Hardware an Introduction

8/8/2019 Hardware an Introduction

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Computer Hardware an Introduction


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Objectives

Learn that a computer requires both hardwareand software to work

Learn about the many different hardwarecomponents inside of and connected to acomputer


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In troductio n

E nd users need not know how a computer worksTo add to your end user knowledge, study is neededStudying this text will help you do the following:

Install new hardware and softwareDiagnose hardware and software problemsSolve hardware and software problemsE valuate new hardware and operating systems


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Ha rdw are Needs Softw are to Work

H ardware: physical portion of a computer Components: monitor, keyboard, memory, hard drive

Software: instructions used to manipulate hardwareRequirements: input, processing, storage, output

All hardware operations are based on binary valuesBinary number system consists of two digits: 0 and 1Fundamental groupings of binary numbers:

Bit: binary digit that can take on values of 0 or 1

Nibble: four bitsByte: four bits


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Figure 1-2 All communication, storage, andprocessing of data inside a computer are inbinary form until presented as output tothe user


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PC Ha rdw are C ompo n en ts

M ost input/output (I/O) devices are external to caseM ost processing and storage devices are internalCentral processing unit (CPU)

Also called the processor or microprocessor Reads input, processes data, writes data to storage

E lements required by I/O and storage devices A method for CPU to communicate with the deviceSoftware to instruct and control the deviceE lectricity to power the device


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Ha rdw are Used for In put an d Output

Connections to the case can be cabled or wirelessPort: access point located in back or front of caseChief input devices:

Keyboard: enhanced type holds 104 keysM ouse: pointing device used to select screen itemsChief output devices:

M onitor: visually displays primary output of computer Printer: produces output on paper (hard copy)


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Figure 1-6 The two most popular output devices are themonitor and the printer


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Ha rdw are In side the C omputer C ase

M ost storage and processing occurs in the caseInternal devices common to most computers:

M otherboard containing CPU, memory, other parts

Floppy drive, hard drive, CD drive for persistent storagePower supply with power cords supplying electricityCircuit boards for internal and external communicationCables to connect devices to all circuit boards

Expansion cards are installed in expansion slotsTwo types of cables: data (communication) and power


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10Figure 1-8 Inside the computer case


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T he Motherbo ard

The largest and most important circuit board Also known as the main board or system boardContains the CPU, expansion slots, other devices

Categories used to group motherboard componentsProcessing, temporary storage, communication, power

All devices communicate with CPU on motherboard A peripheral device links to motherboard via cableSome motherboard ports outside of the case:

Keyboard, mouse, parallel, USB ports, sound ports


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Figure 1-9 All hardware components are either located on themotherboard or directly or indirectly connected to it because theymust all communicate with the CPU


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Figure 1-10 A motherboard provides ports for common I/O devices


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T he P rocessor an d the C hipset

CPU: chip that performs most data processingChipset: group of microchips controlling data flowPersonal computer (PC): chief focus of this textM ajor manufacturers of CPUs and chipsets for PCs

Intel Corporation, A M D, VIA, SiS, and Cyrix


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Figure 1-12 This motherboard uses two chips in itschipset (notice the bus lines coming from each chipused for communication)


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Storag e Devices

Primary storage (main memory):Temporary storage used by the processor E xample: RA M (random access memory)

Secondary storage (permanent storage):E nables data to persist after the machine is turned off E xamples: hard drive, CD, floppy disk

Analogy to primary-secondary memory relationship

Book stacks in a library are like permanent storageBooks can be moved to a desk (temporary storage)


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P rimary Storag e

RAM (random access memory):Device providing temporary storageLocated on motherboard and on other circuit boards

Three types of RAM

boards (memory modules):DIMM (dual inline memory module)RIMM (Rambus inline memory module)SI MM (single inline memory module)

RAM is volatile (data does not persist)RO M (read-only memory) is nonvolatile


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Secon dary Storag e

H ard driveCase containing disks that rotate at high speeds

An arm with a read/write head traverses the platter

Integrated Drive E lectronics (ID E )Technology used internally by a hard drive

ATA (AT Attachment) standardSpecifies motherboard-hard drive interface

Types: Serial ATA or parallel ATA (E

nhanced IDE

)Parallel ATA accommodates up to four ID E devices


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Figure 1-16 Hard drive with sealed cover removed


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Figure 1-18 Two IDE devices connected to a motherboardusing both IDE connections and two cables


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Secon dary Storag e (con tin ued)

Serial ATA standard Allows for more than four drives in a system Applies only to hard drives and not to other drives

Some ID E devices: hard drives, Zip drives, CD driveFloppy drive

3.5-inch disk holding 1.44 M B of dataFloppy drive connector is distinct from ID E connectors

CD-RO M (compact disc read-only memory) driveStandard equipment for reading software distributions


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Figure 1-22 A motherboard usually provides a connectionfor a floppy drive cable


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Motherbo ard C ompo n en ts Used ForC

ommun

ication

Amon

g DevicesTraces: circuits or paths that move data and power Bus: system of pathways and transmission protocolsData bus

Lines in a bus that carry the dataBinary bits correspond to voltage values of on or off Data path sizes: 8, 16, 32, 64, or 128 bits wide

M ain bus on motherboard (system bus, memory bus)

Communicates with CPU, memory, and chipsetPulse of system clock carried by line on motherboard


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Figure 1-26 A data bus has traces or lines that carryvoltage interpreted by the CPU and other devices as bits


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Figure 1-29 PCI bus expansion slots areshorter than ISA slots and offset farther;the one AGP slot is set farther from theedge of the board


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In terf ace (Exp an sion ) C ards

Some names for circuits mounted in expansion slots:Circuit cards, adapter boards, expansion cards, cards

Cards that connect the CPU to an external device:

Video: provides a port for the monitor Sound: provides ports for speakers and microphonesNetwork: provides a port for a network cableM odem: provides ports for phone lines

Determine a cards function by identifying its port


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Figure 1-31 This circuit board is a modem card and ismounted in a PCI slot on the motherboard


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T he Electric al System

Power supplyM ost important electrical componentConverts AC voltage external source to DC voltage

Reduces voltage from 110-120 volts to 12 volts or lessRuns a fan to cool the inside of the computer caseTemperatures > 185 F can cause component failureM otherboard has 1 or 2 connections to power supply


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Figure 1-35 The motherboard receives its powerfrom the power supply by way of one or moreconnections located near the edge of the board ornear the processor


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In structio n s Stored o n the

Motherbo ard an d Other Bo ardsBIOS (basic input/output system)Data and instructions stored on RO M chipsRO M BIOS chips are a type of firmware

Three purposes served by motherboard RO M BIOS:System BIOS: used to manage simple devicesStartup BIOS: used to start the computer CM OS setup: used to change motherboard settings

CM OS RA M : includes date, time, port configurationsFlash RO M : RO M chips the can be overwritten


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Figure 1-36 This firmware chip contains flashROM and CMOS RAM; CMOS RAM is poweredby the coin battery located near the chip


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Adv an ced C on fig uration an d P ower

In terf ace Also known as ACPIStandards specifying a power saving featureE nables a system to power up by a keyboard

Supported by most systems, such as Windows XP Advanced Power M anagement (AP M )

Older BIOS power management standard


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P lug an d P lay

Also known as PnPStandard simplifying installation of hardware devicesPnP BIOS begins process of configuring devices

PnP-compliant operating system completes configurationE SCD (extended system configuration data) Plug and Play BIOSE nhanced version of PnPStores manual configuration steps


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Summary

A computer comprises hardware and softwareM ain functions: input, output, processing, storageData is stored in a binary format (1 or 0, on or off)

Input/output devices: keyboard, mouse, printer, monitor M otherboard (system board): contains the CPU, access to other circuit boards and peripherals


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Summary (con tin ued)

Primary storage (RA M ) is volatile (temporary)Secondary storage is nonvolatile (permanent)Parallel and serial ATA standards: enable secondary storagedevices to interface with the motherboardComputer bus: system of communication pathways and protocolsRO M BIOS helps start PCs, manage simple devices, and changesome motherboard settings

Hardware an Introduction

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