Hans Günter Brauch UNU-EHS, CASA fellow The Conceptual Security Context: Human, Environmental and Water Security Do Water-related Social Vulnerabilities.

Hans Günter BrauchHans Günter BrauchUNU-EHS, CASA fellowUNU-EHS, CASA fellow

The Conceptual Security Context: The Conceptual Security Context: Human, Environmental and Water SecurityHuman, Environmental and Water Security

Do Water-related Social Vulnerabilities Do Water-related Social Vulnerabilities Create Human Security Create Human Security

Threats, Challenges Vulnerabilities and Risks?Threats, Challenges Vulnerabilities and Risks?

UNU-EHS & MunichRe FoundationUNU-EHS & MunichRe FoundationFirst Summer Academy for Social VulnerabilityFirst Summer Academy for Social Vulnerability

Global Water Hotspots: Global Water Hotspots: Water-related social vulnerabilities and resilience-buildingWater-related social vulnerabilities and resilience-building

23 – 29 July 2006, Munich Re Center at Schloss Hohenkammer23 – 29 July 2006, Munich Re Center at Schloss Hohenkammer

Download at: http://www.afes-press.de/html/download_hgb.html

Email: [email protected]

Questions to be addressedQuestions to be addressedDo water-related social vulnerabilities create human security Do water-related social vulnerabilities create human security

threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks?threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks?

1.1. What is security and why to study security concepts?What is security and why to study security concepts?

2.2. How does human security differ from national security?How does human security differ from national security?

3.3. What are the four pillars of human security?What are the four pillars of human security?

4.4. What are objects of analyzing environmental dimension of HS?What are objects of analyzing environmental dimension of HS?

5.5. What does water security mean and what are its objects of its What does water security mean and what are its objects of its securitization?securitization?

6.6. What are the human security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities What are the human security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks from water-related hazards? and risks from water-related hazards?

7.7. What are water-related social vulnerabilities?What are water-related social vulnerabilities?

8.8. For whom do water related hazards pose a survival dilemma?For whom do water related hazards pose a survival dilemma?

9.9. What are HS objectives for reducing social vulnerability?What are HS objectives for reducing social vulnerability?

10.10. How can HS as ‘freedom from hazard impacts’ be achieved?How can HS as ‘freedom from hazard impacts’ be achieved?

ContentsContents1.1. Reconceptualizing Security: Publication ProjectReconceptualizing Security: Publication Project2.2. From Hazards to Social VulnerablityFrom Hazards to Social Vulnerablity3.3. What is Security? Why Study Security What is Security? Why Study Security

Concepts?Concepts?4.4. From National to four Pillars of Human SecurityFrom National to four Pillars of Human Security5.5. Environmental Stress and Natural HazardsEnvironmental Stress and Natural Hazards6.6. Area of Analysis: Water SecurityArea of Analysis: Water Security7.7. Water-related Social VulnerabilitiesWater-related Social Vulnerabilities 8.8. Human Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnera- Human Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnera-

bilities and Risks from water-related hazardsbilities and Risks from water-related hazards9.9. Security Objects for Coping Strategies and Security Objects for Coping Strategies and

Resilience Building: Human Security ReportResilience Building: Human Security Report10.10. Achieving ‘Freedom from Hazard Impacts’ by Achieving ‘Freedom from Hazard Impacts’ by

Reducing Social VulnerabilityReducing Social Vulnerability

1. Reconceptualizing Security: 1. Reconceptualizing Security: Publication ProjectPublication Project

Basic Assumption & Guiding Question:Basic Assumption & Guiding Question:• Did global and regional political contextual changes Did global and regional political contextual changes

trigger a reconceptualizing of security?trigger a reconceptualizing of security?

What did change?What did change?• End of the Cold War: 9 November 1989: Berlin Wall;End of the Cold War: 9 November 1989: Berlin Wall;• Events of 11 September 2001;Events of 11 September 2001;• Others: Death of Mao in China, economic crises in Others: Death of Mao in China, economic crises in

Latin America, 1980s, Southeast & East Asia, 1990s.Latin America, 1980s, Southeast & East Asia, 1990s.

Which were the conceptual innovations?Which were the conceptual innovations?• Theoretical: social constructivism & Beck:risk societyTheoretical: social constructivism & Beck:risk society• Widening, deepening & sectorialization of securityWidening, deepening & sectorialization of security

1.1. What did change?1.1. What did change?

1989-1991: End of the Cold War (E-W-C)1989-1991: End of the Cold War (E-W-C)• Conflict formation & structure of international Conflict formation & structure of international

system: bipolarity, power & sytemic conflict ended;system: bipolarity, power & sytemic conflict ended;• Military strategy: nuclear deterrence, MAD is past;Military strategy: nuclear deterrence, MAD is past;• Division of the world, Europe, Germany ended;Division of the world, Europe, Germany ended;• New wars: Desintegration (SU, Yugoslavia, Africa).New wars: Desintegration (SU, Yugoslavia, Africa).

11 September 2001: Vulnerability of U.S.11 September 2001: Vulnerability of U.S.• Military & technol. superiority: no protectionMilitary & technol. superiority: no protection• From states to non-state actors: terroristsFrom states to non-state actors: terrorists• Conversion: civilian artefacts into weaponsConversion: civilian artefacts into weapons

Econ. crises: econ. & social vulnerabilityEcon. crises: econ. & social vulnerability• Latin American crises of 1980s: social vulnerability: Latin American crises of 1980s: social vulnerability:

impact for regional security in Western hemisphereimpact for regional security in Western hemisphere• Asian crisis 1990s: Japan. approach: human securityAsian crisis 1990s: Japan. approach: human security

1.2. Which conceptual innovations?1.2. Which conceptual innovations? 1989-1991: End of the Cold War (E-W-C)1989-1991: End of the Cold War (E-W-C)

• WideningWidening: from 2 to 5 security dimensions: from 2 to 5 security dimensions• DeepeningDeepening: from national to human security: from national to human security• SectorializationSectorialization: energy,food,health,water security: energy,food,health,water security

11 September 2001: Vulnerability of U.S.11 September 2001: Vulnerability of U.S.• Shrinking: Shrinking: weapons of mass destruction, terroristsweapons of mass destruction, terrorists

Transatlantic dispute on security conceptsTransatlantic dispute on security concepts• Dispute of worldviews: Dispute of worldviews: Hobbesians vs. othersHobbesians vs. others• Wideners vs. narrowers: Wideners vs. narrowers: Old vs. New EuropeOld vs. New Europe

Econ. crises: econ. & social vulnerabilityEcon. crises: econ. & social vulnerability• New wars: New wars: humans as victims: ‚freedom from fear‘humans as victims: ‚freedom from fear‘• Crises, Globalization & Complex Emergencies: Crises, Globalization & Complex Emergencies:

poverty: high economic and poverty: high economic and social vulnerabilitysocial vulnerability

1.3. Global Mental Mapping of 1.3. Global Mental Mapping of Rethinking on SecurityRethinking on Security

What does security mean globally?What does security mean globally?• Security debate influenced by North Atlantic debateSecurity debate influenced by North Atlantic debate• What are cultural, philosophical, religious influences?What are cultural, philosophical, religious influences?

How has security been reconceptualized?How has security been reconceptualized? What are obj. security dangers & subj. security con-What are obj. security dangers & subj. security con-

cerns: threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks?cerns: threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks? What are security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities What are security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities

and risks in 5 dimensions, for state and humankind?and risks in 5 dimensions, for state and humankind?

GEC & hazards pose new security dangers?GEC & hazards pose new security dangers?• Global Environmental Change: pressure & causeGlobal Environmental Change: pressure & cause• Water-related natural hazardsWater-related natural hazards: impacts & societal : impacts & societal

outcome (victims) depend on social vulnerability outcome (victims) depend on social vulnerability

2.2. From Hazards to From Hazards to Social VulnerablitySocial Vulnerablity

• Yautepec:Yautepec: from a human security perspective from a human security perspective focus on cause (focus on cause (hazardshazards) and effects () and effects (societal societal outcomesoutcomes) that pose for ) that pose for human beings/hu-human beings/hu-mankindmankind (cause & victim of GEC) a (cause & victim of GEC) a Survival Survival DilemmaDilemma: : stay/die, migrate, protest/fight

<http://www.afes-press.de/pdf/Brauch_Yautepec.pdf><http://www.afes-press.de/pdf/Brauch_Yautepec.pdf>

• Hohenkammer:Hohenkammer: Social vulnerability:Social vulnerability: Do water-related social vulnerabilities (Do water-related social vulnerabilities (causecause) )

create human security threats, challenges, create human security threats, challenges, vulnerabilities and risks (vulnerabilities and risks (effectseffects)?)?

Goal: Develop the Goal: Develop the Conceptual Security Context: Conceptual Security Context: for Human, Environmental and Water Securityfor Human, Environmental and Water Security

3. What is Security? 3. What is Security?

• Security term and concepts?Security term and concepts?• Cultural, religious, philosophical influences?Cultural, religious, philosophical influences?

Western (European):Western (European): Greek – Roman tradition Greek – Roman tradition Latin American: pre- & post Columbian traditionLatin American: pre- & post Columbian tradition Eastern: Buddhist, Confucian, Hinduist, ShintoistEastern: Buddhist, Confucian, Hinduist, Shintoist Arab & Muslim and Jewish traditionsArab & Muslim and Jewish traditions African: oral tradition & modern philosophy/ethicsAfrican: oral tradition & modern philosophy/ethics

• Wolfers: objective vs. subjective securityWolfers: objective vs. subjective security• Social constructivist: intersubjectiveSocial constructivist: intersubjective• Buzan, Waever, de Wilde: Copenhagen school Buzan, Waever, de Wilde: Copenhagen school

Securitization of perceived reality or the social Securitization of perceived reality or the social construction of realityconstruction of reality

3.1. Objective, Subjective, Intersubjective Security

Wolfers (1962)Wolfers (1962) pointed to two sides of the security concept: pointed to two sides of the security concept: “Security, in an “Security, in an objectiveobjective sense sense, measures the , measures the absence absence of threats to acquired valuesof threats to acquired values, in a , in a subjectivesubjective sense sense, the , the absence of fear that such values will be attackedabsence of fear that such values will be attacked”. ”.

Objective security dangersObjective security dangers: : absence of threatsabsence of threats Subjective security concernsSubjective security concerns: perception of : perception of absence of fearabsence of fear From a constructivist approach in international relations ‘security’ From a constructivist approach in international relations ‘security’

is the outcome of a process of social & political interaction where is the outcome of a process of social & political interaction where social values & norms, collective identities & cultural traditions are social values & norms, collective identities & cultural traditions are essential. Security:essential. Security: intersubjective or “what actors make of it”.or “what actors make of it”.

Copenhagen schoolCopenhagen school security as a security as a “speech act”,“speech act”, “where a securi- “where a securi-tizing actor designates a threat to a specified reference object and tizing actor designates a threat to a specified reference object and declares an existential threat implying a right to use extraordinary declares an existential threat implying a right to use extraordinary means to fend it off”.means to fend it off”.

Such a process of Such a process of “securitization”“securitization” is successful when the construc- is successful when the construc-tion of an “existential threat” by a policy maker is socially accep-tion of an “existential threat” by a policy maker is socially accep-ted and where “survival”’ against existential threats is crucial. ted and where “survival”’ against existential threats is crucial.

3.2. Security Perception: Worldviews and Mind-sets

Perceptions of security dangers (concerns) depend on Perceptions of security dangers (concerns) depend on worldviews of analyst & mind-set of policy-maker. worldviews of analyst & mind-set of policy-maker.

Mind-set (Ken Booth):Mind-set (Ken Booth): have often distorted perception have often distorted perception of new challenges: include ethnocentrism, realism, of new challenges: include ethnocentrism, realism, ideological fundamentalism, strategic reductionismideological fundamentalism, strategic reductionism• Booth:Booth: Mind-sets freeze Mind-sets freeze international relationsinternational relations into crude ima- into crude ima-

ges, portray iges, portray itsts processes as mechanistic responses of power processes as mechanistic responses of power and characterize other nations as stereotypesand characterize other nations as stereotypes..

• Old Cold War mindOld Cold War mind--sets have survived global turn of 1989/1990sets have survived global turn of 1989/1990 3 worldviews3 worldviews are distinguished by the English school: are distinguished by the English school:

HobbesianHobbesian pessimism (realism): power pessimism (realism): power Kantian Kantian optimism (idealism) optimism (idealism) international lawinternational law & & human rightshuman rights GrotianGrotian pragmatism: multialteralism, pragmatism: multialteralism, cooperationcooperation is vital. is vital.

3 ideal type perspectives in other cultures & traditions:3 ideal type perspectives in other cultures & traditions:• Power matters: Sunzi, Thukydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes,Power matters: Sunzi, Thukydides, Machiavelli, Hobbes,• Ideas matter: Kant, W. WilsonIdeas matter: Kant, W. Wilson• Cooperation matters: Confucius, GrotiusCooperation matters: Confucius, Grotius

3.3. Concepts of security in relation with peace, environment and development

Programmes, pillars & linkage concepts within the quartetProgrammes, pillars & linkage concepts within the quartet

IR rIR research esearch programmesprogrammes

Conceptual QuartetConceptual Quartet Conceptual LinkagesConceptual Linkages

Peace Research Security Studies Development Stud.Environment Studies

4 conceptual pillars I: Security dilemma II:Survival dilemma III: Sust. developm. IV: Sustain. peace

Peace Peace SecuritySecurityII: : Security dilemmaSecurity dilemma

          IV IIIV II    

DevelopmentDevelopment EnvironmEnvironmentent

III: III: Sustainable Sustainable developmentdevelopment

Political use of con-cepts & theoretical debates on 6 linkages

Peace & security Peace & development Peace & environment Devel. & security Devel. & environment Of interest here: Security & environm.: .:

environment. environment. securitysecurity

-water-related hazards-Social vulnerability

4.4. From International & National to From International & National to four Pillars of Human Securityfour Pillars of Human Security

• International Peace & SecurityInternational Peace & Security: League of Nations : League of Nations (1919):(1919):“high contracting parties”“high contracting parties”; UN Charter (1945): ; UN Charter (1945): ““We the peoples of the United Nations”We the peoples of the United Nations”

• National SecurityNational Security:: new U.S. concept World War II, new U.S. concept World War II, post WW II: National Security Act (1947), before: goal post WW II: National Security Act (1947), before: goal defence, means: Army (War Dep.), & Navy Dept.defence, means: Army (War Dep.), & Navy Dept.

• Alliance Security: Alliance Security: NATO NATO (1949-),(1949-), WP WP (1955-2001)(1955-2001)• Common Security Common Security (Palme Report 1982)(Palme Report 1982)• Environmental SecurityEnvironmental Security (Brundtland 1987) (Brundtland 1987)• 1990: 1990: Widening, Deepening, SectorializationWidening, Deepening, Sectorialization• 2001: 2001: Shrinking: U.S. nat. security agendaShrinking: U.S. nat. security agenda Global Global

Security: Security: Steinbrunner (2000)Steinbrunner (2000)• Cooperative Security: Cooperative Security: Brookings Institution (1990’s)Brookings Institution (1990’s)• Human SecurityHuman Security:: UNDP (1994): UNDP (1994): 4 pillars of HS4 pillars of HS

4.1. Widening of 4.1. Widening of Security ConceptSecurity Concepts: s: Towards Environmental SecurityTowards Environmental Security

4 trends in reconceptualisation of security since 1990:4 trends in reconceptualisation of security since 1990:- WideningWidening (dimensions, sectors), (dimensions, sectors), Deepening Deepening (levels, actors)(levels, actors)- SectorialisationSectorialisation (energy, food, health), (energy, food, health), - ShrinkingShrinking (WMD, terrorists)(WMD, terrorists)

Dimensions & Levels of a Wide Security ConceptDimensions & Levels of a Wide Security Concept

Security dimension Level of interaction

Mili-tary

Political Economic Environ-mental

Societal

Human individual Human individual Food sec.Health sec.

CauseCause

& & VictimVictim

Food sec.Food sec.

Health Health sec.sec.

Societal/CommunitySocietal/Community

NationalNational shrinking Energy se.Energy se. Food,healthFood,health

InternationalInternational

RegionalRegional

Water Water securitysecurity

Water Water securitysecurity

Global/Planetary Global/Planetary GECGEC

4.2. Environmental & Human Security Expanded Security Concepts (MExpanded Security Concepts (Møøller, ‘03; Oswald ‘01)ller, ‘03; Oswald ‘01)

Label Reference object Value at risk Source(s) of threat

National security The State Territ. integrity State, substate actors

Societal security Societal groups Nation. identity Nations, migrants

Human security Individual, mankind Survival Nature, state, global.

Environmental sec. Ecosystem Sustainability Humankind

Gender security

(Oswald Spring)

Gender relations, indigenous people, minorities

Equality, identity, solidarity

Patriarchy, totalitarian in-stitutions (governments, churches, elites) intoler.

Human security: Referent: individuals and humankind. [Human Security Network]Values at risk: survival of human beings and their quality of life. Major source of threat: nature (global environmental change), globalisation, nation state with its ability to cope with this dual challenge. Environmental Security: Referent: Ecosystem; Value at risk is sustainability. Major challenges: global environmental change & humankind, Focus: Interactions between ecosystem & humankind, impact of global environmental change on environmental degradation, of increasing demand on environmental scarcity & environmental stress. [No Environment Security Network of States, & IGOs & NGOs]

4.3. Five Security Dimensions and Four 4.3. Five Security Dimensions and Four Security Dangers & ConcernsSecurity Dangers & Concerns

Security Security DimensionsDimensions Security Dangers Security Dangers

MilitaryMilitary Political Political Econo-Econo-micmic

Socie-Socie-taltal

EnvironmentalSecuri.

Human securit.Persp.

Threat Hobbesian perspective: national/alliance security during Cold War

Grotian perspective: wider security concept in post Cold War era

Challenges Narrow `hard´security concept

Wider `soft´ security concepts

Vulnerabilities- Environmental- Social

Old and new security agenda: change in actors & meaning prior and after the Cold War

New agenda: GEC, Global warming, water-related hazard & disasters

Risks multiple applications in scientific and political communities prior and after the Cold War

4.4. Environmental & Societal Vulnerability 4.4. Environmental & Societal Vulnerability Facing Global Environmental Change & GlobalisationFacing Global Environmental Change & Globalisation

Human Security Perspective referent:referent: individual/humankindindividual/humankind value at risk:value at risk: human survivalhuman survival threat:threat: nature, Global environ-nature, Global environ-

mental change & globalizationmental change & globalization GEC > GEC > environm. vulnerabilityenvironm. vulnerability > >

disaster > migration > scarcitydisaster > migration > scarcity Globalisation > inequity > soGlobalisation > inequity > so--

cial or cial or social vulnerabilsocial vulnerabiliityty

Achieving human secur. requires:Achieving human secur. requires: • adapting to, mitigating adapting to, mitigating environ-environ-

mental vulnerabilitymental vulnerability (protection-(protection-empowerment)empowerment)

• Reducing Reducing social vulnerabilitysocial vulnerability: : enhance coping capacity (resilience) enhance coping capacity (resilience) by poverty eradication.by poverty eradication.

© Hans-Georg Bohle (2002), in: Plate (2003)

4.5. Four Pillars of Human Security4.5. Four Pillars of Human Security ““Freedom from want”Freedom from want” human development agenda: povertyhuman development agenda: poverty

(stimulated by Asian economic crisis of 1990s) (stimulated by Asian economic crisis of 1990s) by reducing social by reducing social vulnerability through poverty eradication programmes vulnerability through poverty eradication programmes (UNDP (UNDP 1994; CHS: Ogata/Sen: Human Security Now, 2003, Human 1994; CHS: Ogata/Sen: Human Security Now, 2003, Human Security Trust Fund, HSU of OCHA), Security Trust Fund, HSU of OCHA), Japanese approach;Japanese approach;

““Freedom from fear”Freedom from fear”: : humanitarian agenda:humanitarian agenda: violence, con-violence, con-flicts, weaponsflicts, weapons (Canada, Norway, Human Security Network) (Canada, Norway, Human Security Network) (UNESCO,HSN), (UNESCO,HSN), Canadian approach:Canadian approach:Human Security Rep.(2005)Human Security Rep.(2005)

““Freedom to live in dignity”:Freedom to live in dignity”: agenda: rule of law, human agenda: rule of law, human rights, democratic governancerights, democratic governance ((Kofi Annan:Kofi Annan: In Larger Free-In Larger Free-domdom (March 2005) (March 2005)

““Freedom from hazard impact”:Freedom from hazard impact”: environmental (GEC) & environmental (GEC) & natural hazard agendanatural hazard agenda: : Bogardi/Brauch vision, goal: securitize: Bogardi/Brauch vision, goal: securitize: “environment” (GEC as pressure) and “natural hazards” as impact “environment” (GEC as pressure) and “natural hazards” as impact by reducing environmental & social vulnerability & enhancing by reducing environmental & social vulnerability & enhancing coping capabilities of societies confronted with natural & human-coping capabilities of societies confronted with natural & human-induced hazards induced hazards (Bogardi/Brauch 2005; Brauch 2005a, 2005b).(Bogardi/Brauch 2005; Brauch 2005a, 2005b).

4.6. First Pillar of HS: “Freedom From Fear”4.6. First Pillar of HS: “Freedom From Fear” Primary Focus of the Human Security NetworkPrimary Focus of the Human Security Network Requirements and objects:Requirements and objects:

Rule of Law:Rule of Law: ICC, International Court of Justice and ICC, International Court of Justice and national, regional and local judicial courts and national, regional and local judicial courts and mechanismsmechanisms

Universal Humanitarian StandardsUniversal Humanitarian Standards:: initiatives in initiatives in interna-tional, humanitarian and human rights law, interna-tional, humanitarian and human rights law, human develop-ment, human rights education, human develop-ment, human rights education,

Good GovernanceGood Governance:: capacity building of not only capacity building of not only national, but regional and local governments or national, but regional and local governments or leadership authorities; fostering democracy; respect leadership authorities; fostering democracy; respect for minoritiesfor minorities

Conflict Prevention/ Post-Conflict Reconstruc-Conflict Prevention/ Post-Conflict Reconstruc-tiontion: land mines, child soldiers, protection of civilian : land mines, child soldiers, protection of civilian population in armed conflict, small arms and light population in armed conflict, small arms and light weapons, trans-national organized crime (Ottawa weapons, trans-national organized crime (Ottawa Convention on Anti-personnel Landmines)Convention on Anti-personnel Landmines)

Strong International InstitutionsStrong International Institutions

4.7.4.7. ““Freedom From Want”Freedom From Want”::Human Security Commission: Human Security NowHuman Security Commission: Human Security Now

Broad:Broad: wider agenda, conceptually more convoluted wider agenda, conceptually more convoluted Goal:Goal: reducing individual/societal vulnerabilities in the reducing individual/societal vulnerabilities in the

economic, health, environment, political, community, economic, health, environment, political, community, and food sphere. Create conditions that can lead to and food sphere. Create conditions that can lead to empowerment for individuals,empowerment for individuals,

Japanese FMJapanese FM: HS “comprehensively covers all : HS “comprehensively covers all menaces that threaten human survival, daily life, and menaces that threaten human survival, daily life, and dignity…and streng-thens efforts to confront these dignity…and streng-thens efforts to confront these threats.”threats.”

ThreatsThreats:: • diseases, poverty, financial crises, hunger, unemployment, diseases, poverty, financial crises, hunger, unemployment,

crime, crime, • social conflict, political repression, social conflict, political repression, • land degradation, deforestation, emission of GHGs, environm. land degradation, deforestation, emission of GHGs, environm.

hazards, hazards, • population growth, migration, terrorism, drug prod./traffickingpopulation growth, migration, terrorism, drug prod./trafficking

4.8.4.8. ““Freedom to Live in Freedom to Live in Dignity”Dignity”

Kofi AnnanKofi Annan – need for a – need for a human centered approach to human centered approach to security “human security can security “human security can no longer be understood in no longer be understood in purely military terms. purely military terms.

It must encompass economic It must encompass economic development, social justice, development, social justice, environmental protection, environmental protection, democratisation, democratisation, disarmament, and respect disarmament, and respect for human rights and the rule for human rights and the rule of law.”of law.”

““Embraces far more than the Embraces far more than the absence of violent conflict”absence of violent conflict”

4.9. “Freedom From Hazard Impacts”4.9. “Freedom From Hazard Impacts” UNU-EHSUNU-EHS: Bogardi/Brauch (2005), Brauch (2005): Bogardi/Brauch (2005), Brauch (2005) Goal: Goal: reduce vulnerabilities/enhance capacity building reduce vulnerabilities/enhance capacity building

& coping capabilities of societies faced with nat.hazards & coping capabilities of societies faced with nat.hazards Threats/Hazards:Threats/Hazards:

• Environmental:Environmental: floods, droughts, and other natural disasters, env. floods, droughts, and other natural disasters, env. degradation, lack of water or clean water, human-induced climate degradation, lack of water or clean water, human-induced climate change, exhaustion of fish resources, depletion of finite resourceschange, exhaustion of fish resources, depletion of finite resources

• Societal:Societal: poverty, improper housing, insufficient food and water, poverty, improper housing, insufficient food and water, malfunctioning of technical systems, traffic accidents, population malfunctioning of technical systems, traffic accidents, population explosions, terrorism and organized crimeexplosions, terrorism and organized crime

Develop vulnerability indicators and vulnerability mappingDevelop vulnerability indicators and vulnerability mapping to apply to operational realm by working on solutionsto apply to operational realm by working on solutions• improved early warning systems & capacity-building improved early warning systems & capacity-building • disaster preparednessdisaster preparedness (education and training, infrastructure) (education and training, infrastructure)• coordinated rapid coordinated rapid disaster responsedisaster response by local, regional and national by local, regional and national

levellevel• developing clear guidelines for developing clear guidelines for post hazard reconstructionpost hazard reconstruction• long term strategies:long term strategies: e.g. Kyoto, Montreal Protocol e.g. Kyoto, Montreal Protocol• adaptation measures:adaptation measures: e.g. dams, switching to renewable energy e.g. dams, switching to renewable energy• mitigation measures:mitigation measures: restrict housing in hazard areas (coastal restrict housing in hazard areas (coastal

areas-flooding, mud slides), charging more for garbage disposal and areas-flooding, mud slides), charging more for garbage disposal and energy usage, birth control measuresenergy usage, birth control measures

4.10.4.10. Towards a Fourth Pillar of Human Towards a Fourth Pillar of Human Security as Freedom from Hazard ImpactSecurity as Freedom from Hazard Impact

Natural hazards cannot be prevented, but their impact can be Natural hazards cannot be prevented, but their impact can be reduced by early warning and better disaster preparedness. reduced by early warning and better disaster preparedness.

As the number of victims and affected people is influenced As the number of victims and affected people is influenced by the degree of social vulnerability a major goal of early by the degree of social vulnerability a major goal of early warning, disaster preparedness and response must be warning, disaster preparedness and response must be policy and societal measures to reduce social vulnerability.policy and societal measures to reduce social vulnerability.

““Freedom from hazard impact” implies that people can mobilize Freedom from hazard impact” implies that people can mobilize their resources to address sustainable development goals rather their resources to address sustainable development goals rather than remain in the vicious cycle of the survival dilemma. than remain in the vicious cycle of the survival dilemma.

““freedom from hazard impact” requires hazard specific policies & a freedom from hazard impact” requires hazard specific policies & a combination of technical, organisational and political measures for:combination of technical, organisational and political measures for:• Slow-onset hazardsSlow-onset hazards: sea-level & temperature increase (climate change : sea-level & temperature increase (climate change • Rapid-onset hydro-meteorological hazardsRapid-onset hydro-meteorological hazards: : • Rapid-onset geophysical hazardsRapid-onset geophysical hazards: earthquakes, tsunamis: earthquakes, tsunamis• Man-made disastersMan-made disasters: technical, organisational, political : technical, organisational, political

5. Environmental Pressure, Stress and Natural Hazards

• Other Models: Environment – ResponseOther Models: Environment – Response OECD: PSR-ModelOECD: PSR-Model UN-CSD (Committee for Sustainable Development)UN-CSD (Committee for Sustainable Development) EEA (European Environment Agency) EEA (European Environment Agency)

• PEISOR Model: Environmental stress and PEISOR Model: Environmental stress and extreme and sometimes fatal outcomesextreme and sometimes fatal outcomes

• Hazards: Nature impacting on humans: Hazards: Nature impacting on humans: victims: poor and highly vulnerable peoplevictims: poor and highly vulnerable people

• Concept of social vulnerabilityConcept of social vulnerability• Human security: Freedom from hazard impactHuman security: Freedom from hazard impact

5.1. Models on Linkage of Cause & 5.1. Models on Linkage of Cause & Impact: GEC and Policy ResponsesImpact: GEC and Policy Responses

„„Pressure-State-Response“ Pressure-State-Response“ (PSR) of OECD (1993-1999):(PSR) of OECD (1993-1999): -------->>• P: pressure; P: pressure; • S. state of environment, S. state of environment, • R: policy response;R: policy response;

EU: EU: (DPSIR, (DPSIR, EEA 1998) EEA 1998) • D: Driving Force D: Driving Force • P: Pressure P: Pressure • S: State S: State • I: ImpactI: Impact• R: ResponseR: Response“ -------------------------“ ------------------------->>

UN-CSD. Driving Force-State-UN-CSD. Driving Force-State-Response (DSR) Response (DSR) • D: Determinants of human D: Determinants of human

activities; activities; • S: State of sustainable S: State of sustainable

development; development; • R: Responses.R: Responses.

5.2. PEISOR Model: Global Change, Envi-PEISOR Model: Global Change, Envi-ronmental Stress & Extreme Outcomesronmental Stress & Extreme Outcomes

The model distinguished 5 stages:The model distinguished 5 stages: P:P: PPressure: ressure: CausesCauses of GEC : Survival hexagon of GEC : Survival hexagon E:E: EEffectffect: environm. scarcity, degradation & : environm. scarcity, degradation &

stressstress I:I: IImpactmpact: Extreme or fatal outcome: hazards: Extreme or fatal outcome: hazards SO:SO: SSocietal ocietal OOutcomesutcomes: disaster, migration, : disaster, migration,

crisis, conflict, state failure etc.crisis, conflict, state failure etc. R:R: RResponseesponse by the state, society, the by the state, society, the

economic sector and by using traditional and economic sector and by using traditional and modern know-ledge to enhance coping modern know-ledge to enhance coping capacity and resiliencecapacity and resilience

55.3. PEISOR Model: Global Change, Envi-.3. PEISOR Model: Global Change, Envi-ronmental Stress & Extreme Outcomesronmental Stress & Extreme Outcomes

5.4. Cause: 5.4. Cause: PPressure of Global Environmental ressure of Global Environmental Change:Change: Six Determinants: Survival HexagonSix Determinants: Survival Hexagon

Ecosphere:Ecosphere: Air: Climate ChangeAir: Climate Change Soil: Degradation, Soil: Degradation,

DesertificationDesertification Water: degradat./scarcityWater: degradat./scarcity

Anthroposphere:Anthroposphere: Population Population

growth/declinegrowth/decline Rural system: agricultureRural system: agriculture Urban system: pollution Urban system: pollution

etc.etc.

Mode of InteractionMode of Interaction- Linear, NonlinearLinear, Nonlinear- ExponentialExponential- Chaotic, abruptChaotic, abrupt

5.5. Effects: Environmental Scarcity, Degradation & Stress

Four Phases of Env. Sec, Research since 1983 - 2003Four Phases of Env. Sec, Research since 1983 - 2003First First Phase: Conceptual Phase: Concept Environmental SecurityPhase: Conceptual Phase: Concept Environmental SecuritySecond Phase: Empirical Phase: Case studies: Scarcity - ConflictSecond Phase: Empirical Phase: Case studies: Scarcity - Conflict Toronto: Homer-Dixon: since 1991: 3 Projects (figure Toronto: Homer-Dixon: since 1991: 3 Projects (figure © Homer-Dixon 1998© Homer-Dixon 1998)) Zürich/Bern: Günther Bächler, K.Spillmann Zürich/Bern: Günther Bächler, K.Spillmann Third Phase: Manifold Research without Integration (1995 - pres.)Third Phase: Manifold Research without Integration (1995 - pres.)

5.6.5.6. IImpact: Human-Induced Natural Hazardsmpact: Human-Induced Natural Hazards Drought,Drought, Famine Famine and and SSocietal ocietal OOutcomesutcomes

Much knowledge on Much knowledge on thesethese factors: factors: DroughtDrought, migration, crises, conflicts, migration, crises, conflicts

Lack of knowledge on linkages among Lack of knowledge on linkages among fatal outcomesfatal outcomes

DroughtDrought & & droughtdrought-ind. migration-ind. migration Famine & environm.-ind. migrationFamine & environm.-ind. migration Conflicts & conflict-induced migrationConflicts & conflict-induced migration

Lack of knowledge on Lack of knowledge on societal societal consequencesconsequences: crises/conflicts: crises/conflicts

Domestic/international Domestic/international crises/conflictscrises/conflicts

Environmentally or war-induced Environmentally or war-induced migration as a cause or consequence migration as a cause or consequence of crises and conflictsof crises and conflicts

5.7.5.7. SSocietal ocietal OOutcomes: utcomes: Knowledge on Linkages of OutcomesKnowledge on Linkages of Outcomes

What are consequencesWhat are consequences of climate change, of climate change, desertification and water scarcity for:desertification and water scarcity for:• Environmental scarcityEnvironmental scarcity• Envivironmental degradationEnvivironmental degradation• Environmental stress?Environmental stress?

What are indirect What are indirect SSocietal ocietal OOutcomes of:utcomes of:• Human-induced hydro-meteorological Human-induced hydro-meteorological natural water-natural water-

related hazardsrelated hazards (Storms, floods, landslides, drought) (Storms, floods, landslides, drought) due to natural variability & increase due to climate due to natural variability & increase due to climate change?change?

• For For migration, societal crises and domestic and migration, societal crises and domestic and international conflictsinternational conflicts??

• What role does What role does social vulnerability of victimssocial vulnerability of victims play? play?

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

StormFloods

Earthquake/Tsunami, Volcano

© 2006 NatCatSERVICE, GeoRisikoForschung, Münchener Rück

Temperature extremes (e.g. heat wave, cold spill, forest fire .

An

zah

l5.8. Global Impacts: Major Natural Disasters 5.8. Global Impacts: Major Natural Disasters

1950 – 2005.. Source: MunichRe, 2006 Source: MunichRe, 2006

Earthquake/Tsunami, Volcano

Extreme temperatures

5.9. Major Natural Hazards (1950-2005). Source: Munich Re Research Div., 2006

Geological events

Storm

Floods

Weather-related events

© 2006 GeoRisikoForschung, Münchener Rück

*in Werten von 2005

1,75 Million Dead267 Events

Volkswirtschaftliche Schäden: 1.700 Mrd. US$* Versicherte Schäden: 340 Mrd. US$*

25% 29%

40%

6%

25% 31%

38%

6%

55%36%

7% 2%

11%5%

5%

79%

Insured damage: 340 billion US$Economic damage: 1.400 billion US$

5.10. Water-related Hazards: Victims of5.10. Water-related Hazards: Victims ofStorms, floods, drought, extreme temperaturesStorms, floods, drought, extreme temperatures

MunichRE (MunichRE (1950-2005), major events• Events: Storms/floods/extreme temperatures: 71%• Dead: 45% of 1,75 mio. people• Economic damage: 69%• Insured damage: 9%

CRED (1974-2003), all reported events• Dead: Storms (14%); floods (10%); extreme tem-

peratures (3%); drought (44%): 71% of a total of 2.066.2732.066.273 persons persons

• Affected: Storms (11%); floods (51%); extreme temperatures (>1%); drought (36%): 98% of a total of 5 076 494 541 persons5 076 494 541 persons

5.11.5.11. Policy Policy RResponses to esponses to Natural and Water-Related HazardsNatural and Water-Related Hazards

Slow onset hazards: GEC • Climate change: temperature increase, sea level rise: temperature increase, sea level rise• Policy response: policy & measures: Reducing greenhou-Policy response: policy & measures: Reducing greenhou-

se gas emissions (UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol)se gas emissions (UNFCCC, Kyoto Protocol)• Soil degradation & erosion: desertificationSoil degradation & erosion: desertification• Water scarcity, degradation, water stressWater scarcity, degradation, water stress

Rapid onset hazards:Rapid onset hazards:• StormsStorms (winter storms, hurricanes, cyclones) (winter storms, hurricanes, cyclones)• Flash floods, floodingFlash floods, flooding• DroughtDrought• Policy response: Policy response: Early warning, disaster preparedness and Early warning, disaster preparedness and

response (infrastructure, training, education, foodaid),response (infrastructure, training, education, foodaid),• Reducing social vulnerability: Reducing social vulnerability: simultaneoussimultaneous concepts:

Climate change: adaptation & mitigation Poverty eradication Protection and empowerment of the people

5.12. Global Climate Change: 5.12. Global Climate Change: Temperature Increases & Sea Level RiseTemperature Increases & Sea Level Rise

2 2 Climate Change Impacts: Temperature & Sea Climate Change Impacts: Temperature & Sea level Riselevel Rise

Global average temperature Global average temperature rise in 20rise in 20thth century: century: + 0.6°C+ 0.6°C PProj. temperature rise: roj. temperature rise: 1990-2100: 1990-2100: +1.4 – 5. 8°C+1.4 – 5. 8°C

Sources: IPCC 1990, 1995, 2001Sources: IPCC 1990, 1995, 2001

Sea level Rise:Sea level Rise: 2020thth cent.: cent.: +0,1-0,2 m+0,1-0,2 m 21st century: 21st century: 9-88 cm9-88 cm

5.13. Climate Change Poses Environmental 5.13. Climate Change Poses Environmental ‘Threats’, ‘Challenges’, ‘Vulnerabilities’ and ‘Threats’, ‘Challenges’, ‘Vulnerabilities’ and

‘Risks’ for National and Human Security‘Risks’ for National and Human SecurityEnvironmental causes, stressors, effects &natural hazards pose

Natural and economic factors Societal impact factors (exposure)

Substantial threats for

Challenges affecting

Vulnerabilities for Risks for

Security objects (for what or whom?)

Climate change- temperature increase(creeping, long-term)

- Human health- agriculture (yield decline)- biodiversity- desertification

- tourism- food security - fisheries- government action- econ. action

- infect. disease - damage to crops- natural systems - water scarcity- forest fire

- human populations - the poor, old people and children due to heat waves

Climate change- sea level rise(creeping, long-term)

- Small island states- marine eco-system, - indigenous communities, - industry, energy

- deltas- coastal zones - marine, freshwater ecosystems

- coastal cities, habitats, infrastructure, jobs- cities, homes, jobs

- livelihood- poor people,- insurance,- financial services

5.14. Water Availability in Europe, 2050‘s5.14. Water Availability in Europe, 2050‘s ©© M. Parry, Meeting of EU Agriculture/ Environment Ministers, 11.9.2005, LondonM. Parry, Meeting of EU Agriculture/ Environment Ministers, 11.9.2005, London

5.15. 5.15. Climate Change: A New National “Security” Climate Change: A New National “Security”

Challenge? Challenge? Climate change may spark conflictClimate change may spark conflict Britain's Defence Secretary, John Reid, pointed to violent collision Britain's Defence Secretary, John Reid, pointed to violent collision

between a rising world population & shrinking world water resource: between a rising world population & shrinking world water resource: global warming. global warming. Climate change may spark conflict between nationsClimate change may spark conflict between nations and British armed forces must be ready to tackle violence.and British armed forces must be ready to tackle violence.

He forecast that violence and political conflict would become more He forecast that violence and political conflict would become more likely in the next 20 to 30 years as likely in the next 20 to 30 years as climate change turned land into climate change turned land into desert, melted ice fields and poisoned water suppliesdesert, melted ice fields and poisoned water supplies..

He … listed He … listed climate change alongside the major threatsclimate change alongside the major threats .. in future .. in future decades, incl. terrorism, demographic changes,global energy dem. decades, incl. terrorism, demographic changes,global energy dem.

He warned of increasing uncertainty about the future of the countries He warned of increasing uncertainty about the future of the countries least well equipped to deal with least well equipped to deal with flooding, water shortages and valuable flooding, water shortages and valuable agricultural land turning to desertagricultural land turning to desert..

„„We see uncertainty growing … about the We see uncertainty growing … about the geopolitical and human geopolitical and human consequences of climate changeconsequences of climate change. ". "Impacts such as flooding, melting Impacts such as flooding, melting permafrost & desertification could lead to loss of agricultural land, permafrost & desertification could lead to loss of agricultural land, poisoning of water supplies & destruction of economic infrastructurepoisoning of water supplies & destruction of economic infrastructure..

"More than 300 million people in Africa currently lack access to safe "More than 300 million people in Africa currently lack access to safe water; climate change will worsen this dire situationwater; climate change will worsen this dire situation.„.„

5.16. 5.16. Climate ChangeClimate Change Poses Poses Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities & Risks Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities & Risks for for HumanHuman, National, Food & Health , National, Food & Health SecuritySecurity

Globally: past trends & future projectionsGlobally: past trends & future projections• Temperature increase and change in precipitationTemperature increase and change in precipitation• Increase in both flash floods & droughtsIncrease in both flash floods & droughts• Hazard impacts depend also on social vulnerability and resilienceHazard impacts depend also on social vulnerability and resilience • Response requires both protection & empowerment of the peopleResponse requires both protection & empowerment of the people

Climate Change Impacts on Human SecurityClimate Change Impacts on Human Security• Increase in temperature (flash floods & droughts) & sea level rise poses a Increase in temperature (flash floods & droughts) & sea level rise poses a • „„survival dilemma“ for affected poor people in the South: survival dilemma“ for affected poor people in the South: a) to stay at home and to protect property (women, children, old p.)a) to stay at home and to protect property (women, children, old p.)

b) to leave their home and to move to mega cities (metro poles) b) to leave their home and to move to mega cities (metro poles) c) to fight for the access to water (nomads in Sahel countries)c) to fight for the access to water (nomads in Sahel countries)

Conceptual Response is HUGE (U. Oswald Spring, Mexico)Conceptual Response is HUGE (U. Oswald Spring, Mexico)• HuHuman, man, GGender and ender and EEnvironmental Security (HUGE)nvironmental Security (HUGE) a) to cope with survival dilemma of the victims of Global Environm. Changea) to cope with survival dilemma of the victims of Global Environm. Change b) to develop survival strategies by enhancing resilienceb) to develop survival strategies by enhancing resilience

6. Dimension andDimension and Sector of Analysis: Sector of Analysis: Environmental & Water SecurityEnvironmental & Water Security

• Environmental securityEnvironmental security 3 phases of research3 phases of research Conceptual academic debate (US nation. security)Conceptual academic debate (US nation. security) Application; ENSEC initiativeApplication; ENSEC initiative

• Linking human & environmental securityLinking human & environmental security ‘‘People-centred’ environmental security (Barnett)People-centred’ environmental security (Barnett) Environmental dimension of human security (Bogardi/Brauch Environmental dimension of human security (Bogardi/Brauch

2005, Brauch 2005, 2005a)2005, Brauch 2005, 2005a)

• ““Water” as an Object of SecuritizationWater” as an Object of Securitization Concepts of Water SecurityConcepts of Water Security

• Too much water: Storms and floodsToo much water: Storms and floods• Too little water: Drought and famineToo little water: Drought and famine

Water Conflicts and water cooperationWater Conflicts and water cooperation UNESCO PCCP projectUNESCO PCCP project Water-related hazards and water securityWater-related hazards and water security

6.1. Environmental Security6.1. Environmental Security Political & Scientific conceptPolitical & Scientific concept

• Political concept of international relationsPolitical concept of international relations 1987:Brundtland Report1987:Brundtland Report 1987/1988: Mikhail Gorbachev; speech to UN GA1987/1988: Mikhail Gorbachev; speech to UN GA 1996-1999: NATO, U.S.-German CCMS project1996-1999: NATO, U.S.-German CCMS project 2003: ENVSEC: OSCE, UNDP, UNEP, NATO. UNECE2003: ENVSEC: OSCE, UNDP, UNEP, NATO. UNECE

• Scientific concept: 3 phases of researchScientific concept: 3 phases of research Dimension of a widened security conceptDimension of a widened security concept

• Referent: of global & international securityReferent: of global & international security Impact of gradual climate change (Brauch, BMU, 2002)Impact of gradual climate change (Brauch, BMU, 2002) Impact of abrupt climate change (Schwartz/Randall, 2003)Impact of abrupt climate change (Schwartz/Randall, 2003)

• Of national securityOf national security 1st & 2nd phase of environmental security research1st & 2nd phase of environmental security research

• Of human securityOf human security UNDP Report (1994)UNDP Report (1994)

6.2. 6.2. Linking Human & Environmental SecurityLinking Human & Environmental Security Two separate schools of thought:

• Environmental security: primarily state-centred (U.S. focus)• Human security: so far no focus of the Human Security

Network (14 states) on enviornment & on natural hazards• HSN 8th Min. meeting in Bangkok (1-2 June 2006):

reference to the need to consider GEC and natural hazards ‘People-centred’ environmental security:

• Jon Barnett (Au/NZ, 2001): reduce environmental degrada-tion for the vulnerable people. He draws on ecology and hazard theory with the key notions of risk, vulnerability and resilience.

Environmental dimension of human security:• UNDP (1994): ‘environmental security’ one of 7 components

of an all-encompassing human security concept. • GECHS (1999): focuses on the pressures and effects of GEC • UNU-EHS (2005): focuses on the impacts, the societal out-

comes but also on policy response, primarily in the UN system.

6.3. Water Security (WS)6.3. Water Security (WS) ““Ministerial Declaration (MD) of The Hague on Water Ministerial Declaration (MD) of The Hague on Water

Security in the 21st Century” (22.3.2000) by first WWFSecurity in the 21st Century” (22.3.2000) by first WWF

stated water security required that:stated water security required that: •freshwater, coastal and related ecosystems are protected and freshwater, coastal and related ecosystems are protected and

improved; that sustainable development and political stability improved; that sustainable development and political stability are promoted, are promoted, that every person hasthat every person has access toaccess to enough safe enough safe waterwater at an affordable cost to lead a healthy and productive lifeat an affordable cost to lead a healthy and productive life

•and that the and that the vulnerable are protected from risks of water-related vulnerable are protected from risks of water-related hazardshazards..

Ministerial Dec. (2000) pointed to 7 main challenges for WS:Ministerial Dec. (2000) pointed to 7 main challenges for WS:1.1.Meeting basic needsMeeting basic needs2.2.Securing the food supplySecuring the food supply3.3.Protecting ecosystemsProtecting ecosystems 4.4.Sharing water resourcesSharing water resources 5.5.Managing risksManaging risks 6.6.Valuing waterValuing water7.7.Governing water wiselyGoverning water wisely

6.4. From Water Conflict to Cooperation6.4. From Water Conflict to CooperationUNESCO‘s PCCP projectUNESCO‘s PCCP project

Water scarcity & degradation: as cause of conflict Water scarcity & degradation: as cause of conflict or determinant for cooperation:or determinant for cooperation:• Sadat, Boutros-Ghali, Serageldin: Sadat, Boutros-Ghali, Serageldin: water war thesiswater war thesis• P. Gleick (2004): Chronology of water conflictsP. Gleick (2004): Chronology of water conflicts• A.Wolf: collection of water treaties, counter thesis: no water wars A.Wolf: collection of water treaties, counter thesis: no water wars

(depends on definition of war)(depends on definition of war)• Kipping: Senegal: scarcity: cooperation, abudance: war (Senegal and Kipping: Senegal: scarcity: cooperation, abudance: war (Senegal and

Mauritania)Mauritania)

UNESCO: PCCP Project UNESCO: PCCP Project (2001-2003, 2004-)(2001-2003, 2004-)• UNESCO: linkage: potential conflict & co-operation potentialUNESCO: linkage: potential conflict & co-operation potential

2001-2003: priority to international water conflicts with potential to 2001-2003: priority to international water conflicts with potential to cause tension or even open conflict between sovereign statescause tension or even open conflict between sovereign states..

Case studies: Case studies: a) how conflicts escalate and how the vicious circle a) how conflicts escalate and how the vicious circle can be broken; b) how cooperation develops in different situations; can be broken; b) how cooperation develops in different situations; and c) what practical steps are necessary to assist this processand c) what practical steps are necessary to assist this process

• Cooperation in river basin management (commissions), NBICooperation in river basin management (commissions), NBI building trust is central to successful strategies for cooperationbuilding trust is central to successful strategies for cooperation river basin commissions: helping to bypass political roadblocks & achieve river basin commissions: helping to bypass political roadblocks & achieve

sound technical understanding for policy decisionssound technical understanding for policy decisions

7.7. Water-related Social VulnerabilitiesWater-related Social Vulnerabilities • Social vulnerability of whom?Social vulnerability of whom?

Poor living in hazard–prone areas (habitat, livelihood)Poor living in hazard–prone areas (habitat, livelihood)

• Social vulnerability from what?Social vulnerability from what? Water-related natural hazardsWater-related natural hazards

• Impact of stormsImpact of storms• Impact of flash floodsImpact of flash floods• Impact of droughtImpact of drought

Violent domestic conflicts & wars Violent domestic conflicts & wars Complex emergencies: violence & hazard impactComplex emergencies: violence & hazard impact

• Tsunami: Aceh and Sri LankaTsunami: Aceh and Sri Lanka• Earthquake in Kashmir;Earthquake in Kashmir;• Sudan: drought & ethnic-religious conflictSudan: drought & ethnic-religious conflict• Zaire/Congo: Goma volcano eruption in area with war refugeesZaire/Congo: Goma volcano eruption in area with war refugees

• Hazards & social vulnerability pose a survival Hazards & social vulnerability pose a survival dilemma for those with high social vulnerabilitydilemma for those with high social vulnerability

Cause of forced migration: from village to citiesCause of forced migration: from village to cities Gender difference in social vulnerability: survival dilemmaGender difference in social vulnerability: survival dilemma

7.1. Vulnerability as a Scientific Concept7.1. Vulnerability as a Scientific Concept Vulnerability concept of six communities::

• global environmental change global environmental change • climate change communityclimate change community• Hazard/disasterHazard/disaster, , • environment, development & Early warning community environment, development & Early warning community

Vulnerability: generated by “social, economic & political processes”. generated by “social, economic & political processes”.• Oliver-Smith (2004)Oliver-Smith (2004) “vulnerability: a political ecological concept.” “vulnerability: a political ecological concept.” • Wilches-Chaux (1989)Wilches-Chaux (1989): 11 types:: 11 types: “natural, physical, econ., social, political, “natural, physical, econ., social, political,

technical, ideological, cultural, educational, ecological, institutionaltechnical, ideological, cultural, educational, ecological, institutional vulnerab.” vulnerab.” Vulnerability to GEC & Climate Change:Vulnerability to GEC & Climate Change:

• Vulnerability to GEC:Vulnerability to GEC: risk of adverse outcomes to receptors or exposure units risk of adverse outcomes to receptors or exposure units (human groups, ecosystems, communities) of changes in climate, environmen-(human groups, ecosystems, communities) of changes in climate, environmen-tal variables, & social conditions. … tal variables, & social conditions. … Vulnerability is a multidimensional concept Vulnerability is a multidimensional concept involving involving exposureexposure; ; sensitivitysensitivity; and ; and resilienceresilience.. … Vulnerability can increase … Vulnerability can increase through cumulative events or when multiple stresses weaken the ability of a through cumulative events or when multiple stresses weaken the ability of a human group or ecosystem to buffer itself against future adverse events.human group or ecosystem to buffer itself against future adverse events.

• IPCC WG IIIPCC WG II distinguishes betweendistinguishes between sensitivitysensitivity, , adaptive capacityadaptive capacity & & vulnera-bilityvulnera-bility (“the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adver-(“the degree to which a system is susceptible to, or unable to cope with, adver-se effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes”).se effects of climate change, including climate variability and extremes”).

• Mandate:Mandate: “assess vuln. of ecol. systems, socioecon. sectors, & human health” “assess vuln. of ecol. systems, socioecon. sectors, & human health” Vulnerability as Political & Scientific Concept in Hazard ResearchVulnerability as Political & Scientific Concept in Hazard Research Peduzzi (2000), Early Warning Unit at UNEP/DEWA/GRID-EuropePeduzzi (2000), Early Warning Unit at UNEP/DEWA/GRID-Europe

contributed tocontributed to indicators for ‘global vulnerability & risk mappingindicators for ‘global vulnerability & risk mapping

7.2. Social Vulnerability in Hazard, Develop-7.2. Social Vulnerability in Hazard, Develop-

ment Research, and Policy Communityment Research, and Policy Community

Social vulnerability’ in hazard research: to Social vulnerability’ in hazard research: to distinguish social from physical, economic, distinguish social from physical, economic, political, human factorspolitical, human factors

DFID (2003)DFID (2003) Social vulnerability is the complex Social vulnerability is the complex set of characteristics that include a person’s:set of characteristics that include a person’s:• initial well-beinginitial well-being (nutritional status, physical and mental health, (nutritional status, physical and mental health,

morale;morale;• livelihood and resiliencelivelihood and resilience (asset pattern & capitals, income & (asset pattern & capitals, income &

exchange options, qualifications);exchange options, qualifications);• self-protectionself-protection (degree of protection afforded by capability & (degree of protection afforded by capability &

willingness to build safe home, use safe site);willingness to build safe home, use safe site);• social protectionsocial protection (forms of hazard preparedness provided by society (forms of hazard preparedness provided by society

more generally, building codes, mitigation measures, shelters, more generally, building codes, mitigation measures, shelters, preparedness); andpreparedness); and

• social and political networks and institutionssocial and political networks and institutions (social capital, but (social capital, but also role of institutional environment in setting good conditions for also role of institutional environment in setting good conditions for hazard precautions, peoples’ rights to express needs and of access to hazard precautions, peoples’ rights to express needs and of access to preparedness).preparedness).

8.8. Human Security Threats, Human Security Threats, Challenges, Vulnerabilities and Challenges, Vulnerabilities and

Risks from Water-related HazardsRisks from Water-related Hazards• The four concepts: threats, challenges, The four concepts: threats, challenges,

vulnerabilities and risksvulnerabilities and risks• The data base: different focus and data of The data base: different focus and data of

MunichRe vs. CREDMunichRe vs. CRED• Drought, famine & victims: clashes between Drought, famine & victims: clashes between

herders and farmers in the Sahel herders and farmers in the Sahel • Floods: case study on China and VietnamFloods: case study on China and Vietnam• Storms: case study on the Caribbean: Cuba Storms: case study on the Caribbean: Cuba

vs, Haiti, US vs. Mexicovs, Haiti, US vs. Mexico

9.9. Security Objects for Coping Strategies Security Objects for Coping Strategies and Resilience Buildingand Resilience Building

Report of Human Security Commission: Report of Human Security Commission: Freedom from Want (2003)Freedom from Want (2003)

Protection:Protection: key role of the state key role of the state• Reducing physical vulnerability: shelters, dams etc.;Reducing physical vulnerability: shelters, dams etc.;• Building infrastructure;Building infrastructure;• Early Warning; Early Warning; • Disaster preparedness and rapid responseDisaster preparedness and rapid response..

Empowerment: role of the state & people• Reducing social vulnerability, e.g.habitats in hazard Reducing social vulnerability, e.g.habitats in hazard

prone regions;prone regions;• Local knowledge; Local knowledge; • Citizens‘ participation; Citizens‘ participation; • Training and preparedness of residents.Training and preparedness of residents.

10. Conclusions and Suggestions 10. Conclusions and Suggestions for Research & Policyfor Research & Policy

Do Water-related Social Vulnerabilities Create Human Do Water-related Social Vulnerabilities Create Human Security Threats, Challenges Vulnerabilities and Risks?Security Threats, Challenges Vulnerabilities and Risks?

Water-related hazards (storms, flash floods, flooding, Water-related hazards (storms, flash floods, flooding, drought) have increaseddrought) have increased

in number, intensity, in number, intensity, Number of persons killed, affectedNumber of persons killed, affected damage and insured damagedamage and insured damage Lack: gender-specific data (women, children, old people)Lack: gender-specific data (women, children, old people)

Impact on number of dead/affected differs dueImpact on number of dead/affected differs due Life, property, livelihood and survival of many people is Life, property, livelihood and survival of many people is

threatened or challenged by these eventsthreatened or challenged by these events In developing countries number of dead & affected is higher In developing countries number of dead & affected is higher

due to high degree of social & environmental vulnerabilitydue to high degree of social & environmental vulnerability Water-related hazards pose threats, challenges for:Water-related hazards pose threats, challenges for:

Human security: human survival, survival dilemma & strategyHuman security: human survival, survival dilemma & strategy Food, health and livelihood security: push factor ->migrationFood, health and livelihood security: push factor ->migration Less for national, regional and international security.Less for national, regional and international security.

10.1. Conclusions10.1. Conclusions

1.1. Security can no longer use state as sole referentSecurity can no longer use state as sole referent. . States can no longer monopolize the security realmStates can no longer monopolize the security realm..

2.2. Human Security is threatened byHuman Security is threatened by underdevelopmentunderdevelopment (freedom from want), (freedom from want), violent conflictviolent conflict (freedom from fear), and (freedom from fear), and societal and natural hazardssocietal and natural hazards (freedom from hazard impacts) (freedom from hazard impacts)

3.3. A consensusA consensus must be reached on: must be reached on: more precise conceptual definition and more precise conceptual definition and better operationally practical measuresbetter operationally practical measures

4.4. Key Conceptual Task for HS:Key Conceptual Task for HS: to identify priority issues without becoming to identify priority issues without becoming too outstretched and therefore operationally unfeasibletoo outstretched and therefore operationally unfeasible

5. 5. Policy Response: Reducing Social Vulnerability & Policy Response: Reducing Social Vulnerability & Building Resilience Building Resilience Simultaneously Addressing: Simultaneously Addressing:

• Poverty and Violence Poverty and Violence • with Hazard Impactswith Hazard Impacts

10.2. Policy Response: Reducing Social 10.2. Policy Response: Reducing Social Vulnerability & Building ResilienceVulnerability & Building Resilience

To environmental scarcity, degradation & stress:To environmental scarcity, degradation & stress:• Proactive climate policy: Proactive climate policy: reduce greenhouse gases by shifting to reduce greenhouse gases by shifting to

nonfossil energy resources, especially renewablesnonfossil energy resources, especially renewables• Combat desertification and soil erosionCombat desertification and soil erosion::• Cope with water scarcity & degradationCope with water scarcity & degradation by demand-side mana- by demand-side mana-

gement and alternative supply (desalination with renewables)gement and alternative supply (desalination with renewables)• Cope with population growth, rural emigation and urbanisationCope with population growth, rural emigation and urbanisation

To extreme outcomes of GEC, hydro-meteorological To extreme outcomes of GEC, hydro-meteorological ha-zards & severe societal consequences:ha-zards & severe societal consequences:• Reducing the hazard impact by enhanced early warning against Reducing the hazard impact by enhanced early warning against

multiple hazards and reducing social vulnerability by improved multiple hazards and reducing social vulnerability by improved resilience resilience

• Improved policy of conflict resolution, prevention and adaptation Improved policy of conflict resolution, prevention and adaptation and mitigation against challenges of GEC that may lead to and mitigation against challenges of GEC that may lead to conflicts (anticipatory learning & conflict avoidance)conflicts (anticipatory learning & conflict avoidance)

10.3.10.3. Simultaneously Addressing: Simultaneously Addressing: Poverty & Violence with Hazard ImpactsPoverty & Violence with Hazard Impacts

4 pillars of human security address policy goals:• Freedom from fear:Freedom from fear: „violence“, conflicts & wars and the means „violence“, conflicts & wars and the means

to fight them, small & light weaponsto fight them, small & light weapons• Freedom from want:Freedom from want: „poverty“, basic human needs „poverty“, basic human needs• Freedom to live in dignity:Freedom to live in dignity: „good governance“ & „human „good governance“ & „human

rights“rights“• Freedom from hazard impacts:Freedom from hazard impacts: social vulnerability & resiliencesocial vulnerability & resilience

Policy strategies to address simultaneously: vio-lence, poverty, human rights and hazard impacts• Violence in local, regional, national and international conflictsViolence in local, regional, national and international conflicts• Violence in complex emergencies where a hazard impacts on a Violence in complex emergencies where a hazard impacts on a

conflict region: volcano in Goma, tsunami in Sri Lanca/ Acehconflict region: volcano in Goma, tsunami in Sri Lanca/ Aceh• Where hazards cause, trigger, intensify, influence viol. conflictsWhere hazards cause, trigger, intensify, influence viol. conflicts• These are being considered by the Human Security NetworkThese are being considered by the Human Security Network

10.4.10.4. Policy Task: Strengthening Human Policy Task: Strengthening Human Security as „Freedom From Hazard Impact“Security as „Freedom From Hazard Impact“

Bogardi/Brauch (2005):Bogardi/Brauch (2005): focus on the env. dim. of HS by trying focus on the env. dim. of HS by trying • to mainstream both, to mainstream both, • to contribute to the fourth phase of the environmental security debate,to contribute to the fourth phase of the environmental security debate,• to develop a new pillar of HS concept as “freedom from hazard impact”to develop a new pillar of HS concept as “freedom from hazard impact”

This requires mThis requires mainstreaming scientific and political efforts:ainstreaming scientific and political efforts: • environmental dimension of human security (environmental dimension of human security (conceptualisation in scientific conceptualisation in scientific

community), community), • a “paradigm shift” within the UN Systema “paradigm shift” within the UN System from national towards a human from national towards a human

security perspective on environmental threats, challenges, vulnerabilities, riskssecurity perspective on environmental threats, challenges, vulnerabilities, risks

For internat.organisations, a dual mainstreaming is needed:For internat.organisations, a dual mainstreaming is needed: to incorporate a “human security” perspective into to incorporate a “human security” perspective into

“environmental security initiatives”, “environmental security initiatives”, • ENVSEC process of OSCE, UNEP, UNDP, and NATOENVSEC process of OSCE, UNEP, UNDP, and NATO• into the “green diplomacy” of the European Union launched at EC in Thessaloniki in June into the “green diplomacy” of the European Union launched at EC in Thessaloniki in June

2003; and,2003; and, to add a “environmental security dimension” to HSN agendato add a “environmental security dimension” to HSN agenda

• with a special focus on complex emergiencies with a special focus on complex emergiencies • where violent conflicts and hazard impacts interact.where violent conflicts and hazard impacts interact.

10.5. 10.5. From Research to ActionFrom Research to Action: : Enhancing Environmental & Human SecurityEnhancing Environmental & Human Security

Towards Environmental Conflict AvoidanceTowards Environmental Conflict Avoidance Primary Goal:Primary Goal: address fatal outcomes of GEC: hazards and address fatal outcomes of GEC: hazards and

disasters, migration, crises & conflicts that may have been disasters, migration, crises & conflicts that may have been caused, triggered, induced, influenced by: a) caused, triggered, induced, influenced by: a) envienvirronmental stress and b) extreme weather events,onmental stress and b) extreme weather events,

Enhance Environmental Security:Enhance Environmental Security: Address human beha-viour Address human beha-viour that contributes to GEC via climate change, soil degrada-tion, that contributes to GEC via climate change, soil degrada-tion, water pollution & scarcity: sustainable strategieswater pollution & scarcity: sustainable strategies

Enhance Human Security:Enhance Human Security: address factors of GEC that chal-address factors of GEC that chal-lenge survlenge surviival of individuals, families, villages, ethnic groupsval of individuals, families, villages, ethnic groups

Avoid Environmentally-induced Conflicts:Avoid Environmentally-induced Conflicts: address structural address structural or causal factors (of Survival Hexagon), e.g. climate policy, combat or causal factors (of Survival Hexagon), e.g. climate policy, combat desertification, desertification, cope with water stress.cope with water stress.

10.6. 10.6. ““Freedom from Hazard Impact“:Freedom from Hazard Impact“: New Issue for New Issue for ““People-centred Development“ for HSNPeople-centred Development“ for HSN

During During Thai PresidencyThai Presidency (2005-2006) at 8th Ministerial meeting in (2005-2006) at 8th Ministerial meeting in Bangkok, 1-2 June 2006, the Thai foreign minister, Bangkok, 1-2 June 2006, the Thai foreign minister, Kantathi Kantathi SuphamongkhonSuphamongkhon, suggested in the chairman’s conclusions:, suggested in the chairman’s conclusions:

The network should … broaden the scope of its focusThe network should … broaden the scope of its focus into into non-traditional threats to human security non-traditional threats to human security by addressing by addressing ‘freedom from hazard impact’ such as threatening diseases ‘freedom from hazard impact’ such as threatening diseases and natural disastersand natural disasters and promoting ‘freedom from exclusion’ and promoting ‘freedom from exclusion’ through the involvement of the public in human security dialogue through the involvement of the public in human security dialogue in order to engage all stakeholders.in order to engage all stakeholders.

(1) (1) EnvironmentEnvironment:: prevention of global environmental impact as a prevention of global environmental impact as a result of human activities, with emphasis on the cross-sectional result of human activities, with emphasis on the cross-sectional connection between connection between human security & environmental impacthuman security & environmental impact, , the significance of humanitarian assistance, and engagement with the significance of humanitarian assistance, and engagement with the business sector such as the the business sector such as the insurance industryinsurance industry in time of in time of natural disastersnatural disasters; (2) ; (2) HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS:: integration and measurement integration and measurement of human security in existing HIV/AIDS national programmes; of human security in existing HIV/AIDS national programmes;

I thank UNU-EHS & MunichRe I thank UNU-EHS & MunichRe Foundation for the hospitality and Foundation for the hospitality and giving giving meme an opportunity to share an opportunity to share with you these conceptual ideas.with you these conceptual ideas.

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention

and patience.and patience.

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