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Hasbi SJAMSIR (lecturer)
Language Variation
By Group 3 :
Erwin
Furaidi
SiswantoYusvita
Suhartini
Usman
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Language Variation
VARIATION in language is Natural phenomenon
Language is a form of social behavior and
communities tend to split up into groups, eachdisplaying differences of behavior
Linguistic variables have both social and stylevariation, some only social, but none style
variation only
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Some Terms
Idiolects personal speech variety
Dialect social group variety
Styles context (depend on situation)
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English styles
in Use Martin Joos:1907-1978 (spoken in central US)
five styles:
1. frozen in formal writing2. formal
3. consultative
4. casual
5. intimate
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Multilingualisme, Diglossia,
and Code-switching Multilingualisme
the use of the ablity two or more language
;bilingual is individual who have complet and equalcommand of two languages in all situations
- Diglossia is the use of two varieties of a language bymembers of a peech community for two distinct sets
of functions.- Changing from one language or language variety to
another
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Pidgins
used by people who do not have a
common language Creoles
a stage in the development of Pidgin
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AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH
(AAE)
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Its Use and Characteristics
African-American English (AAE) is
characterized by pronunciations, syntactic
structures and vocabulary assosiated withand used by a fairly large number of North
American African-Americans.
People use AAE habitually and exclusively,
some in certain situations, others useStandard English.
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It exhibits a wide range of pronunciations and
forms varying in the degree to which differ
from each other and form Standard English.AAE use spoken rather than written with great
effect by African-Americans ranging from
religious and civil rights leaders to school
dropout spending their time in the street ofblack ghettos.
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Dialectal variation exists in AAE but only some
prominent and common characteristics.
A variety in AAE refer to as African AmericanVernacular English (AAVE). In pronunciation,the vowels of AAVE tend to be more variable
than consonant.
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HOW AFRICAN-AMERICAN CAME
ABOUT
How do varieties of AAE relate to American English in general?AAE can be interpreted as a conservative featureOpposed to the dialectal interpretationThe creole surviving in the Sea Islands off the coast of South Carolina &Georgia
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The making of AAE dates back to the 19
th
century
The need of for a pidgin, or pidgins, developed
even before the ships left the African coast.
The need for pidgins continued for reasons
similar to those that gave rise to them in the first
place.
The pidgin was French based AAE shares some features with Standar English
& other Creole (Gullah & Jamaican)
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African-American English; Myths
& Facts AAE is a much-stigmatized language variety
AAE is just a rule governed as other forms of
English but the rules that characterized itsusage are.
AAE in US society is in part reinforced by the
low socioeconomic status of many African-American resulting from a longstanding
pattern of racial discrimination
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The world of Language
Numberestimated in range 5000 and 6000 languages includes
creoles exclude pidgin
English users :
as mother tongue more than 350 million speakers
Additional billion people user as second language and in
official or semiofficial serving
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Ten top official and semiofficial
language serving1. English
2. Chinese
3.Hindi4. Spanish
5. Russian6. French
7. Arabic8. Portuguese9.Malay10. Bengali