Have you compared?: Tense and aspect in Philippine English Ma. Althea T. Enriquez National University of Singapore.

Have you compared?Have you compared?: : Tense and aspect in Tense and aspect in Philippine EnglishPhilippine English

Ma. Althea T. EnriquezMa. Althea T. Enriquez

National University of SingaporeNational University of Singapore

Philippine English (PE)Philippine English (PE)

Product of a language contact ecologyProduct of a language contact ecology American occupation in the 1American occupation in the 1stst half of the half of the

2020thth century century

““New” EnglishesNew” Englishes No sizable population of original English No sizable population of original English

speakers settledspeakers settled

English through educationEnglish through education

Philippine English (PE)Philippine English (PE)

Transplanted Transplanted importation or introduction of a language to a importation or introduction of a language to a

new environment; new users, new usesnew environment; new users, new uses

IndigenizedIndigenized initially acquired through education, used as initially acquired through education, used as

lingua franca, model for subsequent learnerslingua franca, model for subsequent learners

NativizedNativized transmitted from parent to childtransmitted from parent to child

Research on PEResearch on PE

Standard Philippine EnglishStandard Philippine English Data from written materials and mass Data from written materials and mass

mediamedia Approached from error analysisApproached from error analysis Regular and widespread deviations from Regular and widespread deviations from

SAE are emergent featuresSAE are emergent features

Language contact Language contact approachesapproaches

Universalist – extensive similarities are Universalist – extensive similarities are outcome of the universal aspects of outcome of the universal aspects of languagelanguage

Superstratist – most features can be Superstratist – most features can be traced to lexifier languagetraced to lexifier language

Substratist – influence of dominant Substratist – influence of dominant substrate or L1 languagessubstrate or L1 languages

Substrate approachSubstrate approach

In pidgins and creoles, grammatical In pidgins and creoles, grammatical structure is largely determined by structure is largely determined by grammatical structure of substrate grammatical structure of substrate languageslanguages

Similarity with language learning: Similarity with language learning: Supplementation of grammatical structures Supplementation of grammatical structures

by L1by L1 Some features are retained even after shiftSome features are retained even after shift

Scope (speech Scope (speech community)community)

Adult speakers who have had at least Adult speakers who have had at least some college educationsome college education

Employ English for various Employ English for various communicative purposes with communicative purposes with other other FilipinosFilipinos

Bilinguals who acquire English normally Bilinguals who acquire English normally in the classroom and Filipino in the home in the classroom and Filipino in the home (or in the classroom/in media)(or in the classroom/in media)

Scope and dataScope and data

Spoken, interpersonal or in-group Spoken, interpersonal or in-group communicationcommunication

Philippine component of the International Philippine component of the International Corpus of English (ICE)Corpus of English (ICE)

Subset of the spoken texts: dialogue, Subset of the spoken texts: dialogue, direct conversations (S1A-001 to 020) direct conversations (S1A-001 to 020)

PE TMA emergent PE TMA emergent featuresfeatures

ProgressiveProgressive

Present perfectPresent perfect

AlreadyAlready

Tagalog as dominant Tagalog as dominant substrate influencesubstrate influence

Some phonological but more Some phonological but more morphosyntactic featuresmorphosyntactic features Philippine languages are genetically related Philippine languages are genetically related

and typologically similarand typologically similar

PE is spoken more in the urban areas PE is spoken more in the urban areas especially in Metro Manilaespecially in Metro Manila primary source of influence and locus where primary source of influence and locus where

PE is usedPE is used

Tagalog verb systemTagalog verb system

Verb composed of root with affixes Verb composed of root with affixes corresponding to FMAcorresponding to FMA

Time relations is expressed by adverbs; in Time relations is expressed by adverbs; in SAE, verb tense markersSAE, verb tense markers

Overt aspect markers: perfective, Overt aspect markers: perfective, imperfective, contemplativeimperfective, contemplative

PanahunanPanahunan: : pangnagdaanpangnagdaan (past), (past), pangkasalukuyanpangkasalukuyan (present), (present), panghinaharappanghinaharap (future)(future)

The ProgressiveThe Progressive

Dynamic action in the process of Dynamic action in the process of happeninghappening

Dynamism is the crucial difference Dynamism is the crucial difference between states and activitiesbetween states and activities

Only one viewpoint may be available for Only one viewpoint may be available for statives:statives: In SAE, it is the perfectiveIn SAE, it is the perfective In Tagalog, it is the imperfective In Tagalog, it is the imperfective

NagNagbasa ako ng libro.basa ako ng libro.

I read a book.I read a book. NagbaNagbabasa ako ng libro.basa ako ng libro.

I am reading a book.I am reading a book. MagbaMagbabasa ako ng libro.basa ako ng libro.

I will read a book.I will read a book.

I am going to read a book.I am going to read a book. Nagbabasa ako ng libro (araw-araw).Nagbabasa ako ng libro (araw-araw).

I read a book (everyday).I read a book (everyday).

PE ProgressivePE Progressive

Combines imperfective and present Combines imperfective and present tense through the use of the progressivetense through the use of the progressive

Progressives are used in habitual and Progressives are used in habitual and general stative sentencesgeneral stative sentences

Refers to future events which expresses Refers to future events which expresses intended eventsintended events

1)1) Yeah something like I-, Yeah something like I-, I’m also I’m also playing basketballplaying basketball and I’m trying to and I’m trying to figure out how he does those things and figure out how he does those things and he’s so great, he’s just so good to he’s so great, he’s just so good to become… [S1A-001#95]become… [S1A-001#95]

2)2) Uh, you just have to make some Uh, you just have to make some sacrifices and at the same time, right sacrifices and at the same time, right now, now, I’m just having a positive I’m just having a positive attitudeattitude to enjoy working there because to enjoy working there because at least, what makes it more bearable is at least, what makes it more bearable is I have good officemates. [S1A-006#35]I have good officemates. [S1A-006#35]

3) Yeah, nice. We went to Harvard. It was 3) Yeah, nice. We went to Harvard. It was so cold and so cold and ka-cheap-an namin,ka-cheap-an namin, we-, we-, we were trying to find outwe were trying to find out where where Sharon Cuneta Sharon Cuneta was livingwas living. [S1A-. [S1A-002#39]002#39]

4) I4) I’m leaving’m leaving next-, next-, next, next Mondaynext, next Monday. . It’s on the twenty-sixth. [1]It’s on the twenty-sixth. [1]

5) Uhm, I know. I5) Uhm, I know. I’m watching’m watching on the on the seventhseventh. [73]. [73]

The (present) perfectThe (present) perfect

““Extended now”Extended now” AnteriorityAnteriority

situation prior to speech timesituation prior to speech time occuring at an indefinite or unspecified time occuring at an indefinite or unspecified time

in the pastin the past

Current relevanceCurrent relevance In SAE, current relevance and definite past In SAE, current relevance and definite past

cannot be combinedcannot be combined

6) How about you Candice? I6) How about you Candice? I’ve heard ’ve heard that you like Bacolod so muchthat you like Bacolod so much.. [S1A- [S1A-012#57]012#57]

7) 7) II have writtenhave written insights from planned insights from planned language change and language shift language change and language shift and so on. [S1A-003#163]and so on. [S1A-003#163]

8) Really? So you 8) Really? So you haven’t seenhaven’t seen them them for for a long timea long time. [S1A-002#180] . [S1A-002#180]

9) I9) I’ve been’ve been to Iloilo like to Iloilo like three years agothree years ago. . [S1A-012#69] [S1A-012#69]

Tagalog ‘Tagalog ‘nana’’

Nagluto ng pagkain ang nanay.Nagluto ng pagkain ang nanay.

NAG-NAG-cook cook OBJOBJ food food TOPTOP mother mother ‘Mother cooked/has/had cooked some ‘Mother cooked/has/had cooked some food.’food.’

Nagluto Nagluto nana ng pagkain ang nanay ng pagkain ang nanay (kanina).(kanina).

‘ ‘Mother cooked/has/had (already) cooked Mother cooked/has/had (already) cooked some food (a while ago).’some food (a while ago).’

AlreadyAlready

Used with present perfect but in general Used with present perfect but in general American English, it occurs with simple American English, it occurs with simple pastpast

‘‘has happened before now’ or ‘has has happened before now’ or ‘has happened sooner than expected’happened sooner than expected’

‘‘the situation exists at an earlier time than the situation exists at an earlier time than expected’expected’

WeWe’ve ’ve alreadyalready reached reached the top. the top. [A#297] [A#297]

Probably they came to that point Probably they came to that point alreadyalready and now they’re languishing at and now they’re languishing at the bottom. [A#298]the bottom. [A#298]

Yeah, well. TheyYeah, well. They’re ’re alreadyalready going going downdown. [B#299]. [B#299]

TheyThey’re’re alreadyalready at the bottomat the bottom really. really. [B#300][B#300]

I guess, I guess they I guess, I guess they alreadyalready havehave five five winswins. Just imagine, five wins. [A#305] . Just imagine, five wins. [A#305]

10) Nagluto (na) si nanay ng pagkain.10) Nagluto (na) si nanay ng pagkain. ‘ ‘Mother Mother has alreadyhas already cooked some food.’ cooked some food.’11a) Payat ang babae.11a) Payat ang babae. ‘ ‘The woman is thin.’The woman is thin.’ b) Payat b) Payat nana ang babae. ang babae. ‘ ‘The woman is now thin.’The woman is now thin.’12a) Pumayat ka.12a) Pumayat ka. ‘ ‘You got thin.’You got thin.’ b) Pumayat ka b) Pumayat ka nana.. ‘ ‘You are now thin.’You are now thin.’

PE AlreadyPE Already

WeWe’ve ’ve alreadyalready reached reached the top. the top. TheyThey’re ’re alreadyalready going down going down.. Focusing of the result to the beginning of Focusing of the result to the beginning of

the situation in its new state (inchoative)the situation in its new state (inchoative) Recentness or “now-ness” of the Recentness or “now-ness” of the

situationsituation

Positioning in sentencesPositioning in sentences

But I’ll be working But I’ll be working alreadyalready next month. next month. I think there were others but I forgot I think there were others but I forgot

about them about them alreadyalready. . But because uh it was time But because uh it was time alreadyalready to go to go

and practice and uh it was a suggestion and practice and uh it was a suggestion from my mom and okay we 'll try it and I from my mom and okay we 'll try it and I did. did.

Summary and Summary and conclusionconclusion