8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
1/146
Research Programme 3
Techniques and toolsfor coupe level
harvest planning
developed by
Loren Kellogg
December 2007
C O O P E R A T I V E R E S E A R C H C E N T R E F O R F O R E S T R Y
College Road, Sandy Bay, Tasmania
Private Bag 12, Hobart, Tasmania 7001 Australia
w w w . c r c f o r e s t r y . c o m . a u
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
2/146
Research Programme Three
Workshop on:
Techniques and tools for coupe level
harvest planning
December 2007
Developed by
Loren KelloggSenior Research Fellow
University of Melbourne and
CRC for Forestry
Harvesting and operations
(03) 6226 7926
0488 123 110
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
3/146
Programme Three: Harvesting and operations
Techniques and tools for coupe and
compartment level harvest planning
Workshop table of contents
Programme topics and schedule
Instructor biographies
Blank note pages
References
Tropical Forestry Handbook, Chapter 6: Harvesting Operations in the Tropics.
J. Sessions, et.al.
Tropical Forestry Handbook, Chapter 3: Forest Road Operations in the Tropics.
J. Sessions, et.al.
Network Analysis Notes. D. Robinson, J. Sessions, W. Chung and G. ParedesSpacing of roads and Landings to minimize timber harvest cost. P. Peters
Road and landing spacing models. P. Peters
Optimizing spur road spacing on the basis of profit potential. M. Thompson
Optimizing road spacing and equipment allocation simultaneously. J. Sessions and
Y.H. Yeap
Additional References (on CD-ROM only)
Optimum spur road layout near a forest boundary line. P. PetersChecking our foundations: Mathews least cost models revisited. W.B. Stuart
Optimization of road spacing for log length shovel logging on gentle terrain.
J. Sessions and K. Boston
Can income tax rules affect management strategies for forest roads? J. Sessions
Appendix
Industry update and feedback on CRC for Forestry Programme Three
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
4/146
Programme Three: Harvesting and operations
Techniques and tools for coupe and
compartment level harvest planning
Programme topics and schedule
Day 1
9:30 10:00 Workshop registration and morning tea
10:00 10:30 Setting the stage: workshop introduction, objectives, overview(Loren Kellogg)
10:30 12:30 Using breakeven analysis to aide harvesting and transport
decisions including road construction and management
standards
12:30 13:15 Lunch
13:15 15:00 Road and landing spacing analysis to assess snigging
distance impacts on costs; and aide coupe roading and harvest
planning & layout decisions (from the landowner/manager point
of view, the contractors point of view, one-way or two-way
snigging distances, and single or multiple harvest entries)
15:00 15:30 Afternoon tea
15:30 17:30 Finish road and landing spacing topic (approx 1 hr);
begin total harvesting system considerations in plantation
establishment and native forest or plantation forest harvestplanning using network analysis concepts and software to aide
decision making along the supply chain from standestablishment, through harvesting to wood utilization &
marketing
18:00 19:00 No host bar and discussion amongst workshop participants,
instructors, and the CRC Forestry Programme Three research
team members
19:00 Evening supper included with workshop registration fee
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
5/146
Day 2
8:00 09:30 CRC for Forestry Programme Three strategic work plan andresearch areas..discussion and input from workshop
participants (Mark Brown, Programme Three leader)
09:30 10:30 Continue with total harvesting system considerations using
network analysis
10:30 11:00 Morning tea
11:00 12:30 Finish total harvesting system considerations and network
analysis topic
12:30 13:15 Lunch
13:15 15:15 Work scheduling considerations and example analysis
methods for truck scheduling, and coupe harvest scheduling
15:15 Afternoon tea, and workshop wrap-up and evaluation
From 15:30 Loren Kellogg, John Sessions, Mark Brown, and other CRC
Forestry Programme Three team members are available toworkshop participants for follow-up discussions
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
6/146
Programme 3 Harvesting and operations
Techniques and tools for coupe and
compartment level harvest planning
Instructor biographies
John Sessions is University Distinguished Professor of Forestry and Stewart Professor of Forest
Engineering, Oregon State University. His education includes graduate degrees in forest economics,
forest engineering, and civil engineering. He teaches courses in logging mechanics, transportation
planning, tactical planning, forest planning, harvest scheduling and combinatorial optimization. His
career started 45 years ago on a fire suppression crew in Southern California. Prior to coming to OregonState University he was Director of Logging System Training for the US Forest Service. His experience
includes crew training in Jamaica, logging training center development in the Himalayas, and harvesting
division manager in Brazil. He is an international leader in harvest scheduling and transportation
planning with completed projects in 16 countries on five continents for NGOs, governments, and forest
companies, most recently in Colombia and Argentina. Dr. Sessions is senior advisor to the International
Forestry Prize (Wallenberg) selection committee. His research is reported in more than 200 journal
reports, book chapters, and proceedings.
Loren Kellogg is The Lematta Professor of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU). His
education includes a PhD in Forest Science, a Masters in Forest Engineering, and a BSc in Forest
Management. He is a Certified Forester with the Society of American Foresters. Dr. Kellogg is currently
on a one-year sabbatical from OSU; and working with the CRC for Forestry Programme Three,
Harvesting and Operations, and the University of Melbourne as a Senior Research Fellow. He has over
35 years of teaching, research, and outreach education experience in forest harvesting and operations
analysis to meet a broad spectrum of forest and plantation resource management objectives. He also has
worked for the forest industry, the USDA Forest Service, and as a logger in the PNW Region of the
USA. Dr. Kelloggs research focuses on regrowth thinning with cable logging systems, small woodharvesting and utilization, mechanized harvestings systems, harvesting requirements for variable
retention silvicultural strategies, and forest fuels reduction and biomass utilization for energy and
biofuels based products. His research findings are presented in over 100 journal reports, book chapters,
and proceedings. Dr. Kellogg also has completed international sabbaticals in South Africa and New
Zealand. He has served as a Research Group Leader with the International Union of Forest Research
Organizations for the past 17 years, has served twice as the Chair of the International Council on Forest
Engineering (COFE), and he serves on the Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal Editorial Board.
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
7/146
Research Programme Three
Momentum
The greatest thing in the world,is not so much where we are,
but in what direction we are moving in.
Best wishes for your continued success,
Loren Kellogg
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
8/146
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
9/146
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
10/146
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
11/146
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
12/146
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
___________________________________________
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
13/146
Research Programme Three
References
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
14/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
15/146
List of Authors
John SessionsDepartment of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, 223 Peavy Hall,
Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA
Kevin BostonDepartment of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, 23 Peavy Hall,Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA
Glen MurphyDepartment of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, 271 Peavy Hall,Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA
Michael G. WingDepartment of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, 275 Peavy Hall,
Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA
Loren KelloggDepartment of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, 261 Peavy Hall,Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA
Steve PilkertonDepartment of Forest Engineering, Oregon State University, 53 Peavy Hall,Corvallis, OR 97331-5706, USA
Johan C. ZweedeTropical Forest Foundation, Rua dos Mundurucus 1613, Bairro, Jurunas, CEP
66025-660, Belm-Par, Brazil
Rudolf HeinrichVia Gorgia di Leontini 260, 00124 Rome, Italy
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
16/146
6.5Spur Road Spacing
For skidders, forwarders, or agricultural tractors the most important factorswhich can be controlled are load size anddistance. In general, the heavier theload that can be pulled or carried without excessive wheel or track slip, themore economical is the skidding operation. Similarly, the shorter the skiddingdistance, the more economical the skidding operation. However, the loggingmanager is responsible for both skidding costs and road construction costs.Placing the roads too close together, although good for production, is not goodfor overall costs. No discussion of log skidding is complete without an intro-duction to the spacing of roads to minimize the sum of skidding costs and spurroad (feeder road) costs. Spur roads form the fingers of the road network
98 CHAPTER 6 Ground-Based Mechanized Skidding and Forwarding
Fig. 6.16. Landing design for skidding tree lengths to landing, bucking on landing,with sorting by swingboom loader and roadside loading by swingboom loader
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
17/146
penetrating to the landings to which skidding and forwarding systems deliverthe harvested wood. When using a specific skidding or forwarding machine,there is a spur roaddensity (meters per hectare) or a spacing which will resultin the lowest combined cost of constructing the spur road and skidding orforwarding. This is called the optimum spur roaddensity (ORD) or optimumspur road spacing (ORS). For skidding costs which are linear with skiddingdistance, it is attainedwhen the travel portion of the skidding or forwardingcost equals the cost of building the spur road and maintaining it during thehauling period. Under ideal forest conditions on flat or gently rolling terrainwhere spur roads are straight and parallel, skidding or forwarding is carried onperpendicularly to the road and equidistantly on both sides, and the loads areoffloadedwhere the road is reached, the average skidding or forwarding dis-tance is one quarter of the spur road spacing. However, this situation rarely, ifever, occurs in practice. Sometimes a spur road may follow the border of aswamp, lake, river, or other topographic feature, so skidding or forwarding isdone from one side only.
6.5 Spur Road Spacing 99
Fig. 6.17. Landing design for skidding tree lengths to landing, bucking on landing,with sorting by swingboom loader and on road loading by swingboom loader
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
18/146
6.5.1
Optimum Spur Road Spacing
While spur roaddensity, expressedin meters per hectare, is easier to use in calcu-lating spur road cost per cubic meter, spur road spacing is the morepractical guide for the logging engineer laying out a spur road networkin a forest.
The ORS may be foundwith the formula
( ),k
qct p
RLORS
1
40=
+
where ORS is expressedin meters, R is the cost per kilometer of constructingand maintaining the spur road, L is the average skidder or forwarder load incubic meters, qis the quantity ofwood harvested, expressedin cubic meters perhectare, cis the operating cost per minute of the skidder or forwarder, includ-ing the operator, tis the time in minutes for the skidder or forwarder to travel1 m loaded and return 1 m empty, kis a correction factor, with a normal valuebetween 1.0 under the ideal conditions when skidding or forwarding is doneequidistantly on both sides of the spur road and 0.71 (or .0 50) when skiddingor forwarding is done from one side only it is also usedin situations wherethe spur roads are winding, meet in junctions, or terminate as dead-end roads,
100 CHAPTER 6 Ground-Based Mechanized Skidding and Forwarding
Fig. 6.18. Landing for loading shortwoodstacked by forwarders from thinnings inplanted forests
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
19/146
and p is a correction factor, normallywith a value between 0 and 0.5, to be usedin situations where skidding or forwarding trails, i.e., the strip roads, arewinding or do not end at the closest point on the spur road, or where anallowance is made for delays along the route due to low-bearing soils, hang-ups, and so on.
The spacing distance derivedwith the formula may be considered only as anapproximate value because of the imprecise values of several of the factors inthe formula. For example, if the formula gives an optimum spacing of 400 m,
6.5 Spur Road Spacing 101
Fig. 6.19. Continuous landing design for tree length skidding to landing, processingon landing, and loading truck loading by rubber-tired swing loader on thee truck road.Frequently usedin clear felling in planted forests
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
20/146
a spacing between 350 and 450 m will give quite satisfactory results. This allowssome leewayin locating spur roads to avoid obstacles that might increase thecost of constructing the road. An examination of the ORS formula will showthat quadrupling the quantity ofwood harvested per hectare will halve the spurroad spacing; this will (1) require twice as much road to be built but at half thecost per cubic meter and (2) halve the skidding distance and therefore the trav-eling portion of the skidding cost, thus bringing about an overall reduction inthe logging cost.
Example 1: What is the optimal road spacing if the road construction cost is$10,000 per kilometer, the average skidder loadis 4 m3, the volume to be har-vestedis 30 m3/ha, the operating cost is $0.80 per minute, and the skidder trav-
els 5 km/h unloaded and 3 km/h loaded? Skidding is equidistant from each sideand a correction factor of 0.2 is used to account for delays.The time to travel 1 m empty and to travel 1 m loadedis 60/5,000 + 60/3,000 =
0.032 min per round-trip meter.The ORS is then
.. . ( . )
ORS m1 030 0 8 0 032 1 0 2
40 10000 41318
# # #
# #=
+= .
Example 2: What is the optimal road spacing if the road construction cost is$10,000 per kilometer, the average forwarder load is 14 m3, the volume to beharvestedis 130 m3/ha, the operating cost is $1.20 per minute, and the skidder
travels 3k
m/hour unload
ed
and
3k
m/hour load
ed
? Forw
ardi
ngis equ
idistantfrom each side and a correction factor of 0.2 is used to account for delays.
The time to travel 1 m empty and to travel 1 m loadedis 60/3,000 + 60/3,000 =0.04 min per round-trip meter.
The ORS is then
.. . ( . )
ORS m1 0130 1 2 0 04 1 0 2
40 10000 14865
# # #
# #=
+
= .
The total cost per cubic meter in example 2 (Fig. 6.20) is a minimum at a roadspacing of 865 m, but the total cost per cubic meter changes little between 500and 1,400 m, even though the skidding cost and road costs are quite sensitiveto change. This has important environmental and tactical implications. Ifit isenvironmentally desirable to minimize road construction, the roads can bespaced toward the upper end of the range (i.e., 1,400 m) without having mucheffect on total cost. But increasing road spacing has other environmental impli-cations. If fewer roads will be built, the skid trails will be longer and there willbe more trips per skid trail, increasing the potential for rutting and com-paction. On the other hand, if there is a shortage of skidding equipment, or arisk of a shortage in the operating season for the skidders, then shortening the
102 CHAPTER 6 Ground-Based Mechanized Skidding and Forwarding
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
21/146
skidding distance toward the lower end of the range (i.e., 500 m) will greatlyincrease skidding productivitywhile not increasing total production cost. And,at the shorter end of the road spacing range, there will be fewer trips per skidtrail as the skid trails will be shorter.
6.5.2
Optimum Spur Road Density
Having determined the ORS as in the previous section, the ORD may be foundwith the formula
,ORDORS
10000=
where ORD is in meters per hectare and ORS is in meters.The ORD may also be founddirectlywith the formula
,RL
qct TV ORD 50
1000#=
where ORD is in meters per hectare, q is the quantity of wood harvested incubic meters per hectare, c is the operating cost per minute of the skidderor forwarder, including the operator, tis the time in minutes for the skidder orforwarder to travel 1 m loaded and return empty, T is a correction factor,
6.5 Spur Road Spacing 103
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
Road Spacing (m)
CostperM3
Road
Total Skidding
Fig.6.20. Road cost, skidding cost, and total cost per cubic meter as a function of roadspacing for the data in example 2
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
22/146
normallywith a value between 1.0 and 1.5, to be usedin the same situations asthe factor k in the ORS formula in the previous section, V is a correctionfactor, normally between 1.0 and 2.0, to be used in the same situation as thefactorp in the ORS formula in the previous section, R is the cost of construct-ing and maintaining the spur road per kilometer, andLis the average skidderor forwarder loadin cubic meters.
Example for calculating the ORD: What is the optimal road density forexample 2 from the pervious section if the ORS is 865 m?
ORD = 10000/ORS = 10000/865 = 11.6 m/ha.
If the ORS is not available, then the ORD can be calculated as
. . .. ./ORD m ha50
10000 14
130 1 2 0 04 1000 1 211 6
#
# # # #= =
6.5.3
Average Skidding Distance
Under the ideal forest situation the average skidding or forwarding distance isfound from
.,
TVTVASD
ORDor ASD
ORS2 5 1000
4
##= =
where ASD is the average skidding or forwarding distance in meters, ORD is inmeters per hectare, ORS is in meters, and T and V are correction factors asdefined earlier.
Example for calculating the average skidding distance: Given T = 1.2,V= 1.0, ORS = 865 m, and ORD = 11.6 m/ha, calculate the average skiddingdistance.
ASD = (2.5 1.2 1,000)/11.6 = 259 m, orASD = (1.2 865)/4 = 259 m.
6.5.4
Spur Road Cost
The cost of constructing and maintaining a spur roadduring harvesting maybe foundwith the formula
,q
RCRDR
1000
#=
104 CHAPTER 6 Ground-Based Mechanized Skidding and Forwarding
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
23/146
where RC is the spur road cost per cubic meter, R is the spur road cost perkilometer; RD is the roaddensityin meters per hectare, andq is the quantityofwood served, expressedin cubic meters per hectare.
Example for calculating road costs: Given RD = 11.6 m/ha, R = $10,000 perkilometer, andq= 130 m3/ha,
.$ . .RC per cubic meter
1000 130
10000 11 60 89
#
#= =
6.5.5
Variable Skidding Cost
The cost of the travel portion of the skidding or forwarding operation may befoundwith the formula
,L
ctTC
ASD #=
where TC is the travel cost per cubic meter of skidding or forwarding,ASD is the average skidding or forwarding distance in meters, c is the operat-ing cost per minute, including the operator, of the skidder or forwarder, tis theaverage time in minutes for the skidder or forwarder to travel 1 m loaded andreturn 1 m empty, and L is the average skidder or forwarder load in cubicmeters.
Example for calculating skidding costs: Given ASD = 259 m, c = $1.2 perminute, t= 0.04 m/min, andL= 14 m3,
. .$ . .TC per cubic meter
14
259 1 2 0 040 89
# #= =
If spur roaddensity or spacing is optimum, the cost calculatedin this mannershould equal the cost of the spur road and the lowest combined cost of the twooperations will have been realized. If this condition is deviated from, the com-bined cost will be greater.
6.6Environmental Considerations
Environmental considerations primarily include soil disturbance leading toerosion, soil compaction, andimpacts on streams. A number of measures can betaken to reduce environmental impacts of skidding. Education, training, andsupervision of the work force are important elements in reducing disturbance.
6.6 Environmental Considerations 105
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
24/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
25/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
26/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
27/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
28/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
29/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
30/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
31/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
32/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
33/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
34/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
35/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
36/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
37/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
38/146
Network Analysis Notes
John Sessions
An Introduction to Network Analysis1
Don Robinson
Using Network Analysis for Road and Harvest Planning9John Sessions
Network 2000 Introduction.19Woodam Chung and John Sessions
An Introductory Problem- Example1..... 35
An Introductory Problem- Example2..... 35
A Solution Procedure for the Sort Yard Location Problem inForest Operations .44
John Sessions and Gonzalo Paredes
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
39/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
40/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
41/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
42/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
43/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
44/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
45/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
46/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
47/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
48/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
49/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
50/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
51/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
52/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
53/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
54/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
55/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
56/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
57/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
58/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
59/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
60/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
61/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
62/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
63/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
64/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
65/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
66/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
67/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
68/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
69/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
70/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
71/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
72/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
73/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
74/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
75/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
76/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
77/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
78/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
79/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
80/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
81/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
82/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
83/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
84/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
85/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
86/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
87/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
88/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
89/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
90/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
91/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
92/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
93/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
94/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
95/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
96/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
97/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
98/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
99/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
100/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
101/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
102/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
103/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
104/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
105/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
106/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
107/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
108/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
109/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
110/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
111/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
112/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
113/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
114/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
115/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
116/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
117/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
118/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
119/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
120/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
121/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
122/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
123/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
124/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
125/146
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
126/146
Research Programme Three
Appendix
Strategic work plan
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
127/146
CRC Forestry Programme Three
Harvesting and operations
Strategic research program and objectives
Mission:
CRC Forestry Programme Three develops new and innovative knowledge, work
methods, technology and tools through sound practical research and assists our industry
partners in the implementation of these knowledge, methods, technology and tools toimprove the safety, efficiency, effectiveness, environmental impact and overall
competitiveness of their operations.
Vision:
CRC Forestry Programme Threes vision is to be the partner of choice for industry,
universities and governments in the maintenance and improvement of Australian forest
operations competitiveness.
Objectives:
Provide new and innovative knowledge, work methods, technology and tools that
would allow the Australian forest industry to:
o Significantly reduce operating costs (>10 per cent)
o Significantly reduce the energy and greenhouse gas emissions intensity of
operations (by >10 per cent)
o Significantly increase value recovered from operations (by >5 per cent)
o Significantly improve the safety and wellbeing of their workforce
Implement new and innovative knowledge, work methods, technology and tools
with all the CRC Forestry Programme Three industrial partners that result in one
or more of the following benefits:
o 10 per cent or greater reduction in operating cost
o 10 per cent or greater reduction in energy intensity of operations
o 5 per cent or greater increase in value recovery
Enhance the competitiveness of CRC Forestry Programme Three partners
Build an increased capacity in Australia for forest operations research
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
128/146
Research areas:
The CRC Forestry Programme Threes main research and implementation activities aregrouped into six focus areas:
Harvesting technology and equipment
Harvesting systems, planning and procedures
Value recovery and waste reduction
Workforce management and training
Transportation technology and equipment
Transportation systems, planning and logistics
Various levels of activity will be conducted in each of these areas over the next five yearswith the Programme Three partners but data will be collected and analyzed in all
activities as to offer value to all the Programme Three partners.
Harvesting technology and equipment
A key component to any industrial operation is the equipment used to perform the job. It
is important to have the right equipment, use it to its full capacity and effectively track
and measure performance to allow for ongoing improvements and management. Based
on this belief this research area will focus on the equipment used in the harvest
operations. Efforts will be made to evaluate, develop and adapt, both technology add-onsintended to improve harvesting operations as well as new and existing machines to
understand their performance. Particular effort will be placed on technology for improved
productivity, enhanced automated data collection, reduced energy demand, improved
sorting capabilities in pine and mixed stands, improved debarking of eucalyptus and
improved utilisation.
Current activities:
Evaluation of the accuracy of length and diameter measurement frommultifunctional head for value recovery optimisation with Pinus radiata. (MartinStrandgard)
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
129/146
Planned activities:
Evaluation of the accuracy of diameter measurement from multifunctional head
for value recovery optimisation withEucalyptus sp.
Implementation of operational tracking technology for improved resource
management and machine productivity
Harvesting systems, planning and procedures
When planning harvesting operations, there is a wide range of equipment available to
choose from and an equally wide range of combinations of how that equipment can be
assembled into harvesting systems. The key is to get the right system with the right
machines in the right stands to be cost effective. This research area will focus initially on
the performance of existing systems in different stands and operating conditions to
identify which systems offer the best performance, productivity, recovery and site impact,
which will feed into decision support tools for the industry. Once the performance of the
various systems is better understood research efforts will also be targeted at identifying
and addressing the weaknesses of different systems.
Current activities:
Evaluation of productivity and cost of alternative harvesting systems for thinningin native forest re-growth stands (Mauricio Acuna)
Planned activities:
Evaluation of system productivity and cost as they relate to piece size in thinning
and clear-felling in plantations. (Mauricio Acuna and Loren Kellogg)
Quantify the impact of alternative harvesting systems on the production capacity,
cost and effectiveness of harvest operations
Value recovery and waste reduction
As important to the bottom line as minimizing costs, is retrieving the maximum value
possible from the forest being harvested. This can involve the optimisation of
merchandising to extract as much higher value products (veneer logs, posts, saw logs,
etc.) as possible, the extraction of new and novel products (biomass, fuel wood, etc.) and
/ or simply reducing waste. This research area will look at the operational implications of
producing higher value products and maximizing recovery within current specifications,
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
130/146
evaluate the economic viability of extraction and transportation of new and novel
products and adapt equipment to optimize their production.
Current activities:
Evaluation of potential existing and developing markets for forest operations
biomass utilisation (Loren Kellogg)
Planned activities:
Evaluation of new technology and software for improved merchandising
Evaluate the implications of using LIDAR and transportation modeling for
biomass feedstock assessment
Evaluation of sub-optimal recovery of products within current specifications.
Evaluation of ground-based LIDAR for improved pre-harvest inventory modeling
and harvest planning
Workforce management and training
In almost every area of the world forest operations are suffering from either a lack ofwork force or a lack of a properly trained workforce. The Australian industry is no
different. This is of particular concern on the operations side as the equipment and
methods are getting more complex and effective adoption of efficient new technology
and work procedures can only be effective with a skilled, engaged workforce; without
properly trained people the best equipment and procedures will fail. The area will focus
on identifying the knowledge gaps with in forest operations and target technology
transfer of Programme Threes results and international best practices to fill these gaps.
Current activities:
Industry workshops December 2007 (Mark Brown and Loren Kellogg)
Planned activities:
Promoting the acceptance and adoption of new technology and work methods
within the forestry workforce
Affecting change with contractors while maintaining an independent business
relationship
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
131/146
Transportation technology and equipment
Like harvesting, efficient transportation operations are very reliant on the equipmentused. Poorly specified equipment can easily add 25 per cent to the transportation costs.
This area will focus on evaluating the performance indicators of transportation equipment
including payloads, fuel consumption, availability, operating costs and productivity to
identify the best in class and identify areas for, and methods of, improvement across the
forestry fleets. With this base knowledge Programme Three will work with the industrial
partners and regulators to develop and test new specifications and configurations for
increased transportation efficiency.
Current activities:
Evaluation of existing partner fleets to identify the range of efficiency in payload
for each common configuration and identify opportunities for efficiency gains
(Mark Brown)
Planned activities:
Optimized performance-based, designed trucks for forestry transportation in
Australia
Transportation systems, planning and logistics
The typical approach to transportation is to focus on a single harvest location and plan the
transport of the various products to the associated destinations. This approach is often
very inefficient on a regional level where if all operations are considered, truck utilisation
could be increased and costs reduced but the complexity of planning and managing
makes it unattractive. As more products are extracted from the forest in an attempt to
increase value recovery, transportation planning and management at this regional level
becomes more complicated. This area will look at the opportunities that exist within
current operations to reduce transportation cost through better logistics and work to
develop, adapt and implement systems, software and tools to facilitate the integration ofcomplex logistics into normal operational planning and management.
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
132/146
Current activities:
Investigating and modeling of trucking operations with forestry plantation
expansion in Australia to determine trucking needs, road impact and identify
options to reduce adverse effects and costs through alternative approaches.
(Maryam Habibi, PHD student)
Planned activities:
Evaluation and implementation of backhaul opportunities in forest operations for
creation of a modeling and decision support tool
Optimized logistic planning and management methods and tools for forestry
transportation
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
133/146
Organisational priority matrix (partner input)As an indicator for Programme Three planning please indicate the percentage of our resources that should be targeted at theseresearch areas as described in the strategic work plan.
Harv.
Equip
Harv.
Systems
Bio
massWorkforce
Trans.
Equip
Trans.
LogisticsOther Total
e.g. 16 per
cent
17 per
cent
16
per
cent
17 per
cent
16 per
cent
17 per
cent
0 per
cent
100
per
cent
Importance
or effort
committed
Activity ideas (from partners):
Harvesting technology and equipment:
Harvesting systems, planning and procedures:
Value recovery and waste reduction:
Workforce management and training
Transportation technology and equipment
Transportation systems, planning and logistics
Name: ________________________ Company: ___________________________
E-mail: _________________________________ Phone:_____________________
Please provide your feedback to:
Mark Brown - [email protected], f: (03)5321 4166, t (03)5321 4188
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
134/146
Research Programme Three
Industry engagement
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
135/146
1
Industry
up
da
te/fee
dback
.
Harvest
ingand
opera
tions
Mark
Brown,
Programme
Lead
er
Harvest
ingan
dopera
tions
December,2007
Strat
eg
icWork
Plan
CRCa
greement
Scopingdocument
Fieldm
eetings
Founda
tionofthe
ro
ramme
Nowse
ekingpartnerinput
Mission
Developsolutionsthroug
hsound
practicalresearchand
assistour
industrypartnersinthe
implementationofthe
sesolutions
toimprovetheiropera
tions.
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
136/146
2
Vision
Tobethepartnerofchoicefor
industry,universitiesand
governmentsinthemaintenance
andimprovementofAustralian
forestoperationscompetitiveness.
Researc
hObjec
tives
theAust
ralianforestindustryto:
Reduceoperatingcosts
Reducetheenergyandgreenhouse
gasem
issionsintensityofoperations
Increasethevaluerecoveredfrom
operat
ions
Improv
ethesafetyandwellbeingof
theirworkforce
Imp
lemen
tation
O
bjec
tives
t
t
w
t
ForestryProgramme-3
industrial
partnersthatresultino
neormore
ofthefollowingbenefits:
10%orgreaterreductio
ninoperating
cost
intensityofoperations
5%orgreaterincreaseinvalue
recovery
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
137/146
3
Secon
dary
Objec
tives
ofCRCForestryProgramme
-3
partners
Buildanincreasedcapacity
in
Australiaforforestoperation
s
research
SixR
esearc
hAreas
Harvestin
technolo
yande
uipment
Harvestingsystems,planningand
procedures
Valuerec
overyandwastereduction
Workforcemanagementandtraining
Transportationtechnologyand
e
uipment
Transportationsystems,planningand
logistics
Harvestingtechnologyand
equipment
Eva
lua
tiono
ftheaccu
rac
of
harvester
hea
ds
forva
luerecovery
op
tim
iza
tionw
ithPine
Evaluationoftheaccu
racyof
harvesterheadsforva
luerecovery
optimizationwithEuca
lyptus
Implementationofonb
oard
technologyforimprovedresource
managementandma
chine
productivity
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
138/146
4
Harvest
ingsystems,p
lanning
an
dproce
dures
harvest
ingsystems
for
thinning
ofna
tive
forestre-grow
th
Evaluationofsystemsasthey
relatetopiecesize
u
y
alternativeharvestingsystem
s
onharvestoperations
Valuerecoveryandwaste
reduction
Eva
luationo
f
oten
tia
lex
istin
an
d
deve
lop
ingmarke
tsfor
forest
opera
tio
ns
biomassu
tiliza
tion
Evaluationoftechnologyfor
improve
dmerchandising
Evaluationofsub-optimalrecovery
ofprodu
cts
Evaluationofground-basedLIDAR
forimpro
vedpre-harvestinventory
modelin
gandplanning
Workforcemanage
mentand
training
Promotingtheadoptio
nofnew
technologyandworkmethods
withtheforestryworkfo
rce
Affectingchangewith
contractors
businessrelationship
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
139/146
5
Transportationtechnologya
nd
equipment
pay
loa
de
fficiencyan
d
iden
tifyopportun
ities
for
efficiencyga
ins
Optimizedperformance-
based,designedtrucksfor
forestrytransportationin
Australia
Transporta
tionsystems,planning
andlogistics
roa
dimpac
tw
ithexpan
de
d
plan
tatio
nforestryan
diden
tify
op
tions
tore
ducee
ffec
tsan
dcosts
Evaluationofbackhaul
opportunitiesinforestoperations
Optimize
dlogisticplanningand
manage
mentmethodsandtools
forforestrytransportation
Stra
teg
icWork
Planasa
Liv
ing
Documen
t
,
,
researchareasfixed
Activitiesfluid
Completionofactiv
ities
Changingindustry
needs/priorities
Resourceavailability
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
140/146
6
Objec
tives
Comments,exclusionsand/or
additions
ProvidesolutionsthatwouldallowtheAustralianforestindustryto:
Reduceoperatingcosts
Reducetheenergyandgreenhousegasemissionsintensityofopera
tions
Increasethevaluerecoveredfromoperations
Improvethesafetyandwellbeingoftheirworkforce
ImplementsolutionswithCRCForestryProgramme-3industrialpartners
thatresultinoneormoreofthefollowingbenefits:
10%orgreaterreductioninoperatingcost
10%or
reaterreductionineneryintensityofo
erations
5%orgreaterincreaseinvaluerecovery
EnhancethecompetitivenessofCRCForestryProgramme-3pa
rtners
BuildanincreasedcapacityinAustraliaforforestoperationsres
earch
SixR
esearc
hAreas
t
r
,
addition
s
Harvestingtechnologyandequipment
Harvestingsystems,planningandprocedures
Valuerecoveryandwastereduction
Workforcemanagementandtraining
Transportationtechnologyandequipment
Transportationsystems,planningandlogistics
Harvestingtechnologyand
equipment
Comments,exclusions
and/or
additions
Eva
lua
tiono
ftheaccuracyo
fharvester
hea
ds
forva
luerecoveryop
tim
iza
tionw
ith
Pine
Evaluationoftheaccurac
yofharvester
headsforvaluerecoveryoptimizationwith
Eucalyptus
Implementationofonboard
technology
forimprovedresourcema
nagementand
machineproductivity
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
141/146
7
Harvest
ingsystems,p
lanning
an
dproce
dures
,
additions
Eva
lua
tiono
fa
lterna
tive
harvest
ingsystems
for
thinn
ingo
fna
tive
forestre-grow
th
Evaluationofsystemsastheyrelatetopiece
size
Quantifytheimpactofalternativeharvesting
systemsonharvestoperations
Valuerecoveryandwaste
reduction
t
r
,
addition
s
Eva
lua
tiono
fpo
ten
tia
lex
istingan
ddeve
lop
ing
marke
tsfor
forestopera
tions
biomassu
tiliza
tion
Evaluationoftechnologyforimproved
merchandising
Evaluationofsub-optimalrecoverofproducts
Evaluationofground-basedLIDARforimproved
pre-harvest
inventorymodelingandplanning
Workforcemanage
mentand
training
,
additions
Harvest
Plann
ingworkshop
Promotingtheadoptiono
fnew
technologyandworkmet
hodswiththe
Affectingchangewithcontractorswhile
maintaininganindependentbusiness
relationship
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
142/146
8
Transportationtechnologya
nd
equipment
,
and/oradditions
Eva
lua
tiono
fex
isting
flee
tsforpay
loa
de
fficiency
an
diden
tifyopportun
ities
fore
fficiencyga
ins
Optimizedperformance-based,designedtru
cks
forforestrytransportationinAustralia
Transporta
tionsystems,planning
andlogistics
,
addition
s
Invest
iga
te
truc
kingnee
dsan
droa
dimpac
tw
ith
expan
de
dp
lan
tation
forestryan
diden
tifyop
tions
tore
ducee
ffec
tsan
dcosts
Evaluationofbackhaulopportunitiesinforest
operations
Optimizedlogisticplanningandmanagement
methodsandtoolsforforestrytransportation
Furt
her
Discus
sion
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
143/146
9
Ac
tiv
ity
Assessment
worthiness
Considers:
PotentialROI
Impact
Interest
Risk
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
144/146
10
De
taile
dAc
tiv
ity
Plan
Objectivesincludingspecific
metrics
Activityassessment&budget
Detailedmethodology
Schedule
Expectedtechnologytransfer
Planforimplementation
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
145/146
Research Programme Three
Activity assessment
8/4/2019 Harvest Planning FORPRINT
146/146
Example
Veryhigh
High
Moderate
Low
VeryLow
7
5
3
1
0
egree
ofimpactforoperations
1
otenti
alscopeforapplication
1
terestincooperatingbypartners
1
mpact
onsociallicensetooperate
1
otenti
alforleveragedfunding(additionalfunds)
1
egree
ofimpactonscientificknowledge
1
otenti
alforpublicationinpeerreviewedjourn
als
1
echnicalriskoftheproject
1
ogisticalriskoftheproject
1
meto
achieveanimplementableresult
1
core
B+
sedoninternationalexperiencethatanavera
gesavingsof5%onfuelcostcanbeac
hievedbylimitingtruck
rsfor
anassumedimplementationon20%o
ftheAustralianforestrytruckfleet(400
trucks)the
ning
lifeofforestrytruck)of5%basedonan
nualfuelconsumptionof70,000Land
fuelpriceof$1.00/L
appliedwithallpartnerssinceallusetrucks,severalpartnershaveexpressedintere
stinreducingfuelcosts,
arget,noadditionalfundingavailable,thisworkhasbeendoneextensivelyinNorth
Americaandsomein
exper
tiseintheareaeverythingisinplaceto
collectthedataanddoanalysisandre
sultscanbe
20
ctivityassessment