supplies,Toys, Fancy Goods, Etc., in Their Seasons.

Special Care Devoted to SUBSORIPTION and NEWS ORDERS.

AGENCY FOR THE SALE OF

H HISTORY OF THE LATER YEARS OF TilE HA\"'AIIAN l\10NA-UCHY:"

MRS. SINCLAIR'S ' INDIr.E~.nT~ FLOWf<:RS OF THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS;"

.. Plt:Tt'RE~QUK HAWAII;" HILLEBRAND'S H HAWAIIAN FLORA;"

BALJ)WIN'!'l SRTS Of" MOUNTED HAWAIIAN FERNS.

Printing and Binding Orders Executed on Short Notice.

Import Orders/or Books, Sheet or Bound Music, Rubber Stamp, Etc.,Made liP Monthly.

XVII

M. S. GRINBAUlVI & Co., Ltd.Importers, Commis~ion Merchants,

SUGAR FACTORS & INSURANCE AGENTS.SAN FRANCISCO,

21 5 FRONT ST.

HONOLULU, H. 1.,QUEEN ST.

Hawaiian Hardwar@ Go" Ltd268 FORT STR£ET, HONOLULU, H. I.

gjN ADDITION to having a large stock of Stoves, Ranges and~. every sort ot Kitchen Utensils and House FurnishingGoods, keeps always in stock an assortment of Rope, Colorado Oils, Belting, etc., which appeal to the needs of thePlantation Manager. Perfect Breakers and Mould BoardPlows have taken a place in the front rank of AgriculturalImplements, while Avery's Stubble Diggers, Sugar LandCultivators and Fertilizer Distributors, for which we areSole Agents, are indispensable to a \vell conducted plantation.

Tribune Bicycles, Aermotors. the liest windmill on earth.I/JEAL READY lIIIXEJ) PAINTS, Victor Fire andBurglar Proof Safes.

CATTON, NEILL & CO.,

FOUNDERS AND ~dA,CIII~IISTS.213 Queen St" between Alakea and Richards, Honolulu,

Invite Enquiries for General Iron 'Vork, Iron and BrassCastings, Ships' Blacksmithing.

REPAIRS PROMPTLY EXECUTED.

--...--,. TELEPHONE 410 -<.,-'--

XVIII

HOLLISTER & CO.Importers, Wholesale and Retail Dealers in

Havana, Manila, and Am@rican Gigars~--'~!'-- ~71~-------~ ~:~~~

MANUFACTURED * PIPES AND

TOBACCO, * * SMOKERS' ARTICL.ES,

Corner Fort and Merchant Streets, Honolulu, H. I.

AGENTS FOR THE CONSOLIDATED SODA WATER WORKS CO., U:d.

HAWAllAN NEWS Co. Ltd.HONOLULU, H. I.

Station~ry~ " Books~ So P~riodi\als~ So musk.

Ii PICTURESQUE HA WAIL" Bouna, ana in Eight Par's,f Paper COl-ers, • • , •

"Historll of the Later Years o~ the Hawaiian Monarchy."

AGENTS FOR ALL MAKES OF HAWAIIAN GUITARS AND II UKULELES,"

~ Publis;lers of Prof. Berger's~

"MELE HAWAII." "HAWAIIAN MUSIC."

!-.~ HOLLISTER DRUG Co,

Druggists Sf Pbotograpbi~ D~al~rs~'~!Ii' ·";~"·"W· ·QI;'·,,!~'" '''<ljl''''':j~' ~'II""'!\j '''1~J''III,' -"ljIl""~ "1"''1\11 "".".

~~

FORT STREET, HONOLULU, N. I.

~IX

...

HENRY MAY & CO.FORT STREET, HONOI-UI-U, H. f.

Tea Dealers, Coffee Roasters and

PROVISION MERCHANTS.New Goods Received by Every Vessel from theEastern States and Europe.

CALIFORNIA PRODUCE BY EVERY STEAMER.

COODS DELIVERED TO ANY PART OF THE CITY.

~ ~ ~

HONOLULU IRON WORKS Co.~ Ma.nufacturers of the~

Double. Triple and Ouadruple Effects. Vacuum Pans and Cleaning Pans

Three,Ro// Mill. Steam Engines. Boilers and

SUGAR MACHINERY OF EVERY DESCRIPTION.~ AGENTS FOR ~~,.

National Tube Works Co., New York;Water Pipe, Steam Pipe, Well Casing and Pipe Fittings,Krajewski's Patent Cane Crusher,Yalvoline Oylinder and Lubricating Oils.

AGENTS, AI-SO. FOR THE

PUTNAM ENGINES & CORLISS ENGINES.Brass and Iron lillings of all kinds. tiOnOUlLU mon lUORKS Co.

ALLEN & ROBINSONDEALERS IN ALL KI~IlS OF

Building Materials, Hardware, Nails, Paints, Oils, Etc.DEPARTURE BAY and AUSTRALIAN COAL.

AGENTS FOR SCHOONERS: MOIWAHINE; KAUIKEAOULI. LUKA, LAVINIA AND MOl.

ROIJI~SON'S WHARF, HOKOLULU, H. I.

xx

CORNER FORT AND QUEEN STREETS, HO:1\OLULU, H. 1.

IMPORTERS OF AMERICAN AND EUROPEAN

Dry Coods, Clothing, Tobacco, Etc,San Francisco Office, 202 Market Street.

THE BEAVER COFFEE SALOONH. ]. NOLTE, PROPRIETOR,

OPPOSITE WILDEP. & CO" FORT STREET, HOUOLULU.

Open from 4 a. m. to 9 p. m.

First-Class Lunches, Tea, Coffee,SODA \\lATER, GINGER ALE, ETC., Seroed at Short Notice.

gigars and Tobaccos of All Brands, Plain and Fancy PipesALSO A LARGE VARIETY OF THE

II@... Best Quality of Smokers' Articles. '"'WlX

Lovers of the Clle 'will fl1ld all Elegant Brunswick c!'~ Balke

BILLIARD TABLE ON TH E PREMISES.

F. HU5tace. /"5. F. ll!org"n. W. H. Hoogs.

Hustace G COmpanYf

Qu~~n $1. *~"~~y~~w:~"~ t Honolululu. H. I.

D~al~r in...... i'imuood and Coal of B~st Quality.lUhit~ and Black Sand Suppli~d to Ord~r.

ORDERS PROMPTLY DELIVERED, TELEPHONE 414,

CHAS. HUSTACE,'VHOLESALE A~D RETAIL DEALER IN

F aTI)ily Groceries) Provisiol)s, E~c.L

KIXG STREET, ~EAR FORT, HOXOLULU, H. 1.NEW GOODS BY EVERY STEAMER.

All Order's Promptly Attended to. Telephone 119.

Japan .fe Emiga~ati~n .y. C~snpany

OF OSAI~A.

G ell 0

H~ad Offic~••.•• 11g~ncy' s Offic~•••••Sakaimilchi mcbom~. Spr~ckds' Block.Kob~. Japan. • • • •

-- 110-

Dimtors•..•. Hawaiian J1\3ents...••tl. Hamilnilka. l. masuda.Y.Sbimauchi. G. E. Boardman•

• 0 0

Telegraphic Address "Immigrants,"A. B. Co Code used.

Kobe, Japan.P, 0, Box 189,

Honolulu.

T. B. MURRAY,21 & 22 KING STREET.

Leading Carriage and Wagon Ma~nfacturer.Materials of Every Description constantly on hand, ilndNew Invoices of Stock Received on Every Steamer. .

Repairs Promptly Executed. iirst·Class Work Guaranteed.TELE:PHQNE 5':"2.

XXII

--""t~-- H AW'A I I A N _~h_

FERTILIZINg +GOMPANY,MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN

Organi~ and Cb~mi~al f ~rtilil¢rs.

SPECIAL CANE MANURES MADE TO ORDER.

And tbe '"\l",,,ing materia!s alu:ngs on band,

Super Phosphates, Pure Raw and St~amea Bone Meal, Nitrate ofSoda, Sulphate of Potash, Muriate of Potash and Kainite,Rotted Stable Manures, Land Plaster and Ground Lime Stone,Florida Phosphates and Super Phosphates, Fish Guano, Etc.

ALL IN QUANTITIES TO SUIT.

FACTORY. HONOLULU, H. 1.

ISLAND ORDERS SOLICITED.

A. F. COOKE, Manager.

The Friend A Monthly Journal Devoted to

the Best Interests of Hawaii.

ESTABLISHED 1842.

The Oldest Paper Published in the Pacific.

~SLA~DERS residing or traveling abroad often refer toe; the welcome feeling with which THE FRIE.":D is received;hence, parties having friends abroad can find nothing morewelcome to send than THE FRIE);D, as a monthly remembrancer of their aloha and furnish them, at the same time.with the only record of moral and religious progress in afield that is attracting- the attention of the \Yorld more andmore every year.

Its Subscription Price, $2.00 per annum, enables all whodesire to kceV posted upon the rapid changes occurring inHawaii-nei.

The Monthly Records of Events, Marine Journal. Etc.,gives THE FRIEND additional value for handy reference.

Rev. S. E. Bishop, I Thos. G. Thrum,EDITOR. BUSINESS MAKAGER.

XXIII

••• THE •.•

Pacific StatesTYPE FOUNDRY, STEAM PRINTINC OFFICE

Successors to Hawks & Shattuck.BETHEL STREET HONOLULU. H. I.

ORlGlIl/IL. nOVEL ~ lIP-TISTle,

Type Productill/ls,

Prilltill9 Presses, Etc.SOB CLAY ST•• SAN FRANCISCO.

Kroeger Pianos

----e--

Is prepared at all ti mes to execute

ORDERS for .....

SOCIETY.

OFFICIAL.

COMMERCIAL

OR PLANTATION

~PRINTING

With Neatness and Dispatch

PianoKroeger

UNSURPASSED IN ....

QUALITYAND-------+

TONE. I -e-iTh ~ Constmt Demand and Increased '

Sales of the ' Possessing a Good Outfit of NEWS,BOOK and JOB TYPE, it IS enabled

.to satisfy call for up-to-date Printing,are Sufficient Guarantee , from a .

J. W. BERGSTROM,AGENT FOR THE HAWAIIAN ISLANDS

McGUIRE'S

~a~~a~e Ee&f'reAlAl

VISITING CARD

TO A POSTER.

NEWSPAPER.'

BOOK

OR MAGAZINE. _

-e--MEETS AL.L.

STEAMERS

We see to the Checking throughCustom House and deli /ery the sameday

Telephone No. 387

I Orders for. ....•

PAPER RULING.

PERFORATING

OR BINDING.

With or without Printing given care

ful attention.

TTIe Elite Ice CpeB!!l paploP$ Jas. F. Morgan,CANDY

FACTORY,

FINE

lee Greams.

HOT

COFFEE,

TEA,

Ghocolatc.

--~--

AUCTIONEER+-----AND----+

CAKES, CANDIES, CAKE BAKERS,.-ISL..A:ND CVRIOS~

Hawaiian Stamps for Collections.Our Establishment is theFinest Resort in the City

Tourists and Visitors made Welcome.

Call and See us Open till 11 P.M.

David Dayton,

REAL. ESTATE

AN0-----+

BUSINESS AGENT

No. 42 Merchant Street

HONOLULU, H. I.

HONOLULU'S

Old~st Book.Binding..-- AND-

Pap~r Ruling Establishm~nt.

Friend Building, Bethel Street. Honolulu.

STOCK- BROKER

---.--FIRE-PROOF SALESROOM

33 Queen Street

---.--'STOCKS AND BONDS

Bought and Sold

A Judicious Selection of Periodicals

is a continual source of satisfaction

to any household, and the

NEWS DEPARTMENT

OF THE

UP-TOWN BOOK STORE

devotes special care and attention to

this branch of its service. that sub

scribers may be "up with the times.'

All orders for the manufacture of SPE-, Price Lists of Le ding Papers, mag-CIAL BLANK BOOKS, or the binding of! . 'II b 'I dMA6AZIXES, MUSIC or other work to aZlnes, etc., \Vt e mal e to anypattern. :\1Ap MOUNTING, PERFORATIXG, address upon application toBLOCKING, etc" attended to withpromptness and care, THOS. G. THRUl\l,

THOS. G. THRUM. PROP,

xxv

S'TATIO.vtZR,;

Secure Your Own Homes.'", " • ".~~~.-" " " ~ a • _ " " ,," " •• • ... - " " '" •• ~

tql'~

'~~~

Heal Estate and Financial Agents.WE ARE READY TO PURCHASE

Large Tracts and Estates ncar Honolulu and Hilo for Subdioi8iol1

and Sale on In8tallments.

CD PP8E: LANDS PDR SETTLERS.

Loans Negotiated; Choice Lots for Sale:HOUSES BUILT on the INSTALLM8NT PLAN.

:\ 0 trouble to show properties to intending- purchasers.

BRUCE WARING & CO.,314 FORT STREET. HONOLULU. H. J.

XXVI

HYMHN BR0S..-M. IflPORTERS, #-'

General MBrcllanoise &Commission MBrc~antsNo. 38 Queen St .. Honolulu.

HYMAN BROS.,GDMMISSIDN MERGHAN'fS,

San Francisco.

Special Attention gicen to Filling Orders and to the Sale oliConsignments oli Rice, Sugar, CoHee and Other Island Produce.

PHOTOGRAPH$ PARLORS.

"110:n'"'I

~ en00 ""':0.,J 111III 111ll:: :-tIl.I :r:3:~ 0II:: :c:III 0

t'c::t'!==

The large variety of HAWAIIAN VIE\VS AND PORTRAITS onhand enable collectors to make up ch"oice selections onshort notice. All Orders, Personal or by Mail, Faithfully Attended to

XXVII

FRAMED @1 UNFRAflED PICTURES, ARTISTS' MATERIALS, Etc.

KING BROS.Th~ Only Exclusiv~ JlRT DEJILERS in th~ Hawaiian Islands.

+ ---- -+

Photos of Hawaiian Scenery Colored and Uncolored.

~ The Largest Collection of Island Views,

Hand Painted Hawaiian Souvenii'S,

--- +Our Photos of Hawaiian Scenes and Scenery are taken by the Best Artists.

and go to All Parts of the World.

LU~ giv~ Esp~dal JlU~ntion to tb~ filling of fordgn Ord~rs.

HOTeL STREET, • • • • HONOLULU. H. L

THOS. G. THRU~.Publisher o~ the ~ol1olt)ing Periodicals, Etc., will Mail the same

to any Address on Receipt o~ their Price.

Remittrlllce by Postal Malley Orders or U. S. Postage Stamps.'92, '9:3, '9i, '95, '96, '97, '98; issued each December for the succeeding year.

Hawaiian Almanao and Annual.-For '83, '84, '85, '86, '87, '88, '89, '90, '91.Price 75 cents each; foreign mail 85 cents. [Issues for '75 to '82 are outof print.l

Hawaiian Ferns. A synopsis taken mostly from Hooker and Baker, by EdwardBailey, a pamphlet of 62 pages.

Land Shells of the Hawaiian Islands.-By D. D. Baldwin, a pamphlet of 9pages.. Price 25 cents.

Hawaiian Grammar.-A short synopsis of the most essential points therein, byProf. W. D. Alexander; 60 pages. paper cover, price 60 cents.

Early Northern Paoifio Voyages.-Narrative of several trading voyages from1813 to 1818, between the Northwest Coast of America, the HawaiianIslands and China. by Peter Corney, with Preface and Appendix of Can·firmatory Letters by W. D. Alexander; 12 rna, cloth, 138 pp. Pricereduced to $1.00. Postage 10 cents.

XXVIII

1£ H, MCINTYRE G BROS,!

IPROVISION MERCHANTS, Ccrncr Fort and King Strecfs,

Honolulu. H. I,

FOR THE

Treatment OFMedical and

Surgical Diseases. SpecialCare gioen toMaternity andSurgical Treat-

ment,And La r g" SunnyRooms are set apart"xclusi~"ly f.or suchuse..", .", .".. ".

Groceries and Feed Store,• n _ ~ • s

Fresh Supplies by Every Steamer and Fruits in their Season.

Fabiola Hospital, Oakland, Cal.

Jr

PERFECTL Y APPOINTED SURCICA L FA VILION, J' ,T LO.""'/r, Il.

made ah~dlutely ~\~-el)uc. N 0 OjJ,.Lltin~ kUOlll~ "It the P;l,~l!i(; LV:lst Old, e ~cientiti,;a I}fitt~-d up. A br~e cjrps ofTHOROU(;HLY '1'RAI)jEU :-\UI,:-,L",;,

'J cnl1:'> same as o~her tirst-c\a:-;s ho.spital::'. Illspc:etion ur corrt>ponde\ll~e il1vit·,d. Ambu1anct"

will meet "teatci.ch if rnl'..:e,.;tt:{~.

ITELEPHOSE RED 2J';I. ADDRESS: FAEJOLA f:OSPITAL. OAKLAND. CAL.

HONOl..ULU MAR!NE RAILWAYHAS A CAPACITY FOR TAKINC UP VESSELS

1700 TONS IN LICHT BALLAST..

We are Preparcd to Haul Up and Repair any Vcssel up to the

Maximum Tonnage as Abooe.

CHARGES FOR THE USE OF RAILWAY NO MOr..E THAN SAN FRANCISCO PRICES,

REPAIRS AS PER CONTRACT.

MATERIALS OF ALL KINDS ALWAYS ON HAND.

XXIX

'I~~

-' .. " .....-,.

,ci,·,:'~fl.~'fI.·:~,aml;tEiBE1g'•• ~:,.a@.'"·~'~:.f'-_.:>,<,.':-,'~:~-.' ~,-:~\,"~ ':,.':.;',- ,7: .~:'-~_ ,';' ':.~'>_" <-~ .~,>~.' -~ -\.~_<:'~- -·-"'1: ~;,';;' :".>'::,;"::':"~~'GE'NERAL~~:'<"" .

.,:qorrllnls$tQh~efchfil1tsllriIpor(~rs: .','<i:f;";'. ' .' ;.,;',;'>',,~1'7/·~~-7~~~;-:·,·;)·;::3.:";;,:/?,'·,~ ~",<j>'

. MERCHANT' S'TRl:Ei,,:· '\ HONO~ULU.'H.I..): ~"

'<;j~~:~~~a-H~;:~f;2';;;;;,', ' ",' ' 'Impo;ter.·\V~ol~sa~e·~n~ '~;t~{1 ~~~.ie~ i~;:':'::" ~,\".,: ,<',:~···;·;·:·F"Tr;N··'······C··~f;':>,f>,G"O···O·'D'·····8"·:\·,;:;·,;;'·~;J'., ".1:1,'.,'> ·•• 1I;;'\~~r".>,·· , ... i..' ..••.... ,.•.i~? :

" .......>,~":"->.," ',,>+(;.' ..', ,.'>'~I~'~',\?i :'

.,'::'~',".-,t,,'jj~,~~~~~'~~ft;)):0it'~,:,·j(,.,L,RQCKERy7, ',' ffi·;·:!Cl.JTLER¥,·>/·:··~i;.,',':; :--- ;,:,): ,', ',-',', "':'-". -"-"~' ", '~' ~\~ '.,., ''';",~'' - <'~,;~>, :.----<-.".0,

'.' . . ~<):;'>"';it~ ...; ,,";~Tct·,;~:7:' ·'.\,i:::·Xt'. .~),;:'r':""'<;WHOLESALEB.~··RETAIL "GROCER,f',"·";,c", .''. . " ,"' - " " , ," . . ",' "'.

c.: '".' ;-. \ -, ''',':::'-''''';. -",,~,<: ~~.' i

'Fre""h.... ,o'.;6dS b)C .E:~",rYStEia:mer.. \ \ ",'to "", - .?,'--, ,',

'-_<_~, .' ,,:: ..,~~,'r.'~ "..",',' ~"':"Y <'r:>:'.l,:, ,,\.. ' ,: < .,:-~: ',:'"".>,~ .,.,".~

i.'7:~·FI~.E-~RO()~ 'BUILDINCS, QU,EEN' ST"'IjON()L~~U,H.ll;k."

::";:"':~~"';""-;:.:'~a~7~V'

/<.'~~'paACIE'IC·<""~~i,- '.

" < CYGLE,.'&:~·.MANUFACTURtNG·Go....••..:.• ) ... Ehl~r~:aQll~ing':.~Qrr.St'r~~t.'Honolulu. ',l.J.).'

, i~rges~ 'alldbeS~;~uiffed'~icYr;e alld repairi'tlg'q,;orter:,:n ~h~ ,Ha1v'1' isld"dse· " ' ...... , , , '" __ ',' '" ''',' '''.- . , " ',"., ",

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