Hard Disk Drive Assembly Nordson ASYMTEK supplies disk drive manufacturers the dispensing system solutions for slider fabrication, head gimbal and stack assembly, underfill on flex circuits and form in place gasket for lid seal Applications Photo resist application slider fabrication Low stress adhesive and wax dispensing to bond rows of heads to lapping tools (row bond) UV and silver dot applications at head gimbal assembly Silver dot grounding for head stacks to case Flux dispensing for flex circuit soldering Underfill on flex circuit Underfill on drive control board Form in place gaskets for final drive assembly The following provides more information about dispensing applications for hard disk drive assembly. Speed, Precision & Control Head to Gimbal Jetting UV and silver adhesive dots, for head to gimbal assembly. Dot volume and position can impact flying height and ultimately yield. Using jetting to apply these critical glue dots, as small as 225 microns. Row Tool Adhesive Applying wax to lapping and dicing tools to hold wafer strips / rows. A jet with heated fluid path keeps wax in a molten state. Wax is jetted on demand, onto a lapping tool, minimizing the amount of wax used. Lower material costs and minimized tool cleaning. Printed Circuit Board / Flex - Underfill Nordson ASYMTEK is a world leader in supplying equipment for encapsulation and underfill on PCB or flex. Precise control allows underfill to be dispensed without bridging critical gaps. as in the photograph to the right, here two 5mm die are being underfilled and no bridging is occurring across a 1mm gap between the two die. Design engineers can typically save 40% on the area of a foot print for an underfilled die. Jetting on flex removes all of the process problems of determining needle to flex position. Jets are insensitive to dispense gap and hence can move faster into position and therefore have higher throughputs than needle dispensing.
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Hard Disk Drive Assembly
Nordson ASYMTEK supplies disk drive manufacturers the dispensing system solutions for
slider fabrication, head gimbal and stack assembly, underfill on flex circuits and form in
place gasket for lid seal
Applications
Photo resist application slider fabrication Low stress adhesive and wax dispensing to bond rows of heads to lapping tools (row bond) UV and silver dot applications at head gimbal assembly Silver dot grounding for head stacks to case Flux dispensing for flex circuit soldering Underfill on flex circuit Underfill on drive control board Form in place gaskets for final drive assembly
The following provides more information about dispensing applications for hard disk drive assembly.
Speed, Precision & Control
Head to Gimbal
Jetting UV and silver adhesive dots, for head to gimbal assembly. Dot volume and position can impact flying height and ultimately yield. Using jetting to apply these critical glue dots, as small as 225 microns.
Row Tool Adhesive
Applying wax to lapping and dicing tools to hold wafer strips / rows. A jet with heated fluid path keeps wax in a molten state. Wax is jetted on demand, onto a lapping tool, minimizing the amount of wax used. Lower material costs and minimized tool cleaning.
Printed Circuit Board / Flex - Underfill
Nordson ASYMTEK is a world leader in supplying equipment for encapsulation and underfill on PCB or flex. Precise control allows underfill to be dispensed without bridging critical gaps. as in the photograph to the right, here two 5mm die are being underfilled and no bridging is occurring across a 1mm gap between the two die. Design engineers can typically save 40% on the area of a foot print for an underfilled die. Jetting on flex removes all of the process problems of determining needle to flex position. Jets are insensitive to dispense gap and hence can move faster into position and therefore have higher throughputs than needle dispensing.
Head Stack Assembly
For gimbal or head stack assembly, small dots of silver epoxy are used to electrically ground flex circuits to gimbal arms. Silver lines can also be dispensed to make electrical connection to MEMS actuators on heads. Nordson ASYMTEK has equipment from simple bench top automation to high speed, automated systems, capable of jetting dots of silver epoxy at rates of 50,000 dph.
Photoresist Spray - Air Bearing Surface Patterning
Nordson ASYMTEK's micro spray applicator can be used to apply photoresist to wafer strips for air bearing surface patterning. Liquid photoresist (PR) can produce finer features than dry film photo resists. Spraying PR instead of spinning, is much more efficient method of applying PR, reducing the amount of waste, and cleaning. Spraying can apply PR on single rows, eliminating the need to group rows for coating.
Flux Jetting and Solder Paste Dispensing
Nordson ASYMTEK has a range of flux jetting systems for precise application of flux to flex circuits used in head stack assembly. Flux can be applied by jets or needles, as dots or lines with thickness' as small as 5 microns.
In addition, we have a range of solder paste dispensing systems for every application.
Form In Place Gasket
Protecting hard disk drives from the outside environment requires a precision dispensed seal. Nordson has for many years supplied dispensing equipment for this application. Nordson's range of pail pumps and meter mix equipment has greatly simplified manufacturing of form in place gaskets (FIPG). At the same time Nordson ASYMTEK is developing new dispensing methods such as jetting to enable FIPG in smaller geometries and in tight spaces next to drive cover walls.
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HARD DISK DRIVE GUIDEHow a Hard Disk Drive Works
Hard Disk AssemblyLast updated: 2/5/2002
The purpose of this article is to provide just the right balance of technical detail to convey a good insight into the innards of a hard disk drive and how if basically works without burdening the reader with excessive technical detail.
HARD DISK ASSEMBLY. A hard disk drive consists of a motor, spindle, platters, read/write heads, actuator, frame, air filter, and electronics. The frame mounts the mechanical parts of the drive and is sealed with a cover. The sealed part of the drive is known as the Hard Disk Assembly or HDA. The drive electronics usually consists of one or more printed circuit boards mounted on the bottom of the HDA.
A head and platter can be visualized as being similar to a record and playback head on an old phonograph, except the data structure of a hard disk is arranged into concentric circles instead of in a spiral as it on a phonograph record (and CD-ROM). A hard disk has one or more platters and each platter usually has a head on each of its sides. The platters in modern drives are made from glass or ceramic to avoid the unfavorable thermal characteristics of the aluminum platters found in older drives. A layer of magnetic material is deposited/sputtered on the surface of the platters and those in most of the drives I've dissected have shiny, chrome-like surfaces. The platters are mounted on the spindle which is turned by the drive motor. Most current IDE hard disk drives spin at 5,400, 7,200, or 10,000 RPM and 15,000 RPM drives are emerging.
History of IBM magnetic disk drivesFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. You can assist by editing it. (July 2011)
To comply with Wikipedia's guidelines, the introduction of this article may need to be rewritten. Please discuss this issue on the talk pageand read the layout guide to make sure the section will be inclusive of all essential details. (July 2011)
IBM, a multinational technology firm, manufactured magnetic disk storage devices from
1956 to 2003. IBM has used many terms to describe its various magnetic disk drives, such
as Direct Access Storage Device, Disk File and Diskette File; however, for purposes of this
article the current industry standard terms, hard disk drive (HDD) and floppy disk
drive (FDD) will be used.
Both the HDD and the FDD were invented by IBM employees and as such IBM's employees
were responsible for many of the innovations in these products and their technologies.[1] The basic mechanical arrangement of hard disk drives has not changed since the IBM
1301. Disk drive performance and characteristics are measured by the same standards now
as they were in the 1950s. The company HDDs from 1956 until it merged its HDD business
with Hitachi's in 2003.[2] IBM manufactured 8-inch FDDs from 1969 until the middle 1980s
but was not a significant manufacturer of smaller sized FDDs.[3]
IBM always offered its magnetic disk drives for sale but did not offer them with OEM terms
and conditions until 1981.[4] By 1996 IBM had stopped making HDDs unique to its systems
and was offering all its HDDs on an OEM basis.[5]
This article ends at IBM's 1994 announcement of the "star" family of OEM disk drives,[6] and
the article concludes with a comparison of IBM's first and last HDDs. Few products in
history have enjoyed such spectacular declines in cost and size along with corresponding
improvements in capacity and performance.
Contents
[hide]
1 Early IBM HDDs
o 1.1 IBM 350
o 1.2 IBM 353
o 1.3 IBM 355
o 1.4 IBM 1405
o 1.5 IBM 1301
o 1.6 IBM 1302
o 1.7 IBM 1311
2 IBM S/360 and other IBM mainframe HDDs
o 2.1 IBM 2302
o 2.2 IBM 2305
o 2.3 IBM 2311
o 2.4 IBM 2314/2319
o 2.5 IBM 3330
o 2.6 IBM 3340
o 2.7 IBM 3350
o 2.8 IBM 3370 and 3375
o 2.9 IBM 3380
o 2.10 IBM 3390
o 2.11 IBM 9345
o 2.12 9330 family of disk drives
3 HDDs offered only on IBM small systems
o 3.1 IBM 2310
o 3.2 IBM 5444
o 3.3 IBM 62GV
4 OEM and Small Systems HDDs
o 4.1 IBM 0680
o 4.2 IBM 0676
o 4.3 IBM 0667
o 4.4 IBM 0669
o 4.5 IBM 0671
o 4.6 IBM 0681
o 4.7 IBM 0663
o 4.8 IBM 0664
o 4.9 IBM 0662
5 The floppy disk drive
6 "Star" Series of HDDs
7 IBM's first HDD versus its last HDDs
8 See also
9 References
10 External links
[edit]Early IBM HDDs
[edit]IBM 350
IBM 305 at U.S. Army Red River Arsenal, with two IBM 350 disk drives in the foreground
RAMAC mechanism at Computer History Museum
The IBM 350 disk storage unit, the first disk drive, was announced by IBM as a component
of the IBM 305 RAMAC computer system on September 13, 1956.[7][8][9][10] Simultaneously a
very similar product, the "IBM 355 Random Access Memory" was announced for the IBM
650 computer system. RAMAC stood for "Random Access Method of Accounting and
Control."
Its design was motivated by the need for real time accounting in business.[11] The 350 stored
5 million 7-bit (6-bits plus 1 odd parity bit) characters (about 4.4megabytes).[7] It had fifty 24-
inch (610 mm) diameter disks with 100 recording surfaces. Each surface had 100 tracks.
The disks spun at 1200 RPM. Data transfer rate was 8,800 characters per second. An
access mechanism moved a pair of heads up and down to select a disk pair (one down
surface and one up surface) and in and out to select a recording track of a surface pair.
Several improved models were added in the 1950s. The IBM RAMAC 305 system with 350
disk storage leased for $3,200 per month. The 350 was officially withdrawn in 1969.
The 350's cabinet was 60 inches (152 cm) long, 68 inches (172 cm) high and 29 inches
(74 cm) deep. IBM had a strict rule that all its products must pass through a standard
processor family.[36] The 9345 DASD Model 1 had two 1.0 GB HDDs while the Model 2 had
two 1.5 GB HDDs.
[edit]9330 family of disk drives
1. 9331 Diskette Unit models 1 and 11 contained one 8-inch FDD while the models 2
and 12 contained one 5¼-inch FDD.[37]
2. 9332 Direct Access Storage Device used the IBM 0667 HDD.[38]
3. 9333 High Performance Disk Drive Subsystem used the IBM 0664 or IBM 0681
HDDs depending upon subsystem model
4. 9334 Disk Expansion Unit [To be determined]
5. 9335 Direct Access Storage Subsystem This HDD used in this subsystem was
developed under the code name "Kestrel" at IBM Hursley, UK, and was an 850 MB
HDD using three 14-inch disks with dual rotary actuators, each actuator accessing
three surfaces with two heads per surface.[39] The HDD was in the rack mountable
9335 announced as a part of the October 1986 IBM 9370 Information System
announcement.[40] There is no known OEM version of this HDD.
6. 9336 Disk Unit used the IBM 0662 HDD
7. 9337 Disk Array Subsystem used the IBM 0662 HDD. In 1991 IBM introduced a
family of rack-mounted, CKD 9340 DASD Subsystems based upon the 5¼-inch
9345 disk drive,[41] code name Sawmill.[42] The entry-level 9341/9345 subsystem
connected to a 9221 processor and stored 2-24 gigabytes of information while the
9343/9345 stored 4-48 gigabytes and could take advantage ofESCON.[41] The drive
capacity was either 1 or 1.5 gigabytes depending upon the model.[42]
[edit]HDDs offered only on IBM small systems
[edit]IBM 2310
The IBM 2310 Removable Cartridge Drive was announced in 1964 with the IBM 1800,[43] and then in 1965 with the IBM 1130; it likely first shipped with the 1130 in late 1965.[44] It
could store 512,000 words (1,024,000 bytes) on an IBM 2315 cartridge. A single 14-inch
(360 mm) oxide-coated aluminum disk spun in a plastic shell with openings for the
read/write arm and two heads.
[edit]IBM 5444
The 5444 was announced September 1969 as part of System/3. Developed at IBM's
Hursley, England, laboratory under code name Dolphin[39] it used the 5440 disk cartridge.
The cartridge in turn contained one 14-inch disk. There were three models:[45]
Model 1 has one fixed disk and one removable disk each with 100 tracks per surface for
a disk cartridge capacity of 1.23 MB
Model 2 has one fixed disk and one removable disk each with 200 tracks per surface for
a disk cartridge capacity of 2.46 MB
Model 3 has only one removable disk with 200 tracks per surface for a disk cartridge
capacity of 2.46 MB
[edit]IBM 62GV
The 62GV first shipped in May 1974. Developed at IBM's Hursley, England, laboratory
under the code name Gulliver with an initial capacity of 5MB. Subsequent models had 10
and 14 MB capacities. It used a rotary actuator with one 14-inch disk. During its production
life it shipped 177,000 units making it the first HDD known to have shipped in excess of
100,000 units.[39]
[edit]OEM and Small Systems HDDs
This section lists IBM manufactured HDDs offered both as an OEM product and for
attachment to IBMs small systems such as the System/3, System/32, /34 & /36 and the
AS/400. HDDs are identified by there OEM model number and listed chronologically by date
of first customer shipment.
[edit]IBM 0680
The 0680 first shipped in 1979 on most IBM small systems[46] and the low end of the
System/370 as the 3310 direct access storage.[47] The OEM version was announced as the
0680 in September 1981.[4] Developed at IBM's Hursley, England, laboratory under the code
name Piccolo with an initial capacity of up to 65MB, it used six 8-inch disks (210 mm).[39]
A double capacity version, the 62SW, shipped in June 1984 but very few units were sold
because its price per megabyte was the same as the 62GV.[39]
[edit]IBM 0676
The 0676 first shipped in November 1982 as a 5247 Disk Storage Unit for the IBM
System/23 Datamaster.[48] Developed at the IBM Rochester, MN, laboratory as the 21ED it
was an 8-inch HDD with an initial capacity of 15 or 30 MB in 2 or 4 210 mm disks. In 1983 it
shipped as the HDD in the 5360 System Unit of the S/36. In 1984 its capacity was doubled
by doubling the number of tracks per surface and it was incorporated into the 5362 System
Unit of the System/36.[49]
[edit]IBM 0667
The 0667 first shipped in August 1986.[48] Developed the IBM Rochester, MN, laboratory
under the code name "Grant", it was a 70 MB ESDI full height 5¼-inch HDD with up to 4
130 mm disks.[50][51] It was offered as a feature on certain models of the PC RT (6150, 6151,
6152) and in System/36 Model System Units (5363, 5364).[52]
[edit]IBM 0669
The 0669 first shipped in 1987.[53] Developed at IBM Rochester, MN, it was a full-height 5½-
inch HDD with a capacity of up to 115MB on up to 4 130 mm disks.[54] It was the HDD
internal to the System/36 5363 System Unit and Series 1 4956 System Unit.[54]
[edit]IBM 0671
The 0671 first shipped in 1987.[53] Developed under the code name "Lee" at IBM Rochester,
MN, it was an up to 316 MB ESDI full height 5¼-inch HDD with up to 8 130 mm disks
depending upon model.[54] In 1988 it shipped as part of the 9404 System Unit of the IBM
AS/400 system which contained two, or optionally three of these HDDs.[55]
[edit]IBM 0681
The 0681 first shipped in April 1990. Developed at IBM's Hursley, UK, laboratory under the
code name Redwing.[56] It was an up to 857 MB full height 5¼-inch HDD using up to 12 130
mm disks. It was the first HDD to use PRML decoding of data.[1] It was the drive component
of the 9333 Disk Drive Subsystem which first shipped in early 1992.
A higher density, 1.07 GB, version was incorporated into the 9333 subsystem in May 1992.[57]
[edit]IBM 0663
The 0663 first shipped in late 1991. Developed under the code name "Corsair", it was a full-
height (1-inch high) 3½-inch HDD with up to 1 GB on up to 8 95 mm disks.[58] It was offered
as a feature on certain models of the PS/2 and RS/6000.[58] It was the first OEM disk drive to
use MR Heads.[1]
[edit]IBM 0664
The 0664 first shipped in November 1992. Developed under the code name "Allicat" at IBM
Rochester, MN, it was a tall (3.25-inch high) 3½-inch HDD with up to 2.013 GB capacity on
up to 8 95 mm disks.[59]
[edit]IBM 0662
The 0662 first shipped in June 1993. Developed under the code name "Sptifire" at IBM
Rochester, MN, it was a full-height (1-inch high) 3½-inch HDD with up to 4 GB on up to 8 95
mm disks.[60][59] It was the HDD internal to the 9336 Disk Unit and the 9337 Disk Array.[59]
[edit]The floppy disk drive
See also: History of the floppy disk.
Another important IBM innovation is the floppy disk drive. IBM first introduced the 8-inch
FDD in 1971 as a read only program load device. In 1973 IBM shipped its first read/write
floppy disk drive as a part of the 3740 Data Entry System. IBM established early standards
in 8" FDDs but never sold such products separately so that the industry then developed
separate from IBM.
[edit]"Star" Series of HDDs
On October 17, 1994, IBM's Storage Systems division announced three new families of
hard disk drives, the Travelstar 2½-inch family for notebooks, the Deskstar 3½-inch family
for desktop applications and the Ultrastar 3½-inch family for high performance computer
system applications.[6]
[edit]IBM's first HDD versus its last HDDs
The following table compares IBM's first HDD, the RAMAC 350, with the last three models it
manufactured in each of its "Star" series of OEM HDDs. It illustrates HDD's spectacular
decline in cost and size along with corresponding improvement in capacity and
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hat is a Hard Disk Drive?:
The hard disk drive is the main, and usually largest, data storage device in a computer. The operating system, software titles and most other files are stored in the hard disk drive.
HDD (abbreviation), hard drive, hard disk, fixed drive, fixed disk, fixed disk drive
Important Hard Disk Drive Facts:
The hard drive is sometimes referred to as the "C: drive" due to the fact that Microsoft Windows designates the "C" drive letter to the primarypartition on the primary hard drive in a computer by default.
While this is not a technically correct term to use, it is still common. For example, some computers have multiple drive letters (i.e. C, D, E) representing areas across one or more hard drives.
Popular Hard Disk Drive Manufacturers:
Seagate, Western Digital, Hitachi
Hard Disk Drive Description:
A hard drive is usually the size of a paperback book but much heavier.
The sides of the hard drive have pre drilled, threaded holes for easy mounting in the 3.5 inch drive bay in the computer case. Mounting is also possible in a larger 5.25 inch drive bay with an adapter available at computer supply stores. The hard drive is mounted so the end with the connections faces inside the computer.The back end of the hard drive contains a port for a cable that connects to themotherboard. The type of cable used will depend on the type of drive but is almost always included with a hard drive purchase. Also here is a connection for power from the power supply.Most hard drives also have jumper settings on the back end that define how the motherboard is to recognize the drive when more than one is present. These settings vary from drive to drive so check with your hard drive manufacturer for details.
Common Hard Disk Drive Tasks:
Here are some common things you might do that involve a hard disk drive:
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