MOLE'RN USE OF THE. ENCLITI C PRONOUN by fd1innie Ni. Harms A.B., Bethel College, 1924 A thesis submitted to the r.epartment of Spanish and Portuguese and The Faculty of the Graduate School in partial fulfillment of "the requirements of degree of · Master of Arts
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
MOLE'RN USE
OF
THE. ENCLITI C PRONOUN
by
fd1innie Ni. Harms A.B., Bethel College, 1924
A thesis submitted to the r.epartment of Spanish and Portuguese
and The Faculty of the Graduate School
in partial fulfillment of "the requirements of t~e degree of
· Master of Arts
The writer is deeply in-
debted to Professor Arthur L.
Owen for his interest end
assistance in.the preparation
of this study.
A. de A.
Aguas }f~.
Amor de c. Artemisa
Buey s. Cart as
Centauros
Cofre'
Comendador
Cof;tumbres
Cruze.dos
Da Luz
Done el
Esplandor
3
Table of Abbreviations
Ricardo Leon: Amor de los
Amores, El
Palacio Vald&s: Aguas Fuertes
Ricardo Le6n: Amor de Caridad
Perez de Ayala: Ba.io el Signo
§;~ Artemisa.
Idem: Belarmino 1 Apolonio
Pereda: Buey Suelto, El
Valera: Cartas Ame~icanas
1897-1903
Ricardo Leon: C'..i!<ta £!.!
Idem: Cei,tauros,_Los
Yal1e;...Inclan: Cofr!! de Sundalo
Valera: Comendc.dor Mendoza, El
Larra: Art!culors de Costumbres
Val1e-Inclan: Cruzad.os de la
Causa, Los
Valera: Dona Luz
Larra: Dancel, El
Valle-Inclan: Esp1andor d.e la
EstS:.o
.Flor de s. Gerifaltes
H. Enc.
·Hom. Pro
Humoa
Tdilio
Invierno
J. la Larga
Lum para
Luna de !~1.
• y I~~•
• Neche
Ombligo
'4
Hoguer~, g Idem: Sonata de Estio
Idem: Flor.£.£. Santidad
Idem: Gerifa1tes ~ Autano
Perez de Aya1e; Herm~
Encadenado
Pereda: Hombres de Pr5, Los
Ricardo Leon: Htu:los de Rey
Palacio Valdes: Idilio ~
EE. Enfermo, El
Valle-Inclan: Sonata ~
Invierno
Valera: Juanita la 1.arga
Valle-Incl,n: Llmpara
Ma.ravi11osa, La
Perez de Ayala: tu~ de
Miel ~ de fil.tl Palacio Vald~s: Marta ~
i',~aria !::-.-~ -
Valle-Tncl~n: Viedia Hoche,
P6rez de Ayala: Ombli~o
del i':iundo, El
5
Orig en Palacio Val<lGs: Origen
del Pense.mien to, fil.
Otof'io Valle-Inclan: Sonata de
Otono
Pepita Valera: Pepita Jim&nez.
P. Gonz~l.ez Pereda: Pach!ri Gonz~lez
Primavera Valle-Inclln: Sonata de
Primavera
P , .. .. 1 erez ':le .ti.ya a: Traba.ioa
de Urbano y_ Simona, . Los
6
Table .2f. Contents
Tabla of Abbreviati?ns •..••.•••••••..•••• 3
Introduction .•.•••••.
I.
1. Definition and uses accepted by
grammarians •••••••••••••••••••.••••• ?
2. Purpose and scope or this study •••• 15
Frequency ••••••.•••••• t)'Z, • •••••••••••••• '°'-'
II. Frequency with the several tenses •••• 27
III. Position·or verb and enolitio in
sentence •.•• ,
1. First word of sentence or clause ••• 41
2. Before the subject ••••••.••.••••••• 51
3. After the subject ·•····~···········56
4. Following the noun in a redundant
expression ··········~······~·······69 5. Following an ad.verb •••••••••••••••• 69
6. Following an absolute p·hrase ••••.•• 72
7. I•'o l lowing an adverbial phrase • •.•••. 76
Conclusion •••••••••.••..•••.•••••••••••••• 80
Bibliography , ••••• , ••••••••••••••••••••• ,83
7
INTRODUCTION
1. Definition and uses accepted by
grammarians.
a. The enclitic pronoun is the
ob"iectivo pronoun appended to the verb. The
addition of the enclitic does not cauce the
accent of the verb to change.
b. Some forms of the verb require
the enclitic; with other forms it is inad-
missible; while in a large cla~s of cases it
is optional. The optional uses are distinctly
literary and -are CO'.:tparatively rare although
modern mriters allow themselves considerable (1)
freedom in this matter.
c. The enclitic is used with the
imperative: "Venda:;1elo Vd.n But if the
imperative is negative the pronoun must precede:
1. Ramsey, ;"·• L~.! A Textbook of f;:odern Spanish, New York, 1923, 1265 (grammatical references are to paragraphs unless otherwise indicated).
2 uNo me lo venda".-
d. The enclitic iri used with the
8
inf ini~ivo Lut may precede an auxiliary. Thus
.one maj say either: ttQuiero verleu or : "Le £
quiero vern.,
e. When the present participle has
«estaru as auxiliary the conjunctive pronoun
may precede tbe auxiliary or,may be affixed to
the present _participle; "~Ila me estl mirando" 4 -
ornEJ.la esta iz-;irandomen !'- Bello adds that 11 1on
is the only pronoun, which, when it comes be-
tWeeri "no" and a aerund zometimes departs from ·-· , t~e above rule: "Es una sandez conocida, que
se de a entender·que es cal:a11ero no lo siendo. 0
He further ad~s that this is probably limited
to such verbs as "ser», "estar", "haber", and ·5
other verbs.
2.
3.
Bello, Andres: Gramatica ae g lengua castellana, Paris, 1916, 911; Padilla, Salvador: Gram&tioa hist6rico-cr~tica de la lenr~ua. espanola, Madrid, i919, 345, · 3a; Renl academia espaftola, 1904: Grax'-tica de lf!. lerwua · caE~tellana, Madrid, 1904, 235; Idem 1916, 241; 'Ramsey, £1?.· cit., 1373 t 1375. Bello, op. cit .• , 915, 916; neal academia espuffola, 190tl:, op. cit., 237; Idem 1916, 242; Idem 1920, 246a, 250d, 252; Ramsey, Qrr• cit., 136~, 1378, 1380. Ballot op. cit., 916. Id em: or). c 1 t. , 915.
f. The opt, a ti VE' sul1junct'i ve, when
affirmative; permits the enclitic use: 6
"Favor~zcate la fortuna".~ But if the clause
is 11ef:ative .the proclitic illStea·d of the
9
enclitic is ·used with the optative subjunctive: '?.
ttNadie ~ crea superior a la ley 0 • - Real
Academia Espaftola and Ramsey say that if the
optative subjunctive has any other word before
it the proclitic pronoun is used: "fortune 8
te de Iios 0 ; 0 'b1anda le sea la tierra. 0 • -
£• Unaccented pronouns cannot occupy
first position in a sentence; one says: «aixome", 9
and not "me dixo"~
b. If the enclitic pronoun is
written with reflexive and reciprocal verbs
the £.:ubject fol 1 ovrn: 0 01vidose el criado del
encargo 0 , ttsent6se·Juan a la ~lesa"; but ttis 10
SUE; li car on que les do ja.se part i r aqne 11 a. ::li rn:ia 35
noche" .-
2. Purpose and scope of ttiB study.
The purpoLe of this study iL to
ascertain to what extEnt ;,;odern writers of high
reputation follow tle rJlOG ior the enclitic
f'our nineteentb ceLtury 1;:ri ters rtlngii.rr; from
the Rombntic period to the end of the century,
c:.nd t1' rec of tt:e twe11t i E:tb century, ~ 1 I of 1/Jhom
Tirae did not permit studying
ex1'1 eust i vc 1 y ee.ch autl-:or represectcd. I have
analyzed about t~e same amount of material (ca. 1800 pn.) from e~ch author, tle number of
titles rangi~g from two to el8vcn. For the
before tt c rincteenth century the study 36
of Mary 1:3. Buffum sho~:'.iS tbe fol10\1lfing results.-
.•• It vdll be obse·rved that .::ocJern usage
7'.5. n~:.·,.·c:.•:::,y-· ony c1· t 1 7··1·-4 ..... ~ ,_,..., .. 1J..._,..... ' ..::...t:.• __ .... ' ...., ·-. 36. Burfu1:1, Lary E •. : The Post .Positive Pronoun
in Snc:,ni;.;h, .hispat~ic., ~.iay 1 1927, pp. 181, 182 · -
16
on the part of acme of the best writers is not an innovatlon, but zi~ply a reas~uDption.of whnt has been r~ood u 8a:.··e in ;:i::H;1 e ne.ri od f; of t.l: e h i r; tori ca i nab t • '· · ..
Jn fac~, tte location of unstressed object pronoun~ before or after the verb has varied according to centuries and authors. Jn old Spanish antj np to the Bixteenth century t the pronoun normally fol1o~s the verb in most cases. In the latter half of the sixteenth an~ first half of tte seventeenth centuries we begin to find exa::;ples ·with the nror1oun r1reced ing, but ·post-position is still mo~e co~mon. How~ver, during the eighteenth, proclitics become increasincly numerous until haraly any other system of placing is used.
There · 1ust lJe an explunatiou ror nucb a ranic1 transition •. .-,ft..cr tbe ~:.L-~1o •:le Oro of Sp~rnich literaturn Cl.L:ie tl"iC ei:·ftc:~er1tb contury, a perio( of decadence wtich, in tte latter part of tr--:e nineteenth, war:_ fo11or:eo. by a :new deve1-opDcnt. DhereLs the do~inatinG lnfluence in the Cir·lo ae Oro httd bef::n I ta lien:, durit!'7 the eighteenth century it vn~.s French; whereac the enclitic war:3 permitted freely in Italia.11~ it ~ns restricted to use with the imperetivc iG French. After having C")nEu1ted worl:s ty ttree representative ~nrit-ers o:r this period, Fejoo, I E:rnandez de More.tin, aLd Padre !Ele., one is inclined to assume t~at French influence ex-tended even so far as to affect the o6sition of object pronouns. The acco~panyin~ tbble r:;l:ows V!hat 1 it t le use tr. ese trree v1ri ters made of the enclitic in comparison with its use by el Sabio (sic) an~ o~her writers from th:·: tJ~i rtecnth up to ant~ hlc1ui:• inr· Cervantes. The rrrocl it ic ha~; sudden·l y become, so ~·redominat in~ th8t it apnears to b~ t~e no~oal order, un1es~ t~e verb is f irct in the sentence or tc-J;es t e form of an ir;finitiv~, r:crund, or affirmative command.
Percentage of Enclitics
El f3&b i c to Cervtu.tes f'cjoo ;~ore!tln Isla
Verb f ir(:Jt IJter y, o,
ma.s, pero !~ftcr v.dvcrb, negotive
l.ftcr depen~!ent clause
After" subject J.ftcr af.!verbie.l
c 1 a.lH;~ e or phra s c Ui tr: dependent
c1.9.uce
100 99 100
71
17 24
4Z:
1
ti i s s Buffum ' c st tv5 y i s 1 i rn it e d to the
100
1
1
ana) ysis of or1e ·.~1ork of ea ct c.nthor { ~*,;i th the
17
exception of ld6s). The vari~tion of use in
the several works of a ci~en author (see below
p. 23) is so great that the accuracy of her
conclusions is seriousJy iL1pe.ired~ ficr study
of G~ld6s is suff icicntly thor~ugh and I give "t?
A study- of object pronouns in the works of Perez GoJd6s produces cousiderable evidence to tl'e: effect thct t1·s pOLition of ob,ject pronouns EH:cJitic to.ti-c verb occurB frequently, and leads to tt-,e 8.!3SUtTDtion tbe.t it iG usec1 rnOrE: freely by mo 1.:tern ~~·riter~i than if c;oner&Jly be1 i eved •••••
27. Idem: Gald6s's Usare with negard to the Enc1 it.icPr:otloun t (\odern Languuge .,.Tourne-1, XI, Oct. 1926, pp. Z3-Z6.
18
The exa8ples ?f the enclitic that follow are so::;e~~1L.;:t full DO a~ to leave no doubt r:.s to the us~ge of Gald6s. The f ~ct th~t he aid not cvoi(1 _employing the i11it..ial po::::itiot:t of a verb eovcrninc ooject proncmw iu illu;;;tratcd in 1t1;·0-1· 1 t·L·1 ·> ~r Ja--C; r.l-'· :;:'.!: jJ ":r'G 1"'c-.. tl·,e C·v·Cll. t °' C Dr~·-- . .!.. v .. ., .i (....t. J .J.." \J ~ ' -: ..... j ,,. ~ ...... .-. # Jo.. ... .:.. oJ
r:oun is. uced r:i th. tLo ve1 .. b U at b-::gin2 tile seLtence five hundred bnd twenty times at least, t:)o ofteu. to be Cc:.lle(J rar~~. Certain verbs occur.iL thi~ co.nstr1ction more tbu.n others. Jn t~~ list from "Fortunu y Jacinta", "quedarsett ra::.~k~ f irfJt it:. this respect, 1 oll0\'.1ed by 11 o!r 0 ,
nponern 1 °pnrcc?rn, 0 a~orcu:~rse 0 , ow: "lE:y~1~1tarsen recpept1vely. .1-i.s to tLe use of .the encl1\,,1c with certain tenses only, Gald6s seems, to have disregarded aJl restrictions. It is common vdth the preterite, imperfect, and pr-eser t indicative, but cxa .plcs a~e by no means l~cking vith other t~nses, including the imperfect fmb junct.i VE':. Ee emp1oys the encli tic -often vlit't the c:cnditional, especially c-1fter ncr-ecrtt and 11 dccir 1', as m2.y be seen in these i llustre.-t ionE: F • y ~J • IV, 2 0 7 ;
(} 1.. I , 155:
GJ.. II, eo:
Creer!ase que el a~or que le in~piret~ se iba e depurar cd3.n mS:s. Diriase que sus ojoa co~unicaban tristeza haeta a los objetoE; inanb:ados.
i bejo otros aspectoo no fue~on cigna~, ~er1anlo ~or su lmportanc1a en el orden ,,. ~
estetico. Ee e-;;1ploys examplf;:
the enclitic with the future, for
f.,. G. I I I, Gl. I, Z08;
188;
F. y :1. I! , 196:
It is used -in the subtjunct i ve: na.r~ 104:
Letender~me con trro. Lenunciare mi maldad,. .£2.Q.g.2_-. ' i . ~I Jareme con m- pecaao. Dir~1lle a Vd. que el arnor y la hermosura f isicu con hermanos. fol lo·~ring ;;;ith the L:perf ect •. . . , - i . , b ~lJOS m1os, s Jerase qua so re vcsotros ha descendido una suprena bendicion.
G1. I, 124; - Vi€raisle ~Jlf emplear ora la antucia ora lt~ v.men&za.
19
A. u. TTJ, 10~: En Ja nri~era media bora cr'eyer~se que per.dirm un hijo.
Tf a verb if~ in a perfect tense, tr:c object ·oronoun precedes tl".e cnt ire verb or may fol lo~!: the auxi 1 ir~..,..y, but not tl'c post participle un1eEs tre lr~tter stends first in the sentence: I .. G. TT, 196: 1.8 que f~1c i::;ie::1p:'e la :d!sma
delica~ez~ en el h~blar hab!ase troc<:.do en soez arn1a ..
\»:a.r. €: ,~ Ee.se visto mavo:r locura·? F. y J. I, p. 24: ~icrane contentatJo ella con
aproximE:r 10. yema rJel inetice al pico r:te ur:u de las torr.es.
ln addition, object pronounn may be suffixed to a past participle when the auxiliary i~ s~ppressed: Gl. II, 27: El intecto ha tcjido un capullo·
y qued~dose dentro. r. y t.T• Il' 39~·: Su ce.camicn.to, SU· :·z~e.rido,., las
~ic~ela£, todo esto se hab!a alejado y pu€stose a millones de ler:uas.
Object pronouns of ten follow the verb in stage directions, perh~ps beceuse the verb tells 'vha.t is to be done and, therefore, carries the idea of an imperative. Exn~:!ples .from nLa.riucha 0
are : 11 CT et i 0 n e f) e tt , tt 8. 1 C j c.: B (? o , o £:.Ce r CC' Se 11 , tt 0 ~ e Se ti , 0 ot1e'" l 1 t~ r::'1 e ft n ,::q)~rt .n C' (:, 1t (": t c ~--.~~ f .....__ C.o; .;v........... t ~ •
Ga1dos U!:1es the enclitic sc ... eti;mes in ~onvernation, especielly in the dramas, for lnFtence: J\b. 68: P..b. 79:
"Pl • !Jar.
] 64: 115:
Par~ccme qU? nada ha variaao. Firdiror:10 que no me cntier;des • Carnelo. nesnond11e aue tsn!a vieita. m~meque avenz6 monte arriba lcrr;o trecho.
F. y J. 1T, ZZ2: !Habra.se visto die.b1ura. sr:mejante'i GaJdos usee tte enclitic not only with a
verb ~~ich stcnds at the bFcinning of a sentence, but e1co one 'nithj_ri a sentence •.•.•• Tri the
·works of G~ld6s, the subject precedes in cuch & conf;trlJ.Ct ion U3 often e.!": otrc"l"wice: when there is ~n intcrveLing non-restrictive phrase, crnd, ::ioreover, v1:ben the intervea,ing phrasE.. it; reBtrict-i ve, U: e parts of .the senter.1c6 bt:: h.E connected
20
insepaT"ably in tneaning. T!:e fclloi.;;~ing are only a very few of the cases: F~ y ~~ J, 26: Por el co~trario le clare
inte1igencia deJ se~~Un(J o Eanta Cruz v~su conacimie~to de los neRoclos su~er!anle la idea de que co~Ja ho .. bre perte1-;:ece a su epoca.
168: Ta puJabra ~orrlble neg,base a salir de nu boca.
28: El rrordo v B. Baldomero trat§ronse (.",/ .,_"f
~el cor~i6n humeno decianle que la desa~rarjuble.histor1a del Pit~in:. era cicrta.
r. y ~r. l I, 345: .:::or L:arcelu, .Sc)'r ·Antonio, la Luperiora y las dcrngs m~dres moDtra:ronse muy.afoblcs con ella.
1~ y J. JIJ, 42: L~ secreta ~ntin~t1a que inspira el creedo~ m~nife~tlbase en el alma de Rub!n en iorma de
J:~. C ·• I ., 9 8 ; 12:1:
un odio rec6ndito. Biaulio meti6ce en su alcoba. Llerena U~bio tentala por fenofriisno ;::;intow&tico.
Although a redundant pronoun should f61low tlle noun ·t-;ibether d&t.ive ·or accur:ati V(', it .does not follo~ the. verb necessarily. Gald6s uees the enclitic in redundant expressions if the rioun·procedes the verb: f. y J. TI, 166: La primera noticia que d~ la
herencia tuvo Jm:rn Pablo diosela su t1a paterr;f~. '90r nna carta que le di~icri6 a Bayona. ·
't70: la tarde pas51a Maxi muy mal. 1i'. y ~T. nrt :37: Fl copitai pare la inct_c.;,1<.\cion
de esta i~portante indust~ia hcbtalo facilitado r. ~anuel :. orcno-Islo. ·
202: Esta vlsita ten1ala por infalible. Enclitic prono1m::: after a n'Jn-restrictive
'Phrase: F. y J. I, ·68; ~;um ere icdo, stem pre que ·de 'es to
se hablaba, ech&balo a broma. i. y J. III, fi4: ~ij5 sus tristes mirada~ en
21
·el suelo y Fortun&~a, con los brazos cruzados, mir~bale ateuto.
Enclitic after Yerbs which follo~ an infinitiv~, participle, or past absolute clause: F'· y J. IT, 391: · l.1. llegar fr.entc a le iglesia,
cac6~a de este embebeciaiento un r.uTdo.de pasos.
325: Diciendo esto atrev!ace a
296;
a sajar.contra su pecho la
Puectas uno. frente a otra a los dos lados de la artesa, ;:;i r~bs.nsc ·cara a ca·ra en
.aqncl1os cortcs intervc.1os de doscanso.
Znclitid after adverbial expressions of time an·a place: F. y J. IV, 65; Desde aue di con la tan
rebus cud a f6rrcula, narecer:.~e qu€: soy otr0.
I, 192: cuando ve!a que alguna · disposicion suya era derogada per la aut6crata, mostr~base conforr.Je. ·
I, 148: Le repente volvi6se Jacinto hac·i'""2• su marido.
l, ~O: Otras tenian lob pies eu declivo y en todas ·ell~.s o1ase Jit:1sta el ro£;pirur de 10£, vecinos.
!l, 250: tends la tapia de la huerta . ol'.af.£_ el run1or c:el volt co del disco ..
Enclitic after other riubo~dinate clauses: J. I, 124: Como de aquella acci6n
nrct~rita-solo ten!s l;ves-indfcios, desnertAronse en ~lla. cur:iosidar_'er: que 1 a ir;qu1ctaben.
I, 5: .::unque se renn1an en la cgtedra de ca~fis, separfibanse en la de rerecho R6~uno~
TIT, Z05: Sin m~s explicaciones, ech6se bien envuelta on una manta en el scf' de su cuarto.
22
I +· · I b 1. t· 1 . · · · · .1., as e ieve, tne enc it,10 is, sometl4ses cuployed as an ~id to describing vividly some action or scene which is to.be impressive, take p1e.ce ro.pid1y, or touch n e er:iot ions of ·the r,:eaer, there t~~. a coo~· ex<:u:»p1~ . of~ ~t in t.he f 1rst volume oftt.:\nc;el uuerrait 1n '''lllch nngel tel1s the stofy of the execution of twenty men, a scene witnessed b:/ hi::1 when he \·:o.s very young, and which haunted him throu~hout his life. The following extracts are take~ frora about on~ page·of .t~e book: Averiguado·que el ucto sc verificar!a hacia la rlez: de Tores, PUSi~ronse en camino. Gorrie11~0 como exhaJacionet>, anticiptirouse a lv. procesion. Arrerr;olinose el gent1o. Uno de ~stos aue en e1 esu2ntoso trance -;; 1 r;. r1 " b· •:) .::t . . <.~ t i · <::' i·:i •. • " · ", o . ' tr C 1 ' c:-'"' · <>r,.ec. ,_. •_1c e .. ,'"'o_c1 ... 1 •• o, ecr:.o .. ,e o. rcJ.r. o oco._,e tn~bi6n una 2~ua~or~. lorD5so el cuadro, pero el gran Guerrita se col6. Senticae mgs delrado one'· ncrne1. Sin. sub('Y' c6mo, he 116nc jun to a .. un t'irbol.' Ect:ose o. 11or.::n... En riocof; scp;unclop, encontr6se lcjos ~ol citio.· ·
In view of the preceding cvidence 1 it is clcer that in at letiet one modern ~riter~ Gald6s, the enclitic position of the.~ronoun io ~uch more frequent ar1d much brander in ecope than ~:eetns to be suspected by the cr~mmarians. A more extem;.ive investigation v:ould prob,,bJ.y sho1~! thnt Ga1doe' s .urmc'e is in 1;u'l'.reet1ent l'!ith that ~ .,,_.., of mtu1y of the best codern writers, tmd tht:.t the reotrictions laid to~n in the accepted grammatical rtiles are 0isregarded in nearly every poosible way.
23
I
F·requoncy
In the books upon which this study is
based the objective pronoun is used as enclitic
in 10.5 per cent of the cases. As might be
expected there is conniderable variation in ~he
frequency wi t'b which different autl'1orr.) use the
enclitic. The avcrac;r:: for tf':e norkB Of rJuan
Valera raz only 1.1 per cent, ~hcreas it was
23.3 per cent fa~ Larra. ·The smal~cst percent-
age in any book was .l per cent in Valera's
"Pepita Jimfinez« and the largest proportioti
r1as Z4. 6 per cent in Perez de .P.yr-lla' s "Bajo
el s1gno de Artemisa 0 ·•
Avera.ge, total wor1<:c of each author
Proclitic Enclitic per cent
Valera 2921 34 1.1
Veld es 2993 263 8.2
Pere~~ de J.yela 64Z5 677 9.5
Vo.11e-Inclan 4275 500 10.4
Leon 4232 993 19.1
Pereda 1286 Z24 20.1
Larr a lZ,18 ~H~ 2z.a
Total 23460 3203 10.5
24
The frequency varies also in the several
works of the same author. Valera shows less
variation than any other author -- a difference
of 4.7 per cent (from .1 per cent in npepita
.Jimenez'' to 4. 8 per cent in °Dofia Luz u) •
Perez de Ayala, on the other hand, shov1s a
variation of z2.7 per cent (from 1.9 per cent
in "Herman Fncadenado 11 to ~:A. 6 per cent in
"Bajo el signo de ·Artenisa").
Va1e~
Proclitic Enc1itic per cent
Dona Luz 165 8 4.e Comendedor 255 12 4.5
Cart as 349 4. 1.1
· Cuentos 800 6' .7
~J. la larga 803 '7 "t ~ ~
Total 2921 34 1.1
Val.des
Orig en 14r] 25 14.5
Riverita 830 81 8.8
ldilio 6?':; f.,Jt~ 59 8.6
819 64 7.4
Agua F· 575 39 5.5
Total 2993 263 8.2
~35
?erez de Avala
Proclitic Enclitic per cent
1 .. rte1·:1 isa 670 355 Z4:.6
Tre.l)cjos 1055 109 .£).~
Luna de U• 822 70 7.8
Ombligo ?!n 56 7.2
B. Y· J\. 1489 53 z.3 Total 6435 677 9·.5
Ve11e-Jnc15.n
Flor de C"' ~- 241 105 30.6
Esti9 374 96 22.5
Cof·re 432 56 11.6
Primavera .386 49 11.2
Otono 460 50 9.8
Cruze.dos 4CJ0 40 9.0
Invierno .600 54 8.2
JLsplanaor 495 40 7.0
Gorif o.ltes 496 8 1.5
f:!. Hoche 150 1 .6
L~mpara r;.·1,9 -1. .4 --=- -Total 4275 500 10.4
26
Le6n
Proclitic Enclitic per cent
Caste. H. 833 411 33.0
J\:n or de c. 210 96 Z·l.3
J:.,.. de {\ J~·· 488 215 30.5
Centauros 2165 235 9.7
Humes 536 36 6.2
Total 4~232 993 19.1
Pereda
Buey f3. 267 134 20.9
Horn. Pro :306. 75 16.2
Sotileza 561 103 15.5
!') . Gonzalez 157 12 7.1 .. -Total 1291 324 20.1
Larra
Dancel 928 342 26.l
Oo~:tumbres . ~?90 70 15.2
Total 1Zl8 .412 22 .a
27
II
The pr .. eterite in,::icl~tive is the tense most
SrequeLt1y usccl with the enc1itic": Jn tbe works
.of all the auttors it is used in 53 per cent of
.the coces- Next in frequency is the imperfect
with Z2 per cent; the present is next with 10
per cent~ As will be eeen from the following
·tablesi the three tenses mentioned above, and
also the pluperfect are used by all of the
authors~ althouch not in all of the ~orks of
every zuthor.
/'.ver<:qc, tota'l ,Y!Orks of eoch author
lndic~"tive
Pres. Fut. Jr:::p. ~rot. fires.Perr. per cent
Valera. 1 <? 36 .... ,,. ,,._...., .:'.;,Q
Va1des Q .... 31 65
?er~z i::lc Aysla <'".'I l 7 (\ 47 .3 ('.:) ._;v
Vn11c-Jnc15n 11 • "l 7 r: 49 ,. .. ,l(,..,r
Perer1a 25 1 16 55 J.3
Larr a 1 :7 f"'' ,~, 68 .5 • 40 . :;
Leen 1 7.:0 59 .1 '-"'"' -Total 10 '.4 31. 53 .2
28
Averar-r,e, total works of each author • .£2.!!i· Ind. Subj. Cond. Pl~p. F.Perf. Imp. Plup.
per cent Valera 10 3 3
Valdes 1 .7
Perez de Ayala .7 .4 .1 .3 1
Valle-Inclan 3 2 .1 l
Pereda .3 .1 .2
Lar;ra ~2 ~2 .7
Le6n .s .8 _tl)_ - -Total 1 .1 .9 2 .a
Valera
Indicative
Pres. Fut. Jmp. Pret. Pr.Perr. Plup.F.per.
Cart as 25 75
J. 1.a Larga67 33
Pepita 100
Doi'ia Luz 88 12
Comendador 8 25 42 17
Cuentos 50 50 -12 35 35 10 3
Cart as
~T. 1 a I,arga
'!'°'I· • t .1-ep1 ··a
Dona tuz
Sub tjunct i ve imp •. Plup~
cond it io:na.1
Comendador 8
Cuentos
Total
Valdes
Indicative
Pres. F'ut. l;np. Pret. Pr.Perr. per cent
Origen 5 25 65
Riverita 2 29 66
Idilio 1 30 69
At:'UEHl ·-· F. 10 30 60
.L'.: • y 30 70 -Total 2 31 65
29
Plup.
5
7.. v
.1
Origen
'Riverita
Idilio
Aguas F.
30
Valdes, cont.
Indicative F. Perf.
Subjunctive Conditional Imp. Plup.
10
Total .7
Perez de !'::!ala
Indicative
Pres. Fut. Imp. Pret. Pr.Perl. Flup. per cent
B. y /<. 42 39 15 1 n..
a. Enc. 38 54
Ombligo 16 2 50 30 1
Tr.abajos 20 2 37 37 .9
Luna de f\t'. ht .• 13 34: 50 2
Artcmiaa 12 -!2,. ?2 68 ~
Total 8 1 30 47 .3 .7
31
Perez de £.:yala, cont.
.Indicative Subjunctive Conditional
F. Pcrf'. Imp. Plup. per cent
a. y ·' 1 1 J~.
H. Enc. '?: 5 '"'
Omblie;o 1
Trabajos .9 .9 .9
tuna de 'Hr l~l • 1
Artemisa .5 -.:.1 .5 -Total .4 .1 '7 •v 1
32
Valle-Inclan
Indicative
Pres. F'ut. Ic1p. Pret. Pr.Perr .. Plup. per cetrt