Hartmut Abele Atominstitut Strings, Axions and cold Neutrons Exploring the Properties of Fundamental Interactions with neutrons Up To and Including Gravity a, A, B, C
Feb 23, 2016
Hartmut Abele
Atominstitut
Strings, Axions and cold Neutrons
Exploring the Properties of Fundamental Interactions with neutrons
Up To and Including Gravity
a, A, B, C
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 22
Acceleration of the UniverseFriedman DGL
2
Hubble parameter: .
8Friedman Eq.: 3
Gravity Energy
4accelerated universe:
N
aH consta
H G
aa
( 2 )
3NG
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 33
Friedman DGL
2
Hubble parameter: .
8Friedman Eq.: 3
Gravity Energy
4accelerated universe:
N
aH consta
H G
aa
( 2 )
3NG
2
Hubble parameter: .
8Friedman Eq.: 3
... ...
new Gravity Vacuum E ne r gy
N
aH consta
H G
4
accelerated universe: ( 2 )3
NGaa
/1 2( ) (1 )rm mV r G er
ADD ‘99: Repulsive forces gauge fields in the bulk
Strength = 106
– 109
, range < 100 µm,
B&C ‘05: Cosmological Constant linked to
Size of extra dimensions
~ 5µm, < 106
Axions
0.2 µm < < 2 cm
Dark Matter
1. Quantum Bounce the dynamics of ultra-cold neutrons in the gravity potential
Julio Gea-Banacloche, Am. J. Phys.1999
Quantum interference: sensitivity to fifth forces
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 55
Limits
Count rate: 0.5s-1 N = 106 after 25 daysObservation time T = 100ms
6 3
6
2
10 10/
/
/ 0.33 / 6 10 peV
N
Nt E tE t
E T s
6
6
6 5 2
10
6 10 peV
3 10 10 10
N
E
2 2| |/ 12( , ) 2 2 10 peVznV z m Ge
Fifth force:
2.1 Limits on Axions/CP-Violation
SM: 0 < q < 2 EDM neutron→ q < 10-10 Axion: Spin-Mass coupling gsgp/ħc: q 0
Science week TU Munich 08, Georg Raffelt:
2 cmc
2 cm 0.2 µm
A. Westphal, H.A. et al. 2007
λ [m]
|gSg
P|/ħ
c
10-6 10-4 10-2 100
10 -30
10 -27
10 -24
10 -21
10 -18
10 -15
10 -12
PVLAS
Youdin et al., 1996
Ni et al., 1999
Heckel et al., 2006
Heckel et al., 2006:
Ni et al., 1999:
Our limit
Polarized Particle is an electron
Polarized Particle is a neutron
S. Hoedl et al.,
prospect
Hammond et al., 2007
Axion Limits Baeßler et al., PRD 2007
Westphal, Baeßler, H.A. arXiv:hep-ph/0703108
The Experimental Team:T. Jenke, H. Lemmel, H.A., ATI Vienna
P. Geltenbort, ILL
D. Stadler, Univ. HD
H. Saul, G. Kessler, T. Lins, TUM
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien
3. P-Violation, the SM and β-decay of the neutron
Beta-Decay of the Neutron
See review article: The neutron. Its properties and basic interactions,
Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 60 1-81 (2008)
3. The Neutron Alphabet, Observables
Electron
Proton
Neutrino
Neutron Spin
A
B
C
A: P-odd, Dr. Mund (2007) B: P-odd, Schumann et al., PRL 99, 191803 (2007)C: P-odd, Schumann et al., PRL 100, 151801 (2008)a aSPECTb project D: T-odd, Dr. PlonkaG PSI 08, Bodek et al.N PSI 08, Bodek et al.R: T-odd, PSI 08, Bodek et al. PNPI
a
D
R N
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 12
Hartmut Abele, ATI Vienna 13
a,A = gA/ gV
A + Vud from CKM matrix
A + B + Right Handed Currents (RHC)?
Letters and SM spelling
WL WR
PERKEO: Schumann et al., PRL 99, 191803 (2007)
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut TU Wien 14
Why ratio = gA/ gV from Neutrons?Processes with the same Feynman-Diagram
Slide from D. Dubbers
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 15
a,A = gA/ gV
A + Vud from CKM matrix
Letters and SM spelling
0%
50%
100%
'down' 'strange' 'bottom'
down strange bottom
ud us ub
cd cs cb
td ts tb
V V VV V VV V V
d ds sb b
|Vud|2 + |Vus|2 + |Vub|2 = 1-
Quark mixing is rotation in flavor space
CKM-Matrix is unitary
5 4
1 2 2 23 7(1 3 ) 2
Re
ud Ff mV cG
h
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, Wien 16
Is Unitary in the quark sector violated?
94.4%
4.8%
0.00001%
Vus
Vud
VubCKM Unitarity test first row
with A = - 0.1189(7)we get = gA/gV = -1.2739(19)
rad.corr.
0.9713(13)0.9717(4) (4)(12)
udV
Kaon
B-Meson (PDG 2002)
0.2196(23)0.0036(9)
us
ub
V
V
2 2 2 1ud us ubV V V
3 (PERKEO 2002)
2 2 2 10.0084 0.0028 ,
ud us ubV V V
Hartmut Abele, ATI Vienna 17
a,A = gA/ gV
A + Vud from CKM matrix
A + B + Right Handed Currents (RHC)?
Letters and SM spelling
WL WR
PERKEO: Schumann et al., PRL 99, 191803 (2007)
1818
Origin of nature’s lefthandednessStandard Model: Elektroweak interaction 100% lefthanded
Grand unified theories:Universe was left-right symmetric at the beginningParity violation = 'emergent' Order parameter <100%
Neutron decay: Correlation B + A:Mass right handed W-Boson: mR > 280 GeV/c2
Phase: -0.20 <<0.07
WL WR
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien
A + B + C, Neutrons 19
A + B + C Scalar Interactions Tensor Interactions
Letters and SM spellingS, TV-A
World average 2007
gT/gA gT/gA
PERKEO: Schumann et al.,
PRL 100, 151801 (2008)
New SM: Role of low energy studies in the LHC era
Double frontier in the search for new physics- Collider experiments (pp, e+e-, etc) at higher energies (E >> MZ)
- Searches at lower energies (E < MZ) but high precision
(and beyond!)
Ramsey-Musolf: ILL workshop `08
Super symmetry effects:B-coefficientEffect large:
g-2
neutron-beta-decy
3
~
~ 10W
SUSY
M M
9
~
~
~ 10W
SUSY
M m
m M
10
-5
Ramsey-Musolf: http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-ph/0608064v2H. Abele, Atominstitut, TU Wien
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 22
Cold Neutrons @ PF1B, MEPHISTO, (PSI)
High Flux: = 2 x 1010 cm-2s-1
Decay rate of 1 MHz / metre
Polarizer: 99.7 ± 0.1 %Spin Flipper: 100.05 ± 0.1 %Analyzer: 100 % 3He-cells
Spectrometer
v- selector
Spin flipper
PolarizerDecay Volume, 8m
Chopper
Beam stop
e,p selector Analyzing area
PERC: A clean, bright and versatile source of neutron decay products
n-guide + solenoid: field B0polarized, monochromatic n-pulse
n + γ-beam stopsolenoid, field B1
solenoid, field B2p+ + e− window-framep+ + e− beam
D. Dubbers, H. Abele, S. Baeßler, B. Maerkisch, M. Schumann, T. Soldner, O. Zimmer, arXiv:0709.4440.
Hartmut Abele, ATI Wien 24
..I.ILn 16n
6n
0β s10411063
Expected count ratesCont. unpol:
After mag. Barrier:
Polarized to 98%:
Pulsed:
Pulsed polarized 99.7%
,n.nBB
byx
I 14ββ
1
02
00s s106170
24
21
Tn·Is=1.2104s−1
.
.I.Iz'L'L
L'L
I'I
'I 13ss
22
0
n
ns s105080
91
Tn'Is'=300s−1
.
Hartmut Abele, Technische Universität München 25
SOURCE OF ERROR COMMENT SIZE OF CORRECT.
SIZE OF ERROR:
non-uniform n-beam for ΔΦ/Φ = 10 % over 1 cm width 2.5·10−4 5·10−5
other edge effects on e/p-window for worst case at max. energy 4·10−4 1·10−4
magn. mirror effect, contin's n-beam 1.4·10−2 2·10−4
magn. mirror effect, pulsed n-beam for ΔB/B = 10 % over 8 m length 5·10−5 <10−5
non-adiabatic e/p-transport 5·10−5 5·10−5
background from n-guide}is separately measurable
2∙10−3 1·10−4
background from n-beam stop 2·10−4 1·10−5
backscattering off e/p-window 2·10−5 1·10−5
backscattering off e/p-beam dump 5∙10−5 1∙10−5
backscatt. off plastic scintillator}for worst case
2∙10−3 4·10−4
~ same with active e/p-beam dump − 1·10−4
neutron polarisation present status 3·10−3 1·10−3
Dubbers, Baessler, Märkisch, Schumann, Soldner, Zimmer, H.A., arXiv 2007
Hartmut Abele, Atominstitut, Wien 26
CASCADE-Project @ University of HD
a GEM-based gasdetector for neutronsSolid converter systemHighly integrated readout electronics
- Accessories:- Electronics.- Gas flow controllers.- 10B coatings.
ElectronsIons
pict
ures
from
Sau
li
The GEM inherently has high rates capability of 10 MHz/cm2
!
10 B-Converter
taken from Sauli et al.: http://www.cern.ch/GDD
Neutrons
CASCADE-U for UCN and VCN Detection
Readout structure
Converter gap
Entrance gap
Kapton Copper
GEM Entrance Window
Transfer gap GEM
Drift electrode
Gas In Gas Out
Boron layer
n n n
CASCADE-U Detection Principle
Adapter to Wilson-flange
Teflon ring
Top-flange
Sidewall-flange
Bottom-flange
Transparency by M. Klein, CASCADE-Detector
Standard-Model-Parameters- Axial vector to Vector coupling
- CKM-Matrix element
- Unitarity test
- Phase
- Weak Magnetismus
other variablesall -p weak cross sections
Number of neutrino flavors
Baryon density in the universe
22
4908 2sec(1 3 )udV
2 2 2 1us us usV V V
A
V
gg
q T-symm. V-A 1ie
2cm38/ 0.67 10 /p E GeV
2.5 0.6N
(3/ .3 0.7)%crit
q 180.06(7)
And beyond:
RHC- Mass W boson
- Mixing Angle
Scalar interactions gs
Tensor interactions gt
Fierz interference b
Neutrino helicity <1
< GeV
-0.20 0.07
< <
2280 /RWm c
Schumann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 99, 191803 (2007), arXiv:0706.3788.
1. String-Theories & NeutronsGravitation and the question of large extra dimensions
2. CP-Violation & NeutronsAxionsBaryon asymmetry of the universe SUSY
3. P-Violation & NeutronsCorrelation coefficients in neutron beta-decay and
Mixing of quarksSUSY
See review article: The neutron. Its properties and basic interactions,
H.A., Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 60 (2008) 1-81