Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 1 icnewnsa ndern fFneAC. Volume 22 Issue 4 January 2015 Dedicated to the cause of chemical industry * “MAKE IN INDIA” NEED TO ENCOURAGE SSI SECTOR AND BOOST R&D EFFORTS * GOVERNMENT OF INDIA’S INACTION CAUSE UREA FERTILISER UNITS IN SOUTH INDIA TO BECOME SICK * XYLITOL – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY * BETAINE – PRODUCT PROFILE * SORBIC ACID – PRODUCT PROFILE * SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL - L-ALANINE HAPPY NEW YEAR
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Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 1
icnewnsa ndern
fFneAC.
Volume 22 Issue 4 January 2015
Dedicated to the cause of chemical industry
* “MAKE IN INDIA”
NEED TO ENCOURAGE SSI SECTOR AND BOOST R&D EFFORTS
* GOVERNMENT OF INDIA’S INACTION CAUSE
UREA FERTILISER UNITS IN SOUTH INDIA TO BECOME SICK
* XYLITOL – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
* BETAINE – PRODUCT PROFILE
* SORBIC ACID – PRODUCT PROFILE
* SPOTLIGHT ON SPECIALITY CHEMICAL - L-ALANINE
HAPPY NEW YEAR
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 2
duct Profile77
VOLUME XXII JANUARY 2015 ISSUE 4
Publisher: Nandini Institute of Chemical Industries
Editor - Publisher N.S.Venkataraman
Editorial & Administrative Office:
M 60/1, IV Cross Street, Besant Nagar, Chennai-600 090
“MAKE IN INDIA” NEED TO ENCOURAGE SSI SECTOR AND BOOST R&D EFFORTS
While calling upon foreign companies to invest in manufacturing sectors such as defence, aviation, automobiles, construction, electronics, food processing, oil and gas among others, the programme aims to turn India into a major global
manufacturing hub.
To create a more conducive investment climate, the government has initiated a slew of labour reforms by amending certain Acts to do away with the ‗inspector raj‘. Online portals have been launched to simplify procedural bottlenecks for
industry in getting regulatory clearances as well as complying with labour laws. The government is also focusing on a major drive to build skill, to enable the
country‘s large human resource pool to participate in the programme. While the above efforts are noteworthy, there are other basic issues that have to
be tackled with great sense of urgency, if ―Make in India‖ campaign were to become successful.
Need to encourage SSI sector
While foreign investors are welcome to set up projects in India, the primary need is that the investment in projects by Indian investors should make big leap
forward.
There is hesitancy on the part of Indian investors, in view of comparatively small market base in India due to low purchasing power and the constraints in indigenous technology to set up large and speciality projects. Indian
dependence on global technology support is now very high and often, it is seen that the targeted projects can be set up in India only to the extent that the
global technology suppliers would be willing to provide technology to set up such projects in India.
Given the fact that not only market base is small but also the capability of most investors in India is not high, it is necessary to facilitate the investment climate
for the SSI sector in a big way. The Indian small scale industries face tremendous challenges and opportunities.
Without the pro active government policies and incentives and supportive measures, SSI sector in India can not realize its true potentials.
The ‗Make in India‘ programme announced by the Prime Minister seeks to boost manufacturing, create jobs and build a larger market for manufacturers in India and abroad.
This programme can not be successfully implemented without strengthening
the SSI sector and injecting dynamism in R&D activities.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 4
“MAKE IN INDIA” - NEED TO ENCOURAGE SSI SECTOR AND BOOST R&D EFFORTS
However, with the government‘s focus shifting away from SSI sector for all
practical purposes in the 1990‘s and beyond, SSI sector in India has lost its focus. Today, it is reported that many SSI sector units in India have fallen sick
or in the verge of collapse. It is necessary to reverse this scenario, which is possible and necessary.
―Make in India‖ campaign can not afford to ignore the importance of SSI sector that can play a very useful part in building up resurgent India.
Need for boost to R&D efforts
The lack of indigenous technology efforts have become conspicuous, as Indian project promoters are forced to run to even small countries like Israel, Taiwan,
South Korea for acquisition of technologies. Unfortunately, many corporate organizations in India have little to show by way of research achievements and most of the research activities are seen to be essentially trouble shooting
exercises or quality upgradation programmes.
While Government of India have pumped several thousand crores of rupees in setting up CSIR labs and continue to spend substantially every year to maintain
operation of these labs, the over all contribution of CSIR labs to Indian research efforts is very disappointing.
There is urgent need to revamp CSIR labs, which now appear to be facing near stagnation due to bureaucratic mind set. Certainly, it‘s performance and output
are not commensurate with the investments made and time spent. Perhaps, the feasibility of privatising some of the CSIR labs and encouraging
foreign collaboration in research activities in a big way in India should be explored. China has implemented such approach with reasonable success.
For ―Make in India‖ campaign to be successful, development of appropriate technologies practically suitable for Indian conditions are necessary. Acquisition
of technology from abroad can meet the needs only to a very limited extent. Therefore, Government of India should realize the need for boosting Indian
research efforts, which is pre condition for the success of ―Make in India‖ campaign.
Earlier, in the period between 1950 and 1990, Government of India introduced number of special schemes including liberal financial assistance
programme to enable the SSI sector to forge ahead in the domestic and export market. In view
of such policies, many young and enterprising entrepreneurs entered the fray and a number of
them were successful and contributed to achieve significant growth in national economy and the export market.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 5
OBSERVATIONS OF RBI GOVERNOR ON “MAKE IN INDIA” CAMPAIGN
RBI governor appears to have pointed out that the export led growth would not be easy for India , since the global economy is still weak and is less likely to
absorb substantial additional amount of imports in the immediate future. This stand of the RBI governor appears to be incorrect, as the projects
envisaged by the Government of India in ―Make in India‖ campaign may take some time for implementation and it would be unrealistic to think that the world market would continue to remain weak for long time to come. The world market
is seen to have cyclical nature and this trend would continue, with depression becoming a passing phase in the course of time.
RBI governor has to keep in mind that the purchasing capacity in India is still very low and Indian market by itself may not be able to absorb all the
additional production in India. If Indian projects were to focus only on the Indian market, and then in that case, the production would be guided by Indian per
capita income and consumption. If Indian GDP and per capita income were to be pushed up,the production has to be increased and there is no choice other than looking to the larger world market for Indian products. The export market
is not optional for Indian producing units but is a necessary need.
One may conclude that the projects set up in India have to necessarily focus both on the Indian and world market, whether one would call it ―Make in India‖ or ―Make for India‖ .
On the other hand, the emphasis of make in India campaign is only to attract the overseas investors to invest
in India and make the products in India. In Mr.Modi‘s strategy , there is
no particular stress on only exporting the products and there is no insistence that such products should not be sold
in India. It is up to the producers to decide on the market to be targeted
whether Indian or export market.
Reserve Bank Governor Mr.Raghuram Rajan cautioned the Government of India on ―Make in India‖ campaign. He has called for ‖ Make for India‖
campaign. According to media reports, the RBI governor suggested that India should
look for regional and domestic demand for growth and the export strategy for growth would be ineffective, as the industrial world is stagnating.
RBI governor appears to think that the ―Make in India‖ campaign launched by Mr.Modi only focuses on manufacturing and targeting for export led
growth in the same pattern as what China has adopted.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 6
REPORT ON
“CRUDE OIL PRICE FALL
WILL INDIA’S EUPHORIA CONTINUE ?
Nandini Consultancy Centre, a firm of chemical engineers and chemical business consultants based at Chennai and Singapore, has released well researched report on ―Crude oil price fall - Will India‘s euphoria continue ? ― Focus of the report Global crude oil price fall in recent months has surprised even the discerning observers.Now, there is world wide debate as to what has caused the crude price fall and whether the price fall would persist and how long. While oil producing countries are concerned about the fall in the crude price, there is euphoria in oil consuming countries like India, China and other non oil producing nations. This report released by Nandini Consultancy Centre explains that the global crude oil price fall would persist for around two years and the report explains the reasons for such conclusion. Now, India has breathing time, with the crude oil price fall providing relief to the national economy to some extent. This research report recommends that India should use this opportunity to work out it‘s short term and long term strategies for crude oil sourcing and pricing. A few appropriate strategies have been suggested:
Contents of the report
* Crude price behaviour - Past trend * Global & regionwise consumption / production analysis * Why crude price fall now ? * Will the crude price fall persist? * Likely strategies of the producers * China‘s strategies * What should be the strategies for India ?
Author: The report has been prepared by Mr.Swaminathan Venkataraman, a Chemical Engineer and MBA from Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA), with over fifteen years of experience in multinational organizations abroad.Mr.Swaminathan Venkataraman is Director of Nandini Consultancy (S) Pte Ltd ,Singapore Price & delivery Price of the report is Rs.500/- (Rupees five hundred only) per copy inclusive of courier charges, payable by cheque drawn in favour of Nandini Consultancy Centre Private Ltd., Chennai
Order may be sent to : Nandini Consultancy Centre,M-60/1, 4th Cross Street, Besant Nagar, Chennai-600 090.
UREA FERTILISER UNITS IN SOUTH INDIA TO BECOME SICK
Helplessness of the units
These three urea fertilizer units in South India have already made
considerable investment to convert their facilities for using natural gas as feedstock instead of naphtha. Now, the units are in a position to switch over to production of urea based on natural gas as feedstock.
However, due to delay in the completion of natural gas pipeline and non
availability of natural gas, these units are unable to switch over to natural gas as feedstock. While the rest of the fertilizer firms in the country have access to natural gas, these three firms in South India are unlikely to get natural gas
till 2018.
What is particularly surprising is the fact that inspite of knowing very well that there is no feasibility for getting natural gas by these units in the immediate
future, the Government of India has given a time bound schedule to switch over to natural gas, particularly when the situation is beyond the control of these units.
In the case of Madras Fertilisers and SPIC in Tamil Nadu, there is no way of
getting natural gas in the next few years. Krishna Godavari basin in Andhra Pradesh is unable to step up the production of natural gas. Pipeline for transporting natural gas to Tamil Nadu from Andhra Pradesh are also not ready.
Kochi LNG terminal is now remaining stranded due to suspension of gas
pipeline project in Tamil Nadu by GAIL authorities. Proposed Ennore LNG terminal in Tamil Nadu remains only in the preliminary stage. In this situation, insisting that these South India based urea fertilizer units should switch over
to natural gas as feedstock is unreal and ironical.
While the Government of India is all the time stressing that the pace of
industrial and economic growth in the country should be accelerated, it is shocking that the inaction of the Government of India have forced the
three important urea fertilizer units in South India namely – Madras Fertilizers Ltd, (Chennai) Southern Petrochemical Industries Corporation (Tuticorin) and Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers Ltd (Mangalore) to
remain closed since October 2014.
As the cost of production of urea from naphtha is higher compared to that of natural gas as feed stock, Government of India insisted that subsidy would not be made available to the units that use naphtha as
feedstock beyond September,2014. Out of 33 fertilizers units in India, the three naphtha-based urea manufacturers in south India do not have
linkage to gas grid and hence have to depend on naphtha for production of urea and ammonia. Therefore, the three units in South India were forced to stop operations, as they have no access to natural gas.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 8
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA’S INACTION CAUSE UREA FERTILISER UNITS IN SOUTH INDIA TO BECOME SICK
Price of naphtha and government’s advice:
The export price of naphtha had dipped to Rs.39,000 per metric tonne from Rs.57,000 per metric tonne due to crude price fall. The import parity price is about Rs.45,000 per metric tonne.
Urea fertiliser units in south India have been paying around Rs.60,000 per
metric tonne of naphtha earlier. Due to the price fall of naphtha, there is scope for reducing the price of naphtha supplied to the fertiliser units by naphtha producing companies in India.
Even as the price of naphtha has come down, the Petroleum Ministry appears to
be moving at snail's pace and is reported to have sent a communication to these three firms in South India to finalise the naphtha price and other terms and conditions with the naphtha producers, to enable the units to avail subsidy
and restart the operations It is also reported to be insisting on new conditions such as the state government should forego VAT for naphtha. Even as the
government of India is endlessly deliberating about the matter, the units remain closed causing loss of several crores of rupees of production. The lack of sense of urgency on the part of government of India in solving this issue is too
conspicuous to be ignored.
Indian urea scenario :
Indian demand for urea: Around 30 million metric tonne per annum
Indian production: Around 22 million metric tonne
Year Import Production
Million metric tonne
2010 to 2011 6.610 21.120
2011 to 2012 7.834 21.872
2012 to 2013 8.04 21.99
2013 to 2014 7.08
India is a large consumer of urea and Indian import of urea is around 8 million metric tonne per annum. Realising the need to increase the production capacity of urea in the country, the Government of India is taking special steps to bring
back Talcher urea plant of Fertiliser Corporation of India back into operation, with the proposed investment of around Rs. 8000 crores.
It is sad that instead of enabling the
units to continue operations without closure earlier by not withdrawing the subsidy, the government of India has
done nothing to help these units beyond advising them now. Such
closures have become costly both for the units and the country and Government of India is solely
responsible for this.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 9
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA’S INACTION CAUSE UREA FERTILISER UNITS IN SOUTH INDIA TO BECOME SICK
At the same time, paradoxically, Government of India appears to be unconcerned as for as the three fertilizer units in South India are concerned,
which are now remaining closed. It takes three to four years to conceive, design, install and commission a new
urea project. While it takes such a long time to implement a new project, closing down the existing fertilizer units can be done by a stroke of pen, simply
by a bureaucratic decision , as has happened in the case of the three urea units in south India.
The damage has been done
Installed capacity of the urea units, now not in operation in south India
Name of the unit
Annual installed Capacity
(metric tonne)
Madras Fertilisers 4,86000
SPIC 620000
Mangalore Chemicals & Fertilisers 3,79,500
The damage has already been done, as the three urea units remain shut down
for over three months now. Workers are remaining idle and thousands of metric tonne of urea production from these three units have been lost, even as the country is spending millions of dollars in importing large volume of urea year
after year.
While the fact is that the cost of production of urea from naphtha is higher than that of natural gas as feed stock and the subsidy expenses to the government
of India payable to the naphtha based units are higher, the overall cost to the country due to the closure of the well run urea units in south India is very high. Obviously, the Government of India had withdrawn the subsidy support to the
naphtha based units without conducting an adequate cost benefit analysis. Government of India appears to have erred by creating a situation, where the
urea units in south India had to remain closed for over three months now and even at present, there is no firm indication as to when they would be restarted and what would be the subsidy policy of the government of India towards them.
Better late than never and without allowing the units to remain closed for more
period , that would cause the units to become sick making the revival difficult, the government should act without losing a day more.
Prime Minister should intervene in the matter and extend the subsidy support to the three urea fertilizer units in South India presently using naphtha as
feedstock, until such time that natural gas would be made available to them.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 10
MATIX UREA PLANT IN WEST BENGAL IDLES FOR WANT OF GAS
Matix Fertilisers and Chemicals‘ plant near Panagarh in West Bengal
uses coal bed methane (CBM) as feedstock for production of urea.
But, eastern India‘s only urea manufacturing facility has been idling for nearly two years now for want of gas. Also, idling is the investment of approximately Rs.5000 crore.
The 1.3 million metric tonne per annum urea project was to run on 2.8 million metric standard cubic metre (mmscmd) of methane to be supplied by Essar Oil from its Ranigunj field beginning 2012. But two
years later, Essar is producing a mere 0.3 mmscmd of gas or a little over 10 percent of the promised volume.
The company‘s current production is based on 100 wells out of the 240 drilled so far. While the output from the operating wells can be
ramped up to 0.45 mmscmd, Essar expects the remaining 140 wells to add 0.75 mmscmd capacity in the next six months.
According to Essar sources, the gas supply problem was because of delays in ―land (acquisition), environment (clearances), geological and
other factors‖.
The non availability of gas has forced Matix to reschedule the plant‘s commissioning several times since 2013.
There is little Matix can do about the situation. For, the eastern region is not on the country‘s natural gas or LNG distribution map. And the total availability of methane (from Essar, Great Eastern Energy and ONGC) is a
mere 0.55 mmscmd. But with fresh promises from Essar, Matix is now hoping to bring a part of the capacity on stream, in June 2015. The delay in bringing the fertiliser unit on stream is set to escalate the project cost
from the initial Rs.5,000 crore.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 11
BLACK MARKETING IN UREA? To curb black-marketing in urea, the Government of India in December,2014 released a ―record‖ 3.7 million metric tonne of urea into the market, by stepping up imports. According to data available with Fertiliser Association of India, India imported 0.9 million metric tonne, 16 percent less urea during April to November 2014 against the same period last year. The usual monthly requirement of the urea fertiliser, whose supply is regulated, is 2.5-3 million metric tonne. The shortfall has led to the emergence of a black-market in the fertiliser. According to reports available from across northern and eastern India, urea has been selling at a heavy premium over the stipulated price of Rs.5,360 per metric tonne in the last two months. Three naphtha-based facilities (Madras Fertilizers, Southern Petrochemical Industries, and Mangalore Chemicals and Fertilizers) have stopped producing due to subsidy issues. A blast in a gas pipeline network in Andhra Pradesh affected operations of Nagarjuna Fertilizers and Chemicals. The problem got compounded by a drop in supplies from the Oman based joint venture of IFFCO, Kribhco and Oman Oil Company (OCC). Supplies from this venture, with which India has a long-term offtake agreement, have been down following the hike in gas prices by the West Asian nation. To make up, the Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilisers stepped up direct imports of urea from other sources.
REVIVAL PROPOSAL
FOR TALCHER UREA PLANT Taking forward Rs 8,000 crore revival process for Fertiliser Corporation of India Ltd (FCIL's) Talcher urea plant in Odisha, Coal India will form two joint ventures one with GAIL and the other with Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers (RCF). A consortium of RCF, GAIL, CIL and FCIL have agreed to invest Rs 8,000 crore for the revival of this urea plant with production capacity of 1.2 million metric tonne per annum. An MoU has been earlier signed to form two separate joint ventures to revive this plant and also build a power plant and coal washery facility at the site. The first JV would be for upstream coal gasification with GAIL having a majority stake.The second JV would be for urea-cum-ammonia nitrate complex with RCF and CIL being major stakeholders. The company will form two joint ventures. JV 1 for coal gasification with GAIL as major partner (and) JV 2 - for fertiliser (ammonium Nitrate) plants, coal mine, coal washery, power plant & utilities with RCF and CIL as major stakeholder.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 12
ONGC’S EFFORTS TO BRING ON STREAM DELAYED PROJECTS
ONGC is now working on projects worth Rs.83,974 crore across its exploration areas. But several of these projects are facing delays, which would push up cost by around 14.91% to Rs.96,494 crore, shows the ministry monitoring cell (MMC) review report of October 2014.
B-193 cluster fields Other projects such as development of B-193 cluster fields in western offshore, which was approved by the company‘s board in 2007 and was to be completed in 2010, is running close to five years behind schedule. The project that has been completed 94% is now targeted to be completed by May 2015, with 85% increase in costs to R6,000 crore, from the initial approved cost of Rs.3,249 crore. Western off shore region The silver lining is that ONGC has seen the crude oil output from its Western Offshore region, which contributes 42% of India‘s domestic production, going up by almost 11% in the current financial year. The output from Western Offshore assets comprising such as Mumbai High, Heera, Neelam and NB Prasad has increased to 316,000 barrels per day now against 285,000 bpd in the beginning of the financial year. The review The review observed that several issues are holding up projects, like the slow progress in engineering and installation, technological hiccups, conflicts claims and counter claims by contractors and delay in material supply.
The delay in the implementation of several projects is forcing ONGC to struggle against the falling output from aging fields, and no incremental production is coming from new blocks bagged under the New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) auction. ONGC saw it stand alone crude oil output fall from 24.67 million metric tonne in FY10 to 22.25 million metric tonne in FY14. Gas output has increased only marginally from 23.11 billion cubic metres in FY10 to 23.28 bcm in FY14.
Cluster of fields Development of many small and cluster fields have been delayed. For instance, the ONGC board on March 25, 2010 approved development of cluster-7 fields in Mumbai offshore, at a cost of Rs.4,550 crore, to be completed by March 2013. This project has been delayed by 21 months, or nearly two years and is now expected to be completed by December,2014, resulting in 46% increase in expenditure. The revised project cost is estimated at Rs.6,639 crore.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 13
ONGC’S EFFORTS TO BRING ON STREAM DELAYED PROJECTS It has come to light that in many cases, ONGC had to terminate contracts after the contractor failed to submit performance bank guarantee and counter claims. Re tendering of the work takes time and delay in completion of the projects. Proposed stringent action Tired of in ordinate delays in the implementation of projects by the oil PSUs, the petroleum ministry has ordered the companies that the responsibility for the completion of each project ‗should be assigned to a functional director and the performance of the assigned officer shall be recorded in his annual report.‘ This in a way means that if the functional director fails to keep the project‘s pace, it may affect his chances of promotion.
ISSUES FACING MARGINAL FIELDS OF ONGC
ONGC holds about 165 marginal fields (79 offshore and 86 onshore). To commercially exploit the oil and gas available in marginal fields owned by ONGC, the Government of India is working on a proposal to auction
these areas. ONGC is reported to here short-listed 60 such fields and given details on
them to the Ministry. Marginal fields were given to ONGC before the licensing rounds on
nomination basis. A good amount of hydrocarbons is locked up in these fields, but they cannot be produced economically on a standalone basis, or with a conventional approach.
At present, of the 165 fields, with total ultimate reserves of 340 million metric tonne, owned by ONGC, operations are going on in 139 and work is
yet to start on 26. ONGC has been maintaining that its attempt to develop marginal fields has
been hit due to the subsidy sharing formula. It has to sell crude at a discount to public sector oil marketing companies as part of the subsidy sharing mechanism to offset losses incurred by the latter for selling oil
products at a controlled price. All crude oil produced by ONGC is sold to public sector oil refiners at a
discount. Marginal fields are scattered, so to develop them the regime has to be
different. ONGC has been time and again asking the Government to treat marginal fields differently if not differential pricing, tax incentives should be there.
To exploit the full potential of these fields, ONGC has also tried outsourcing them to smaller companies, as service contracts. But, most contractors
found it economically unviable as the Government had put a cap on the price of crude produced from these fields.
These fields are affected by several parameters such as environmental concerns, political stability, access, remoteness and of course, the price and
price stability of the produced gas/liquids. These make cost of production expensive.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 14
PLANT CLOSURE
BP closing aromatics plants
BP told a recent analysts‘ meeting that, in the light of aromatics overcapacity in China,the company reviewed its petrochemicals business during the third quarter and decided that plants the company has mothballed would be closed
permanently.
BP has not specified which mothballed plants it will close. However, BP‘s Capco joint venture idled three PTA production lines at Lin Yuan, Taiwan, each with a capacity of 250,000 metric tonne per year, in 2013. Capco currently operates
one PTA line at Lin Yuan, with a capacity of 420,000 metric tonne per year, IHS Chemical says. Capco operates one other PTA plant—a 700,000 metric tonne per
year unit at Taichung, Taiwan. Big expansions of PTA capacity in China have created the over supply.
There are now over 40 PTA production plants in China, the largest of which can
produce over 2 million metric tonne per year.PTA capacity in China has risen from 22 million metric tonne in 2012 to almost 40 million metric tonne this year. Global excess capacity created by these investments has risen above
20 million metric tonne per year, and margins in the business are barely covering variable cash costs.
In this difficult environment, it is not surprising to see some smaller PTA units being rationalized.
***** Styrolution to close PS plant in Sweden
Styrolution (Fribourg, Switzerland), part of the Ineos group, intends to permanently close 80,000 metric tonne per year polystyrene (PS) plant at
Trelleborg, Sweden.
Styrolution will continue to serve the plant‘s customers from the company‘s PS manufacturing sites at Antwerp and Wingles, France.
The planned closure aims to bolster the long term economic sustainability of Styrolution‘s PS business in Europe, Mideast, and Africa (EMEA) by further
improving cost structures and maximally using the assets at Antwerp and Wingles.
The Trelleborg plant accounts for 11% of Styrolution‘s PS capacity in Europe.
*****
Flint Hills to close Marysville, MI, polypropylene plant
Flint Hills Resources (Wichita, KS) plans to close its 85,000 metric tonne per year Marysville, MI, USA polypropylene (PP) plant in July 2015. Production will be shifted to the company‘s Longview, TX, facility, which has two PP plants
totaling over 300,000 metric tonne per year of capacity.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 15
PLANT CLOSURE
The company sees opportunities to improve integration of it‘s Longview polypropylene plant with it‘s propylene production facilities, which will
strengthen it‘s current polypropylene business and allow for future growth.
The Marysville plant, which Flint Hills acquired from Huntsman in 2007, has
struggled to remain competitive.
The Marysville unit is one of the smallest PP plants in the United States, and it accounts for only about 1% of the region‘s total capacity.
*****
Tokuyama to shut PVC plant
Tokuyama says that its Shin Dai-ichi Vinyl (Tokyo) joint venture will permanently close 80,000 metric tonne per year polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plant at Chiba, Japan. Tokuyama holds 71% stake in Shin Dai-ichi Vinyl, and Sumitomo
Chemical and Zeon (Tokyo) each holds 14.5%. The Chiba PVC facility will be shut down by September 2015.
Shin Dai-ichi Vinyl also produces 145,000 metric tonne per year of PVC at the
Tokuyama factory at Shunan, Japan; and 30,000 metric tonne per year of paste vinyl chloride at Niihama, Japan. Tokuyama says that, following the shutdown, it plans to increase the operating rate of the PVC plant at Tokuyama.
***** Teijin to shut polycarbonate plant in Singapore, exit DMT business
Teijin will shut down polycarbonate (PC) resin plant in Singapore and exit the dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) business. These measures follow Teijin‘s exit from
the para xylene business in March,2014.
Teijin will continue to manufacture PC at a 125,000 metric tonne per year plant
at Matsuyama, Japan; and 150,000 metric tonne per year unit at Jiaxing, China, which are more cost competitive.
Teijin will stop producing DMT, a raw material used in polyester, by the end of the fiscal year ending March 2016. The cost competitiveness of the company‘s
DMT business is unlikely to recover, Teijin says.
The profitability of Teijin‘s PC business has worsened, reflecting a persistently adverse
supply-demand balance and the inability to increase selling prices in response to raw material cost increases.
Teijin has, as a result, decided to shut down
its 225,000 metric tonne per year PC plant in Singapore by December 2015. The plant lacks competitiveness in terms of energy costs.
The move is in line with Teijin‘s goal of scaling
back production of commoditized products.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 16
ANTI DUMPING PAGE
The petition seeking levy of anti dumping duty on clear float glass imports from these three countries were filed by Saint Gobain Glass India Ltd, Gold Plus Glass Industry Ltd and HNG Float Glass Ltd.
Asahi India Glass Limited and Gujarat Guardian Ltd –the other two producers of
float glass had supported the petition. In case of clear float glass imports from Obeikan Glass company in Saudi Arabia,
the revenue department has imposed an anti dumping duty of $58.22 per metric tonne.
For exports by Arabian United Float Glass Co, the anti dumping duty has been pegged at $ 134.92 per metric tonne. In all other cases, the anti dumping duty
has been pegged at $165.07 per metric tonne.
In the case of United Arab Emirates, the revenue department has imposed anti dumping duty of $ 79 per metric tonne for exports by ‗Emirates Float Glass LLC‘.
For all other exporters from UAE, the anti dumping duty has been pegged at $ 111.15 per metric tonne.
In the case of Pakistan, an anti dumping duty of $ 82.34 per metric tonne was imposed on exports of float glass by Ghani Glass Limited.
For all other producers and exporters of float glass from Pakistan, an anti
dumping duty of $ 123.61 per metric tonne has been imposed. *****
Sodium nitrite
Finance Ministry of Government of India has extended the levy of anti dumping
duty on Sodium Nitrite imports from China till August 16, 2016. The Finance Ministry move follows the Designated Authority‘s recommendation
in its mid term review in October to extend the levy of anti dumping duty on Sodium Nitrite imports from China.
Deepak Nitrite Ltd had filed the petition seeking a mid term review of anti
dumping duty on Sodium Nitrite imports from China.
Float glass
'Clear float glass' is used in construction,
refrigeration, mirror and solar energy industries. The Finance Ministry of Government of India has
imposed definitive anti dumping duty on ‗clear float glass‘ import from Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and UAE.
This duty will be valid for a period of five years.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 17
ANTI DUMPING PAGE
The other producers of Sodium Nitrite in the country include Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers, National Fertilisers Ltd, and Punjab Chemicals & Pharmaceuticals
Ltd. The revenue department has now specified an anti dumping duty of $135.83 per
metric tonne. *****
.
In its final findings, the Directorate General of Anti dumping and Allied Duties
(DGAD) has said that the electrodes have entered into the Indian market from China at price less than their normal values. The application for the investigation
was collectively filed by HEG Ltd and Graphite India. *****
The complaint was lodged on behalf of producers representing more than 25 percent of the total production of tubes and pipes of ductile cast iron in
European Union. The investigation would be concluded in 15 months. *****
PA-6,6
On October 10, the Ministry of Commerce of China decided to start the final
review on anti dumping measures against imported polyamide-6,6 (PA-6,6) from the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Taiwan region from October 13,2014.China started levying anti dumping duty on imported
polyamide-6,6 from the United States, Italy, the United Kingdom, France and Taiwan from October 13, 2009 for five years.
The polyamide-6,6 industry of the Chinese Mainland petitioned for a final review on the anti dumping measures against imported polyamide-6,6 from the above
mentioned countries and region on August 12,2014, requesting for continuing to implement the anti dumping measures.
*****
Electrodes
The Government of India may impose anti dumping duty of up to $ 922 per metric tonne
on Chinese graphite electrodes, used for steel melting, to protect domestic players from
cheap imports.
Cast iron tubes, pipes
The European Commission has commenced a probe against allegation of dumping of cast iron tubes and pipes by India,
following a complaint by French firm Saint-Gobain.
In a notice, the European Commission (EC) has said that it had received the complaint
on 10th November.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 18
ANTI DUMPING PAGE
Phthalic anhydride
Phthalic anhydride (PAN) Manufacturers Association (PA-MA) has requested the Government of India to halt the progressive reduction of import duty on PAN under the `India-Korea CEPA‘ and enhance the import duty to 7.5%, which is
the applied MFN import duty rate.
India has four producers of PAN having an installed capacity of over 300,000 metric tonne per annum. Domestic industry is operating at low capacity. This situation is arising as a result of significant exports of PAN from
South Korea, facilitated by duty reduction offered, pursuant to India‘s schedule of commitments under the India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership
Agreement (CEPA). According to the association, the financial hardship suffered by the Indian
producers is likely to worsen further, as under the phased reduction commitment, India is required to reduce its import duty on imports from Korea
culminating in duty free access to the Indian market. *****
Pentaerythritol The Finance Ministry of Government of India has imposed definitive anti
dumping duty $664 per metric tonne on Pentaerythritol imports from Chinese Taipei (Taiwan). This duty will last for five years unless revoked earlier.
This Finance Ministry‘s move follows recommendation by the designated authority in the Commerce Ministry in its final findings of sunset review
investigations.
Kanoria Chemicals had filed the petition seeking continuation of anti dumping duty on Pentaerythritol imports from Chinese Taipei.
*****
Sodium citrate
The Finance Ministry of Government of India has imposed safeguard duty on sodium citrate import into India.
For the period from December 31, 2014 to December 30, 2015, the revenue department has imposed safeguard duty of 30 percent.
All sodium citrate import between December 31, 2015 and December 30, 2016 will attract safeguard duty of 20 percent.
In the case of sodium citrate import between December 31, 2016 and December
30, 2017, the revenue department has imposed safeguard duty of 10 percent. The petition seeking imposition of safeguard duty on sodium citrate import into
India was filed by Posy Pharmachem Pvt Ltd, Gujarat. The application was supported by Sunil Chemicals.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 19
SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PAGE
Factories in India saw more than 1,400 fatalities in 2013
The government said that there were more than 1,400 fatalities in 2013 in the various factories and industries registered under Factories Act.
"Fatal injuries during the last three years in factories registered under Factories Act, 1948, were 1,433 (2011), 1,383 (2012) and 1,417 (2013)," Minister of
State for Labour and Employment, told Lok Sabha. The numbers are based on data collected by Directorate General Factory Advice
Service and Labour Institutes (DGFASLI) through correspondence with Chief Inspector of Factories (CIFs) of state governments and Union territories.
***** Oil spill by Bangladeshi ship
The fragile Sundarbans region stared at an ecological nightmare after a vessel carrying 350 metric tonne of oil crashed, spilling the oil over an 80 sq km area
along the Sela river in Bangladesh and threatening a sanctuary of rare Irrawaddy and Ganges dolphins.
Sundarbans, a Unesco world heritage site, has a unique land marine eco system, which includes the Bengal tiger.
The site, near Mongla port, is about 100km from the Kolkata port and Indian officials are on alert over the possibility of the oil slick spreading to the Indian
side, although that possibility appears remote.
The tanker, Southern Star VII, sank after colliding with another vessel while trying to steer through dense fog. Bangladesh forest officials called the spill, spreading at least 20km every day, an ecological catastrophe.
***** Leak in Evangeline ethylene pipeline in USA
The Evangeline system is a 176 mile interstate pipeline that can transport about 2.6 billion lbs per year of ethylene. It runs between Port Neches, TX; and Baton
Rouge, where it interconnects with Boardwalk‘s ethylene distribution system, which includes storage facilities at the Choctaw hub.
Boardwalk shut the pipeline down on 17 October after a ―pinhole leak‖ was
discovered in rural Louisiana. Boardwalk at the time was expected to return the pipeline to service the following week. However, in a letter to customers on 28th October, the company said that it has discovered that a portion of the
pipeline is exposed and must be lowered before operations can resume.
The Evangeline pipeline went off line for several months earlier this year. That outage was exacerbated by the shutdown of Williams‘ Geismar, LA, steam cracker after an accident in June 2013. The cracker has since been repaired and
expanded. *****
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 20
SAFETY AND ACCIDENT PAGE
Methyl mercaptan leak at DuPont facility
The US Chemical Safety Board (CSB) has previously investigated four accidents at DuPont facilities. In January 2010, three accidents occurred within a 33 hour period, including release of phosgene gas, which killed one worker at the
DuPont plant in Belle, WV. That same year, a hot work accident at the DuPont facility outside of Buffalo, NY, fatally injured one worker.
***** Shell Norco fire
Ethylene production at Shell‘s Norco, LA,USA refinery was interrupted on 13th November, when Shell shut down a furnace that had caught fire.
The Norco site has two ethylene units with capacities of 584,000 metric tonne per year and 850,000 metric tonne per year, respectively.
The Williams plant has been off line since an explosion in June 2013. The plant‘s
capacity has since been increased by 600 million lbs per year to 1.95 billion lbs per year of ethylene.
***** China factory blast kills 17
At least 17 people were killed and 33 others injured after a gas blast rocked a manufacturing plant in south China‘s Guangdong Province.
The blast took place at the Fuwa Engineering Manufacturing Co. Ltd‘s facility at the Shunde District of industrial city Foshan. The blast occurred when the
factory was closed for cleaning. Guangdong Province is one of China‘s largest manufacturing bases.
*****
A chemical leak at DuPont‘s La Porte, TX, facility killed four
employees and injured a fifth. The incident, which occurred early in the morning on Saturday,
15th November, involved leak of methyl mercaptan.
PUBLIC ATION ON
DIRECTORY OF CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES IN CHINA (COVERING CHEMICAL MANUFACTURERS, REFINERY /
PETROCHEMICAL PLANTS / TRADING HOUSES AND PROMOTIONAL BODIES)
Xylitol has no known toxicity or carcinogenicity. It is listed by the US Food and Drug Administration as an ingredient that is generally recognised as safe
(GRAS). Product application
Xylitol is used as a bulk sweetener, mainly in non carcinogenic confectionary and
in oral hygiene preparations like toothpaste and mouth wash.
Xylitol is a sweetener and food additive that can be produced from starch / bagasse. Chemically, xylitol can be characterised as a five carbon sugar alcohol (1, 2, 3,4, 5 pentahydroxy pentane).
Unlike some sweeteners such as Aspartame, Xylitol is a completely natural
substance, that is found in many plants and animals, including food items.
For example, it is found in mushroom, berries, cauliflower and sweet corn.
Xylitol is not presently produced in India. Import price (CIF)
Date
Origin Country
Port of Discharge
Unit
Quantity
Value Rupees
Per Unit (Rupees)
22-Jun-2013 China Chennai Sea Kgs 1,500 283,360 189
14-Aug-2013 Finland Chennai Sea Kgs 10,000 2,281,474 228
19-Dec-2013 France Nhava Sheva Sea Kgs 6,750 2,487,399 369
1-Feb-2014 USA Chennai Air Cargo Pcs 14 4,331 309
12-Apr-2014 China Kolkata Sea Kgs 3,325 1,067,966 321
18-Aug-2014 USA Chennai Air Cargo Pcs 10 2,145 215
24-Sep-2014 France Nhava Sheva Sea Kgs 3,000 1,049,486 350
4-Dec-2014 China Chennai Sea Kgs 2,250 497,905 221
6-Dec-2014 France Nhava Sheva Sea Kgs 1,500 513,994 343
Indian demand
Indian demand is around 300 metric tonne per annum, which is met by import. Global production
Global production More than one lakh metric tonne per annum
Global producers
There are producers in Finland, Japan, China and Switzerland.
Danisco is one of the world‘s largest xylitol producers. Process
Xylitol is manufactured by catalytic reduction of D xylose. The hydrogenation of
D xylose to xylitol is readily accomplished at elevated temperatures (100 to 150 deg. C) and high hydrogen pressure (50 atmosphere) by using
specific metal catalyst like raney nickel.
D xylose can be obtained by the hydrolysis of xylose containing xylans (hemicelluloses).The agricultural waste materials such as coconut shell, corncob, wood chips and seed hulls are rich in hemicellulosic materials. These materials
can be hydrolysed to obtain pentoses containing hydrolysate. Such hydrolysate contains unwanted products such as formic acid, acetic and furfural.
Electrolytic process technology for the production of the xylitol from starch, with
sodium bicarbonate as the only byproduct, has been licensed by Dynamic Food Ingredients (Kirkland, Washington) from Purdue Research Foundation (West Lafayette, Indiana).
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 24
XYLITOL – INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITY
The production process for xylitol from straw has been developed, using a bio process of Danish Institute of Biotechnology. The yield is said to be
67 to 90 kgm. of xylitol metric per tonne of straw.The process involves extraction to the pentosans and then conversion by yeast with subsequent purification of the product. Yeast of a special type is used so that ethanol
fermentation is avoided.
Technology is reported to have been developed from bagasse by Taiwan Sugar Research Institute.
Other details
Specialty sugars producer ZuChem (Chicago) has received a $900,000 award from research group the Biotechnology Research and Development Organization (BRDC; Peoria, IL, USA) to develop low cost route to manufacture the artificial
sweetener xylitol. The grant will provide ZuChem with $600,000 over three years for developing a fermentation process for manufacturing xylitol.
The remaining $300.000 will fund collaborative research between ZuChem and
the U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research to develop low cost raw materials for producing xylitol, including corn products. ZuChem will hold exclusive commercialization rights for technology
developed under the programme. Companies with equity in BRDC include BASF, Cargill, Dew Chemical, and Monsanto.
Prognosis
In recent years, xylitol has become increasingly popular as a premium sugar substitute around the world. xylitol has been advocated for use by diabetics and low carbohydrate dieters. Xylitol is most commonly found in baked goods, desserts, toothpaste and sugar
free gums and candies.
Compared to the sugar sucrose, xylitol is capable of preventing tooth decay, while it is also safe for diabetics, since it has a 40% lesser calorie content.
Demand for xylitol is likely to increase on the back of the trend for healthier confectionery, as the sweetener can be used by manufacturers to drastically
reduce the calorie content of food product, as well as lower its glycaemic index (GI) level.
In Asia, xylitol is particularly in demand from gum manufacturers and it is estimated that large share of chewing gum sold in the region now has xylitol in
their formulations.
READ NANDINI CHEMICAL JOURNAL AND FORGE AHEAD
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 25
BETAINE – PRODUCT PROFILE
Colour White crystal powder
CAS No. 107-43-7
Alternative name: Trimethylglycine (TMG)
Chemical name: Betaine
Molecular formula: C5H11NO2
Melting point : 301 to 305 deg.C
Density : 1.00 g/mL at 20 deg.C
Solubility : Methanol: 0.1 g/mL, clear
Water Solubility : 160 g/100 mL
Sensitive : Hygroscopic
Stability:: Stable.Hygroscopic. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Betaine is used in many healthy foods, such as beverages and dietary supplements. Producers Betain is produced by several companies Natural Betaine is manufactured in Finland by Danisco. Process The natural betaine is extracted from sugar beet molasses, a side stream of sugar production.
Betaine is a naturally occurring compound. Natural Betaine is a natural nutrient that promotes hydration and performance, especially related to physical activity. Betaine is used in animal nutrition to improve feed conversion ratios, body conformation and resistance to stress such as heat or change of environment. The improved flow properties of Betaine lead to easier handling and more efficient distribution in feeds. The mechanism of action of betaine is as a methylating activity. Natural Betaine is minimum 99% pure and is derived from the molasses of sugar beets. It is approved as a safe ingredient in number of countries.
Application areas Betaine is an important ingredient in broiler nutrition. It improves production performance and replaces other methyl group donors such as choline and methionine, assists birds under heat stress conditions and improves slaughter characteristics.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 26
BETAINE – PRODUCT PROFILE Technology efforts of Danisco Danisco pioneered the research and application of natural betaine in animal nutrition in the early 1990s. Novasep Process, the bioprocess division of Novasep, a leading supplier of manufacturing solutions to the life sciences industry and Danisco, a world leader in food and feed ingredients, enzymes and bio based solutions, announced the scale up of an innovative process for the production of natural betaine. The plant is the first to exploit a new extraction process using vinasse, a byproduct of sugar beet derived bioethanol. Its use enable Danisco to substantially increase the availability of natural betaine, which is globally used as a technical animal feed ingredient and currently in short supply. Tereos, a world player in sugar, starch and bioethanol production, supply the vinasses and operate the plant at its facility in Origny, France. The betaine from the new plant will be sold by Danisco as Betafin™. As well as increasing the availability of betaine, the new process allow the betaine extracted bioethanol vinasses (residues) to be further recycled and sold as crop fertilizer. Novasep Process is responsible for the engineering of the new plant and provide the complete process line which combines Danisco‘s proprietary chromatographic technology, known as NS2P, with membrane and evaporation steps. This project is the latest development of the alliance between Novasep and Danisco in the field of betaine extraction and purification, which has already given birth to several betaine production plants. Danisco and Novasep provide technological support for the betaine production plant with De Smet Engineers and Contractors, being in charge of building construction, erection services and auxiliaries supply of the new development. Danisco / Tereos joint venture in France Danisco and Tereos (Lille, France) have formed a partnership and built a dedicated betaine production plant integrated with an existing bioethanol unit at Tereos‘s Origny, France sugar beet distillery. Tereos is a leading producer of sugar, starch, and bioethanol. The plant at Origny is the world‘s largest single source of natural betaine and is managed and operated by Tereos, with technological support from Danisco. In 2011,DuPont acquired Danisco, forming two new business units Nutrition and Health and Industrial Biosciences, which incorporates Danisco Animal Nutrition. DuPont, in collaboration with Novasep Process, are responsible for building the process line which combines Danisco‘s proprietary chromatographic technology with membrane and evaporation steps to produce natural betaine. This opening in Origny bring DuPont closer to meeting market demand by increasing substantially the availability of natural betaine.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 27
BETAINE – PRODUCT PROFILE The betaine plant is based on proprietary Danisco technology that features a novel method of extracting natural betaine from a side stream of bioethanol production. Betaine is transported to a Danisco site in Finland for production of the company‘s Betafin animal feed betaine. Trouw Nutrition International Trouw Nutrition International signed an alliance with The Amalgamated Sugar Company LLC in United States, a co operative of 1,100 sugar beet farmers that invested in purpose designed production equipment for betaine. The alliance enables Trouw Nutrition International to supply the animal nutrition market on a global scale and from a single source. DuPont's Betaine Natural betaine from DuPont Nutrition & Health improved the body composition, performance and power of strength trained men who consumed the sugar beet extract every day over a six week period. Conducted at the Springfield College Human Performance Laboratory in Massachusetts, the double blinded study compared the effect of betaine supplementation with a placebo. The participants were 18 to 35 year old men who regularly undertook resistance training.
Indian import / export Imports: 2555 metric tonne per annum
Exports: 7.5 metric tonne per annum
Evonik Industries TEGO® Natural Betaine produced by Evonik is a naturally derived amino acid, obtained from sugar beet molasses. TEGO® Natural Betaine is a pure, non sensitizing and non irritating raw material. TEGO® Natural Betaine is recommended for use in hair shampoos, hair rinses, shower shampoos, baby shampoos, facial cleansing lotions, soap bars and Syndet soaps. Wissington Wissington is large producer of natural betaine. About 6,000 metric tonne a year is extracted from sugar beet, which is then used in products as diverse as fish feed because it improves the appeal of diets.
Prognosis More recently, betaine has been the subject of a range of studies indicating health and performance benefits. These human trials demonstrate a significant improvement in physical performance, especially in strength, power and endurance.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 29
SORBIC ACID – PRODUCT PROFILE
Alternate name: 2,4-hexadienoic acid
Appearance Colourless solid
Odour Odourless
CAS number 110-44-1
Molecular formula C6H8O2
Melting point 135 °C (275 °F; 408 K)
Acidity (pKa) 4.76 at 25 deg.C
Solubility Soluble in water and sublimes readily. soluble in ethanol
Specification
Description
Unit
Value
Sorbic acid assay
% 99.0 to 101.0
Water % <0.5
Heavy metal( as Pb) ppm <10
Melting range Deg>C 132-135
Residue on ignition % <0.2
Arsenic (as As) Ppm <3
The product should be kept in cool, dry,dark conditions, in sealed status
Shelf life is around 24 months
Application In the feed processing industry, sorbic acid as a feed additive with low toxicity
can inhibit the growth of molds in feed. It has a high effect, in particular, of inhibiting the formation of aflatoxin.
In the pharmaceutical industry, sorbic acid is used in the preservation of intravenously administered drugs and nutritive fluids. Sorbic acid can also be
used in the preservation of facial cosmetics and in the synthesis of detergent additives. Sorbic acid and its salts, such as sodium sorbate, potassium sorbate,
and calcium sorbate, are antimicrobial agents often used as preservatives in food and drinks to prevent the growth of mold, yeast, and fungi.
In addition, sorbic acid can be used as an unsaturated acid in resins, flavours and rubbers.
Sorbic acid can be used as an intermediate of plasticizers and lubricants and as
In general, the salts are preferred over the acid form because they are more soluble in water, but it is the acid form that is active. Sorbates are generally
used at concentrations of 0.025% to 0.10%.
Substitution possibility
Sorbic acid is used in the food processing industry to replace benzoic acid and sodium benzoate in such products as baked foods, candies/cakes, preserved
fruits, canned vegetables, fish/meat products, margarine, beverages and wines.
Benzoic acid and sorbic acid are two common, FDA approved anti microbial compounds available for food use. However, benzoic acid has been found to cause hyperactivity in children and is thought to be potentially damaging to
mitochondrial DNA.
Major food manufacturers have begun to phase out the use of sodium benzoate (the sodium salt of benzoic acid) in response to consumer demands.
Process
The traditional process route to sorbic acid involves condensation of malonic acid
and trans butenal. It can also be prepared from isomeric hexadienoic acids, which are available via
a nickel catalyzed reaction of allyl chloride, acetylene and carbon monoxide.
The route used commercially, however, is from crotonaldehyde and ketene. Sorbic acid and its salts are refined in order to obtain the necessary purity for
use in foods.The quality requirements are defined by the U.S. Food Chemicals Codex.
Sorbic acid is marketed in the dust free crystalline form for food use or as powder for feed use.
Demand driver
The low toxicity of sorbic acid enhances its desirability as food preservative.
The oral LD50 for sorbic acid in rats is 10g/kg compared to 5 g/kg for NaCl. The activity of the sorbates at a higher pH is one distinct advantage over the two
other most commonly used food preservatives, i.e benzoic and propionic acids.
Sorbates are classified as GRAS in the United States, with no upper limit set for foods that are not covered by Standards of Identity.
Sorbates can be applied to food by any of several methods including direct addition, dipping in or spraying with an aqueous sorbate solution, dusting with
sorbate powder, or impregnating food packing materials. The potassium salt is used in applications where high water solubility is desired.
The continuous increase in food production has significantly increased the demand for food preservatives such as sorbic acid.
Scenario in China
The total capacity for sorbic acid in China is over 100000 metric tonne per annum and the total capacity for potassium sorbate is close to 90000 metric
tonne per annum. The producers in China include the following.
Hong Kong New Industry International Group (Jilin) Sorbic Acid Co. Ltd., 10.0 10.0
Taizhou Mingguang Food Additive Co. Ltd. - 4.0
Guangxi Nanning Second Chemical Plant 1.1 -
Import / Export in India
Import
Period (March to April) Quantity in metric tonne
2009 to 2010 110
2010 to 2011 174
2011 to 2012 239
2012 to 2013 158
2013 to 2014 181
Export: Small quantity
Prognosis
Sorbic acid and potassium sorbate are food preserving and anti staling agents with broad spectrum, high effect and great safety recommended by FAO and WHO.
With the increasing public awareness of food safety, the use of sorbic acid and potassium sorbate to replace sodium benzoate will become the development trend.
L-analine is considered as important nutrient for the amino acid metabolism in the blood together with L-Glutamine.
Once synthesized, L-alanine is absorbed via the liver and converted to a pyruvate. This compound is critical for the production of glucose and and hence
for blood sugar management. L-alanine supplements are therefore often used in cases of hypoglycaemia to
prevent the organism from suffering low blood sugar or insuline shocks. They enable rapid energy delivery by stimulating the immediate release of
glucose into the blood stream.
L-alanine is a non essential amino acid and plays a crucial role as a building
block of important proteins. Alanine increases endurance and strenghens the immune system.
When dosed appropriately, L-alanine can be an effective nutrient supporting an intensive training regime and achieve effective muscle growth.L-Alanine
supplements are therefore, popular with athletes who are thus able to achieve increases in their performance.
BASF and AHB sign letter of intent for Joint venture for L-alanine production
BASF and Anhui Huaheng Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (AHB) signed a letter of intent to confirm the feasibility of a joint operation for L-alanine production.
AHB is a large L-alanine manufacturer in China and BASF has approved AHB‘s L-alanine for industrial use. The joint operation will be based on proprietary
technology developed and already operated by AHB. The product from the joint operation will serve BASF‘s specific demand and for
AHB to serve the pharmaceutical, fine chemical, food and beverage industries. Both companies will continue to pursue joint cooperation to take advantage of
economies of scale and the complementary expertise each has in their respective areas.
Sample of import of L-Alanine in India
Period
Country of origin
Port
Unit
Quantity
18-Jan-2014 Singapore Hyderabad Kgs 50
22-Jan-2014 China Nhava Sheva Sea Kgs 400
23-Jan-2014 China Delhi Air Cargo Kgs 1
30-Jan-2014 China Nhava Sheva Sea Kgs 500
1-Feb-2014 China Kolkata Sea Kgs 25
1-Feb-2014 China Kolkata Sea Kgs 225
5-Feb-2014 Japan Chennai Sea Kgs 50
17-Feb-2014 Japan Chennai Sea Kgs 50
1-Mar-2014 Singapore Hyderabad Kgs 100
3-Mar-2014 Germany Bombay Air Cargo Kgs 1
6-Mar-2014 Japan Chennai Sea Kgs 50
12-Mar-2014 Japan Hyderabad Kgs 50
12-Mar-2014 Japan Hyderabad Kgs 100
13-Mar-2014 Germany Bombay Air Cargo Kgs 1
13-Mar-2014 China Hyderabad Kgs 10
15-Mar-2014 Switzerland Bombay Air Cargo Kgs 13
15-Mar-2014 China Bombay Air Cargo Kgs 5
20-Mar-2014 USA Banglore Air Cargo Kgs 30
21-Mar-2014 China Kolkata Sea Kgs 150
25-Mar-2014 Hong Kong Chennai Air Cargo Kgs 1
29-Mar-2014 China Hyderabad Kgs 3
NANDINI CHEMICAL JOURNAL IS NOW CONSIDERED AS THE BEST JOURNAL OF IT’S KIND IN INDIA, CARRYING OUT HIGHLY RELIABLE AND INVESTIGATIVE ARTICLES AND ANALYSIS ON CHEMICAL INDUSTRY ALL OVER THE WORLD. AS YOU READ NANDINI CHEMICAL JOURNAL,YOU ARE FORGING AHEAD.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 34
NEWS ROUND UP – INTERNATIONAL EPA proposes removal of 72 chemicals from pesticide list EPA has proposed removing 72 chemicals from its list of substances approved for use as inert ingredients in pesticide products. The move responds to petitions from several advocacy groups, including the Center for Environmental Health, Beyond Pesticides, and Physicians for Social Responsibility. EPA has listed the 72 substances in the Federal Register Notice in docket #EPA-HQ-OPP-2014-0558.
***** Ethylene, PVC expansions in Kentucky,USA Westlake has held a dedication ceremony to celebrate the expansion of the company‘s Calvert City, KY, vinyls complex. Westlake spent in excess of $300 million for the project. The investment includes expanding the site‘s steam cracker and converting the cracker‘s feedstock from propane to ethane to leverage low cost ethane being developed in the region‘s shale gas areas. Prior to the expansion, Westlake‘s ethylene capacity at the Calvert City site was 200,000 metric tonne per year and PVC capacity was 500,000 metric tonne per year. Ethylene capacity at the site is slated to reach 282,000 metric tonne per year and PVC capacity is scheduled to increase to 590,000 metric tonne per year by 2015 as a result of the expansion.
***** Qafco to enter niche urea market Qatar Fertilizer Co (Qafco; Doha) operates six ammonia and six urea plants with combined capacity for 3.8 million metric tonne per year of ammonia and more than 5.6 million metric tonne per year of urea. Qafco also operates two urea formaldehyde units and a melamine plant.
The unit will have a capacity of 2.4 metric tonne per day and will allow Qafco to develop various urea based products by adding sulfur, ammonium sulfate, and a diverse range of micronutrients. It will be the first of its kind and, in addition to consuming Qafco‘s urea, will use Qatar‘s abundant sulphuur resources. Qafco plans, after a trial period, to build larger capacity units to produce specialty urea fertilizers.
Qafco is the world‘s largest single site producer of ammonia and urea and has signed a contract with engineering and technology company NIIK (Moscow) for the design and supply of a pilot high-speed drum granulation unit to produce value added urea products in Qatar. Construction is expected to start in the middle of next year and the plant is expected to start production by the end of 2015.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 35
NEWS ROUND UP – INTERNATIONAL New lignite mine in Texas Cabot has opened a new lignite coal mine that will supply the company's activated carbon production at Marshall, TX,USA.
***** Sulfur bentonite facility in Canada HJ Baker has started up a facility at Irricana, AB. The facility has been upgraded to restart as a sulfur bentonite fertilizer production facility.
***** PAO capacity expansion Chevron Phillips Chemical (CPChem) is studying a 10,000 metric tonne per year expansion of low viscosity polyalphaolefins (PAO) capacity at its Cedar Bayou plant in Baytown, TX, from 48,000 metric tonne per year. The company has filed the necessary environmental notifications with the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality. CPChem recently began constructing a 100,000 metric tonne per year expansion of normal alpha olefin (NAO) capacity at the Cedar Bayou site, with completion slated for July 2015. NAOs are a feedstock for PAO production.
***** PTA plant in Portugal Artlant PTA, a producer of purified terephthalic acid (PTA) at Sines, Portugal, plans to restart its 700,000 metric tonne per year plant in 2015 following discussions with creditors. The plant, commissioned in 2012, is the most recent PTA unit to be built in Europe.
***** Formaldehyde plants in Louisiana,USA Momentive Specialty Chemicals (MSC) plans to build two formaldehyde plants in Louisiana. Investment will total $66 million, with construction occurring through 2014 and 2015. Combined capacity at the two plants will exceed 400,000 metric tonne per year of formaldehyde, MSC says. The first plant—which will come online in late 2015—will be at Geismar, LA, and supply formaldehyde to adjacent sites owned by BASF and Huntsman. The second plant —which will come online in early 2016—will supply a Monsanto site at Luling, LA, to which it will be adjacent. Both plants will have direct pipelines to the adjacent sites they will supply. The announcement comes on the heels of another formaldehyde expansion by MSC at Curitiba, Brazil. That plant, announced in August, will produce 150,000 metric tonne per year of formaldehyde and will be complete within 18 months. The site will also manufacture base resins for wood adhesives. MSC‘s forest products resins business is the world‘s largest producer of formaldehyde.
***** Biorefinery in Malaysia Verdezyne (Carlsbad,CA) has partnered with Bio XCell, Malaysia to construct its first commercial scale renewable chemicals plant.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 36
NEWS ROUND UP – INTERNATIONAL Butadiene facility at Al Jubail Petrokemya, a wholly owned Sabic subsidiary, plans to expand its butadiene extraction plant at Al Jubail. Sabic has awarded KBR a front end engineering design contract to debottleneck and expand the plant. The existing butadiene extraction plant was built in 1993 with capacity of 123,000 metric tonne per year. Petrokemya plans to significantly expand the capacity of the plant. Sabic‘s consumption of butadiene is rising. Sabic is building a 140,000 metric tonne per year acrylonitrile butadiene styrene plant within the Petrokemya complex. It will be supplied with butadiene by Petrokemya and with acrylonitrile by Saudi Japanese Acrylonitrile (Shrouq), a jv in which Sabic has 50%, Asahi Kasei 30% and Mitsubishi Corp. 20%. Shrouq is building a 220,000 metric tonne per year acrylonitrile plant at the Ibn Zahr facility at Al Jubail due online at the end of 2015 or first half of 2016. A previously announced elastomers manufacturing alliance between Sabic and ExxonMobil Chemical is building a 100,000 metric tonne per year polybutadiene rubber plant.
***** Methionine complex in Singapore The new methionine complex of Evonik Industries in Singapore came on stream on November 4, 2014 after two years in construction.
MetAMINO® and all strategically important precursors will be produced in the new methionine complex. In addition, Evonik is investing in new production plants for methionine formulations, that are tailored to the biology of other animal species. Mobile (Alabama, USA), for instance, will have a new plant for the production of Mepron®, used in the feeding of dairy cattle. Mepron® has a special coating that protects the amino acid from undesired degradation in the rumen. For shrimp and other crustaceans in aquacultures. Evonik has developed AQUAVI® Met-Met, a dipeptide made up of two methionine molecules. The first production plant for this is being built in Antwerp, Belgium.
*****
This plant has an annual capacity of 150,000 metric tonne, bringing Evonik‘s methionine capacity worldwide up to 580,000 metric tonne. Evonik markets DL-methionine under the MetAMINO® brand name. The company has spent over €500 million on the complex, the most it has ever invested in a single chemical project.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 37
TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
IIT-Madras sets up incubator for biotech start ups
The IIT Madras has established an incubator for biotechnology start ups to foster Indian biotech innovation and entrepreneurship.
Entrepreneurs can use this facility as a platform to gain technical advice from
the expertise of the Institute‘s faculty and researchers to realise business opportunities. Other support services like accounts and tax, company secretary ship, legal, HR, audit, IP, access to funds, investors, mentors, advisers and
consultants, training programs, and networking events are also made available.
In collaboration with the IIT Madras Incubation Cell. The Bioincubator will also provide training through workshops to develop skills.
The following four companies have been identified as the incubatees for the first phase. Three of the companies have been started by doctoral students from the
IIT Madras Biotechnology Department. 1. Purius Nanosystems Pvt Ltd – Point Of Care Testing devices to conduct
Single tests for Tuberculosis bacilli or multi drug resistant TB, Malaria, Hepatitis B Virus or panel tests for HIV and Hepatitis B Virus.
2. FIB-SOL Life Technologies Pvt Ltd – development of low cost bio fertilisers
3. Vital Bio scientific Solutions – development of a model to simulate a system's reaction to a drug
4. Yaathum Biotech development of diagnostic test kits to make possible the identification of full range of drug resistant tuberculosis strains in a single
test.
With the support of Biotechnology
Industry Research Assistance Council, the IITM Bioincubator, a part of the incubation cell, will help
start-ups and small and medium size enterprises develop globally
competitive products for the market. It offers lab and office space,
equipment, centralised utilities for process and product development to
help technologies mature and attain commercialisation. This opportunity
is offered to researchers with nascent ideas who want to develop processes and commercialise their
product, according to a press release from the IIT Madras.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 38
CHINA NEWS
BUTADIENE/ OLEFIN SEPARATION TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT BY WISON ENGINERING SERVICES CO. CHINA
MTO separation technology
The first commercialized project Wison Clean Energy's 300 000 metric tonne per
annum MTO plant featuring Wison Engineering's olefin separation technology and UOP's Methanol to Olefin (MTO) technology has been operating smoothly
since the successful launch in Nanjing in September 2013. The plant consumes only 2.6 metric tonne of methanol per metric tonne of olefins, while the conversion ratio of C4 + olefins to propylene and ethylene is 4:1 and the product
recovery ratio is as high as 99.6%.
At present, eight MTO projects in China, which are either under construction or completed, employ Wison Engineering's proprietary MTO separation technology.
These include the iconic Pucheng Clean Energy Chemical Co., Ltd.'s 700 000 metric tonne per annum polyethylene production plant, and
680 000 metric tonne per annum new coal based materials project with MTO unit for Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co., Ltd..
Wison Engineering entered into an olefin separation technology licensing and engineering design contract for basic design and detailed design with Liaocheng
Meiwu New Materials Tech.Corp. for a 300 000 metric tonne per annum MTO unit of the oxo raw material line optimization project.
In addition, Wison Engineering was recently awarded an olefin separation technology licensing agreement and an engineering, procurement and
construction (EPC) contract by Shandong Better Clean Energy Co. Ltd. for the 300 000 metric tonne per anum MTO unit. The commissioning of this project is expected to be in April , 2016.
Wison Engineering Services Co. Ltd., chemical engineering, procurement and construction management (―EPC‖) service providers in China, announced that Wison Engineering Ltd., subsidiary of the company had achieved a major
breakthrough in the commercialization of its proprietary technology in butene oxidization and dehydrogenation to butadiene, as well as the relevant
catalyst.
Wison Engineering Services Co. Ltd. China, announced that its Wison Engineering Ltd., continued to make headway in proprietary technology transfer in methanol to olefins (MTO) separation technology and strengthen
its EPC services in MTO unit, since its first successful commercialization of its patented technology in September 2013.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 39
CHINA NEWS Shandong Dongrun Clean Energy Co., Ltd.'s 60 000 metric tonne per annum MTO plant and ancillary project has commenced phase I design work for its 300 000 metric tonne per annum MTO unit, olefin tank and all auxiliary facilities
underway. The detailed design is expected to be completed in August 2015.
Other projects include technology licensing and design work of Shandong Yangmei Hengtong Chemicals Company Ltd.'s 300000 metric tonne per annum MTO plant, PuCheng Clean Energy Chemical Co., Ltd.'s 700 000 metric tonne per annum coal to
olefins project and Shenhua Coal to Liquid and Chemical Co., Ltd.'s 680 000 metric tonne per annum new coal based materials project with MTO unit, that have been completed.
Butadiene technology
Wison Engineering‘s proprietary technology and catalyst will be applied to the 70 000 metric tonne per annum butene oxidization and dehydrogenation to butadiene revamping project of Shandong Yuhuang Chemical Co., Ltd..
Wison Engineering provides proprietary technology transfer and services, the oxidative dehydrogenation catalyst, as well as basic and detailed engineering
designs services for this commercial project. In the same period, Wison Engineering signed an engineering design and technology
licensing contract with Shandong Shengrong Chemical Co., Ltd.for the 30 000 metric tonne per annum alkylene separation unit. The Group‘s proprietary butane and butene separation technology employed in this project integrated with the afore
mentioned butene oxidization and dehydrogenation to butadiene technology form a more comprehensive proprietary technology chain of Wison Engineering.
*****
Cristal to acquire TiO2 assets in China Cristal is the world‘s leading supplier of ultrafine TiO2 products and titanium
chemicals and a fast growing producer of mineral sands and titanium metal powder. The company operates seven manufacturing plants across six countries.
National Titanium Dioxide Co. (Cristal; Jeddah, Saudi Arabia) has agreed to acquire the titanium dioxide (TiO2) assets of Jiangxi Tikon Titanium Co. (Fuzhou, China).
Jiangxi Tikon‘s manufacturing facility is at Fuzhou, Jiangxi Province in China. Cristal is owned 66% by National Industrialization Co. (Tasnee; Riyadh) and 33% by
Gulf Investment Corp. (Kuwait City). *****
BASF to expand tert butylamine capacity at Nanjing
Tert butylamine is a primary aliphatic amine that is used as an intermediate for
the production of accelerators for the rubber and tire industry. The pharmaceutical and agricultural industries use it as a building block.
The plant at Nanjing started production in June 2013. BASF also produces tert butylamine at Geismar, LA; and Antwerp.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 40
CHINA NEWS
BASF will expand the capacity of its production plant for tert butylamine at the Nanjing Chemical Industry Park, in China. The company plans to increase
capacity by 60%, from 10,000 metric tonne per year to 16,000 metric tonne per year.The expansion is expected to become operational in early 2015, subject to regulatory approval.
The tert butylamine plant is wholly owned by BASF and is integrated into the
production facilities of BASF-YPC, a 50-50 petrochemical joint venture between BASF and Sinopec at Nanjing.
*****
Hydrogen peroxide project
In mid September, 2014, Shandong Jinmei MingShui Chemical Group Co.,Ltd (Mingshui Chemical) completed expansion of the hydrogen peroxide plant, increasing the capacity to 80000 metric tonne per annum from the original
35000 metric tonne per annum. The project is located in Zhangqiu Diao Chemical Industry Park of Jinan City, Shandong province.
The new line can produce 27.5% grade and 35% grade of aqueous hydrogen
peroxide. In addition to hydrogen peroxide, Mingshui Chemical has capability for producing
urea, methanol, methanol gasoline, melamine and controlled release fertilizers. *****
Polysilicon project in Inner Mongolia Inner Mongolia Dunan Solar Technology Co.,Ltd. has completed installation of
the phase II of the polysilicon project and is preparing for putting it into operation soon . The phase II project has a capacity of 5000 metric tonne per
annum. The company plans to inject RMB18.5 billion to construct the polysilicon
production base, which has a total capacity of 3000 metric tonne per annum and has already started operation in September 2011.
***** Enerkem signs biofuel partnerships
Enerkem has signed an MOU with Shanghai Environmental Group Co. to build municipal solid waste to biofuels and chemicals facilities in China.
NEWS ROUND UP - INDIA India’s uranium production At a time when India is trying to ramp up its uranium import, domestic production has declined by 10 to 15% after operations in the country's oldest and richest uranium mine in Jaduguda, Jharkhand, were stopped by the state government. The overall mining production has gone down substantially— by 10 to 15% — after the mining in Jaduguda has been stopped. The department of atomic energy sources said it has taken steps to increase production from other mines to maintain supply, but low quality of ore from other mines has led to a rise in production cost. The Jaduguda mine was in uninterrupted operation since 1968. Of its daily production of 5000 metric tonne, UCIL mined 700 metric tonne of ore. The mines at Narwapahar and Bagjata have ore, but it is 15 to 20% less rich than Jaduguda's. The Jharkhand government stopped mining of uranium from Jaduguda on September 6 this year as UCIL's lease had expired. It had applied for renewal of lease in 2006 and it expired in 2007. Since then, the mines were being operated as a deemed lease. This year,the government said that the concept of deemed lease was no longer applicable and a closure notice was given on September 6.
***** Liquefied ethane Reliance Industries has signed an agreement with Mitsui OSK Lines Ltd, one of the world‘s largest shipping companies, for transporting liquefied ethane from North America to India. The Japanese shipping company will supervise the construction of six large ethane carriers (VLECs), ordered recently by Reliance from South Korea‘s Samsung Heavy Industries. Recently, Reliance announced its plans to import 1.5 metric tonne per annum of ethane from North America, which will be used as a feedstock at its existing crackers in India.The company has executed storage capacity agreement for liquefaction of ethane with a North American terminal. Imports are expected to start by 2016 end. It is also expected to convert a large portion of its 0.9 million metric tonne naptha based Hazira cracker into dual feed to enable use of imported ethane as a feedstock. Imported ethane will substitute its current propane imports and a portion of naphtha used for ethylene production at its refinery. Given the depressed US ethane prices and rising production, RIL will achieve an annual saving of $450 million from this feedstock substitution from FY 18.
With this strategic tie up Reliance has achieved a key milestone for the successful implementation of ethane import project to feed crackers in India. The company intends to save about $450 million per annum by importing 1.5 million metric tonne of ethane from the US for its petrochemical plant.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 42
NEWS ROUND UP - INDIA
Reliance to give up KG basin gas discovery block Reliance Industries will relinquish its Krishna Godavari basin gas discovery block, KG-D3 due to operational restrictions placed by the Defence Ministry. Reliance Industries , which had made four consecutive gas discoveries with close to 500 billion cubic feet of in place reserves in block, proposed immediate relinquishment. Hardy holds 10 percent stake in the block which is operated by RIL with 60 percent interest. BP of U.K. has the remaining 30 per cent stake. RIL-Hardy combine had in 2005 won the 3,288 sq km block KG-DWN-2003/1 (D3) in the fifth round of auction under New Exploration Licensing Policy. RIL sold 30 per cent out of its 90 percent interest in the block to BP in 2011. Hardy has agreed to the relinquishment proposed by the operator, RIL. RIL, conveyed that the previously announced access restrictions imposed by the Defence Ministry rule out any further exploration/development activities in the impact zone area and inhibited the contractor from undertaking any further work and investment in the unrestricted area of the block due to anticipated increase in cost and risk.
***** Caustic potash plant in India Meghmani Organics says that its subsidiary Meghmani Finechem plans to build a caustic potash plant at Dahej, near the company‘s chlor alkali plant. The new plant will be designed to produce 60 metric tonne per day of potassium hydroxide (KOH) and is expected to cost 650 million. Completion is expected in September 2015. Meghmani Finechem will use the membrane cell technology licensed from Asahi Kasei. Meghmani Finechem expanded its chlor\ alkali plant at Dahej in January, raising capacity from 340 metric tonne per day to 476 metric tonne per day.
***** New registration norm for organic textile export India is the largest producer and exporter of organic textile products followed by Turkey. Export realisation from organic textile products is about 10 to15 per cent more, compared to the conventional textile exports. The industry expects organic textile exports to account for about 8 to 10 per cent of total textile exports this year. At present, importers insist on Global Organic Textile Standard certification for organic textile shipped from India. The transaction cost for exports will go up substantially with the process to get two separate certificates. The Director General of Foreign Trade, through a public notice, had made it mandatory for any product exported as an organic to be certified under the National Programme for Organic Production.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 43
NEWS ROUND UP - INDIA Export of apparels made from organic cotton may come to a halt, if the Government would not extend the December 18 deadline for mandatory registration of these products with the Agricultural and Processed Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA). Currently, export of organic raw cotton is covered under the mandatory registration with NPOP. With the recent development, all finished organic textile products such as yarn, fabrics and garments will be covered under the registration process. However, exporters are no where near getting their products registered. According to, Cotton Textiles Export Promotion Council, the process of registration with APEDA and attempts to convince importers to accept the certification issued by the government body will require at least one more year. Moreover, APEDA is yet to appoint accrediting agency to issue certificate for exporters. The government has set textile export target of $45 billion this fiscal against $39 billion achieved last year. Textile exports touched $16.7 billion in first half of this fiscal. The Government recently removed the mandatory registration of cotton and yarn export with Directorate General of Foreign Trade make exports more competitive and reduce transaction costs.
PATENT SCENARIO IN INDIA
Between January 2005 and December 10, 2014, India granted 3,575 patents to foreign companies against only 1,039 patents to domestic firms in the pharmaceuticals sector.
In fact, in sectors such as communication technology, computer science and electronics, the country granted over 90 percent of patents to global firms during that period. To global firms, India has granted 10,398 patents in mechanical engineering sector, 9,506 in chemicals, 4,937 in electronics, 2,896 in communications technology, 2,236 in bio technology and 1,709 in computer sciences. On the other hand, domestic firms have got 339 patents in biotechnology, 3,354 in chemicals, 243 in communication technology, 150 in computer science, 384 in electronics and 2,168 in mechanical engineering. The data was collated by the Commerce and Industry Ministry. In terms of revocation of patents in the pharmaceutical sector, India revoked only 17 patents of foreign firms. In January 2005, India has extended the product patent regime to pharmaceutical sector as well.
Similarly in 18 other sectors, including agriculture engineering, bio-chemistry, bio-technology, chemical and mechanical engineering, India has accorded over 70 percent of legal protection to foreign companies.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 44
AGRO CHEMICAL PAGE
―
New guar sowing technique Guar is a tiny size seed used for hydraulic fracturing in shale gas extraction. It is mainly grown in arid to semi-arid areas, and frequent rainfall is required for the plant. India is one of the major producers and exporters of guar seeds. An agriculture research body has developed a new technique for sowing of guar, which it claimed resulted in increase of yield by 60 percent without any hike in input cost. An experiment was done in Madhav Diggi in Bikaner,Rajasthan over a span of 40 acres of land, the crop was sown in July this year and harvested at the end of October. As per the findings of the experiment, sowing should be done from south to north direction and in sunny days in the months of July, August, September and October, the foundation claimed. Banana juice concentrate The Central Food Technology Research Institute (CFTRI) is willing to transfer its technology to make ―clarified banana juice concentrate‖ from unsold and ripened fruit at the farm-gate, free of cost.The institute will also help farmers in setting up the facility. CFTRI has come out with bananas that have reached the point of advanced ripening just before the onset of spoilage, to make clarified banana juice. This product is a juice concentrate made of banana puree and clarified prior to concentration. The idea is to keep the produce as fresh as possible from the point of harvest at the right stage till consumption
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 45
AGRO CHEMICAL PAGE The entire facility, including the shed, would cost not more than Rs. 5 lakh,‖ said, CFTRI. Like in any fruit juice, specifications on pH (a measure of acidity of an aqueous solution), degree Brix (the sugar content) and microbial stability are addressed to make a safe and delicious product. In the process developed by CFTRI, byproducts such as pulp and the peel can be used to make candy and animal feed respectively through solar drying. Being the largest producer of banana in the world, India produced 29,000 tonnes of banana in 2012 to 2013. Of this, Tamil Nadu produced about 20 per cent, followed by Gujarat (17 percent) and Maharashtra (14 per cent). The shelf life of the concentrate will be about a year and this can be used to make fruit juice, carbonated drink or as a sweetening agent for other juices.
***** Patent for stevia variety S&W Seed Company has filed a patent application with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office for stevia plant variety ―SW107.‖
Variety SW107 exhibits increased concentrations of Reb-A sweetener, higher leaf mass production and an improved taste profile that has little or no aftertaste. SW107 has been bred to address commercial processing markets in North America, South America, and other regions of the world that have climates suitable for it. In field trials throughout the western United States, SW107 yielded approximately 40% more leaf, 60% more Reb-A content and more than a 100% increase in the Reb-A to stevioside ratio, as compared to test samples from stevia varieties now in mainstream production. S&W believes these results, coupled with an improved after taste profile, mean that SW107 will be economically attractive to stevia farmers and to the commercial volume stevia processing community. Due to the higher leaf mass of SW107, which adds to yield, the high Reb-A percentage, and its improved taste and plant vigour characteristics, SW107 addresses many of the economic challenges that farmers and producers in North and South America have faced to date, claims the company.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 46
PHARMA PAGE
EMERGING TRENDS IN BIOSIMILARS SECTOR IN INDIA FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
Due to this complex base, biologics are not as easily copied as other drugs. Companies that are leading such research in India are the top pharmaceutical firms such as Biocon, Dr Reddy‘s, Lupin and Cadila Healthcare The Indian biosimilars market has witnessed nearly 20% annual growth for the year ending November 2014. A recent HSBC report says that biosimilar sales grew 20% annually to Rs 2,000 crore or approximately 2.5% of overall market sales at the end of November 2014. Sales margins on biosimilar drugs range from 20% to 80%, according to analysts. On December 9, Cadila announced the launch of a copycat version of AbbVie‘s blockbuster biologic, Humira, which targets auto immune disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis. The drug is touted as world‘s top selling drug with global sales exceeding Rs 1,000 crore in the year 2013. The biosimilar, named Exemptia, will be marketed as 40 mg injection administered once every alternate week and launched at one fifth of Humira‘s price of approximately $1,000 per injection. Similarly, in April 2013, Cipla started selling a biosimilar of the rheumatoid arthritis drug Enbrel with a launch price of $100. The price of the drug from the innovator, Amgen, was $133. Biocon‘s CANMab, a breast cancer therapy that is a generic of Roche‘s Herceptin, was launched in February 2014 with 25% discount to the innovator price.
***** New compound for malaria cure A promising new anti malarial compound tricks the immune system to rapidly destroy red blood cells infected with the malaria parasite without damaging healthy cells, a new study has found. Researchers determined that the compound (+)-SJ733 uses a novel mechanism to kill the parasite by recruiting the immune system to eliminate malaria infected red blood cells. In a mouse model of malaria, a single dose of (+)-SJ733 killed 80% of malaria parasites within 24 hours. After 48 hours the parasite was undetectable. Planning has begun for safety trials of the compound in healthy adults, researchers said. Laboratory evidence suggests that the compound's speed and mode of action work together to slow and suppress development of drug resistant parasites, said corresponding author R Kiplin Guy, from the St Jude Children's Research Hospital in the United States.
Biosimilars are the generic equivalents of biologic drugs. Biologics are drugs; whose active ingredients are sourced from living organisms so these products are based on proteins, genes, etc, unlike normal small molecule drugs, where the active ingredient is a chemical. .
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 47
PHARMA PAGE Whole genome sequencing of the Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the malaria parasites, showed that (+)-SJ733 disrupted activity of the ATP4 protein in the parasites. The protein functions as a pump that the parasites depend on to maintain the proper sodium balance by removing excess sodium. Investigators used the laboratory technique to determine the makeup of the DNA molecule in different strains of the malaria parasite.
***** Nitrous gas can help beat severe depression Nitrous oxide - the laughing gas - may provide rapid relief to patients with severe depression whose symptoms don't respond to standard therapies, a new study suggests. The study, at Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis, is believed to be the first research in which patients with depression were given laughing gas. Among 20 patients who had treatment resistant clinical depression, the researchers found that two thirds experienced an improvement in symptoms after receiving laughing gas. In comparison, one third of the same patients reported improved symptoms after treatment with a placebo. They were evaluated on the day of and day after each treatment. As many as one third of patients with clinical depression do not respond to treatments and hence, more effective therapies are needed. Laughing gas is attractive because its side effects are limited
***** Trends in new drug launches in India Launches of new medicines in India have come down by over 87% during the last four to five years. The number of drug approvals peaked in 2008, when as many as 270 new drugs were granted approval, followed by 217 in 2009, 224 in 2010 and 140 in 2011, the data shows.
A stricter regulatory regime, which not only brings down drug MRPs but also continuously expands span of price control, is cited as the main reason why drug manufacturers are losing their India focus. Recently, many medicines were also found missing from the market, following stringent regulatory measures.
However, since 2012, when the government released the National Pharmaceutical Pricing Policy bringing in 348 medicine formulations under price control, the new drug launches started reducing drastically. In 2008, 270 new drugs were approved for sale in India, whereas it dropped to 44 and 35 in 2012 and 2013, respectively. In 2014, only 56 new medicines were approved till November, government data shows.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 48
PHARMA PAGE Roche loses patent for osteoporosis drug in India Osteoporosis is a medical condition, in which the bones become brittle and fragile from loss of tissue. Ibandronate sodium is a bisphosphonate drug developed by Roche. It is indicated for treatment and prevention of osteoporosis in post menopausal women. In a setback to Swiss pharma company Hoffmann-La Roche (Roche), the Chennai patent office has revoked a patent of the company for osteoporosis drug ibandronate sodium, marketed under the brand Boniva on a post grant opposition filed by Cipla. The drug, used to treat osteoporosis and metastasis associated skeletal fractures in people with cancer, is being marketed as Boniva in the US, Bondronat in Europe and Bonviva in Asia. While setting aside the order, IPAB had observed that evidence of experts was not considered by the patent office and reasons for deviating from recommendations of the opposition board were not assigned by the controller of patents. While there is no patent in India for the active compound ibandronate sodium, Roche had secured a patent for a pharmaceutical composition in solid unit dosage form consisting of the active ibandronate sodium.
*****
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Import dependence for coal Installed coal based power capacity: 1.54 lakh MW
Current avg plant load factor 64%
Current domestic coal availability to power sector : 500 million metric tonne
Coal needed to operated all extant plants at
Optimum PLF OF 85% : 750 million metric tonne
Current shortage of domestic coal : 250 million metric tonne
Likely domestic coal availability to
Power sector by 2019 : 840 million metric tonne**
Likely coal based power capacity by 2019 : 2.2 lakh MW
Coal needed to run this capacity at 85% PL : 1000 million metric tonne
** Includes Coal India production and captive coal (including an estimated 120 million metric tonne from cancelled mines being reallocated. Domestic coal shortage will be 160 million metric tonne in 2019, compared with 250 million metric tonne right now. Gas based power As far as gas based power is concerned, the requirement of the fuel will be 117 mmscmd by 2019, against 92 mmscmd now. Considering that the domestic gas production is stagnating (only 18 mmscmd is available to the power sector), the situation looks really grim. Gas based power capacity is heavily under utilised now and the expansion plans too are moderate. This highlights the need to incentivise domestic gas production. Gas based installed power capacity : 22,197 MW
Current average PLF# : 22%
Current domestic gas availability for power sector : 18.2 mmscmd
Gas needed to run all extant plants at 75%PLF@ : 92.2 mmscmd
Estimated gas based capacity by 2019 : 27,000 MW
Gas required in 2019 : 117 mmscmd
#: 8000 MW capacity is lying idle; @ Power ministry estimate
India‘s 1.54 lakh MW installed coal fired power stations need 750 million metric tonne of coal to run at optimum capacity. However, only two thirds of the required fuel is available to the sector right now, leading to surge in imports. Given that coal based power capacity is projected to increase by 40% in another five years, the quantity of coal required to run all power plants fired by coal is estimated at a billion metric tonne. Import dependence may come down by 2019, if current plans for Coal India‘s output and captive mines being re allocated would materialise.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 50
ENERGY PAGE
INDIAN WIND POWER SECTOR HAVE STIFF TARGETS TO ACHIEVE
The Government of India granted the industry‘s long standing request for restoring the tax-saving ‗accelerated depreciation‘ duty and the exemption from the 4 per cent special additional duty on imported components for wind turbines.
In 2014-15, India will see wind power capacity additions between 2,000 MW and 2,500 MW, roughly the same as last year. But to ramp it up 4 to 5 times in four years is not easy. The important issues to be tackled include the following .Land and access to construction site:. Land acquisition is a problem. However, it would help if the government would earmark areas for wind development. Transmission infrastructure: The hope is that the government would keep its promise of strengthening transmission lines with projects such as the ‗green corridor‘. Finance: In the last couple of years, only two wind ‗independent power producers‘ have come up; Ostro Energy and Energon, backed by Actis and the Singapore based Equis Funds Group, respectively. The industry is seeking interest concession and project specific working capital (as opposed to company specific limits).It wants banks not to club ‗renewable energy‘ industry with ‗power‘ so that this industry is not affected by the NPA stigma. Components and logistics: The Indian Wind Turbine Manufacturers‘ Association worries that beyond a capacity of 5,000 MW, the industry will face shortage of critical components particularly, bearings and yaw motors. Logistics : Mainly, trailers to carry the ever getting longer blades will be a big issue. Even if enough trailers are available, shortages will be seen in patches of time, when order executions gather pace.
***** Investment plan in solar power project Government of India proposes to spend to the tune of Rs.5,800 crore in solar sector. It has been proposed to establish 1,000 MW of grid connected solar PV power projects by Central Public Sector units (CPSUs) and other government organisations. These projects are to be established with VGF (viability gap fund) support of Rs.1,000 crore over a period of three years (2015 to 2018).
India has taken nearly a quarter century to create wind power capacity of 22,200 MW. But now, Government of India wants the industry to ramp up installations, so that the capacity additions in 2018-19 will be 10,000 MW.The most the industry added in any year was 3,168 MW in 2011-12.
A proposal to impose a ‗renewable generation obligation‘ that will compel companies putting up coal or lignite based thermal power plants to create an additional 10 percent of their project capacities as renewable energy plants.is under consideration of the Government of India.
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 51
ENERGY PAGE Organisations such as NTPC, NHPC, CIL, IREDA and Indian Railways, among others have
agreed to set up solar plants.
In addition to central PSUs, Defence organisations will also be joining the proposed solar power projects . With Rs.750 crore support through VGF under the National Solar Mission, Defence establishments under Ministry of Defence and Para Military Force under Ministry of Home Affairs will set up over 300 MW of grid connected and off grid solar PV power projects during 2014 to 2019.
Centre proposes 15,000 MW solar capacity by’19 In a bid to achieve the target of 22 gigawatt solar capacity by 2022 under the national solar mission, the ministry of new and renewable energy (MNRE) has proposed to set up 15,000 MW of grid connected solar capacity in three tranches, with the first tranche of 3,000 MW likely to entail total investment of over Rs.18,000 crore from the developers. The first tranche is expected to be completed by 2017. The second and third tranches of 5,000 MW and 7,000 MW, respectively, will be implemented by 2019. The proposed capacity addition is nearly five times the current solar power capacity in the country. In the first tranche, the proposal is to bundle 1,500 MW of unallocated thermal power from NTPC with 3,000 MW of solar power to be purchased by (NVVN) from the bidders who agree to produce and supply solar power at the lowest rate (not exceeding current SERC rate for such power). NVVN will then sell the bundled power to the interested state utilities under long term power purchase agreement. As for 12,000 MW of capacity envisioned under tranche 2 and 3, implementation mechanism will be decided based on the experience gathered from the execution of tranche 1. The proposal prepared by MNRE has also envisaged that a portion of capacity to be developed be based on the domestically manufactured solar cells, as well as modules and that such capacity be given certain incentives over others.
These two schemes will have to use only locally made PV cells and modules, a move aimed at helping the domestic
manufacturers. Meanwhile, Government of India has also proposed to establish 25 Solar Parks, each with capacity of 500 MW and above with a target of over 20,000 MW of solar power installed capacity over a period of 5 years (2014-19).
This scheme is expected to entail an investment of Rs.4,050 crore. 12 States — Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Telengana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Meghalaya, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu and Odisha — have so far given consent for building Solar Parks.
*****
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 52
ENVIRONMENTAL PAGE
GLOBAL CO2 EMISSIONS – FINDINGS OF THE STUDY
China, US and the EU remain the top 3 emitters of CO2, accounting for respectively 29%, 15% and 11% of the world‘s total.
The slowdown,in CO2 emissions, which began in 2012, signals decoupling of global emissions and economic growth, which reflects mainly the lower
emissions growth rate of China.
After years of a steady decline, the CO2 emissions of the US grew by 2.5% in 2013, whereas in the EU emissions continued to decrease, by 1.4% in 2013.
These are the main findings in the annual report ―Trends in global CO2 Emissions‘, released by the Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency and
the European Commission‘s Joint Research Centre (JRC). In 2013, global CO2 emissions grew to the new record of 35.3 billion metric
tonne. Sharp risers include Brazil (+6.2%), India (+4.4%), China (+4.2%) and Indonesia (+2.3%).
The much lower emissions increase in China of 4.2% in 2013 and 3.4% in 2012 was primarily due to a decline in electricity and fuel demand from the basic
materials industry, and aided by an increase in renewable energy and by energy efficiency improvements.
The emissions increase in the US in 2013 (+2.5%) was mainly due to a shift in power production from gas back to coal together with an increase in gas
consumption due to higher demand for space heating, the report said.
With the present annual growth rate, China has returned to the lower annual growth rates that it experienced before its economic growth started to accelerate in 2003, when its annual CO2 emissions increased on average by 12% per year‖,
according to the report.
In 2013, the Chinese just exceeded the mean 7.4 metric tonne CO2/cap and exceeded the mean EU28 level of 7.3 metric tonne CO2/cap, which is 50% above the global average. It is still less than half than those of the US of 16.6 metric
tonne CO2/cap, which has one of the highest per capita emissions, the report said.
*****
Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production reached an all-time high in 2013, mainly due to continuing steady increase in energy use in emerging economies, including India. However, emissions increased at a
notably slower rate(2%) than on average in the last ten years (3.8% per year since 2003).
Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 53
PRICE DETAILS
ETHANOL PRICE FOR BLENDING IN PETROL The Government of India had in 2003 started the programme to blend 5 per cent ethanol in petrol. This was extended to the entire country except North Eastern States, Jammu and Kashmir, Andaman and Nicobar Island and Lakshdweep by November 2006. However, the oil firms faced difficulty in procuring ethanol and not all the required quantity was offered by sugar millers. The programme was then made voluntary. Oil firms had in October 2010 fixed ethanol price of Rs 27 per litre, which was revised later. The Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs' (CCEA) decided on December 10,2014 on fixing the delivered price of ethanol in the range of Rs 48.50 per litre to Rs. 49.50 per litre, depending upon the distance of sugar mill from the depot/installation of the oil firms. This rate was higher than Rs 44 to 48 per litre price quoted in a July tender seeking ethanol supplies for the period from November 2014 to October 2015. The three oil marketing companies (OMCs) - Indian Oil Corporation (IOC), Bharat Petroleum Corporation (BPCL) and Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Ltd (HPCL) sought bids from ethanol manufacturers by January 12,2015 to procure 97 crore litres of ethanol for mixing in petrol. Oil firms had procured ethanol in the price range of Rs 39 to Rs 45 per litre during December 2013 to November 2014.
***** Petrochemical prices fall Para xylene spot prices came off significantly in Europe during October, as p xylene spot prices dropped in Asia on the back of energy markets falling significantly. Naphtha spot prices dropped more than $100 per metric tonne. in October.The average naphtha price was estimated to be about $721 per metric tonne, cif Amsterdam-Rotterdam-Antwerp in October. Asia's October p xylene net contract price settled at $1,210 per metric tonne. c&f Asia in late September, and spot p xylene prices dropped significantly in the region, trading as low as $1,062 per metric tonne cfr China in the week ended 24 October. In early October in Europe, the October p xylene contract price resulted in an unresolved split settlement of €975–985 per metric tonne del ($1,233–1,246), falling from €985 per metric tonne del in September—about the same level on a dollar parity basis as the Asian contract price.
***** Ethylene glycol Due to the production issues and reduced imports, US spot prices for ethylene glycol (EG) have tumbled and they are likely to remain low into early 2015. Demand for EG will depend on the antifreeze market, which typically peaks between September and December. The pull into antifreeze has been slow so far, owing to the late onset of cold weather.
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16 Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers Lrd Thal unit, Thal, Tal:Alibag Dist.Raigad,Pin-402 208 Mahashtra
Potassium carbonate (to be su bmitted online on http://eprocure.gov.in)
60 tonne Thal/Pur/AU-44980
17 Tamilnadu Newsprint And Papers Ltd Kagithapuram-639 136 Karur Dist.Tamil Nadu
Cement grade limestone 140000 tonne 1415 33000593
18 The Fertilisers and Chemicals Travancore Ltd Corporate materials, Petrochemical Division, Administrative Building Udyogamandal, Kochi, Kerala Pin:683 501
22 Security Paper Mill,Hishangabad-461005 Madhya Pradesh Pin:461 005
Poly vinyl alcohol Rosin size grade-I
6000005962 6000005255
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Nandini Chemical Journal, January 2015 Page 62
CHEMICALS IMPORTED AT THE CHENNAI PORT DURING THE MONTH OF OCTOBER 2014
NAME OF THE CHEMICAL
QTY
UNIT
VALUE IN
RS.
COUNTRY
CATEGORY: ORGANIC CHEMICALS
(S)-2 -aminobutanamide hydrochloride 2000 Kgs 3083227 China
(S)-2-amino butyramide hcl 7000 Kgs 9620149 China
(S)-2-amino butyramide-hcl 7000 Kgs 9690142 China
1,1-cyclohexane diacetic acid monoamide 15000 Kgs 8700266.3 China
1,1-cyclohexane diacetic acid monoamide 15000 Kgs 8793817.5 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 30000 Kgs 17026328 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 15000 Kgs 9111891.8 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 30000 Kgs 17026328 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 3000 Kgs 1792442 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 30000 Kgs 17177979 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 30000 Kgs 17026328 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 15000 Kgs 9193050.3 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 30000 Kgs 17177979 China
1,1-cyclohexanediacetic acid mono amide 15000 Kgs 9193050.3 China
1,2-dimethoxy ethane (adc.ref.no.16) 14400 Kgs 2836065.5 China
10-methoxy iminostilbene 5000 Kgs 13253094 China
1-bromo-3-chloro-2-methyl propane 2000 Kgs 1410061 France