HARNESSING RENEWABLE ENERGY FROM BIOSOLIDS AND BIOEFFLUENT AT SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT Prof. Ir Dr Abd Halim bin Shamsuddin Ir. KumaranPalanisamy, PJK Centre for Renewable Energy Universiti Tenaga Nasional(UNITEN)
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HARNESSING RENEWABLE
ENERGY FROM BIOSOLIDS AND
BIOEFFLUENT AT SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT
Prof. Ir Dr Abd Halim bin Shamsuddin
Ir. Kumaran Palanisamy, PJK
Centre for Renewable Energy
Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN)
Outline of Presentation
• Introduction
• Renewable Energy In Malaysia- Energy Consumption in Malaysia
- Status of Renewable Energy(RE) in Malaysia
- Renewable Energy Act2 011 and Feed in Tariff (FiT)
- Renewable Energy Potential from Waste Water
• Sewerage for Renewable Energy Production• Sewerage for Renewable Energy Production- Biogas Potential at Sewage Treatment Plants
- Energy Production from STP (Malaysian Plant)
- Uses of Sludge Cake Post Gas Production
- STP Biosolids Utilization in Malaysia
• World Wide Case Studies- STP Energy Worldwide
- Energy Potential from STP (Worldwide)
- Energy and Resource Baseline Analysis of a Sewage Treatment Plant
• Conclusions
• Renewable energy gained importance in Malaysia due to
raising energy demand and environmental concerns.
Government initiatives/policy/strategy include :
– Malaysia’s Four-Fuel Diversification Strategy 1980
– To pursue balanced utilization of oil, gas, coal & hydro
Introduction
– In 2001, Fifth-Fuel Strategy was announced
– Ratification of Kyoto Protocol in 2002
– Energy Efficiency (EE) Regulation 2008
– COP 15 Malaysia’s voluntary commitment to reduce up to 40% of
carbon emissions intensity relative to GDP by 2020
Renewable Energy (RE)
There are various types of
Renewable Energy sources:
•Wind
•Solar
•Tidal
Harnessing energy from waste a viable RE solution to meet rising energy demand
•Geothermal
•Hydro
•Biomass
Source : Total world energy consumption by source 2010, from REN21 Renewables 2012 Global
Status Report
Renewable energy provides 16.7% of total electricity generation worldwide in 2010
Renewable Energy in Malaysia
At the moment, about
56% of the energy mix
in Malaysia is still
contributed by natural
gas as a main source of
Energy Consumption in Malaysia
40
60
80
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fuel Mix in Total Electricity Generation in Malaysia
2000
2005
Malaysia has adopted the Five-Fuel Diversification Strategy in electricity energy
mix implemented in the year 2001, whereby the five main sources are natural
gas, coal, oil, hydro and renewable energy
gas as a main source of
fuel0
20
Oil Coal Gas Hydro Other
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Fuel type
2005
2010
Source: Energy policy and alternative energy in Malaysia: Issues and challenges for sustainable growth. Renewable and
Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2010.
• Insignificant growth as of 2010, the generation and utilization of renewable
energy mix is still lesser than 1% in Malaysia
• In 2011, 30% gas shortfall for electricity sector resulted distillate
consumption at RM2.1 billion cost.
Status of Renewable Energy(RE) in Malaysia
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
Potential Renewable Energy in
Malaysia MW
•Malaysia has an abundance of RE resources such as biomass,
solar, mini-hydropower, municipal waste and biogas
•Slow RE Energy utilization due unattractive financial returns,
arbitrary RE pricing, absence of regulatory framework ….
•RE can supplement 10% of the Malaysian total
electricity generating with right policy, financial incentive,
regulatory framework and technology know how
Palm Oil Industry produces 20 million tonnes
EFB annually, potential power generation
capacities of 1065 MW.
Feed in Tariff (FiT) and SEDAFiT Rates for Biogas (16 years from FiT Commencement Date)
Government introduced Feed-in tariff in December 2011 under RE Act 2011to encourage
individuals and companies to invest in RE projects by offering competitive buy back rates
FiT Rates for Biogas (16 years from FiT Commencement Date)
Feed in Tariff (FiT) and SEDA
Objectives of FiT
Increase the RE contributions in national energy mix thereby facilitating
RE industry growth by ensuring reasonable RE generation costs and
conserve environment for future generation.
• Renewable Energy can be harnessed from waste water resources
– mainly Industrial (POME, Brewery run-off, etc) and Domestic
waste (Sewage, grey water, etc.)
• In Malaysia, potential of electricity from Palm Oil Mill Effluent
is approximately 400MW.
Renewable Energy Potential from Waste Water
• Harnessing CH4 gas as a good source of renewable energy for
electricity generation.
• Waste water from sewage treatment produce biogas for clean
electricity production and reducing carbon footprint.
Renewable Energy Production from
Sewage Treatment Plant
Biogas – An Introduction
• Biogas - CH4 and CO2 gas mixture , produced during biomass
decomposition in anaerobic digestion.
• Anaerobic digestion process adapted to sludge-type waste to
produce biogas.
• Biogas can be directly used to produce heat by flaring or
harnessed to generate electricity . harnessed to generate electricity .
• Sustainable option to reduce consumption of fossil based
electricity, a valuable source of untapped energy potential.
• Supports the Government’s effort/target/initiative towards
increasing renewable energy use and reduce emission.
Biogas Potential at Sewage Treatment Plants
• Sewage sludge is a major source for
production of biogas.
• Sewage treatment plant biogas is flared
to reduce the Green House Gas (GHG)
emission
• Quantity not economically favorable for
commercial implementation
Biogas = 200 m3/hr Power Generation = 0.5 MW
commercial implementation
• Quality generated in the local STP’s
technically feasible - High CH4 content
(~63.75%)
• Every kWh of electricity from the STP
biogas avoids 0.67 kg of CO2 from fossil
based electricity generation
A Typical Biogas Production and Consumption
Source: http://www.renewable-energy.uk.nett
Typical Biogas Production in Malaysia
•Biogas volume peaks at 1434.13m3/day and the sludge production at
672.42tonne/day .
•Increase in biogas typically ensures the sustainability and economic
viability of generating RE from Sewage Treatment Plants.
Study by Looi Mun Yew 2012
Energy Production from STP (Malaysian Plant)
Gas Engine
@ 40%
efficiency
Sewage
Treatment
Plant
Anaerobic
Digester
Biogas
holding
tank
Influent
61,894.52m³ / day
Effluent
55,395.81m³ / day
2065.78 kg / day
Volatile Solids
636.26m³ / day
BiogasHHV of Biogas @72.6 %
Micro hydro50kW x 24hrs
1200kWh / day
Biomass solids4432kg/day
Biomass
Waste heat
High Heating Value (HHV)of Sludge Steam Turbine
High Heating Value (HHV)of Biogas @ 72.6%
=27.48 MJ/m3
Energy potential from biogas after Gas Engine Conversion
=Biogas production x HHV biogas x G.E
Efficiency
=636.26 m3/day x 27.48 MJ/m3 x (0.4)
=6992.24 MJ/day
…1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
=1942.29 kWh/day
efficiency
1942.29 kWh/day
Study by Looi Mun Yew 2012
Generator
Biomass
Combustor
High Heating Value (HHV)of Sludge
=5.48 MJ/kg3
Energy potential from biogas after Gas Engine
Conversion
=Biogas production x HHV biogas x
G.E Efficiency
=4432kg/day x 5.48 MJ/m3 x (0.3)
= 7286.21 MJ/day
…1 kWh = 3.6 MJ
= 2 023.95 kWh/day
Total Energy Generated :
1200kwh + 2023.95 kwh + 1942.29 kwh
5166.24kwh
Steam Turbine
Generator @
30% efficiency
2 023.95 kWh/day
Uses of Sludge Cake Post Gas Production
In South Australia, Nutrient rich bio-solids sludge is sun-
dried to use as natural fertilizer for farming
In Canada, 75% of the phosphorus and 15% of the
ammonia is extracted from sewage sludge stream
and recycled into fertilizer.
In New Zealand microwaved and compressed
sewage – into eco-coal burns like regular coal.
converted to Syn-gas first for energy conversion.
STP Biosolids Utilization in Malaysia
•R&D on reuse of biosolids as
Fertilizers
�Vermi composting -
earthworms to convert biosolids
into high value fertilizers
•Biosolids as bricks
�Possible to incorporate sewage
sludge into brick making where
extreme tiring temperatures
Source: NSTP Malaysia ;Circa 05 June 2011
extreme tiring temperatures
sterilizes the sludge
•Energy recovery from biosolids
�Biogas generated at local STP
has methane composition
averaging 65% whilst typical
biosolids show calorific value
ranging from 2500 to 4300 kcal kg
dry solids
Micro hydro Power Generation
•Micro-hydro unit’s harness power from the pressurized water streams
created by municipal water agencies to deliver water or handle storm
water
• Hydro project with generating capacity of up to 100 kW is generally
accepted as the upper limit of what can be termed as small hydro
Power from Water
Gross Head 10mGross Head 10m
Overall Efficiency 0.5
Net Power 50kW
•With no direct emissions resulting from this conversion process, there
are little to no harmful effects on the environment, if planned well,
thereby supplying power from a renewable source and in a sustainable
manner.
World Wide Case StudiesWorld Wide Case Studies
STP Energy Worldwide
• Biogas harnessing for energy usage is a norm in European countries such as
Germany, Austria and Sweden.
- In IEA Bioenergy reports in 2004 - total European biogas production increased
43% from 2002 with estimation of 50 TWh.
- Sewage sludge biogas in Stockholm, Sweden was used as vehicle fuel in 2000. The
town council has planned to use biogas as fuel for inner city buses.
- Henriksdal STP, Sweden , in line with the council objectives, upgrading works on - Henriksdal STP, Sweden , in line with the council objectives, upgrading works on
its plant has been done in 2001 to treat biogas for vehicle use.
- The Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology
has developed a high-rate processing plant that generates biogas from sewage in
under five days. Only a third of Electricity generated is used in the process, leaving
two-thirds to be sold to the grid or diverted to other areas of the plant
Energy Potential from STP (Worldwide)
Electricity generated from sewage biomass in selected countries in 2009
6
38
39
83
150
125
123
1
2
3
4
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Mil
lio
ns
Population vs Total electricity generated from sewage
biogas (GWh)
100
150
200
250
300
350
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Mil
lio
ns
Population vs Total electricity generated from sewage biogas
(GWh)
•UK, Germany and US are pioneers in RE, hence the advanced amount of production.
•Based on the total population in the country the total amount of electricity generation
potential from STP can be estimated
•Malaysia with population of 28.3million - 125GWhE of electricity can be generated
from STP biogas.
Study by Steven Mark Cowgill, Murdoch University
6
00
20
0
50
100
0
500
United kingdom Germany United states
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
Ele
ctri
city
Pro
du
ced
, k
Wh
Average of Electricity Produced Every Month with full load
2x240 kW 1x 505 kW
Sewage Biogas Power plant In Malaysia
Based on current
gas production and
provision for
improvement
suggested to design
power plant with
2 x 250 capacity 1 x 500 capacity
-10000
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Daily Average in Month
power plant with
two gas engine at
250kW capacity
Study by Reena Amirah 2012
•Renewable Energy is the irregular biogas quantity produced by the
plant to be converted into Electricity.
•Gas Engine Generator does not perform on its full capacity
•GE selected must be suitable for the amount of gas produced and
regular flow of biogas to ensure attractive Return of Investment (RoI).
Energy and Resource Baseline Analysis of a
Sewage Treatment Plant
Current energy consumption by local STP’s are considered high as per compared
to the study performed by Stillwell, 2010
Typical STP consumption
Study by Looi Mun Yew 2012
Based on the calculations previously, 15% of the total electricity consumed
by the local plant can be partially supplemented by the electricity produced
in the STP and a further 30% can be saved by employing Energy Efficiency
practices * thus narrowing down the energy gap.* Energy Recovery from Wastewater Treatment Plants in the United States: A Case Study
Typical STP consumptionGAP
Conclusion
•Harnessing RE potential from STP will compliment Malaysia’s
COP-15 pledged to meet 40% target in reducing carbon emissions
•In line with national key policies on energy and green technology
•Enhance knowledge through education, research and development
•Potential RE resource recovery from sewerage sector
•Establish RE potential for regional STP’s that can be replicated to•Establish RE potential for regional STP’s that can be replicated to
other sites
•Better environment as result of reduced GHG emission and
carbon foot print.
Centre for Renewable Energy, UNITEN
Focus R & D Areas
Hydro
•Mini Hydro
Programme Solar
•PV
•PV Cell Material
•Solar Thermal Cooling
Biomass
•Solid Biofuel
•Biodiesel
•Biogas
•Gasification
Alternative Energy
•Energy Harvester
Research Programme
•Fuel Cell & Hydrogen
Wind
•Building
Integrated LVWT
Enabling Technologies
•Grid interconnection
•Smart Grid
Hybrid
Systems
TNB Subsidiaries
Industry (National)
Government Agencies
Partners and
Collaborators
Commercial (International)IHL (International)
IHL (National)
Thank You Thank You
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