Harmonized Research on ITS

Transport Canada

Harmonized Research on ITSHarmonized Research on ITS

Y. Ian Noy, Ph.D., P.Eng., CPE

Director, Standards Research and DevelopmentRoad Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate

Transport Canada

UNECE ITC: ITS RoundtableGeneva

Feb 18, 2004

Standards R&D, Transport Canada

Outline

The safety risks of in-vehicle ITS Governments’ role and challengesInternational Harmonized Research AgendaIHRA and WP.29 liaison

3Standards R&D, Transport Canada

WHO estimates 1,171,000 deaths annually costing $2,342,000,000,000

Road

Air

Marine

Rail

Of all transportation-related fatalities, 94% are on the road


Focus on Human Error (Treat et al. 1977)

0102030405060708090

100

Human Factors Road & Env. Vehicle

ProbableDefinite


Intelligent Transport Systems

• Reduce congestion• Improve safety• Increase efficiency• Improve comfort• Improve transit services• Reduce fuel consumption• Reduce emissions

Automated aids

Smart cards

Traffic monitoring

Traffic management

Information databases

Image processors

Microprocessors

Telecommunications

Digital maps

Positioning & tracking Transportation objectives


Intelligent Automobiles

In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) - compete with driving task:

• telecommunications and infotainment systems (e.g., e-mail, Internet access), navigation systems

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS)- support driving task:

• collision warning systems, adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning, lane change aids, and parking aids.


Safety impact depends largely on the extent to which the system supports users’ needs, and is compatible with human capabilities and limitations

Driving TaskDriving Task ITSITS

++

--

CollisionsCollisions

ITS technology is safety neutral - Its implementation is safety critical

ITS Safety, or IS IT?


Government’s Role

Encourage technologies that are likely to have safety benefits

Discourage technologies that are likely to have an adverse effect on safety


Direct Safety Risks - IVIS

Driver distractionDriver overloadDriver confusion


Errors of Situation Awarenes

s43%

Human Causes of Crashes (NHTSA, 1995)

Distraction

23%

Inattention19%

Misjudged gap/velocity 10%

Drunk8%

Roadway Surface 6%

Excessive Speed 6%

Obstructed Vision 5%

11Standards R&D, Transport Canada

I was distracted

for a moment.

Go on

Driver Distractions

Visual (eyes off road)Manual (hands off wheel)Cognitive (mind off

driving)Auditory (sounds)


Sources of Distraction

Wireless communication (cell phones) Navigation system destination entry Map and other complex visual displays In-vehicle office tasks (e-mail, PDA, Internet) Infotainment (location-based services, DVD) Warnings from driver assistance systems Multifunction displays and controls


Levels of Driver Assistance

InformationWarningActive controls (e.g., gas pedal)Partial control of vehicle functions

(steering, stop&go)Complete control of vehicle

(AHS)


Direct Safety Risks - ADAS

Driver distractionDriver overloadDriver confusionFalse or nuisance alarmsCommand effect


Rationalizing Automation

Each level has unique safety issues

Each level must coexist with other levels

Progression from one level to next is not incremental– it represents a radical change to the driving task


Indirect Safety Risks

Behavioural adaptationIncreased exposureLoss of skill & negative transferViolation of expectation (by non-users)Collision migration (MV to SV, to other

users, etc.)


ITS Safety Research Programs

Europe • EC FP5: HASTE• EC FP6: eSafety, AIDE, PReVENT, HUMANIST• France, UK, Germany (ADAM), Netherlands

North America • CAMP, IVI, SAVE-IT

Japan• ASV

Australia


Key Challenges for Government

Traditional policy paradigms not suitable:• Design cycle shorter than policy cycle• Technology is diversifying rapidly• Behavioural science lags technology

Integration by consumer, not industryJurisdictional boundaries no longer valid


Need for New Paradigm

Driver-system integration must be an integral part of motor transport system development.This has implications for: • System design• Regulatory policy


Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV):International Harmonized Research Activities

• Australia• Canada• France• Germany• Hungary• Italy• Japan

• the Netherlands• Poland• Sweden• U.K. • U.S.A.• EC• EEVC


ESV: IHRA Working Groups

Active safety• Intelligent Transport Systems

Passive safety• Advanced Offset Frontal Crash Protection• Pedestrian Safety• Biomechanics• Vehicle Compatibility• Side Impact


IHRA-ITS : Objectives

to coordinate international policy-oriented research to minimize the potential adverse consequences of on-board ITS technologies.

to develop procedures for the evaluation of safety of in-vehicle information, control and communication systems.

to provide an international view of the state of research into understanding the safety impact of driver workload and distraction.


Aspects of System Safety

1. System Reliability• Reliability of hardware and software, the propensity for malfunction and

the potential to go into a dangerous and/or unanticipated safety mode.

2. Human Machine Interaction (HMI)• Key issues are function allocation, the design of interface, definition of

dialogue between the user and the system.

3. Overall Traffic System • The aggregate effect on the traffic system as a whole.


Summary of Activities

Conceptual FrameworkWorkshopsSurvey of current researchPriority Projects


IHRA ITS Priority Projects

1. Development of a harmonized safety evaluation methodology framework

2. Driver understanding and expectation of ITS systems3. Human factors principles checklist4. Normative data on naturalistic driving behavior5. Simulator reference test scenarios6. Improved secondary task methodology for evaluating

safety effects of driver workload7. Harmonization and validation of surrogate safety

measures


Importance of ITS Safety Research

Elaborates the role of governments with respect to ITS safety

ITS safety is currently unregulated; therefore, there is a reasonable prospect for harmonized policies based on shared scientific understanding of the issues


IHRA-WP.29 Liaison

IHRA research focus• Summarize state of knowledge

• Coordinate joint research

• Develop test procedures

WP.29 regulatory focus• Identify regulatory needs and priorities.

IHRA could coordinate the regulatory development research needed to support WP.29 work program

Harmonized Research on ITS

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