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Tamberelli 1 Laura Tamberelli Master of Arts – Liberal Studies Harry Potter and the Gendering of Hogwarts The Harry Potter novels have become a pivotal collection of literature from the twenty first century, taking their place among some of the most famous literary works of the current generation, appealing equally to both adults and children alike. Since Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone was first published in 1997, millions of readers have joined Harry on his adventure in a magical world and his constant battle against Lord Voldemort and his evil followers. Through her literary works, J. K. Rowling has done more than create a fantasy world which allows the reader to escape to a land where the impossible may be possible. She also created multidimensional characters that are loved (or hated) by all readers, reinforcing the need for and acceptance of diversity among all people. From the standpoint of a feminist and gender theory scholar, any aspect of a culture or society that has received such universal attention and admiration warrants scrutiny. Through the lens of Judith Butler’s theory of gender performativity, gender is described as an act required by societal expectations and not an innate state of being (Butler 17594). The construct of the heterosexual matrix is also included which depicts the limited nature of a society bound by masculinity, patriarchy, and heteronormativity (Butler 47106). Attention will also be given to the role of the phallus and phallocentrism as originated by Jacques Lacan and elaborated on by Elizabeth Grosz. Finally, for the purposes of literary analysis, the majority of supportive evidence within this paper is based on the author’s dissection and association of
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Harry Potter and the Gendering of Hogwarts

Dec 23, 2022

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Page 1: Harry Potter and the Gendering of Hogwarts

Tamberelli  1    

Laura  Tamberelli  

Master  of  Arts  –  Liberal  Studies  

Harry  Potter  and  the  Gendering  of  Hogwarts  

  The  Harry  Potter  novels  have  become  a  pivotal  collection  of  literature  from  the  twenty-­‐

first  century,  taking  their  place  among  some  of  the  most  famous  literary  works  of  the  current  

generation,  appealing  equally  to  both  adults  and  children  alike.  Since  Harry  Potter  and  the  

Sorcerer’s  Stone  was  first  published  in  1997,  millions  of  readers  have  joined  Harry  on  his  

adventure  in  a  magical  world  and  his  constant  battle  against  Lord  Voldemort  and  his  evil  

followers.  Through  her  literary  works,  J.  K.  Rowling  has  done  more  than  create  a  fantasy  world  

which  allows  the  reader  to  escape  to  a  land  where  the  impossible  may  be  possible.  She  also  

created  multidimensional  characters  that  are  loved  (or  hated)  by  all  readers,  reinforcing  the  

need  for  and  acceptance  of  diversity  among  all  people.    

  From  the  standpoint  of  a  feminist  and  gender  theory  scholar,  any  aspect  of  a  culture  or  

society  that  has  received  such  universal  attention  and  admiration  warrants  scrutiny.  Through  

the  lens  of  Judith  Butler’s  theory  of  gender  performativity,  gender  is  described  as  an  act  

required  by  societal  expectations  and  not  an  innate  state  of  being  (Butler  175-­‐94).  The  

construct  of  the  heterosexual  matrix  is  also  included  which  depicts  the  limited  nature  of  a  

society  bound  by  masculinity,  patriarchy,  and  heteronormativity  (Butler  47-­‐106).  Attention  will  

also  be  given  to  the  role  of  the  phallus  and  phallocentrism  as  originated  by  Jacques  Lacan  and  

elaborated  on  by  Elizabeth  Grosz.  Finally,  for  the  purposes  of  literary  analysis,  the  majority  of  

supportive  evidence  within  this  paper  is  based  on  the  author’s  dissection  and  association  of  

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Tamberelli  2    

Rowling’s  text  as  compared  to  numerous  gender  theorists  including,  but  not  limited  to,  those  

previously  mentioned.  

It  is  the  goal  of  this  paper  to  demonstrate  that  despite  J.K.  Rowling’s  adherence  to  some  

traditional  gender  expectations  in  the  Harry  Potter  novels,  she  also  went  against  many  of  the  

norms  found  within  the  heterosexual  matrix.  This  analysis  will  be  achieved  through  an  

investigation  of  character  creation,  objectification  and  animalism,  presence  of  humanistic  

binaries,  heteronormativity,  role  of  the  phallus,  attention  to  the  nuclear  family,  educational  

opportunities,  and  mobility  in  all  seven  Harry  Potter  novels:  Harry  Potter  and  the  Sorcerer’s  

Stone  (Stone),  Harry  Potter  and  the  Chamber  of  Secrets  (Chamber),  Harry  Potter  and  the  

Prisoner  of  Azkaban  (Prisoner),  Harry  Potter  and  the  Goblet  of  Fire  (Goblet),  Harry  Potter  and  

the  Order  of  the  Phoenix  (Phoenix),  Harry  Potter  and  the  Half-­‐Blood  Prince  (Prince),  and  Harry  

Potter  and  the  Deathly  Hallows  (Hallows).  Within  the  world  of  Harry  Potter,  there  exists  

diversity  in  character  creation  that  has  allowed  for  both  female  and  male  characters  to  step  

outside  the  boundaries  of  their  gender  roles  while  simultaneously  encouraging  readers  to  do  

the  same.  

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1.  Character  Construction  and  Hogwarts  

For  those  readers  who  are  not  as  familiar  with  the  Harry  Potter  series,  it  is  first  

necessary  to  provide  a  brief  overview  of  the  key  characters  as  well  as  a  description  of  Hogwarts  

School  of  Witchcraft  and  Wizardry.  The  characters  of  the  Harry  Potter  novels  are  paramount  to  

its  success.  The  reader  is  introduced  to  Harry  in  the  first  chapter  of  Stone,  entitled  “The  Boy  

Who  Lived.”  He  is  described  as  “…a  baby  boy,  fast  asleep.  Under  a  tuft  of  jet-­‐black  hair  over  his  

forehead  they  could  see  a  curiously  shaped  cut,  like  a  bolt  of  lightning,”  put  there  by  Lord  

Voldemort  in  his  attempt  to  kill  Harry  (15).  At  age  eleven,  he  “…  had  always  been  small  and  

skinny  for  his  age….  Harry  had  a  thin  face,  knobbly  knees,  black  hair,  and  bright  green  eyes”  

(Stone  20).  Harry  is  presented  both  as  a  boy  that  escaped  death  by  unknowingly  outwitting  a  

powerful  dark  wizard  and  an  awkward,  ill-­‐proportioned  child.  

  In  the  attack  that  gave  Harry  his  scar,  both  of  his  parents  were  murdered  by  Lord  

Voldemort.  As  such,  Harry  was  left  to  be  raised  by  his  mother’s  sister  Petunia  and  her  husband,  

Vernon,  who  have  a  son  named  Dudley.  The  trio  is  referred  to  throughout  the  novels  as  “the  

Dursleys.”  “Mr.  Dursley  was  the  director  of  a  firm…  which  made  drills…  big,  beefy  man…  very  

large  mustache.  Mrs.  Dursley  was  thin  and  blonde…  [and]  spent  so  much  of  her  time  craning  

over  garden  fences,  spying  on  the  neighbors”  (Stone  1).  Mrs.  Dursley,  who  Harry  also  describes  

as  “beady-­‐eyed,”  tends  to  speak  very  sharply  and  snaps  repeatedly  in  much  of  her  dialogue  

with  Harry  (Stone  9;  Chamber;  Prisoner;  Goblet;  Phoenix;  Prince).  Dudley  is  the  pride  and  joy  of  

his  two  parents,  although  his  presence  as  their  only  child  appears  to  be  the  sole  reason  for  this.  

All  over  the  Dursleys’  home  are  “…  photographs  [showing]  a  large  blond  boy  riding  his  first  

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bicycle,  on  a  carousel  at  the  fair,  playing  a  computer  game  with  his  father,  being  hugged  and  

kissed  by  his  mother”  (Stone  18).  

  The  Dursleys  kept  Harry’s  wizarding  heritage  a  secret  until  his  eleventh  birthday  on  

which  Rubeus  Hagrid  made  his  appearance.  More  affectionately  referred  to  as  simply  Hagrid,  

he  is  “a  giant  of  a  man…  long,  shaggy  mane  of  hair  and  a  wild,  tangled  beard”  (Stone  46).  

However,  despite  his  menacing  appearance,  “Harry  looked  up  into  the  fierce,  wild,  shadowy  

face  and  saw  that  the  beetle  eyes  were  crinkled  in  a  smile”  (Stone  47).  Hagrid  embodies  the  

notion  of  a  gentle  giant  and  his  character  is  far  more  of  a  nurturer  than  a  fighter,  despite  his  

size  and  appearance.  Appearing  to  have  an  affinity  for  all  creatures,  he  serves  as  the  

gamekeeper  at  Hogwarts  and  is  immediately  loyal  to  and  concerned  for  Harry  (Stone  48).  

  Ronald  Weasley  becomes  Harry’s  friend,  whom  he  meets  when  leaving  for  his  first  year  

at  Hogwarts.  Ron  is  the  youngest  of  six  sons,  followed  only  by  a  younger  sister.  He  is  “tall,  thin,  

and  gangling,  with  freckles,  big  hands  and  feet,  and  a  long  nose”  (Stone  91).  The  two  become  

immediately  inseparable  and  provide  interesting  contrasts  to  each  other.  Harry  is  an  only  child  

who  has  grown  up  with  virtually  no  family,  as  the  Dursleys  resented  his  presence;  Ron  has  

always  been  surrounded  by  both  his  siblings  and  parents.  The  reader  learns  a  great  deal  more  

about  Harry  and  Ron  as  the  two  interact  throughout  the  course  of  the  novels  but  both  are  very  

similar  in  their  first  impressions:  ill-­‐proportioned,  nervous,  and  awkward  boys.  

  Hermione  Granger  is  the  most  diverse  character  of  the  Hogwarts  students.  Shortly  after  

boarding  the  train  to  Hogwarts,  Hermione  approaches  Ron  and  Harry’s  car:  “she  was  already  

wearing  her  new  Hogwarts  robes….  She  had  a  bossy  sort  of  voice,  lots  of  bushy  brown  hair,  and  

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rather  large  front  teeth”  (Stone  105).  Her  initial  and  primary  character  trait  is  immediately  

demonstrated  when  Ron  was  attempting  to  do  a  magical  spell:  “’Are  you  sure  that’s  a  real  

spell?’  said  the  girl.  ‘Well,  it’s  not  very  good,  is  it?  I’ve  tried  a  few  simple  spells  just  for  practice  

and  it’s  all  worked  for  me….  I’ve  learned  all  our  course  books  by  heart,  of  course,  I  just  hope  it  

will  be  enough’”  (Stone  105-­‐6).  Hermione  quickly  becomes  known  to  her  fellow  classmates  as  a  

“know-­‐it-­‐all”  and  teacher’s  pet  (Stone  164).  She  is  seen  “[marching]  away  with  her  nose  in  the  

air”  when  she  disagrees  with  Harry  and  Ron  and  often  reiterates  statements  and  questions  with  

phrases  such  as  “did  you  know”  and  “you  know”  (Stone  166;  Chamber,  Prisoner,  Goblet,  Order,  

Prince,  and  Hallows).  

  Albus  Dumbledore  and  Minerva  McGonagall  are  two  professors  at  Hogwarts  who  serve  

important  roles  in  both  the  novels  and  Harry’s  life.  The  reader  first  sees  Dumbledore  as  “…  tall,  

thin,  and  very  old,  judging  by  the  silver  of  his  hair  and  beard….  He  was  wearing  long  robes,  a  

purple  cloak  that  swept  the  ground,  and  high-­‐heeled,  buckled  boots”  (Stone  8).  McGonagall  

transforms  from  a  cat  that  had  been  perched  on  a  ledge  to  “…  a  rather  severe-­‐looking  

woman….  Her  black  hair  was  drawn  into  a  tight  bun”  (Stone  9).  When  Harry  meets  her  on  his  

first  night  at  Hogwarts,  he  sees  “a  tall,  black-­‐haired  witch  in  emerald  green  robes….  She  had  a  

very  stern  face  and  [his]  first  thought  was  that  this  was  not  someone  to  cross”  (Stone  113).  Both  

Dumbledore  and  McGonagall  play  an  active,  although  secondary,  role  in  the  development  of  

Harry’s  character  as  they  provide  wisdom,  guidance,  and  the  occasional  discipline.  

  The  castle  of  Hogwarts  School  of  Witchcraft  and  Wizardry  serves  as  the  setting  for  the  

vast  majority  of  the  novels.  Hogwarts  is  nearly  a  thousand  years  old  and  was  founded  by  four  

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witches  and  wizards.  Each  of  the  four  wizards  named  a  house  of  the  school  in  their  name:  

Gryffindor,  Ravenclaw,  Hufflepuff,  and  Slytherin.  All  students  are  separated  into  one  of  the  four  

houses  once  they  arrive  at  Hogwarts  and  remain  with  that  house  for  the  seven  year  duration  of  

their  education.  Students  in  each  house  live  in  the  same  wing  of  the  castle,  attend  lessons  

together,  eat  together,  etc.  Each  house  is  known  for  possessing  or  admiring  certain  character  

traits  that  were  most  important  to  the  corresponding  founder.  Gryffindors  are  known  for  their  

bravery,  Ravenclaws  for  their  intelligence,  Hufflepuffs  for  their  loyalty,  and  Slytherins  for  their  

cunning  (Stone  118).  The  main  characters  are  placed  in  Gryffindor  house.  The  bullies  of  the  

school  are  members  of  Slytherin,  a  house  that  is  known  for  creating  dark  witches  and  wizards.  

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2.  Humanistic  Binaries  

As  a  function  and  result  of  both  character  creation  and  interaction,  binaries  are  present  

throughout  the  Harry  Potter  novels  (Cherland).  Although  binaries  may  serve  a  function  in  this  

capacity,  they  also  tend  to  mark  one  category  as  superior  to  another  particularly  in  the  case  of  

gender  and  gender  performativity,  which  are  also  present  throughout  the  novels  and  may  be  

internalized  by  the  reader  (Hardman,  Butler).  Of  course,  not  all  binaries  are  problematic.  The  

theme  of  good  versus  evil  is  a  common  binary  in  many  literary  works.  Gryffindor  is  one  of  the  

good  houses,  while  Slytherin  is  the  ultimately  evil  one.  Albus  Dumbledore  is  the  champion  of  all  

good  witches  and  wizards  and  Lord  Voldemort  remains  the  infamous  leader  of  all  dark  witches  

and  wizards.  Their  followers  are  also  named  according  to  this  separation  of  good  versus  evil:  

the  Order  of  the  Phoenix  versus  the  Death  Eaters.  This  binary  of  good  and  evil  is  also  relevant  

situationally.  The  Dursleys’  home  is  an  evil  place  where  Harry  feels  trapped,  unloved,  and  

unwanted;  Hogwarts  allows  him  to  form  friendships,  find  comradery,  and  develop  his  magical  

skills.    

  The  use  of  the  traditional  gender  binary  of  boys  versus  girls,  men  versus  women,  is  

abundantly  apparent  in  the  novels  and  is  further  exemplified  by  the  characters’  performance  of  

or  against  their  gender.  In  the  Dursleys’  household,  Vernon’s  word  is  law  and  occasionally  

Petunia  “didn’t  dare  ask”  or  would  “[suggest]  timidly”  for  fear  of  his  wrath  (Stone  41-­‐3).  In  a  

few  specific  cases,  Vernon  and  Petunia  are  having  an  argument  and  her  thoughts  are  either  cut  

off  mid-­‐sentence  or  Vernon  asserts  his  superior  intellect,  rendering  her  thoughts  useless:    

  Vernon:  “Yes,  that’s  best  .  .  .  we  won’t  do  anything.  .  .  .”    

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  Petunia:  “But  –  “                              

  Vernon:  “I’m  not  having  one  in  the  house,  Petunia!  (Stone  36)  

  Petunia:  “I’m  not  sure  that’ll  work,  Vernon”                                              

  Vernon:  “’Oh,  these  people’s  minds  work  in  strange  ways,  Petunia,  they’re  not  like  you  

  and  me,’  said  Uncle  Vernon,  trying  to  knock  in  a  nail  with  the  piece  of  fruitcake  Aunt  

  Petunia  had  just  brought  him”  (Stone  40)  

  Vernon:  “’Nonsense,  Petunia,’…  said  Uncle  Vernon  heartily”  (Chamber  2)  

Similarly,  Vernon  is  seen  as  the  protector  of  his  family,  while  Petunia  is  the  helpless  woman  in  

need  of  protection:  “Dudley  squeaked  and  ran  to  hide  behind  his  mother,  who  was  crouching,  

terrified,  behind  Uncle  Vernon”  (Stone  47).  However,  when  the  Dursleys  are  informed  by  Harry  

of  the  return  of  Lord  Voldemort,  Petunia  is  forced  to  admit  her  knowledge  of  and  connection  to  

the  Wizard  world,  thereby  gaining  agency  through  this  knowledge  (Phoenix  38-­‐41).    

  This  familial  distribution  of  power  does,  however,  vary  from  family  to  family.  In  the  case  

of  the  Weasleys,  Molly  is  the  mother  and  homemaker  (both  her  and  her  husband,  Arthur,  are  

discussed  in  greater  detail  in  the  “Family”  section  of  this  paper)  but  she  still  exerts  significant  

power  over  the  family.  Her  word  is  law  as  seen  in  this  exchange:    

“Molly,  dear  -­‐-­‐-­‐“        

“No,  Arthur  -­‐-­‐-­‐“        

“I  said  no,  Arthur,  not  in  broad  daylight  -­‐-­‐-­‐“  (Chamber  67)  

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Molly’s  authority  is  felt  equally  by  her  children.  “All  three  of  Mrs.  Weasley’s  sons  were  taller  

than  she  was,  but  they  cowered  as  her  rage  broke  over  them”  and  is  described  as  “a  saber-­‐

toothed  tiger”  when  her  temper  has  been  tested  (Chamber  33,  32).  

Even  McGonagall,  one  of  the  strongest  female  characters,  finds  herself  seeking  

Dumbledore’s  confirmation  when  the  news  of  Harry  and  his  parents  first  reaches  her:  “It  was  

plain  that  whatever  ‘everyone’  was  saying,  she  was  not  going  to  believe  it  until  Dumbledore  

told  her  it  was  true”  (Stone  12).  In  these  cases,  the  women  have  accepted  their  role  and  

performance  as  submissive  while  the  men  are  allowed  (or  expected)  to  exude  dominance.  This  

does  not,  however,  diminish  McGonagall’s  role  as  professor  and  disciplinarian:  “If  Snape  had  

gone  to  fetch  Professor  McGonagall,  head  of  Gryffindor  House,  they  were  hardly  any  better  off.  

She  might  be  fairer  than  Snape,  but  she  was  still  extremely  strict”  (Chamber  80).  In  this  scene,  

McGonagall’s  power  is  still  evident,  as  is  her  lack  of  emotionality,  a  typically  feminine  trait,  as  

seen  in  her  description  as  “fair.”  

  Hermione  is  also  subjected  to  this  gender  binary  as  the  good  girl  who  attempts  to  

control  the  misbehaving  boys:  “A  lamp  flickered  on.  It  was  Hermione  Granger,  wearing  a  pink  

bathrobe  and  a  frown….  Harry  couldn’t  believe  anyone  could  be  so  interfering…  hissing  at  them  

like  an  angry  goose”  (Stone  155).  Although  her  tactics  may  change  throughout  the  novels,  she  

still  reminds  Ron  and  Harry  of  her  occasional  disapproval:  “The  only  person  who  did  not  find  

these  charms  amusing  was  Hermione,  who  maintained  a  rigidly  disapproving  expression  

throughout  and  refused  to  talk  at  all  if  Harry  used  the  Muffliato  spell  on  anyone  in  the  vicinity”  

(Prince  238,  emphasis  original).  

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  Hermione  is  also  able  to  flip  the  gender  binary  to  her  advantage.  After  a  run-­‐in  with  a  

troll,  Hermione  lies  to  Professor  McGonagall  in  order  to  prevent  Ron  and  Harry  from  being  

punished  after  rescuing  her  (Stone  179).  Although  Hermione  prevents  them  from  being  

punished,  the  gender  binary  is  confirmed  as  Hermione  required  rescuing  from  her  two  male  

classmates  as  Ron  reminds  Harry:  “’Good  of  her  to  get  us  out  of  trouble  like  that,’  Ron  

admitted.  ‘Mind  you,  we  did  save  her’”  (Stone  179,  emphasis  original).  Hermione  does  redeem  

herself  in  this  binary  toward  the  end  of  the  first  novel  when  the  three  friends  risk  their  lives  in  

search  of  the  Sorcerer’s  Stone.  When  they  encounter  a  murderous  vine  that  attempts  to  

strangle  both  Harry  and  Ron,  Hermione  recalls  the  plants’  weakness  in  order  to  save  them:    

  “’Shut  up,  I’m  trying  to  remember  how  to  kill  it!’  said  Hermione…  it  likes  the  dark  and  

  the  damp  –‘  ‘So  light  a  fire!’  choked  Harry.  ‘Yes  –  of  course  –  but  there’s  no  wood!’  

  Hermione  cried,  wringing  her  hands.  ‘HAVE  YOU  GONE  MAD?’  Ron  bellowed.  ‘ARE  YOU  

  A  WITCH  OR  NOT?’  ‘Oh,  right!’  said  Hermione,  and  she  whipped  out  her  wand”  (Stone  

  278)  

She  does  falter,  however,  as  she  has  to  be  reminded  by  Ron  that  she  is  a  witch  and  does  not  

need  wood  in  order  to  create  fire.  Later  on,  Hermione  and  Harry  are  confronted  by  a  test  of  

logic  that  requires  them  to  analyze  a  riddle  and  select  the  correct  potion  in  order  to  keep  going.  

If  they  choose  incorrectly,  they  may  choose  a  poison  instead  of  an  antidote:  “Hermione  read  

the  paper  several  times.  Then  she  walked  up  and  down  the  line  of  bottles,  muttering  to  herself  

and  pointing  at  them.  At  last,  she  clapped  her  hands…  .  ‘You  are  sure  which  is  which,  aren’t  

you?’  ‘Positive,’  said  Hermione”  (Stone  286-­‐7).  Because  of  her  quick  wit,  intelligence,  and  

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rational  thinking,  Hermione  prevents  her  friends’  death  twice  in  the  first  novel,  thusly  

contradicting  the  gender  performance  binary  of  irrational  and  emotional  women,  as  well  as  the  

male  protector  and  protected  female  binary.  She  also  recurrently  saves  Harry  and  Ron  

numerous  times  throughout  the  other  novels  by  use  of  her  quick  wit,  knowledge,  and  practiced  

spell-­‐casting  (Stone,  Chamber,  Prisoner,  Goblet,  Phoenix,  Prince,  and  Hallows).    

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3.  Objectification  and  Animalism  

It  is  common  in  the  English  language,  particularly  in  American  English,  to  describe  

women  as  objects  such  as  food,  animals,  flowers,  etc.  (Sutton  279-­‐96).  To  describe  Hermione  as  

a  goose,  as  mentioned  in  the  previous  section,  is  no  exception.  This  serves  as  another  gender  

binary  in  the  novel  as  it  objectifies  the  female  characters  and  thusly  reinforces  the  male  as  the  

subject.  Madam  Hooch,  another  professor  at  Hogwarts,  has  “eyes  like  a  hawk”  (Stone  146).  

McGonagall  transforms  from  a  cat  during  the  reader’s  introduction  to  her  and  Hermione  

accidentally  turns  into  a  cat  after  adding  an  incorrect  ingredient  to  a  batch  of  Polyjuice  Potion  

(Stone  9,  Chamber  225).  “Madam  Pince,  the  librarian,  was  a  thin,  irritable  woman  who  looked  

like  an  underfed  vulture”  (Chamber  163).  Professor  Trelawney  is  often  described  as  a  “large  

insect”  (Prisoner  102,  Order  236).  There  are  two  secondary  female  characters  who  receive  the  

most  negative  animalistic  objectifications  as  they  are,  arguably,  two  of  the  most  disliked  female  

characters  in  the  novels;  Delores  Umbridge  (whose  last  name  may  be  attributable  to  the  

definition  of  “umbrage”  meaning  to  offend  or  annoy)  and  Rita  Skeeter.  Umbridge  is  first  

described  as    

…  a  large,  pale  toad.  She  was  rather  squat  with  a  broad,  flabby  face,  as  little  neck  as  

Uncle  Vernon,  and  a  very  wide,  slack  mouth.  Her  eyes  were  large,  round,  and  slightly  

bulging.  Even  the  little  black  velvet  bow  perched  on  top  of  her  short  curly  hair  put  him  in  

mind  of  a  large  fly  she  was  about  to  catch  on  a  long  sticky  tongue...  The  witch  spoke  in  a  

fluttery,  girlish,  high-­‐pitched  voice  that  took  Harry  aback;  he  had  been  expecting  a  croak  

(Order  146)  

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Contrarily,  it  is  not  Skeeter’s  physical  description  that  is  objectifying  in  this  animalistic  sense.  

She  is  described  as  “[a]  witch  in  magenta  robes...  Her  hair  was  set  in  elaborate  and  curiously  

rigid  curls  that  contrasted  oddly  with  her  heavy-­‐jawed  face.  She  wore  jeweled  spectacles.  The  

thick  fingers  clutching  her  crocodile-­‐skin  handbag  ended  in  two-­‐inch  nails,  painted  crimson”  

(Goblet  303).  Despite  this  somewhat  stereotypical  physical  appearance  it  is  the  description  of  

her  personality  and  work  ethic  that  more  so  reflects  objectification:  “’That  woman,  or  vulture  

might  be  a  more  accurate  term,  positively  pestered  me  to  talk  to  her...  interfering  trout...”  

(Hallows  152).  

  The  veela  are  perhaps  the  most  interesting  example  of  female  objectification  in  the  

series:  

“Veela  were  women  .  .  .  the  most  beautiful  women  Harry  had  ever  seen  .  .  .  except  that  

they  weren’t  –  they  couldn’t  be  –  human.  ...  their  skin  shone  moon-­‐bright...  white  gold  

hair...  then  the  music  started  and  Harry  stopped  worrying  about  them  not  being  human  

–  in  fact,  he  stopped  worrying  about  anything  at  all.  The  veela  had  started  to  dance,  and  

Harry’s  mind  had  gone  completely  and  blissfully  blank”  (Goblet  103)  

Veela  appear  to  be  Rowling’s  version  of  Odysseus’  sirens  and  are  just  as  dangerous  when  

provoked:  “...  the  veela  lost  control...  they  didn’t  look  remotely  beautiful  now.  On  the  contrary,  

their  faces  were  elongating  into  sharp,  cruel-­‐beaked  bird  heads,  and  long,  scaly  wings  were  

bursting  from  their  shoulders...”  (Goblet  111).  The  reader  can  assume  an  interesting  

commentary  regarding  beauty  from  Rowling’s  point  of  view  with  the  introduction  of  the  veela.  

They  are  both  the  most  beautiful  creatures  any  man  has  ever  seen  (note  creatures,  not  

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humans)  as  well  as  hideous  and  violent.  Does  this  suggest  the  irrelevance  of  external  beauty  or  

the  insidious  nature  of  beautiful  women?  Gilderoy  Lockhart,  a  professor  in  Chamber,  further  

suggests  that  Rowling  discredits  the  presence  of  mere  physical  attractiveness  as  Lockhart  

proves  himself  to  be  both  a  fake  and  a  coward  (Gupta).  

The  names  of  several  female  characters  also  reflect  either  animalism  or  objectivism.  

Harry  refers  to  his  occasional  babysitter  as  “old  Mrs.  Figg”  whose  name  is  a  literal  translation  of  

a  fruit  (Stone  31).  There  is  also  “Pansy  Parkinson,  a  Slytherin  girl  with  a  face  like  a  pug”  whose  

name  and  description  are  equally  objectifiable  (Prisoner  96).  Petunia  Harry’s  mother,  Lily,  and  

the  school  nurse,  Poppy  Pomfrey,  all  have  the  names  of  flowers  (Stone  7,  12;  Prisoner  391).  The  

portrait  that  guards  the  Gryffindor  tower  and  common  room  is  of  a  heavyset  woman  called  

“the  Fat  Lady”  (Stone  156).  Contrarily,  Rowling  also  gave  two  of  the  female  characters  more  

powerful  names  despite  this  gender  objectification.  Minerva  McGonagall  shares  her  first  name  

with  the  Roman  goddess  of  wisdom.  Hermione’s  first  name  is  an  adaptation  of  the  Greek  god  

Hermes,  who  was  the  messenger  to  Zeus  and  represented  speed  and  good  luck.  But  she,  too,  is  

objectified  when  she  is  referred  to  as  the  unnamed  “girl”  by  the  Minister  of  Magic  (Prisoner  

387).    

Though  the  vast  majority  of  animalism  and  objectification  is  focused  on  the  female  

characters  of  the  novels,  the  main  character  may  be  included  in  this  category  as  well.  Harry  is  

known  for  the  lightning-­‐shaped  scar  on  his  forehead  and  often  notes  that  this  is  the  first  

physical  trait  of  his  noticed  by  strangers  (Stone,  Chamber,  Prisoner,  Goblet,  Phoenix,  Prince,  

Hallows).  His  fame  also  makes  him  something  of  a  trophy  for  female  suitors:  “Parvati  seemed  to  

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be  enjoying  herself;  she  was  beaming  around  at  everybody,  steering  Harry  so  forcefully  that  he  

felt  as  though  he  were  a  show  dog  she  was  putting  through  its  paces”  (Goblet  415).  

   

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4.  Heternormativity  and  Masculinity  Reaffirmed  

The  world  of  Harry  Potter  is  based  on  a  system  of  masculinity,  heteronormativity,  and  

traditionalism,  also  known  as  the  heterosexual  matrix  (Butler  47-­‐106).  The  heterosexual  matrix  

is  the  framework  for  not  only  our  society  but  also  Harry  Potter’s,  as  it  sets  the  stage  for  

expected  and  accepted  gender  norms.  Homosexuality  is  implicitly  ignored,  as  no  references  to  

its  existence  are  made  or  suggested  (Pugh  and  Wallace).  Rowling  later  contradicted  this  

heteronormative  assumption  by  informing  readers  in  an  interview  that  she  always  thought  of  

Dumbledore  as  gay  (Irwin  and  Bassham  143).  Additionally,  the  students  are  presented  as  

asexual  as  “the  girls  [go]  through  one  door  to  their  dormitory  and  the  boys  through  another”  

(Stone  130).  However,  it  may  be  more  accurate  to  assume  that  the  school’s  founders  wanted  

the  students  to  be  asexual.  In  one  example,  Harry  and  Ron  attempt  to  enter  the  girls’  dormitory  

to  speak  to  Hermione  when  the  staircase  turns  into  a  slide  that  they  are  unable  to  climb  

(Phoenix  353).  Hermione  describes  this  is  an  “old-­‐fashioned  rule”  and  explains  that  the  

founders  believed  the  girl  students  to  be  more  trustworthy  than  the  boys  as  the  girls  are  able  to  

gain  entrance  to  the  boys’  dormitory  (Phoenix  353).  Rowling  humorously  appears  to  reiterate  

the  founders’  desire  for  asexual  students  when  the  Gryffindor  common  room’s  password  is  

changed  to  “Abstinence”  (Prince  351).  

  This  asexuality  is  short-­‐lived  in  the  novels  once  the  female  students  learn  of  the  coming  

Yule  Ball:  “...  they  all  seemed  to  Harry  to  be  obsessed  with  the  coming  ball  –  or  at  least  all  the  

girls  were...  Girls  giggling  and  whispering  in  the  corridors,  girls  shrieking  with  laughter  as  boys  

passed  them,  girls  excitedly  comparing  notes  on  what  they  were  going  to  wear  on  Christmas  

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night.  .  .  .”  (Goblet  388).  The  Yule  Ball  marks  the  beginning  of  “dating”  for  Harry,  Ron,  and  

Hermione  as  well  as  the  beginning  of  romantic  tensions  between  Hermione  and  Ron  (Goblet  

403).  All  three  of  the  main  characters  are  seen  exhibiting  adolescent,  romantic  angst  common  

to  anyone  who  has  survived  puberty  and  the  boys  are  particularly  confounded  by  the  “mad”  

girls,  for  example:  “’Well,  wouldn’t  it  have  been  easier  if  she’d  just  asked  me  whether  I  liked  her  

better  than  you?’  //  ‘Girls  don’t  often  ask  questions  like  that,’  said  Hermione.  //  ‘Well,  they  

should!’  said  Harry  forcefully...  ‘You  should  write  a  book,’  Ron  told  Hermione...  ‘translating  mad  

things  girls  do  so  boys  can  understand  them’”  (Order  573).    

As  Harry’s  fame  increases  with  the  Wizarding  world’s  acknowledgement  of  Lord  

Voldemort’s  return,  so  does  his  appeal  to  his  female  classmates.  “Large  groups  of  girls  tended  

to  converge  underneath  the  mistletoe  bunches  every  time  Harry  went  past,  which  caused  

blockages  in  the  corridors”  (Prince  303).  Harry,  however,  does  not  find  his  heart’s  desire  under  

the  mistletoe  but  in  a  friend,  Ginny  Weasley,  which  speaks  positively  to  Rowling’s  thoughts  on  

relationship  dynamics.  The  reader  also  sees  Harry  take  on  the  stereotypically  feminine  role  of  

obsessing  and  vying  for  another’s  affection:  “Somehow,  the  game  had  become  inextricably  

linked  in  Harry’s  mind  with  success  or  failure  in  his  plans  for  Ginny”  (Prince  520).    

Within  the  heterosexual  matrix,  there  are  several  assumptions  that  are  taken  for  

granted,  such  as  the  supremacy  of  masculinity  and  the  inferiority  of  femininity,  particularly  in  

traditionally  feminine  roles.  Madam  Malkin,  a  witch  seamstress,  “was  a  squat,  smiling  witch  

dressed  in  all  mauve”  and  “Madam  Pince,  the  librarian,  brandished  a  feather  duster  at  him”  

(Stone  76,  198).  These  women  are  diminutized  in  both  their  occupations  and,  in  the  case  of  

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Madam  Pince,  their  weaponry  because  of  their  gender  performance  requirements  within  the  

heterosexual  matrix.  The  inferiority  of  some  men  in  feminine  occupations,  however,  is  also  

demonstrated  by  Gilderoy  Lockhart’s  botched  attempt  at  mending  Harry’s  broken  arm:  

“Lockhart  hadn’t  mended  Harry’s  bones.  He  had  removed  them.  Madam  Pomfrey  wasn’t  at  all  

pleased.  ‘You  should  have  come  straight  to  me!’  she  raged”  (Chamber  173).  In  this  scenario,  

Rowling  reinforces  two  gender-­‐based  stereotypes:  only  women,  acting  alone,  should  be  

caregivers  because  men  are  incapable  of  performing  the  job.  

 Molly  Weasley  serves  as  another  example  regarding  occupation.  Despite  her  role  as  a  

member  of  the  Order  of  the  Phoenix,  the  reader  never  sees  her  in  a  role  other  than  maid  or  

cook  until  the  final  battle  against  Lord  Voldemort  and  his  followers  where  she  exclaims:    

“’NOT  MY  DAUGHTER,  YOU  BITCH!’  Mrs.  Weasley  threw  off  her  cloak  as  she  ran,  freeing  

her  arms...  ‘OUT  OF  MY  WAY!’  shouted  Mrs.  Weasley  to  the  three  girls,  and  with  a  swipe  

of  her  wand  she  began  to  duel...  ‘No!’  Mrs.  Weasley  cried  as  a  few  students  ran  forward,  

trying  to  come  to  her  aid.  ‘Get  back!  Get  back!’  She  is  mine!’”  (Order  79-­‐136;  Hallows  

736)  

Hermione  is  also  pigeon-­‐holed  into  this  domestic  role  when  out  searching  for  Horcruxes  with  

Harry  and  Ron,  a  role  that  she  is  not  happy  about:  “’Harry  caught  the  fish  and  I  did  my  best  with  

it!  I  notice  I’m  always  the  one  who  ends  up  sorting  out  the  food,  because  I’m  a  girl,  I  suppose!’”  

(Hallows  293).  Hermione  is  also  the  only  female  character  to  draw  attention  to  the  female  

versus  male  differences  found  within  the  heterosexual  matrix,  particularly  with  Harry  and  Ron’s  

tendency  to  use  the  masculine  generic  in  language.  For  example:    

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“Or  herself,”  said  Hermione  irritably,  overhearing  Harry  pointing  some  of  these  out  to  

Ron  in  the  common  room  on  Saturday  evening.  “It  might  have  been  a  girl.  I  think  the  

handwriting  looks  more  like  a  girl’s  than  a  boy’s.”    

 “The  Half-­‐Blood  Prince,  he  was  called,”  Harry  said.  “How  many  girls  have  been  Princes?”  

(Prince  195)  

“Well,  what  if  he  did  finish  it  off?”  said  Ron.    

“Or  she,”  interposed  Hermione.    

“Whichever,”  said  Ron”  (Hallows  101)  

In  both  of  these  examples,  the  boys  either  argue  with  or  simply  dismiss  Hermione’s  attempts  at  

equally  representative  language.    

Ginny’s  character  construction  also  deviates  from  her  prescribed  gender  role  as  she  is  a  

passionate  Quidditch  player  as  described  by  her  confrontation  with  Hermione:  “’Oh,  don’t  start  

acting  as  though  you  understand  Quidditch,’  snapped  Ginny,  ‘you’ll  only  embarrass  yourself’”  

(Prince  530).  Ginny  is  also  noted  as  being  one  of  the  most  powerful  magically:  “’Yeah,  size  is  no  

guarantee  of  power,”  said  George.  ‘Look  at  Ginny.’  //  ‘What  do  you  mean?’  said  Harry.  ‘You’ve  

never  been  on  the  receiving  end  of  one  of  her  Bat-­‐Bogey  Hexes,  have  you?’”  (Order  100).  In  the  

latter  example,  Ginny’s  power  is  confirmed  as  her  brother,  George,  also  points  out  the  bias  with  

assuming  that  size  and  power  are  always  interconnected.  

In  more  general  scenarios,  Harry  observes  “...  funny  little  witches  from  the  country,  up  

for  a  day’s  shopping;  venerable-­‐looking  wizards  arguing  over  the  latest  article  in  Transfiguration  

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Today;  wild-­‐looking  warlocks;  raucous  dwarfs;  and  once,  what  looked  suspiciously  like  a  hag,  

who  ordered  a  plate  of  raw  liver  from  behind  a  thick  woolen  balaclava,”  each  of  these  

characters  fulfilling  a  gendered  role  (Prisoner  49).  Despite  the  general  air  of  dislike  the  reader  

associates  with  Rita  Skeeter,  she  is  portrayed  in  a  most  gendered  and  “lady-­‐like”  fashion  by  

“greeting  [a  guest]  in  the  hallway  of  her  cozy  home,  [leading]  straight  into  the  kitchen  for  a  cup  

of  tea,  a  slice  of  pound  cake  and,  it  goes  with  saying,  a  steaming  vat  of  freshest  gossip”  (Hallows  

23).  The  heteronormative  interaction  between  characters  is  also  emphasized  by  Remus  Lupin  

“...  hugging  the  women  and  grasping  hands  with  the  men...”  (Hallows  515).  

Female  characters  appear  to  be  the  most  vulnerable  when  love,  loss,  or  emotional  

distress  is  concerned.  Moaning  Myrtle,  a  ghost  that  lives  in  the  girls’  restroom,  is  a  pivotal  

example  of  the  overly  emotional  female.  When  first  introduced,  the  reader  learns  that  “[the  

girls’  lavatory  has]  been  out-­‐of-­‐order  all  year  because  she  keeps  having  tantrums  and  flooding  

the  place”  (Chamber  133).  Myrtle  is  particularly  sensitive  to  what  others  think  and  say  about  

her:    

“You’re  making  fun  of  me,”  she  said,  silver  tears  welling  rapidly  in  her  small,  see-­‐through  

eyes…  “Don’t  lie  to  me,”  Myrtle  gasped,  tears  now  flooding  down  her  face…  “D’you  

think  I  don’t  know  what  people  call  me  behind  my  back?  Fat  Myrtle!  Ugly  Myrtle!  

Miserable,  moaning,  moping  Myrtle!”…  Moaning  Myrtle  burst  into  anguished  sobs  and  

fled  from  the  dungeon  (Chamber  134-­‐5)  

As  her  name  suggests,  it  is  quite  uncommon  to  find  Moaning  Myrtle  not  crying,  upset,  or  in  the  

midst  of  a  tantrum.  Other  secondary  female  characters  are  also  easily  upset,  particularly  when  

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their  physical  appearance  is  involved.  Percy  Weasley’s  girlfriend  had  “hidden  her  face  under  the  

frame  because  her  nose  [had]  gone  all  blotchy.  .  .  .”  (Prisoner  69).  Marietta,  a  member  of  

Dumbledore’s  Army,  was  hexed  for  confessing  the  group’s  activities  to  Dolores  Umbridge  “’…  

and  upon  catching  sight  of  her  face  in  [the]  mirror  the  girl  became  too  distressed  to  tell  

[Umbridge]  any  more’”  (Order  613).  Although  Molly  Weasley  is  never  shown  to  cry  over  any  

imperfections  with  her  appearance,  it  is  a  regular  occurrence  for  her  to  “[dissolve]  into  tears  at  

the  moment  of  parting…  crying  on  and  off”  (Prince  349).  Even  Hermione  allows  herself  to  

become  preoccupied  with  her  looks  on  one  occasion  when  “...  at  five  o’clock  said  she  was  going  

back  upstairs  to  get  ready  for  the  ball.  //  ‘What,  you  need  three  hours?’  said  Ron,  looking  at  her  

incredulously”  (Goblet  411).  Hermione  later  admits  to  Harry  that  this  preoccupation  was  a  

onetime  occurrence:  “Hermione’s  hair  was  bushy  again;  she  confessed  to  Harry  that  she  had  

used  liberal  amounts  of  Sleekeazy’s  Hair  Potion  on  it  for  the  ball,  ‘but  it’s  way  too  much  bother  

to  do  every  day,’  she  said  matter-­‐of-­‐factly”  (Goblet  433).  

Like  Hermione,  most  of  the  main  female  characters  do  not  appear  to  be  prone  to  fits  of  

crying  and  hysteria.  Hermione  rarely  demonstrates  this  sort  of  emotionality  until  Buckbeak,  a  

hippogriff  in  Hagrid’s  care,  is  about  to  be  executed:  “’Please,  let’s  hurry,’  Hermione  whispered.  

‘I  can’t  stand  it,  I  can’t  bear  it.  .  .  .  ...  ‘Oh,  please,  Ron,’...  Hermione  swayed  on  the  spot”  

(Prisoner  331).  Even  when  she  and  Harry  are  at  the  mercy  of  Umbridge’s  pending  punishment,  

“Hermione  was  sobbing  desperately  into  her  hands,  there  was  no  trace  of  a  tear.  .  .  .”  (Phoenix  

747).  Here,  Hermione  uses  her  gender  performance  expectations  to  manipulate  Umbridge  and  

save  Harry  from  her  wrath.  Ginny  is  another  female  character  that  “was  not  tearful;  that  was  

one  of  the  many  wonderful  things  about  Ginny,  she  was  rarely  weepy.”  That  is  until  she  and  

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Harry  part  before  he  leaves  in  search  of  Horcruxes:  “he  thought  that  she  might  have  

succumbed,  for  once,  to  tears”  (Hallows  116-­‐7).  

With  the  exception  of  a  few  superficial  emotional  responses,  female  emotionality  is  

usually  reserved  for  life-­‐altering  events  such  as  love  or  loss.  When  Tonks,  a  member  of  the  

Order  of  the  Phoenix,  has  trouble  metamorphosing  the  other  members  express  concern:  “’She  

can’t  change  her  appearance  like  she  used  to,’  explained  Hermione.  ‘I  think  her  powers  must  

have  been  affected  by  shock  or  something’”  (Prince  95).  Later  “the  meaning  of  Tonks’s  Patronus  

and  her  mouse-­‐colored  hair,  and  the  reason  she  had  come  running  to  find  Dumbledore  when  

she  had  heard  a  rumor  someone  had  been  attacked  by  Greyback,  all  suddenly  became  clear  to  

Harry,”  it  was  not  shock  that  had  upset  her,  she  was  in  love  with  Lupin  (Prince  624).  According  

to  Dumbledore,  this  is  not  an  unusual  occurrence  among  wizards:  “’Of  course,  it  is  also  possible  

that  her  unrequited  love  and  the  attendant  despair  sapped  her  of  her  powers;  that  can  

happen’”  (Prince  262).  However,  he  does  not  specify  if  this  is  more  common  among  witches  

than  wizards.  And  though  love  is  an  emotion  most  stereotypically  attributed  to  women,  

Dumbledore  reiterates  it  throughout  the  novels  as  an  absolute  necessity  and  their  greatest  

weapon  against  evil.  “The  ultimate  triumph  of  love  and  compassion  over  selfishness  and  

ambition  clearly  provides  an  overarching  worldview  that  is  more  in  line  with  radical  feminism”  

(Irwin  and  Bassham  91).  

A  painful  or  traumatic  event  is  also  cited  as  stopping  a  witch’s  power.  In  the  case  of  

Dumbledore’s  sister,  Ariana,  she  refused  to  use  magic  after  being  attacked  (and,  presumably,  

raped)  by  Muggles  who  saw  her  using  magic:  “’It  destroyed  her,  what  they  did:  She  was  never  

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right  again.  She  wouldn’t  use  magic,  but  she  couldn’t  get  rid  of  it;  it  turned  inward  and  drove  

her  mad,  it  exploded  out  of  her  when  she  couldn’t  control  it,  and  at  times  she  was  strange  and  

dangerous.  But  mostly  she  was  sweet  and  scared  and  harmless”  (Hallows  564).  Although  there  

are  a  few  female  characters  who  express  excessive  emotional  responses  to  minutia,  there  are  

also  significant  examples  of  strong  female  characters  that  persevere.  

One  of  the  strongest  female  characters  in  the  novels  is  Lily  Potter,  Harry’s  mother.  

Although  her  physical  presence  in  the  novels  is  severely  limited,  when  she  sacrificed  her  life  to  

save  her  son  she  provided  him  with  a  magical  protection  that  even  Lord  Voldemort  was  

incapable  of  penetrating.  During  Harry’s  encounters  with  the  Dementors,  he  relives  his  

mother’s  final  and  heroic  act:  “...  he  heard  the  last  moments  of  his  mother’s  life,  her  attempts  

to  protect  him,  Harry,  from  Lord  Voldemort,  and  Voldemort’s  laughter  before  he  murdered  

her”  (Prisoner  184).  While  Harry  does  encourage  others  to  “’be  brave  like  my  mother,’”  it  is  

important  to  note  that  despite  the  courage  of  her  sacrifice  the  protection  she  gave  him  as  a  

result  was  accidental  (Prince  490).  And  when  faced  again  with  Lord  Voldemort,  Harry  resolves  

himself  “...  to  die  upright  like  his  father,  and  he  was  going  to  die  trying  to  defend  himself,  even  

if  no  defense  was  possible.  .  .  .”  (Goblet  662).  Although  both  of  Harry’s  parents  were  murdered  

moments  before  Harry  sapped  Voldemort  of  his  powers,  it  is  his  mother  that  is  given  the  most  

recognition  for  the  (accidental)  protection  her  sacrifice  caused.  But  as  Harry  faces  Voldemort  he  

thinks  instead  of  his  father,  not  his  mother.    

   

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5.  Tough  Guise  

  By  promoting  traditional  models  of  masculinity,  the  need  for  a  tough  guise  may  become  

central  to  life  as  a  boy  or  man  (Reeser  119-­‐30).  This  promotion  of  masculinity  from  father  to  

son  begins  early  for  Dudley:  “‘Little  tyke  wants  his  money’s  worth,  just  like  his  father.  ‘Atta  boy,  

Dudley!’  He  ruffled  Dudley’s  hair”  (Stone  24).  Both  Vernon  and  Dudley  continually  perform  the  

masculine  stereotypes  expected  within  the  heterosexual  matrix.  Dudley  does  not  have  friends,  

but  instead  a  gang:  “Dudley’s  gang…  Piers,  Dennis,  Malcolm,  and  Gordon  were  all  big  and  

stupid,  but  as  Dudley  was  the  biggest  and  stupidest  of  the  lot,  he  was  the  leader”  (Stone  31).  It  

is  also  their  favorite  pastime  to  beat  up  younger  children,  Harry  included.  This  sort  of  gang  

mentality  is  present  amongst  three  of  Harry’s  least  favorite  Slytherins,  the  leader  of  which  is  

Draco  Malfoy,  flanked  by  Crabbe  and  Goyle:  “He  was  looking  at  the  other  boys.  Both  of  them  

were  thickset  and  looked  extremely  mean.  Standing  on  either  side  of  this  pale  boy,  they  looked  

like  bodyguards”  (Stone  108).  Rowling  suggests  the  stupidity  of  those  involved  in  gangs  by  

commenting  on  Crabbe  and  Goyle’s  intelligence:    

“How  thick  can  you  get?”  Ron  whispered  ecstatically  as  Crabbe  gleefully  pointed  out  the  

cakes  to  Goyle  and  grabbed  them.  Grinning  stupidly,  they  stuffed  the  cakes  whole  into  

their  large  mouths.  For  a  moment,  both  of  them  chewed  greedily,  looks  of  triumph  on  

their  faces.  Then,  …  they  both  keeled  over  backward  onto  the  floor  (Chamber  214)  

While  Vernon’s  actions  do  not  have  the  same  “gang”  implications,  his  character  regularly  

exhibits  an  out  of  control  temper  and  violent  tendencies.  He  threatened  Hagrid  as  he  “came  

skidding  into  the  room…  holding  a  rifle  in  his  hands”  and  “let  out  a  bellow  like  an  angry  bull  and  

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dived  at  Harry,  grabbing  him  by  the  ankle…  ‘Petunia!’  roared  Uncle  Vernon”  (Stone  46;  Chamber  

27).  

    By  appearance  and  his  giant  heritage,  Hagrid  has  the  potential  to  be  an  overly  masculine  

character  as  seen  when  he  makes  his  first  appearance  to  Harry  and  the  Dursleys.  When  Vernon  

confronts  Hagrid,  Hagrid  responds  violently  by  “…  [reaching]  over  the  back  of  the  sofa,  [jerking]  

the  gun  out  of  Uncle  Vernon’s  hands,  [bending]  it  into  a  knot  as  easily  as  if  it  had  been  made  of  

rubber,  and  [throwing]  it  in  the  corner  of  the  room”  (Stone  47).  After  discovering  that  the  

Dursleys  had  hidden  the  wizard  world  from  Harry,  “…  Hagrid  thundered….  He  leapt  to  his  feet.  

In  his  anger  he  seemed  to  fill  the  whole  hut”  (Stone  49).  Harry,  Ron,  and  Hermione  also  witness  

the  tough  side  of  Hagrid  when  they  come  “…  face-­‐to-­‐face  with  him  aiming  a  crossbow  at  them.  

Fang  the  boarhound  barked  loudly  behind  them  (Chamber  260).  They  also  see  him  react  with  

fury  when  discussing  Sirius  Black’s  escape:  “’I  COMFORTED  THE  MURDERIN’  TRAITOR!’  Hagrid  

roared”  (Prisoner  206).    

  It  is  noteworthy  that  while  Hagrid  is  physically  capable  of  harm,  he  does  not  act  on  it.  It  

is  far  more  common  for  Hagrid  the  giant  to  express  love,  sadness,  compassion,  and  worry  than  

physical  acts  of  violence  or  domination  (Wolfgram  130).  When  Hagrid  first  dropped  off  the  baby  

Harry  at  the  Dursleys,  “he  bent  his  great,  shaggy  head  over  Harry  and  gave  him  what  must  have  

been  a  very  scratchy,  whiskery  kiss”  before  sobbing  loudly  and  burying  his  face  in  a  

handkerchief  (Stone  15).  Hagrid  also  reacts  emotionally  when  visiting  Harry  in  the  hospital:  

“[Hagrid]  sat  down  next  to  Harry,  took  one  look  at  him,  and  burst  into  tears...  he  sobbed…  

shaking  with  grief  and  remorse,  great  tears  leaking  down  into  his  beard”  (Stone  303).  He  is,  

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ultimately,  known  not  for  his  physical  strength  or  temper  but  for  his  care  of  animals,  his  

pumpkin  patch,  and  tendency  to  cry  loudly  and  publicly  (Chamber  122;  Prisoner  93;  Prisoner  

217).  However,  it  may  be  a  contrived  aspect  of  Hagrid’s  character  that  he  is  a  giant,  as  his  sheer  

size  and  power  provide  equilibrium  to  his  more  stereotypically  feminine  qualities.  As  the  

decorum  of  the  heterosexual  matrix  demands  a  masculine  gender  performance  from  all  men,  

Hagrid  may  have  been  an  unacceptable  or  unbelievable  character  without  some  aspect  of  his  

masculinity  appropriately  performed.  

  Like  Dudley,  Ron  also  feels  the  weight  of  living  up  to  male  family  members’  

expectations,  as  he  is  the  sixth  boy  in  his  family  to  attend  Hogwarts;  even  if  he  is  successful,  

“it’s  no  big  deal,  because  they  did  it  first”  (Stone  99-­‐100).  He  does,  however,  manage  to  

distinguish  himself  by  making  the  Gryffindor  Quidditch  team,  being  appointed  prefect,  and  

helping  to  end  Lord  Voldemort’s  rule.  He  first  asserts  himself  by  proclaiming  “’I’m  going  to  be  a  

knight’”  during  a  game  of  live-­‐action  wizard’s  chess  (Stone  282).  As  the  game  progresses,  it  

becomes  apparent  to  Ron  that  his  knight  must  fall  in  order  for  them  to  win  the  game:  “’Yes  .  .  .  ‘  

said  Ron  softly,  ‘it’s  the  only  way  .  .  .  I’ve  got  to  be  taken”  (Stone  283).  As  he  sacrifices  himself,  

he  affirms  that  through  his  strength  and  suffering  the  others  may  continue.  Ron  also  performs  

his  role  within  the  tough  guise  by  acting  out  his  anger  violently  especially  if  Draco  Malfoy  is  

involved  or  Hermione  is  being  insulted.  In  one  such  case,  “…  Ron  had  leapt  off  his  stool…  ‘Let  

me  at  him,’  Ron  growled  as  Harry  and  Dean  hung  onto  his  arms.  ‘I  don’t  care,  I  don’t  need  my  

wand,  I’m  going  to  kill  him  with  my  bare  hands’”  (Chamber  267).  He  and  Harry  also  tend  to  

demonstrate  that  “boys  will  be  boys”  whether  it  is  flying  a  car  without  parental  permission,  

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acting  recklessly  despite  their  better  judgment,  or  continuing  a  Quidditch  match  while  being  

attacked  by  a  rogue  bludger  (Chamber  69;  Phoenix  780;  Chamber  170).  

  But  neither  Harry  nor  Ron  is  without  their  fears.  Ron  is  terrified  of  spiders  and  both  are  

frightened  when  going  into  the  Forbidden  Forest  (Chamber  154-­‐5,  269,  274).  As  the  protagonist  

of  the  novels,  Harry’s  fears  are  always  put  aside  to  the  task  at  hand,  whether  that  is  slaying  a  

Basilisk  in  the  Chamber  of  Secrets  or  rescuing  Sirius  from  Voldemort  (Chamber,  Phoenix).  While  

Dudley,  Vernon,  Malfoy,  and  even  Ron  may  act  out  their  tough  guises  in  a  traditionally  

masculine  way,  Harry’s  tough  guise  is  in  his  hero  mentality  or,  in  Hermione’s  words,  his  “saving-­‐

people-­‐thing”  (Phoenix  733,  emphasis  original).  Among  the  three  protagonists,  this  is  most  

evident  in  Prisoner  when  they  confront  a  still-­‐presumably-­‐guilty  Sirius  Black:  “His  eyes  flickered  

over  Ron,  lying  on  the  floor,  over  Hermione,  cowering  next  to  the  door,  to  Harry,  standing  there  

with  his  wand  covering  Black,  and  then  to  Black  himself,  crumpled  and  bleeding  at  Harry’s  feet”  

(Prisoner  343).  The  only  character  still  standing  is  Harry,  demonstrating  his  place  as  the  male  

protagonist.  The  reader  also  sees  that  Harry  approaches  violence  and  death  grimly  and  avoids  

them  whenever  possible.  When  he  is  informed  by  Dumbledore  that  he  must  be  the  one  to  kill  

Voldemort,  the  news  is  not  lightly  received  (Prince).  And  when  Harry  uses  the  unknown  Sectum  

Sempra  spell  on  Malfoy  he  is  shocked  and  deeply  remorseful  for  the  damage  caused  (Prince  

522-­‐3).    

  Harry  and  Ron  are  not  alone  in  performing  the  tough  guise.  Hermione  gets  into  a  fist  

fight  with  a  Slytherin  girl  during  a  dueling  lesson  (Chamber  192).  She  also  confronts  Malfoy  

head  on  when  he  insults  Hagrid:  “Harry  and  Ron  both  made  furious  moves  toward  Malfoy,  but  

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Hermione  got  there  first  –  SMACK!  She  had  slapped  Malfoy  across  the  face  with  all  the  strength  

she  could  muster”  (Prisoner  293).  Her  most  volatile  reactions,  however,  usually  involve  Ron.  

When  Hermione  sees  Ron  kissing  another  girl,  “Harry  spun  around  to  see  Hermione  pointing  

her  wand  at  Ron,  her  expression  wild:  The  little  flock  of  birds  was  speeding  like  a  hail  of  fat  

golden  bullets  toward  Ron,  who  yelped  and  covered  his  face  with  his  hands,  but  the  birds  

attacked,  pecking  and  clawing  at  every  bit  of  flesh  they  could  reach”  (Prince  302).  Ron  also  feels  

her  wrath  when  he  returns  to  Harry  and  Hermione  after  abandoning  them  on  the  search  for  

Horcruxes:  “’Hermione!’  said  Harry.  ‘  Calm  –‘  ‘I  will  not  calm  down!’  she  screamed.  Never  

before  had  he  seen  her  lose  control  like  this;  she  looked  quite  demented.  ‘Give  me  back  my  

wand!  Give  it  back  to  me!  ...  Don’t  you  dare  tell  me  what  to  do,  Harry  Potter!’  she  screeched”  

(Hallows  380).  Through  her  depiction  of  the  tough  guise  among  the  Harry  Potter  characters,  

Rowling  demonstrates  that  not  all  guys  live  up  to  tough  guise  and  the  girls  are  just  as  capable.  

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6.  Phallus  

In  connection  to  the  masculinity  associated  with  the  tough  guise,  one  must  

acknowledge  the  presence  of  the  phallus  in  Harry  Potter.  A  phallus  is  a  signifier  of  power  as  well  

as  the  source  of  identity  and  certainty  (Grosz,  A  Feminist  Introduction  71,  79).  A  phallus  is  only  

powerful  is  there  are  those  who  lack  it  (Grosz,  A  Feminist  Introduction  122).  The  most  

recognizable  of  these  being  the  wand:  a  witch’s  or  wizard’s  wand  is  the  source  of  their  power.  

Although  they  may  possess  magic  without  a  wand,  they  are  incapable  of  using  it.  Those  in  the  

Wizarding  world  who  were  born  without  magical  abilities  are  known  as  Squibs;  Argus  Filch,  the  

caretaker  at  Hogwarts,  is  one  example  (Chamber  142).  Squibs  do  not  have  wands  because  they  

have  no  magical  powers.    

However,  the  greatest  insult  a  witch  or  wizard  can  face  is  to  have  their  wand  taken  from  

them:  “’You  lost  your  authority  when  you  lost  your  wand,  Lucius!’”  (Hallows  460).  Hagrid  also  

experiences  this  loss  when  he  was  falsely  accused  of  committing  a  crime  while  a  student  at  

Hogwarts.  He  never  receives  another  wand  but  is  given  a  pink  umbrella  instead  which  allows  

him  to  perform  a  minimal  amount  of  magic.  In  Hagrid’s  case,  he  is  doubly  insulted  by  having  his  

wand  taken  and  replaced  by  a  pink  umbrella  (a  stereotypically  feminine  color  and  the  color  of  

many  physical  phalluses).  Harry,  too,  feels  the  loss  of  his  wand  after  it  is  broken:  “...never,  until  

this  moment,  had  he  felt  himself  to  be  fatally  weakened,  vulnerable,  and  naked,  as  though  the  

best  part  of  his  magical  power  had  been  torn  from  him”  (Hallows  350).  Harry’s  description  is  by  

far  the  most  telling  regarding  the  power  of  this  phallus  for  all  witches  and  wizards.  It  is  also  an  

example  of  phallocentrism  which  represents  two  sexes,  male  and  female,  with  a  single,  

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masculine  identifier  (Grosz,  Sexual  Subversions  25).  In  the  world  of  Harry  Potter,  this  is  the  

wand.  

  The  phallus  is  present  in  other  objects  as  well.  Harry  comes  across  a  book  entitled  

“Broken  Balls:  When  Fortunes  Turn  Foul”  which  seems  to  poke  fun  at  this  phallocentrism  

(Prisoner  53).  The  appearance  and  description  of  the  Sword  of  Gryffindor  during  Harry’s  battle  

with  a  Basilisk  further  exemplifies  powerful  phallic  symbols:  “Stars  winking  in  front  of  his  eyes,  

he  grabbed  the  top  of  the  hat  to  pull  it  off  and  felt  something  long  and  hard  beneath  it.  A  

gleaming  sword  had  appeared  inside  the  hat,  its  handle  glittering  with  rubies  the  size  of  eggs”  

(Chamber  319-­‐20,  emphasis  mine).    

  The  Basilisk  leads  to  another  category  of  phallus  in  Harry  Potter:  animals.  Though  not  

accurate  to  Muggle  (non-­‐wizard)  biology,  the  Basilisk  found  in  the  Chamber  of  Secrets  is  a  

gigantic  snake  (Chamber).  Its  venom  is  extremely  deadly  and  if  it  is  looked  directly  in  the  eyes,  

death  is  immediate.  Both  of  these  descriptions  ring  reminiscent  of  anti-­‐masturbation  

propaganda.  Another  phallic  animal  is  Lord  Voldemort’s  pet  Nagini  (Goblet  12).  Nagini  is  a  snake  

described  as  at  least  ten  feet  long  and  as  thick  around  as  a  man’s  thigh  (Goblet  12).  In  addition  

to  Nagini’s  role  as  a  pet,  she  is  also  one  of  Voldemort’s  Horcruxes.  As  such,  Voldemort  has  two  

phallic  sources  of  power  and  domination:  his  wand  and  Nagini.  In  relation  to  the  heterosexual  

matrix,  it  is  intriguing  that  the  villain  has  no  power  that  is  not  phallic  in  nature.  

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7.  Family  Dynamics  

Just  as  masculinity  and  heteronormativity  are  facets  of  the  heterosexual  matrix,  so  too  

is  the  concept  of  a  traditional  nuclear  family  model.  Families  in  the  Harry  Potter  novels  hardly  

transcend  from  ideas  of  a  “traditional”  family.  There  is  a  husband  and  father  figure  who  serves  

as  the  breadwinner,  a  stay-­‐at-­‐home  mother,  and  whatever  children  they  have  between  the  two  

of  them.  There  is  no  divorce  to  speak  of  in  the  books,  so  any  children  present  are  also  whole  

siblings.  The  Dursleys  are  the  most  obvious  example  of  this  as  “Mr.  Dursley  hummed  as  he  

picked  out  his  most  boring  tie  for  work,  and  Mrs.  Dursley  gossiped  away  happily  as  she  wrestled  

a  screaming  Dudley  into  his  high  chair”  (Stone  2).  The  salutations  “Mr.”  and  “Mrs.”  also  play  a  

critical  role  in  this  traditional  family  dynamic  as  they  work  to  reinforce  and  perhaps  aid  the  

performance  of  the  couple’s  heteronormative  marital  and  familial  status;  this  is  the  case  with  

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Dursley,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Weasley,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Mason  (Stone,  Chamber  5,  

Prisoner,  Goblet,  Phoenix,  Prince,  and  Hallows).  

  As  Dudley  grows  older,  the  family  model  remains  much  the  same.  “As  he  looked  at  

Dudley  in  his  new  knickerbockers,  Uncle  Vernon  said  gruffly  that  it  was  the  proudest  moment  of  

his  life.  Aunt  Petunia  burst  into  tears  and  said  she  couldn’t  believe  it  was  her  Ickle  Dudleykins,  

he  looked  so  handsome  and  grown-­‐up”  (Stone  32).  Here,  the  father  figure  expresses  reserved  

and  respectful  pride  as  his  son  grows  into  a  man  who  will  one  day  earn  his  own  living,  while  the  

mother  figure  dotes  endlessly  on  her  baby  boy.  Each  family  member,  especially  Petunia,  is  

aware  of  their  role  within  the  family,  as  seen  when  Vernon  is  expecting  company:  “’We  should  

all  be  in  position  at  eight  o’clock.  Petunia,  you  will  be  -­‐-­‐-­‐?’  ‘In  the  lounge,’  said  Petunia  

promptly,  ‘waiting  to  welcome  them  graciously  to  our  home’”  (Chamber  5).  She  also  fulfills  her  

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expected  role  as  the  homemaker  always  reassuring  her  son  that  “’there’s  more  in  the  frying  

pan,  sweetums,’  said  Aunt  Petunia,  turning  misty  eyes  on  her  massive  son”  and  bursts  into  

tears  and  hugs  Dudley  over  the  smallest  accomplishment  or  concern  (Chamber  2,  6).  

  The  Weasleys  are  also  painted  as  a  traditional,  albeit  wizard,  family.  Through  Ron’s  

conversations  with  Harry,  the  reader  learns  that  he  has  five  brothers  and  one  sister.  While  it  is  

implied  that  his  family  is  not  wealthy,  his  parents  appear  to  be  very  happily  married.  Mr.  

Weasley  is  the  sole  breadwinner  and  works  at  the  Ministry  of  Magic.  Mrs.  Weasley,  like  

Petunia,  is  a  homemaker  usually  found  in  a  “flowered  apron”  and  quickly  “[conjures]  up  a  

sumptuous  dinner”  (Chamber  33,  65).  The  reader  also  sees  Mrs.  Weasley  as  the  primary  

caregiver  who  seems  to  tend  to  most  everything  while  Mr.  Weasley’s  role  is  more  symbolic:  

“They  found  Mr.  Weasley  sitting  in  the  bar,  reading  the  Daily  Prophet.  ...  Mrs.  Weasley  entered  

the  bar,  laden  with  shopping  bags  and  followed  by  the  twins,  Fred  and  George,  who  were  about  

to  start  their  fifth  year  at  Hogwarts;  the  newly  elected  Head  Boy,  Percy;  and  the  Weasleys’  

youngest  child  and  only  girl,  Ginny”  (Prisoner  61).  Mrs.  Weasley  alone  is  present  when  sending  

off  her  children  to  Hogwarts:  “Their  mother  had  just  taken  out  her  handkerchief.  ‘Ron,  you’ve  

got  something  on  your  nose.’…  she  grabbed  him  and  began  rubbing  the  end  of  his  nose”  (Stone  

95).  In  addition  to  maintaining  their  cleanliness,  Mrs.  Weasley  also  knits  sweaters  for  all  seven  

of  her  children  and  Harry  as  Christmas  presents  and  sends  them  home-­‐cooked  food  and  sweets,  

thus  performing  the  ideal  mother  and  homemaker  roles  (Stone  200-­‐1).  The  only  counter  

example  given  in  the  Harry  Potter  series  to  the  ideal  mother  is  Hagrid’s  description  of  his  

mother:  “’Anyway,  she  don’  seem  ter  have  liked  him  much  more’n  she  liked  me.  .  .  .  See,  with  

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giantesses,  what  counts  is  producin’  good  big  kids,  and  he’s  always  been  a  bit  on  the  runty  side  

fer  a  giant  –  on’y  sixteen  foot  –”  (Order  691).  

  Rowling  does  offer  a  glimpse  into  the  lives  of  nontraditional  families.  It  is  implied  that  

Neville  Longbottom,  a  fellow  Gryffindor,  has  been  raised  by  his  grandmother,  but  there  is  

initially  no  explanation  given  as  to  why  or  if  this  is  a  permanent  situation  (Stone).  The  reader  

later  learns  that  Neville’s  parents  live  in  the  psychiatric  ward  of  St.  Mungo’s  Hospital  after  being  

tortured  into  insanity  by  Death  Eater  Bellatrix  Lestrange  (Goblet  603).  Harry  himself  comes  from  

a  nontraditional  family,  as  he  has  been  raised  by  the  Dursleys.  In  addition  to  being  a  wizard,  this  

disruption  to  the  Dursleys’  performance  of  “normal”  and  “traditional”  lives  furthers  their  

resentment  of  Harry.  The  reader  sees  several  new  nontraditional  families  develop  throughout  

the  novels:  the  friendship  of  Harry,  Ron,  and  Hermione  becomes  the  closest  relationship  Harry  

has  ever  known,  far  more  so  than  his  familial  relationship  with  the  Dursleys;  Harry’s  bond  with  

his  godfather  Sirius  Black;  and  Harry’s  acceptance  in  the  Weasley  family.    

  Harry  also  forms  a  bond  with  Dumbledore,  who  slowly  takes  on  a  parental  role  in  the  

first  novel.  The  reader  sees  this  during  their  first  one-­‐on-­‐one  interaction  after  Harry  has  

discovered  the  Mirror  of  Erised  (Stone  212-­‐14).  Dumbledore  offers  advice  and  provides  insight  

that  Harry  needs  after  deeply  missing  his  parents  and  the  relationship  they  never  had.  They  

share  another  intimate  moment  when  Dumbledore  visits  Harry  in  the  hospital  after  he  sustains  

injuries  while  searching  for  the  Sorcerer’s  Stone  (Stone  295-­‐301).  Their  second  dialogue  is  far  

longer  than  the  first  as  Dumbledore  describes  to  Harry  the  secret  of  the  Stone,  ensures  his  well-­‐

being,  promises  to  answer  more  of  his  questions  as  he  grows  older,  extols  the  power  of  love,  

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and  jokes  about  flavored  jelly  beans.  In  each  subsequent  novel,  Harry  and  Dumbledore  

continue  to  bond  and  each  novel  concludes  with  a  heart-­‐to-­‐heart  conversation  between  the  

two  of  them.  Dumbledore  offers  a  listening  ear  to  Harry  when  he  is  in  need  as  any  good  parent  

would  (Chamber  209).    

As  the  two  grow  closer,  Dumbledore’s  love  of  Harry  becomes  more  apparent:  “’I  cared  

about  you  too  much,’  said  Dumbledore  simply.  ‘I  cared  more  for  your  happiness  than  your  

knowing  the  truth,  more  for  your  peace  of  mind  than  my  plan,  more  for  your  life  than  the  lives  

that  might  be  lost  if  the  plan  failed.  In  other  words,  I  acted  exactly  as  Voldemort  expects  we  

fools  who  love  to  act”  (Phoenix  838).  Dumbledore  is  also  brought  to  tears  by  Harry’s  courage  

and  loyalty  (Phoenix  844;  Prince  358).  In  Rowling’s  world  of  Harry  Potter,  only  two  factors  

appear  to  separate  traditional  families:  death  or  psychosis.  However,  several  nontraditional  

families  are  then  brought  together  by  adversity,  friendship,  and  love.  Though  nontraditional,  

Harry’s  relationships  with  Ron,  Hermione,  Sirius,  the  Weasleys,  and  Dumbledore  become  the  

most  powerful  and  important  in  his  life  despite  their  contradiction  to  the  traditional  family  

model.  

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8.  Education  and  Opportunity  

Hogwarts  is  a  co-­‐educational  institution.  There  appear  to  be  equal  amounts  of  boys  and  

girls  in  attendance.  This  is  also  reflected  in  the  professors  of  the  school,  as  well  as  its  founders.  

McGonagall  and  Dumbledore  each  represent  the  highest-­‐ranking  professors  at  the  school.  

Rowena  Ravenclaw  and  Helga  Hufflepuff  represent  the  female  founding  members  of  Hogwarts,  

while  Godric  Gryffindor  and  Salazar  Slytherin  represent  the  male  founding  members.  The  only  

gendered  difference  amongst  the  founders  appears  to  be  in  Hufflepuff’s  reputation  as  loyal  but  

unintelligent.  As  Harry  notes,  “...Hufflepuff  House  very  rarely  got  any  glory”  (Goblet  293).  

Students’  classes  do  not  appear  to  be  affected  by  their  sex,  as  all  students  are  expected  to  

complete  the  same  classes  in  order  to  move  onto  the  next  year’s  lessons  and  all  students  are  

encouraged  to  decide  upon  future  professions  without  consideration  to  their  sex.  It  does  

appear,  however,  in  similar  fashion  to  Muggle  society  that  while  girls  and  women  may  have  

“access”  to  all  types  of  employment  the  highest  ranking  officials  are  most  often  male,  such  as  

the  Minister  of  Magic,  Cornelius  Fudge  (Prisoner  42).  

  Although  there  are  no  notable  differences  in  the  treatment  of  the  students  on  the  basis  

of  sex  or  gender,  Professor  Snape  (Head  of  Slytherin  House  and  potions  professor)  

demonstrates  a  common  occurrence  in  real-­‐life  classrooms  (Wolfgram  131).  This  first  occurs  

when  Snape  attempts  to  embarrass  Harry  by  asking  him  questions  to  which  he  clearly  does  not  

know  the  answers.  Hermione,  trying  to  intervene,  attempts  to  answer  them  instead:  

“Hermione’s  hand  had  shot  into  the  air….  [Snape]  ignored  Hermione’s  hand….  Hermione  

stretched  her  hand  as  high  into  the  air  as  it  would  go  without  her  leaving  her  seat….  Snape  was  

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still  ignoring  Hermione’s  quivering  hand….  ‘I  don’t  know,’  said  Harry  quietly.  ‘I  think  Hermione  

does,  though,  why  don’t  you  try  her?’….  ‘Sit  down,’  he  snapped  at  Hermione”  (Stone  137-­‐8).  

Snape  ignores  Hermione  on  another  occasion  when  he  is  substituting  for  Professor  Lupin:  

“Which  of  you  can  tell  me  how  we  distinguish  between  the  werewolf  and  the  true  

wolf?”  said  Snape.  Everyone  sat  in  motionless  silence;  everyone  except  Hermione,  

whose  hand,  as  it  so  often  did,  had  shot  straight  into  the  air.  “Anyone?”  Snape  said,  

ignoring  Hermione.  ...  “Please,  sir”  said  Hermione,  whose  hand  was  still  in  the  air...  

“That  is  the  second  time  you  have  spoken  out  of  turn,  Miss  Granger,”  said  Snape  coolly.  

“Five  more  points  from  Gryffindor  for  being  an  insufferable  know-­‐it-­‐all.”  Hermione  went  

very  red,  put  down  her  hand,  and  stared  at  the  floor  with  her  eyes  full  of  tears...  Ron...  

said  loudly,  “You  asked  us  a  question  and  she  knows  the  answer!  Why  ask  if  you  don’t  

want  to  be  told?”  (Prisoner  171-­‐2).  

 As  most  gender  scholars  will  attest,  this  may  not  be  far  from  the  truth,  as  girls  tend  to  receive  

less  attention  in  classrooms  than  their  boy  classmates  and  may  well  be  a  factor  of  the  resulting  

performance  standards.  

  Undoubtedly,  Hermione  is  the  most  interested  in  academic  pursuits  of  all  the  characters  

(Croft).  When  first  arriving  at  Hogwarts,  she  immediately  begins  discussing  upcoming  lessons  in  

earnest  hope  that  they  will  begin  right  away  (Stone  125-­‐6).  While  Hermione’s  gender  may  not  

have  affected  her  academic  achievements  at  Hogwarts,  she  receives  a  significant  amount  of  

ostracism  as  one  of  the  smartest  students.  One  might  argue  that  this  was  partly  her  fault  as  she  

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did  not  attempt  to  disguise  that  she  is  correct,  knows  better,  or  defers  to  her  male  classmates  

as  her  gender  performance  would  dictate:    

  “’You’re  saying  it  wrong,’  Harry  heard  Hermione  snap….  ‘You  do  it,  then,  if  you’re  so  

  clever,’  Ron  snarled.  Hermione  rolled  up  the  sleeves  of  her  gown,  flicked  her  wand,  and  

  said,  ‘Wingardium  Leviosa!’  Their  feather  rose  off  the  desk  and  hovered  about  four  feet  

  above  their  heads.  ‘Oh,  well  done!’  cried  Professor  Flitwick,  clapping.  ‘Everyone  see  

  here,  Miss  Granger’s  done  it!’”  (Stone  171,  emphasis  original)  

Others  may  argue  that  there  is  no  reason  for  Hermione  to  have  concealed  her  intelligence.  

Would  it  have  mattered  if  she  was  a  boy  know-­‐it-­‐all  instead,  as  this  would  have  been  an  

affirmation  of  a  male  superiority  rather  than  a  contradiction?  One  can  only  speculate,  but  it  

may  not  inspire  other  young  girls  to  reach  their  full  academic  potential  if  their  favorite  story  

character  is  friendless  and  hated  because  of  her  intelligence:  “’It’s  no  wonder  no  one  can  stand  

her,’  he  said  to  Harry  as  they  pushed  their  way  into  the  crowded  corridor,  ‘she’s  a  nightmare,  

honestly’….  ‘She  must’ve  noticed  she’s  got  no  friends’….  Hermione  didn’t  turn  up  for  the  next  

class…  [she]  was  crying  in  the  girls’  bathroom”  (Stone  172).    

Ultimately,  Hermione  finds  the  balance  between  books  and  friends  though  continues  to  

sound  “as  though  she  had  swallowed  the  textbook”  (Chamber  92).  Harry  and  Ron  come  to  

revere  her  for  her  performance  of  spells  and  quick  wit  admitting  that  she  knows  “loads  more  

than  [they]  do”  (Chamber  255).  Though  Harry  may  be  the  action-­‐based  character  who  is  

ultimately  revered  for  his  successes  and  triumphs,  his  success  is  often  rooted  in  information  

given  to  him  by  Hermione.    This  is  arguably  something  that  Harry  is  conscious  of  because  

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“trying  to  imagine  a  stupid  Hermione”  would  be  “simply  odd”  and  during  an  argument  says,  

“’How  can  I  have  hung  around  you  for  five  years  and  not  think  girls  are  clever?’  said  Harry,  

stung  by  this”  (Hallows  21,  538).  Though  she  may  have  gotten  off  to  a  rocky  beginning,  

Hermione  becomes  as  famous  and  loved  as  Harry  for  being  the  “know-­‐it-­‐all”  she  was  once  

mocked  as.  

  Quidditch,  the  most  popular  wizarding  sport,  also  maintains  gender  balance.  The  coach  

and  referee  is  a  woman,  Madam  Hooch  (Stone  185).  Each  house  has  their  own  team  that  is  

comprised  of  both  girls  and  boys,  which  the  girls  remind  the  boys  as  necessary:  “’Okay,  men,’  

[Wood]  said.  ‘And  women,’  said  Chaser  Angelina  Johnson.  ‘And  women,’  Wood  agreed”  (Stone  

185).  This  is  true  of  all  houses  except  Slytherin  which  does  not  have  any  girl  players,  adding  

further  to  the  reader’s  dislike  of  this  house  (Chamber  110).  The  girls  are  not  only  present  on  the  

other  house  teams,  they  also  play  a  critical  and  active  role  in  the  Quidditch  matches:  “’And  the  

Quaffle  is  taken  immediately  by  Angelina  Johnson  of  Gryffindor  –  what  an  excellent  Chaser  that  

girl  is,  and  rather  attractive,  too…  ‘”  (Stone  185-­‐6).  In  this  instance,  despite  her  performance  as  

an  athlete,  the  male  announcer  reverts  to  commenting  on  her  attractiveness  once  the  play  has  

been  made  as  each  of  their  gender  roles  dictate  to  be  the  correct  performances.  However,  in  

this  same  match  two  other  female  players,  Alicia  Spinnett  and  Katie  Bell,  are  announced  for  

their  performance  with  no  commentary  made  on  their  appearance.  Angelina  also  scores  the  

first  points  of  the  match,  but  it  is  Harry  who  is  responsible  for  winning  the  game  (Stone  186).  

Thus,  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of  the  heterosexual  matrix,  the  male  character  is  responsible  

for  excellence,  success,  and  activity  while  the  female  characters  play  a  subsidiary  role.  

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However,  this  also  comes  with  additional  pressure  as  Harry  is  held  equally  responsible  for  the  

team’s  failure.  

   

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9.  Mobility  

Throughout  the  progression  of  the  series,  dreams  play  a  prominent  role,  particularly  

Harry’s  (Billone).  The  reader  is  introduced  to  Harry’s  dreams  in  the  first  novel  when  he  

experiences  a  nightmare,  wakes  in  the  middle  of  the  night,  then  falls  back  to  sleep  without  

retaining  any  memory  of  it  (Stone  130).  Harry  moves  easily  from  reality,  to  in-­‐dream  fantasy,  

and  back  to  reality  again  (Billone).  As  mentioned,  this  begins  with  his  dreams  which  occur  an  

average  of  once  per  novel,  increasing  significantly  in  Phoenix.  The  most  compelling  of  these  

occurs  when  “two  hundred  miles  away,  the  boy  called  Harry  Potter  woke  with  a  start”  (Goblet  

15).  This  dream  is  the  first  time  that  Harry  is  able  to  access  Lord  Voldemort’s  thoughts  which  

further  adds  to  his  role  as  a  mobile  character:  he  is  able  to  transcend  the  physical  world  and  

travel  between  the  minds  of  two  people.  Harry  is  also  able  to  exercise  a  significant  amount  of  

control  over  his  mind  as  seen  when  Mad-­‐Eye  Moody  attempts  to  use  the  Imperius  Curse  against  

him:  “’Look  at  that,  you  lot  .  .  .  Potter  fought!  He  fought  it,  and  he  damn  near  beat  it!  We’ll  try  

that  again,  Potter,  and  the  rest  of  you,  pay  attention  –  watch  his  eyes,  that’s  where  you  see  it  –  

very  good,  Potter,  very  good  indeed!  They’ll  have  trouble  controlling  you!”  (Goblet  232).  

Harry’s  mobility  increases  when  he  learns  to  ride  a  broomstick,  an  activity  for  which  he  has  a  

natural  talent  (Stone  148).  While  the  other  students  yelled  at  their  brooms  and  had  little  

control,  “Harry’s  broom  jumped  into  his  hand  at  once…  he  realized  he’d  found  something  he  

could  do  without  being  taught”  (Stone  146-­‐8).  After  being  caught  by  Professor  McGonagall  

when  he  was  illegally  riding  his  broom  on  the  castle  grounds,  she  is  so  impressed  with  his  skill  

that  she  makes  him  the  youngest  Seeker  in  the  Gryffindor  Quidditch  team’s  history:  “’Your  

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father  would  have  been  proud,’  [McGonagall]  said.  ‘He  was  an  excellent  Quidditch  player  

himself’”  (Stone  152).  This  comment  not  only  reinforces  Harry’s  role  as  a  mobile  character,  but  

also  the  roles  of  the  father-­‐son  masculine  duality.    

Contrary  to  the  mobility  exercised  by  Harry,  the  female  characters  are  significantly  more  

limited.  Two  of  the  female  characters,  Hermione  and  Professor  McGonagall,  are  rooted  firmly  in  

reality  with  no  insight  to  their  personal  lives.  Their  interests  lay  in  books,  rules,  and  knowledge.  

As  Harry  said,  “Hermione  would  not  like  the  idea,  of  course.  .  .  .  But  then,  she  did  not  believe  .  .  

.  Xenophilius  had  been  right,  in  a  way  –  Limited.  Narrow.  Close-­‐minded”  (Hallows  434).  

 Hermione’s  lack  of  mobility  extends  in  the  literal  sense  as  well.  During  a  close  

encounter  with  a  troll  in  the  girls’  restroom,  Harry  and  Ron  arrive  to  help  Hermione  who,  

despite  her  magical  knowledge,  is  too  frozen  by  fear  to  help  herself:  “’Come  on,  run,  run!’  Harry  

yelled  at  Hermione,  trying  to  pull  her  toward  the  door,  but  she  couldn’t  move,  she  was  still  flat  

against  the  wall,  her  mouth  open  with  terror”  (Stone  175).  Hermione’s  mobility  is  nonexistent  

as  she  is  paralyzed  by  fear,  which  requires  and  enables  Harry  and  Ron  to  perform  all  of  the  

action.  This  is  a  common  theme  with  Hermione’s  character.  She  is  unable  to  accompany  Harry  

and  Ron  into  the  Slytherin  common  room  after  spending  a  month  brewing  the  potion  they  

would  all  need  to  drink  and  she  was  one  of  the  few  characters  to  be  petrified  by  the  Basilisk  

(Chamber  218,  257).  When  given  a  Time-­‐Turner  by  McGonagall  to  attend  additional  classes  she  

gains  mobility  but  “’[she]  –  must  –  not  –  be  –  seen’”  (Prisoner  394).  She  gains  mobility  but  must  

remain  invisible  when  exercising  this  power.  Hermione’s  lack  of  mobility  limits  her  agency  as  a  

fully  developed  character;  however,  the  reader  does  see  her  in  a  more  active  role  when  she  

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demands  Harry  and  Ron  follow  her  to  Hagrid’s  and  leads  Harry  away  from  his  parents’  graves  in  

Godric’s  Hollow  (Goblet  452;  Hallows  323-­‐4).  

Despite  her  magical  power,  Ginny  is  also  subjected  to  limited  mobility  through  her  lack  

of  voice  in  Chamber;  according  to  Ron,  “she  never  shuts  up  normally”  until  in  the  presence  of  

Harry  (Chamber  40).  While  this  is  the  result  of  Ginny’s  crush  on  Harry,  it  mirrors  the  common  

silencing  of  women  by  men.  There  are  a  couple  of  instances  when  “Ginny  opened  her  mouth,  

but  no  sound  came  out”  (Chamber  286).  More  significant  than  her  silence  is  the  control  Lord  

Voldemort  is  able  to  exert  over  Ginny  throughout  the  novel.  Voldemort  is  slowly  able  to  possess  

her  body  to  open  the  Chamber  of  Secrets  and  sets  her  up  as  a  hostage  to  lure  Harry.  Through  

Voldemort’s  possession,  Ginny’s  agency  and  mobility  are  completely  removed.  

The  immobility  of  the  female  characters  is  pronounced  during  the  fight  between  

Dumbledore’s  Army  and  the  Order  of  the  Phoenix  versus  the  Death  Eaters  at  the  Ministry  of  

Magic.  Each  of  the  girls  in  Dumbledore’s  Army  are  made  entirely  immobile  (unconscious)  while  

none  of  the  boys  are.  In  order,  Hermione  is  the  first  to  be  taken  out,  Ginny  breaks  her  ankle,  

Luna  is  knocked  out,  and  then  Ginny  is  the  last  to  lose  consciousness  (Phoenix  792,  796-­‐8).  

Additionally,  when  the  members  of  the  Order  arrive  to  assist  them  there  is  only  one  female  

member  represented.  

   

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10.  House  Elves  

  Contrary  to  the  thesis  of  this  paper  which  advocates  Rowling  as  a  feminist  of  sorts,  there  

are  those  who  assert  that  the  “enslaved  house  elves  of  the  Harry  Potter  series  should  be  seen  

as  indirect  and  perhaps  unintentional  representations  of  unemancipated  and  unempowered  

women  of  the  past”  and  suggest  that  Rowling  is  thus  ambivalent  to  feminism  (Kellner  367).  Yet,  

allowing  Harry  to  free  a  house  elf  may  show  an  “unequivocally  liberal”  stance  (McDaniel  190).  

Whether  Rowling  does  or  does  not  identify  as  a  feminist  is  not  immediately  relevant  to  the  

argument  at  hand,  but  it  is  important  to  give  special  attention  to  the  house  elves  whose  

presence  may  have  greater  implications  than  plot  development.  The  reader  is  first  introduced  

to  house  elves  through  Harry’s  interaction  with  Dobby  and  learns  of  the  “house-­‐elf’s  

enslavement”  (Chamber  177).    

  There  are  undoubtedly  parallels  between  the  history  of  women’s  oppression  and  the  

plight  of  the  house  elves.  House  elves  are  bound  for  life  to  serve  a  family  as  its  cook  and  maid  

which  is  reminiscent  of  the  days  when  women  were  expected  to  marry  and  take  care  of  the  

family.  It  may  be  accurate  to  think  of  house  elves  as  unliberated  women,  “shackled  by  the  

chains  of  tradition  to  a  circumscribed  role  in  the  domestic  sphere”  (McDaniel  185).  House  elves  

are  described  as  distinctly  feminine  in  their  small  stature,  diminutive  names,  and  high  voices.  

The  term  “house  elf”  is  also  not  far  removed  from  “house  wife”  both  of  whom  are  defined  by  

their  domestic  roles  (McDaniel).  The  idea  of  “settling  down”  with  marriage  and  family  is  

explained  from  one  house  elf’s  perspective:    

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“Freedom  is  going  to  Dobby’s  head,  sir,”  said  Winky  sadly.  “Ideas  above  his  station,  sir.  

Can’t  get  another  position,  sir.”    

“Why  not?”  said  Harry.  ...    

“He  is  wanting  paying  for  his  work,  sir...  No,  no,  no.  I  says  to  Dobby,  I  says,  go  find  

yourself  a  nice  family  and  settle  down,  Dobby...  House-­‐elves  is  not  supposed  to  have  

fun,  Harry  Potter,”  said  Winky  firmly,  from  behind  her  hands.  “House-­‐elves  does  what  

they  is  told”  (Goblet  98-­‐9)  

Winky  is  a  house  elf  who  is  describing  the  “plight”  of  Dobby,  the  house  elf  who  was  freed  by  

Harry.  Dobby  is  the  only  house  elf  in  the  novels  that  appears  to  have  wanted  freedom  and  is  

made  extremely  happy  by  it.  Winky  is  set  free  by  her  family  after  failing  to  follow  orders  and  is  

devastated  by  it:  “’Winky  is  a  disgraced  elf,  but  Winky  is  not  yet  getting  paid!’  she  squeaked.  

‘Winky  is  not  sunk  so  low  as  that!  Winky  is  properly  ashamed  of  being  freed!’”  (Goblet  379).  

Later,  Harry,  Ron,  and  Hermione  find  Winky  in  the  kitchen  of  Hogwarts:  

she  had  allowed  herself  to  become  so  filthy  that  she  was  not  immediately  

distinguishable  from  the  smoke-­‐blackened  brick  behind  her.  Her  clothes  were  ragged  

and  unwashed.  She  was  clutching  a  bottle  of  butterbeer  and  swaying  slightly  on  her  

stool,  staring  into  the  fire.  As  they  watched  her,  she  gave  an  enormous  hiccup.  “Winky  is  

getting  through  six  bottles  a  day  now,”  Dobby  whispered  to  Harry  (Goblet  536)  

In  connection  to  Betty  Friedan’s  work,  the  excessive  eating,  alcoholism,  and  drug  addictive  

behaviors  of  unhappy  house  wives  are  also  comparable  to  Winky’s  depression  (McDaniel  194).  

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Hermione  is  the  only  character  that  is  bothered  by  the  house  elves’  lot  in  life  and  begins  

an  organization  with  the  unfortunate  acronym  S.P.E.W.  (The  Society  for  the  Promotion  of  Elfish  

Welfare)  (Goblet  224).  As  Harry  escaped  his  own  form  of  servitude  with  the  Dursleys,  it  is  odd  

that  he  does  not  join  Hermione  in  her  advocacy.  Harry  and  Dobby  also  mirror  one  another,  as  

house  elves  do  not  count  as  a  “race”  in  the  Wizard  world  just  as  Harry  did  not  count  as  a  

Muggle  in  the  Dursleys’  household  (Gupta  111-­‐3).  As  Hermione  is  arguably  the  main  female  

character  in  the  novels,  her  involvement  in  and  concern  for  house  elves  is  somewhat  telling,  as  

is  Ron’s  dismissal  of  her  concerns:    

“It’s  slavery,  that’s  what  it  is!...  Why  doesn’t  anyone  do  something  about  it?”  

“Well,  the  elves  are  happy,  aren’t  they?”  Ron  said  

“It’s  people  like  you,  Ron,”  Hermione  began  hotly,  “who  prop  up  rotten  and  unjust  

systems,  just  because  they’re  too  lazy  to  –  ”  (Goblet  125)  

“Elf  enslavement  goes  back  centuries.  I  can’t  believe  no  one’s  done  anything  about  it  

before  now.”  

“Hermione  –  open  your  ears,”  said  Ron  loudly.  “They.  Like.  It.  They  like  being  enslaved!”  

(Goblet  224)  

Unfortunately,  Ron’s  argument  echoes  a  similar  one  heard  at  the  beginnings  of  most  grassroots  

movements.  However,  Hermione  remains  persistent  to  the  point  of  annoying  every  Gryffindor  

in  the  common  room,  asking  people  to  wear  badges  and  donate  to  the  cause  (Goblet  239).  She  

finally  resorts  to  confronting  the  house  elves  at  Hogwarts  directly  and  does  not  receive  a  

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positive  response:  “’You’ve  got  the  right  to  wages  and  holidays  and  proper  clothes,  you  don’t  

have  to  do  everything  you’re  told  –  look  at  Dobby!’  The  cheery  smiles  had  vanished  from  the  

faces  of  the  house-­‐elves  around  the  kitchen.  They  were  suddenly  looking  at  Hermione  as  

though  she  were  mad  and  dangerous”  (Goblet  539).  Although  the  house  elves  may  maintain  

that  Ron  is  right  and  they  are  happy  with  their  lives,  Hermione’s  attempts  to  help  them  without  

any  additional  support  reflects  positively  on  her  character’s  agency,  determination,  and  

concern  for  all  beings.  

  Rowling  did  not  leave  all  house  elves  without  agency  and  free  will.  Throughout  the  

series,  the  reader  comes  to  know  Dobby,  Winky,  and  Kreacher.  Each  of  these  three  elves  (the  

only  ones  that  are  named)  come  to  protest  their  oppressed  and  circumscribed  condition  in  

some  form  (McDaniel  199).  Dobby,  the  most  obvious  example,  is  freed  by  Harry  in  Chamber  

greatly  enjoys  his  freedom  and  is  eternally  grateful  to  Harry  (Chamber).  Winky,  when  still  

employed  by  the  Crouch  family,  had  the  power  to  persuade  Mr.  Crouch  to  be  kinder  to  his  son  

(Goblet).  Kreacher,  Sirius  Black’s  family  house  elf,  used  his  intelligence  to  bend  the  rules  and  

restrictions  of  servitude  in  order  to  do  what  he  believed  was  right  and  best  for  his  family  (Order,  

Prince,  and  Hallows).  

   

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11.  Conclusion  

As  an  author,  J.  K.  Rowling  must  understandably  operate  within  the  heterosexual  matrix  

that  has  become  accepted  as  the  norm  and  standard  in  Western  culture.  With  the  heterosexual  

matrix  come  pre-­‐determined  notions  of  masculinity,  heteronormativity,  family  dynamics,  and  

the  binaries  present  therein.  To  abandon  any  connection  to  these  notions  would  have  been  

self-­‐defeating  in  her  struggle  to  become  a  successful,  published  author.  However,  without  the  

application  of  a  feminist  understanding  to  the  world  of  Harry  Potter,  it  is  possible  that  by  not  

contradicting  these  constructs,  Rowling  has  reinforced  them  on  a  very  grand  scale.  

  Contrarily,  it  is  unfair  and  inaccurate  to  accuse  her  of  writing  anti-­‐feminist  literature.  In  a  

society  in  which  the  heterosexual  matrix  is  so  ingrained  it  has  become  invisible,  change  and  

enlightenment  must  begin  with  subtlety.  Though  the  presence  of  gender  roles  and  gender  

stereotypes  typical  of  the  heterosexual  matrix  are  seen  throughout  Harry  Potter,  Rowling  also  

created  characters  that  are  multidimensional  and  whose  performances  do  not  completely  

conform  to  social  standards  or  expectations.  In  fact,  the  few  characters  that  are  more  

conformist  represent  the  antagonists  in  the  novel  such  as  the  Dursleys,  Dudley’s  gang,  Draco  

Malfoy,  Delores  Umbridge,  and  Rita  Skeeter.  The  protagonists  and  characters  that  succeed  and  

are  most  loved  in  Rowling’s  world  of  Harry  Potter  are  diverse;  though  they  may  perform  some  

of  the  gender  roles  expected,  they  also  shirk  quite  a  few  as  well.  Her  characters  suggest  a  desire  

for  social  equality  yet  her  execution  shows  that  this  is  not  only  difficult  to  accomplish  but  naïve  

to  assume  (McDaniel  184).    

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Although  Harry  Potter  may  have  its  roots  in  the  traditional,  patriarchal,  and  

heteronormative  discourses  of  the  heterosexual  matrix,  the  character  development  and  

opportunities  afforded  to  all  characters  within  the  novel  grant  it  to  be  a  work  that  promotes  

gender  equality  even  within  the  confines  of  accepted  gender  performances.  Rowling  continually  

emphasizes  the  liberal  values  of  “equality,  diversity,  freedom  of  action,  and  freedom  of  

thought”  and  in  doing  so  encourages  the  reader  to  do  the  same  (McDaniel  184).      

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Works  Cited  

Billone,  Amy  Christine.  "The  Boy  Who  Lived:  From  Carroll's  Alice  and  Barrie's  Peter  Pan  to  

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