hashir

8/8/2019 hashir

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/hashir 1/17

SQL OPERATORS AND FUNCTIONS

BY

AHAMED HASHIR.M

8/8/2019 hashir


8/8/2019 hashir


SCALAR FUNCTIONS

` Scalar functions operate on a single value.

` Scalar functions return a single value.

` Scalar functions can be used wherever an expression is valid.

8/8/2019 hashir


FUNCTION CATEGORY DESCRIPTION

Configuration functions Return information about the current

configuration.

Cursor functions Return information about cursors.

Date and Time Data types and functions Perform operations on a date and time

input values and return string, numeric, or

date and time values.

Mathematical functions Perform calculations based on input

values provided as parameters to the

functions, and return numeric values.

Metadata functions Return information about the database

and database objects.

Security functions Return information about users and roles.

String functions Perform operations on a string (char or

varchar) input value and return a string or

numeric value.

8/8/2019 hashir


FUNCTION CATEGORY DESCRIPTION

System functions Perform operations and return

information about values, objects, and

settings in an instance of SQL Server.

System Statistical functions Return statistical information about the

system.

Text and Image functions Perform operations on text or image input

values or columns, and return informationabout the value.

8/8/2019 hashir


AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

` Aggregate functions perform a calculation on a set of values and return asingle value.

` Aggregate functions are frequently used with the GROUP BY clause of the

SELECT statement.

` Aggregate functions can be used as expressions only in the following:

I. The select list of a SELECT statement.

II. A COMPUTE or COMPUTE BY clause.

III.

A HAVING clause.

8/8/2019 hashir


FUNCTION DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

AVG The AVG Function returns the

average value for the column.

AVG(column)

COUNT The COUNT Function Returns

the number of rows (without

a NULL value) of a column

Returns the number of

selected rows

Returns the number of rows

where the specified columnhas a distinct, non-NULL value.

COUNT(column)

COUNT(*)

COUNT(distinct column name)

SUM The SUM Function returns the

sum of all values in the

specified column.

SUM(column)

8/8/2019 hashir


FUNCTION DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

MAX Returns the highest value

of a column

MAX(column)

MIN The MIN Function returns

the data item with the

lowest value for acolumn.

MIN(column)

FIRST Returns the value of the

first record in a specified

field (not supported in

SQLServer2K)

FIRST(column)

LAST Returns the value of the

last record in a specified

field (not supported in

SQLServer2K)

LAST(column)

8/8/2019 hashir


ROWSET FUNCTIONS

` The following row set functions return an object that can be used in placeof a table reference in a Transact-SQL statement.

CONTAINSTABLE

OPENQUERY

FREETEXTTABLE

OPENROWSET

OPENDATASOURCE

OPENXML

8/8/2019 hashir


RANKING FUNCTIONS

` Ranking functions return a ranking value for each row in a partition.Depending on the function that is used, some rows might receive the samevalue as other rows.

` Ranking functions are nondeterministic.

` Ranking functions are as follows:

RANK

NTILE

DENSE RANK

ROW_NUMBER

8/8/2019 hashir


SQL OPERATORS

` The SQL operators can be classified as

` COMMON OPERATORS

` LOGICAL OPERATORS

` MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS

8/8/2019 hashir


COMMON OPERATORS

OPERATOR DESCRIPTION SYNTAX

; - semicolon Semicolon is used whentwo SQL commands must

be separated

;

* - "star" Is an alias for all fields of the selected table. *

ALL ALL is used to select allrecords of an SELECT

statement.

ALL [ ( SELECT-command )]

ANY ANY is used to apply alogical construct to all

records at the right side of the operator.

ANY[ ( SELECT-command) ]

BETWEEN Checks when an field isbetween two values

BETWEEN value1 ANDvalue2

8/8/2019 hashir



EXISTS Checks the existence of an

result of an sub-SELECT

EXISTS(SELECT_command

)

IN The IN operator allowsyou to specify multiple

values in a WHERE clause.

SELECT columnname(s)FROM tablename WHERE

columnname IN(value1,value2,...)

LIKE The LIKE operator is usedto search for a specified

pattern in a column.

SELECT columnname(s)FROM tablename WHERE

columnname LIKE pattern

UNION The UNION operator isused to combine the

result-set of two or moreSELECT statements

SELECT columnname(s)FROM table_name1

UNION SELECTcolumnname(s) FROMtable_name2

8/8/2019 hashir


LOGICAL OPERATORS


AND TRUE when the values atboth sides of the operator

are true.

Logical construct1 ANDLogical construct2

NOT Logical negation NOT Logical construct

OR TRUE when any one valueat both sides of the

operator is true.

Logical construct1 ORLogical construct2

= Is TRUE when the values atboth sides of the operator

are equal.

Formula1 = Formula2

<> Is TRUE when the values atboth sides of the operator

are inequal.

Formula1 <> Formula2

8/8/2019 hashir


8/8/2019 hashir


MATHEMATICAL OPERATORS


+ Addition Value1+Value2

- Subtraction Value1-Value2

* Multiplication Value1*Value2

/ Division Value1/Value2

8/8/2019 hashir


hashir

Documents