Harappa n Mohenja Daro

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FOURTH YEAR B¶ARCH 2010-2011 ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE

TOWN PLANNING



The Harappan culture existed

along the Indus river in what is

present day Pakistan.

It was named after the city of Harappa. Harappa and the city of

Mohenjo-Daro were important

centres of the Indus valley

civilization.

Harappa excavated by Madho

Sarup Vats in Punjab





The early Harappan Ravi phase, was named after the nearby ravi river lasted from circa 3300 BC until 2800 BC

The mature phase of earlier village cultures is represented by Rehman

Dheri and Amri in Pakistan.

Kot diji represents the phase leading up to Mature Harappan , with citadel

representing centralised authority and increasing urban quantity of life.

Another town of this state was found at Kalibangan in india on the Hakra

river.

Trade networks linked this culture with distinct sources of raw materials

including lapis lazuli and other materials for bead making.

3300 B.C. ± 2800 B.C.



3300 B.C. ± 2800 B.C.



By 2500 B.C. communities had turned up into urban centers

(integration).

Six such centres have been discovered,including:Harappa,Mohenjo

Daro and Dicki in Pakistan,along with gonorreala, Dokalingam and

Manglore and Lothal in India.

In total,over 1052 cities and settlements have been found,mainly in

the general region of the Ghaggar-Florence river and its tributaries.

Irrigation used to increase crop reduction and mud brick structures.

2600 B.C. ± 1900 B.C.



2600 B.C. ± 1900 B.C.



Site Plan of

Harappa

Granaries

Citadel

area

Lower City

Area



They were built up directly as urban centres planned as integrated units.

The settlements were all planned ones; there is hardly any organic

gro wth. Cities were rebuilt upon each other in various time periods.

In harappa an interspace separated two distinct units.on the west of the

city rose the citadel with fortif ied walls enclosing big buildings,probably

used for some public,royal or religious purposes-assemblyhalls,graneries,baths .

These buildings rested on high mud-brick platforms..

The roads all had a hierarchy f rom major to minor.

No encroachments.

A ll paved with brick, for bullock carts. A ll were walled cities for f lood def ence and invasions .

They generally had a 2 major axes mo ving at right angles with a grid iron

pattern of streets.

They were aligned with the cardinal points-east, west, north and south.

Streets were aligned at 90 degrees and follo wed a criss-cross pattern

Huge corbelled underground drains carried away the sewage.



The lower city on the east was laid out on the grid ion pattern with mainstreets nearly 10 m wide,running almost exactly in north-south and east-west

directions and intersecting each other at right angles.

These streets divide the area into regular square and rectangular

blocks,containing dwelling houses,shops and factories with access to smaller

and less orderly streets and lanes.

The houses always opened on these alleys and side streets.

A chute system took household trash to public garbage bins.



In the northwestern parts of the country i.e. current day Pakistan and

A f ghanistan the climate was extreme and dry.

There was no natural stone, just soil to make mud bricks.

This kindof

climate and reso

urces, the primary building became mudbricks, sun dried and burnt, and architecture became inward looking

courtyard architecture

There were hardly any openings, the houses had courtyards which were

smaller in breadth and had larger heights in comparison.

The houses all had individual wells for water supply and piped drainage

systems.

They were ground plus one; with plumbing lines going up to the f irst

f loor.

Timber beams were used to build the f loors with planking and beaten



The de-urbanisation period of the Harappan civilization saw the collapse anddisappearance of the urban phenomena in the south Asia.

The theme for this period is localization.

It was probably some natural disaster which led to the decline and not the

Aryan invasion as it is popularly believed. There is no proof for this theory.

The river changed its course or may have become dry due to occurrence

of an earthquake/other cause.

It did not influence the following architecture and development that followed.

The high standards of planning, advances in metallurgy, sanitation and town

planning were not carried down through the ages.

The architecture of the Vedic times was very basic and based on forest life.



Materials used : Kiln-burnt bricks went into construction of defense works,important

buildings and the walls of houses

Sun dried mud bricks were used to raise platforms and to fill in floor

areas and courtyards inside the houses.

The bricks cemented together with mud mortar were laid in the so called

english bond.





Presented by-Dipti V.Bhaindarkar

Bina bhatia

Deep Dodiya

Hitesh Gujjar

Tejashree Kulkarni

Swapnil Shinde

Harappa n Mohenja Daro

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