Hard Disk Drive Evolution & Data Storage Systems Program

G. Tarnopolsky /November 2003/ 1© 2003 INSIC SC 2003

Hard Disk Drive Evolution &Data Storage Systems

ProgramGiora J. Tarnopolsky

TarnoTek - www.tarnotek.com

Storage on the Lunatic FringeSC2003 - Phoenix - AZ

19 November 2003

Information Storage IndustryConsortium


Agenda

Who/What/When INSICExhilarating growth of volumetric density

Drive economicsIs it likely to continue?

1 Terabyte drive likelyINSIC’s research programs

EHDRHAMR

INSIC & Data Storage Systems Research


Information Storage IndustryConsortium

* Limited Member

MITISICNIST

IDEMAIDAHOMITRE

PURDUESTANFORD

MINNESOTAVANDERBILT

SANTA CLARAGEORGIA TECH

ARIZONA STATENORTHWESTERN

CARNEGIE MELLONARGONNE NAT’L LAB

WASHINGTON UNIVERSITYLAWRENCE BERKELEY NAT’L LAB

LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NAT’L LABNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE

FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITYDATA STORAGE INSTITUTE (DSI)

LOS ALAMOS NATIONAL LABCENTRAL LANCASHIRE

COLORADO STATEJOHNS HOPKINSNORTHEASTERN

UC SAN DIEGOMANCHESTERUC BERKELEYOHIO STATECOLORADOPLYMOUTHMISSOURINEBRASKAVIRGINIAALABAMAHARVARDALBERTA

ARIZONAILLINOIS

IBMECD*IDC*SONYMAXELLIMATIONAPRILIS*QUANTUMSAMSUNGCERTANCEMAGNECOMP*STORAGETEKDOWA MINING*MEMS OPTICALAGERE SYSTEMSWESTERN DIGITALTORAY INDUSTRIESHEWLETT PACKARDVEECO INSTRUMENTSADVANCED RESEARCHSEAGATE TECHNOLOGYEUXINE TECHNOLOGIESHUTCHINSON TECHNOLOGYHITACHI GLOBAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES

collaborative research consortium for the worldwide information

storage industryestablished 1991 Conduct Joint Research on High Risk Pre-competitive

Storage Technologies Develop Technology Roadmaps

Maximize Value of University Research Obtain Government Funding

Speak for the Industry


The Future of Hard Disk Drive TechnologyLab Demos: Possible HDD Areal Density Progression

Laboratory Demonstrations

1.0

10.0

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10000.0

100000.0

Jan-90 Jan-93 Jan-96 Jan-99 Jan-02 Jan-05 Jan-08 Jan-11 Jan-14 Jan-17

Date

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al D

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b/ in

2 )

perpendicular recording

heat-assisted mag recording

self-organized arrays ?

patterned media ?

50% CAG ra

te line

70now

highest in products

1 Terabit per inch2 goal


Slower Progression of HDD Technology?

Laboratory Demonstrations

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

10000.0

100000.0

Jan-90 Jan-93 Jan-96 Jan-99 Jan-02 Jan-05 Jan-08 Jan-11 Jan-14 Jan-17

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?

30% CAG line

Lab Demos: Possible HDD Areal Density Progression


Precipitous decline in $/GB

Cost per Gigabyte, 95 mm Desktop ≤ 7,200 rpm

0.01

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$/G

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HGSTMaxtorSeagateWDC

(C) 2003 TarnoTek

- 44%/ year


Price of HD Drive ≥ Components

Price of HDD, 95 mm Desktop ≤ 7,200 rpm

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rive

HGST MaxtorSeagate WDC

(C) 2003 TarnoTek


Capacity Growth

HDD Capacity vs. Time, 95 mm Desktop ≤ 7,200 rpm

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1000Ja

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HD

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All HDDEarly HDD

(C) 2003 TarnoTek


Capacity Growth: Sustainable?

HDD Capacity vs. Time, 95 mm Desktop ≤ 7,200 rpm

y = 6E-28e0.0018x

R2 = 0.9626

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(C) 2003 TarnoTek

? INSIC 1 Tb/inch2

demo goal


Magnetic Areal Density Tradeoffs

INSIC’s Extreme HighDensity Recording programstrives for concurrent highSNR, permanency of therecorded bit, and ability torecord (EHDR)

INSIC’s Heat AssistedMagnetic Recordingprogram uses heat toachieve recordability(HAMR)

Patterned mediaTilted perpendicular mediaSelf-organized media

recordability

sign

al-to

-no

ise

ratio

thermal stability

goal

lowSNR

unstable

can’twrite


Speculation on 1 Tb/in2 HDD

Adapted from R. Wood,"The feasibility of magneticrecording at 1 Terabit persquare inch," IEEE Trans.Magn. 36, No. 1, 36-42(2000)

ParametersAreal density 1000 Gb/in2

Linear density 2500 kbpiTrack density 400 ktpiRotation 15,000 rpmDisk 33 mmCapacity 125 GB/platterInternal transfer rate 320 Mbyte/s

DriveCapacity 1 TerabytePlatters 8Heads 16Width 2 (50) in (mm)Height 1.4 (36) in (mm)Length 4 (100) in (mm)

SystemCapacity 8 TBDrives 8Physical sizeWidth 16 inHeight 2 inDepth 6 in


Parting shots in “SAN Essentials”

Storage Area Networks Essentials, Richard Barkerand Paul Massiglia, John Wiley & Sons, pgs. 379-380.

“Since the evolution of SCSI in the mid-1980s, thefunctional definition of a disk (or a tape) has beenessentially constant … the basic model of a singlevector of numbered blocks has remained the same.”

“Researchers today are questioning whether thetried-and-true disk (or tape) functional model is the mosteffective way to provide network storage services.”

(text in italics added by GT)

“Since the evolution of SCSI in the mid-1980s, thefunctional definition of a disk (or a tape) has beenessentially constant … the basic model of a singlevector of numbered blocks has remained the same.”

“Researchers today are questioning whether thetried-and-true disk (or tape) functional model is the mosteffective way to provide network storage services.”

(text in italics added by GT)

Implementation & management ofTerabyte drives & systems


Pre-competitive DSSResearch


What is pre-competitive research?

Work that: is not now subject of industrial competition

towards commercialization of a product addresses goals that are beyond the

immediate industrial roadmaps may tackle high-risk/high-reward speculative

ideasenhances the research return-on-investment

to the benefit of all partners and of the globaldata storage systems endeavor


What is pre-competitive research?

Advances whose implementation wouldrequire industrial consensus among parties thatotherwise may compete in the marketplace

e.g. storage-device OSPre-competitive research is, essentially,

research “co-opetition.”Are there pre-competitive research

opportunities in data storagesystems work?


Workshop

Brainstorm the Future


Workshop Target Participants

Data storage systems, software, and storagedevices’ companies

Academics & academic centersEntities vested in the storage enterprise:

government, sponsored research efforts withDSS aspects

Current sponsors: INSIC, CMRR UCSD,DTC/DISC U Minn, INSIC member companies

In progress: CAL IT2, others


INSIC DSS Program Topics

Research topics will emerge from industrial &academic consensus

Gratefully acknowledge discussions with manyresearchers in creating a roster of candidatetopics.

David B. Anderson / SeagateWalter Burkhard / UC San DiegoRandal Burns / John Hopkins UniversityDavid Du / DTC, U MinnGreg Ganger / CMUGarth Gibson / CMU & PanasasGordon F. Hughes / UC San DiegoJoseph F. JaJa / U. MarylandDarrell Long / UC Santa CruzPatrick Mantey / UC Santa CruzPaul Massiglia / Veritas Software

Ethan Miller / UC Santa CruzReagan Moore / SDSC/UCSDRichard New / Hitachi GSTDavid Patterson / UC BerkeleyMichael O. Rabin / Harvard University and Hebrew

UniversityErik Riedel / Seagate ResearchTom Ruwart / DTC/DISC U MinnPaul Siegel / UC San DiegoEd Skalko / Seagate ResearchBarry Schechtman / INSICBoleslaw K. Szymanski / Rensselaer Polytechnic

Institute

Thanks!


Spectrum of Research TopicsSpectrum of Research Topics

Non-volatile, lowlatency memory in

device

Non-volatile, lowlatency memory in

device

SemanticcontinuitySemantic

continuity

Application-aware storage

Application-aware storage

Digitalpermanency

Digitalpermanency

Digitalpermanency

Digitalpermanency

hardware-ish software-ish

networked,distributed

limitedlocale

OSD, object-oriented storagedevice

Performance& reliabilityPerformance& reliability

Performance& reliabilityPerformance& reliability

Multi-dimensionalspace and

projections


Fred van den Bosch / Veritas


There is no assured scheme for perpetual contentpreservation

Semantic continuity: make computerlanguages evolve like natural languages,assure comprehension

Storage management independent of themedium and of the content itself

Systems hold “eternal” data in devices bearing a ~three-year warranty§,*

Digital assets have undergone migrations todevices of higher performance & volumetric density.No more.

Long-term Storage: ≥ 10 years

Safe harbor: §) H/W MTBF ≥ 30 yr.*) Tape cartridges guaranteed “for life”


Multi-GB, ≤ µs-latency, non-volatile memory Flash, M-RAM, or MEMSNon-volatile stratum would be “virtual disk”

such as disk is “virtual tape” to tape systemVarious application archetypes could have

assigned non-volatile storage streams - untilobjects of associated types are transferred tospecific areas on the media

Intelligent space allocation, self-defragmentation 500 GBMag 12 GBNV TT

Large, non-volatile storagestratum


OSD - Object-based StorageDevice

OSDs take the storage-device-specificcomponent of the file system into the storagedevice itself

Ability of device to manage its own capacityAbility of device to export file-like objects to

their clientsWhere in the storage hierarchy is the OSD

concept to be applied? Disk remains byte-bucket but RAID is intelligent storage?


Summary

Digital storage has irreversibly changed thetransaction of human activity

Change has occurred rapidly, and will continueChange will be driven by global industry &

academic effortsPlethora of unresolved issuesINSIC recognizes significant opportunities for

pre-competitive, industry/academia cooperativedata-storage-systems research, and willpromote it.


Paul D. FrankPaul D. FrankExecutive DirectorExecutive Director

INSIC PROGRAMSINSIC PROGRAMS

Information Storage Industry ConsortiumInformation Storage Industry Consortium

Hard Disk Drive Evolution & Data Storage Systems Program

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