Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings … of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings Equipment ... 3.12.2 Heat Exchanger ... xiii Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings

Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable

Buildings Equipment and Systems

Volume 1: Energy Systems

Edited by

Jorge E. Gonzalez and Moncef Krarti

Downloaded From: https://ebooks.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/ on 07/02/2018 Terms of Use: http://www.asme.org/about-asme/terms-of-use

© 2017, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 2 Park

Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA (www.asme.org)

All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as

permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this

publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,

or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission

of the publisher.

INFORMATION CONTAINED IN THIS WORK HAS BEEN OBTAINED BY

THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS FROM SOURCES

BELIEVED TO BE RELIABLE. HOWEVER, NEITHER ASME NOR ITS

AUTHORS OR EDITORS GUARANTEE THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS

OF ANY INFORMATION PUBLISHED IN THIS WORK. NEITHER ASME

NOR ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS SHALL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY

ERRORS, OMISSIONS, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF THIS

INFORMATION. THE WORK IS PUBLISHED WITH THE UNDERSTANDING

THAT ASME AND ITS AUTHORS AND EDITORS ARE SUPPLYING

INFORMATION BUT ARE NOT ATTEMPTING TO RENDER ENGINEERING

OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF SUCH ENGINEERING OR

PROFESSIONAL SERVICES ARE REQUIRED, THE ASSISTANCE OF AN

APPROPRIATE PROFESSIONAL SHOULD BE SOUGHT.

ASME shall not be responsible for statements or opinions advanced in papers

or . . . printed in its publications (B7.1.3). Statement from the Bylaws.

For authorization to photocopy material for internal or personal use under those

circumstances not falling within the fair use provisions of the Copyright Act,

contact the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers,

MA 01923, tel: 978-750-8400, www.copyright.com.

Requests for special permission or bulk reproduction should be addressed to the

ASME Publishing Department, or submitted online at https://www.asme.org

/shop/books/book-proposals/permissions

ASME Press books are available at special quantity discounts to use as

premiums or for use in corporate training programs. For more information,

contact Special Sales at [email protected]

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Gonzalez, Jorge E., 1965- editor. | Krarti, Moncef, editor. | American

Society of Mechanical Engineers, issuing body.

Title: Handbook of integrated and sustainable buildings equipment and systems/

edited by Jorge E. Gonzalez and Moncef Krarti.

Description: New York : ASME Press, 2017- | Includes bibliographical

references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017010072 | ISBN 9780791861271 (volume 1 : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Buildings--Mechanical equipment--Handbooks, manuals, etc. |

Sustainable buildings--Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Buildings--Energy

conservation | Buildings--Heating--Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Classification: LCC TH6010 .H285 2017 | DDC 690.028/6--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017010072


iii

Table of Contents

Preface xiii

Editors xv

Contributors xvii

1 INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 On the State of Building Energy in the U.S. and Global Energy Sector 3

1.3 On Building Energy Modeling 4

1.4 On Controls and Monitoring of Building Systems 5

1.5 On Passive Design Strategies 6

1.6 OnIntegratedRenewableEnergyGeneration andEnergy-EfficientTechnologies 8

1.7 OnIntegratedPower,Heating,Cooling,andThermalStorage Equipment and Systems 10

1.8 NeighborhoodandCity-ScaleIntegratedEnergy Strategies 14

1.9 AdditionalTopicsforFutureConsideration 161.9.1 CommercialBuildingLightingandWindow

Designs 161.9.2 Data Centers 171.9.3 On the Subject of Climate Change

and Sustainable Buildings 17

1.10 RecommendationsandNextStepsonISBES 18

References 20


iv

2 BUIlDINg ENERgy SySTEmS mODElINg aND SImUlaTION 23

2.1 Introduction 23

2.2 BasicHeatTransferConcepts 242.2.1 Transient Heat Transfer from Building Envelope 26

2.3 MethodsforTransientBuildingEnvelopeEnergy Analysis 302.3.1 FiniteDifferenceMethods 312.3.2 InterzoneTemperatureProfileEstimation(ITPE)

Techniques 342.3.3 ConductionTransferFunction(CTF)Methods 412.3.4 Frequency-Domain Regression 442.3.5 Response Factors 53

2.4 SimplifiedEnergyAnalysisMethods 602.4.1 VariableBaseDegreeDaysMethod 602.4.2 TransientThermalNetworkAnalysis 67

2.5 Detailed Energy Analysis Methods 702.5.1 HeatBalanceMethod 702.5.2 ThermalNetworkMethod 732.5.3 WeightingFactors 74

2.6 Whole-Building Energy Models 762.6.1 InverseModelingMethods 772.6.2 ForwardModelingMethods 812.6.3 Meta-ModelingApproach 86

2.7 Summary 89

References 89

3 CONvENTIONal mEChaNICal SySTEmS fOR EffICIENT hEaTINg, vENTIlaTINg, aND aIR CONDITIONINg SySTEmS 93

3.1 Introduction 93


v

3.2 Cooling Vapor Compression Systems 943.2.1 Refrigerants 96

3.3 AbsorptionCoolingSystems 97

3.4 Mechanical Cooling Equipment — Chillers 100

3.5 HeatRejectionEquipment 1013.5.1 CoolingTowers 1013.5.2 Air-CooledCondensers 104

3.6 RecommendationsforChillerSystemOperationinCommercial Buildings 105

3.7 Cooling by Desiccant Equipment 1063.7.1 PerformanceEquationsforLiquidDesiccant

Equipment 108

3.8 SummaryforCoolingEquipment 109

3.9 HeatGenerationandTransferEquipment 1093.9.1 Introduction 1093.9.2 FurnacesandBoilers 1103.9.3 ElectricResistanceHeating 1193.9.4 ElectricHeatPumps 1203.9.5 Low-TemperatureRadiantHeatingSystems 121

3.10 Secondary Equipment: Air Handling Units 1243.10.1 FreshAirVentilationRates 126

3.11 HighEfficiencySystemIntegration 1273.11.1 ChillerWaterLoopsandVAVSystems 1273.11.2 Energy Recovery Systems 132

3.12 FutureTrendsofHVACMechanicalSystems 1333.12.1 Supervisory Control Systems 1333.12.2 HeatExchangerMaterials 1343.12.3 Surface Enhancing Heat Transfer 134

References 135


vi

4 PaSSIvE COOlINg aND hEaTINg TEChNIqUES fOR BUIlDINgS 139

4.1 Introduction 139

4.2 Overview of Passive Cooling 142

4.3 OverviewofPassiveHeating 143

4.4 PrescreeningFeasibilityofPassiveCooling andHeatingTechniques 145

4.5 NaturalVentilation 1474.5.1 Principle 1474.5.2 Performance 1484.5.3 DesignConsiderations 150

4.6 NightCoolingwithThermalMass 1544.6.1 Principle 1544.6.2 Performance 1544.6.3 DesignConsiderations 155

4.7 Direct/IndirectEvaporativeCooling 1584.7.1 Principle 1584.7.2 Performance 1594.7.3 DesignConsiderations 160

4.8 TrombeWall 1624.8.1 Principle 1624.8.2 Performance 1634.8.3 DesignConsiderations 164

4.9 Sunspace 1654.9.1 Principle 1654.9.2 Performance 1664.9.3 DesignConsiderations 167

4.10 DoubleSkinFacade 1684.10.1 Principle 1684.10.2 Performance 1694.10.3 DesignConsiderations 170


vii

4.11 Phase Change Material 1734.11.1 Principle 1734.11.2 Performance 1744.11.3 DesignConsiderations 177

4.12 TwoCaseStudies 1794.12.1 HoughtonHallOfficeBuildinginLuton,UK 1794.12.2 RMIHeadquartersBuilding:AmoryLovins

UberSolarHomeinColorado,US 180

References 184

5 CONTROl STRaTEgIES fOR BUIlDINg ENERgy SySTEmS 189


5.2 Basic Control Principles 1905.2.1 OverviewofControlSystemComponents 1905.2.2 TransferFunctionAnalysis 1935.2.3 ControlModes 1985.2.4 IntelligentControlSystems 2015.2.5 TypesofControlSystems 202

5.3 Supervisory Controllers 2045.3.1 BasicComponentsofanEMCS 2045.3.2 TypicalFunctionsofECMS 2065.3.3 DesignConsiderationsofanEMCS 2075.3.4 CommunicationProtocols 209

5.4 ControlApplications 2105.4.1 Electrical Systems 2115.4.2 OptimalStartofHVACSystems 2185.4.3 HVACEquipmentOperation 2215.4.4 HVACSystemswithThermalStorage 236

5.5 Summary 246

References 246


ix

7.6 SolarWaterHeating 3247.6.1 LowTemperatureUnglazedCollector 3257.6.2 Glazed Flat Plate Collectors 3267.6.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors 3267.6.4 Parabolic Trough Collectors 327

7.7 EnergySystemsIntegration 3357.7.1 BuildingLevelChallengesandSolutions 3377.7.2 Substation-LevelChallengesandSolutions 3417.7.3 Grid-LevelChallengesandSolutions 3427.7.4 Utilities’ElectricalGenerationSystems 343

7.8 Conclusion 345

References 346

8 ENERgy STORagE SySTEmS fOR BUIlDINgS 347


8.2 SensibleandLatentTESSystemsforBuildings 3488.2.1 EnergyStorageSystemClassification 3488.2.2 TESforBuildingAirConditioning 3498.2.3 TESforHeating 3588.2.4 TESandHeatPumps 3678.2.5 TESandCHP 3708.2.6 BuildingwithTESIntegration

Literature Summary 3758.2.7 MaterialsforSensible/LatentTES 3798.2.8 MathematicalModelingofStorageSystem 383

8.3 SorptionTESSystemforBuildings 3858.3.1 WorkingPrincipleofSorptionTESSystem 3858.3.2 SorptionWorkingPairs 3928.3.3 SorptionTESPerformanceImprovement 397

8.4 ConclusionsandPerspective 407

Nomenclature 408

Acknowledgments 409

References 409


x

9 aUTOmaTED faUlT DETECTION aND DIagNOSIS IN hvaC SySTEmS 421

9.1 IntroductiontoAlarmManagement andFaultDetectionandDiagnosis 4219.1.1 ProcessorSystemFaultDefinition 4229.1.2 ProcessMonitoringMethod 424

9.2 ClassificationofFaultDetectionMethods 4259.2.1 TraditionalAlarmManagement—APrismatic

Approach 4259.2.2 MostCommonlyUsedFaultDetection

andDiagnosisMethods 427

9.3 RecentAdvancesinFaultDetectionforHVACSystems 436

9.4 IndustrialandHVACApplicationsofFaultDetectionMethods 4419.4.1 Hardware/SoftwareRequirements 4429.4.2 BusinessModelsandCommercialSolutions 4439.4.3 ReviewofIndustrialandHVACImplementations

of FDD 443

9.5 ChallengesinFDDApplicationtoBuildings and HVAC Systems 4509.5.1 TechnologyPlatformsRelatedChallenges 4509.5.2 StrategyorApproachRelatedChallenges 451

9.6 CaseStudyFaultDetectionSystem for a District Cooling Systems 4529.6.1 ProcessLayoutandSpecifications 4529.6.2 FDD Design and Features 4549.6.3 ImplementationResults 4559.6.4 ConclusionsandRecommendations 461

9.7 ConclusionsandFutureWorks 464

Acknowledgments 465

References 465


xi

10 mODElINg BUIlDINg aIR CONDITIONINg ENERgy CONSUmPTION IN DENSE URBaN ENvIRONmENTS 475

10.1 Chapter Summary 475


10.3 CaseStudySites 478

10.4 DescriptionoftheSummer2010HeatWaveEvent 481

10.5 MethodologyforCaseStudy 48310.5.1 CityScaleModel-uWRF 48310.5.2 BuildingEnergyParameterization(BEP) 48410.5.3 BuildingEnergyModel(BEM) 48510.5.4 SingleBuildingEnergyModel-EnergyPlus™ 488

10.6 Results and Discussion 490

10.7 ConclusionsandFutureWork 495

Acknowledgments 496

Nomenclature 496

References 497

Index 501



xiii

Preface

This Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings Equipment

and Systems is a direct result of the American Society of Mechanical

Engineers (ASME) initiative on Integrated/Sustainable Building

Equipment and Systems (ISBES) which has the objective of filling voids

in the literature and motivate advances on integrated mechanical systems

in buildings. The main focus of this first Volume of the Handbook is

on integrated energy systems in the built environment. The handbook

includes current state of knowledge in areas of energy equipment and

building energy modeling tools, and emerging topics in a wide range of

areas encompassing combined heat and power, building energy storage

systems, and advanced control strategies for mechanical energy systems

in buildings. In addition, the integration of renewable energy and passive

cooling and heating strategies as well as the latest advanced techniques to

analyze energy demands at the neighborhood and city scales are addressed.

The contributors have a diverse set of skills and extensive experience in

building energy engineering. The main audience for the Handbook are

practitioners building engineers and researchers seeking current and

emerging topics in a single source.

The first handbook of the ISBES initiative highlights the state-of-the art

in energy systems for buildings and has four different but very important

focus areas:

• Developing and promoting innovative energy efficient design

strategies;

• Integrating renewable energy generation into buildings and building

systems;

• Integrating power generation systems into building heating and

cooling systems; and

• Integrating energy strategies at neighborhood and city-scales.

A strategic workshop was convened on April 24, 2013 at the ASME

Center for Research and Technology Development (CRTD) and ASME

Emerging Technologies (ET) at the ASME offices in Washington, D.C. in

order to identify and evaluate challenges and opportunities in topical areas

related to ISBES. National technical experts and thought leaders from

industry, government, and academia came together for a detailed one-

day discussion of the four proposed ISBES-topical areas. The workshop


xiv

was proceeded by several technical sessions at the ASME International

Conference and Exposition and at the International Energy Sustainability

Conferences. These efforts resulted in a wealth of knowledge that was

first summarized in a Special Issue in the ASME Journal of Solar Energy

Engineering, and now expanded in this Handbook of Integrated and

Sustainable Buildings Equipment and Systems: Volume I: Energy Systems.

We hope this handbook will be the first of a series of contributions that

will eventually cover most aspects of mechanical systems for sustainable

buildings. Most importantly, we hope that ISBES related activities and

products provide a point of encounter for continuous dialog in the very

relevant subject of building systems.

We would like to thank the contributors at the initial workshop in

2013, to all authors that presented their works at the follow up technical

conferences and journal publications, and to the authors of this Handbook,

an effort that spanned over three years from the inception of ISBES

initiative. Our special thanks to ASME Production Staff, Tara Collins and

Mary Grace Stefanchik, for their encouragement and patient throughout

this editorial process.

We hope the readers find the contents of this handbook useful to their

practices and insightful to inspire new advances and developments of

Energy Systems for Sustainable Buildings.

Jorge E. González and Moncef Krarti

(Editors)

May 2017


xv

Editors

Jorge González

NOAA-CRES Professor of Mechanical Engineering

The City College of New York

New York, New York (USA)

Dr. González is the Director of the Earth Science and Environmental

Sustainability Graduate Initiative and the NOAA CREST professor of

Mechanical Engineering at the City College of New York. Dr. González

earned his Doctorate (1994) and Bachelor (1988) degrees in Mechanical

Engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology and from the

University of Puerto Rico-Mayagüez, respectively. He joined The

City College of New York faculty in 2008 after tenures at Santa Clara

University, California, as Professor and David Packard Scholar, and as

Chairman and Professor of Mechanical Engineering at the University of

Puerto Rico-Mayagüez. He teaches and conducts research in regional

climate change, renewable energy, environmental sustainability, regional

climate modeling, and urban remote sensing. Professor González is

currently pioneering works in climate change detection in tropical coastal

zones, and in developing next generational urban weather prediction

systems. He holds six patents in solar energy equipment, aerosol detection,

and energy forecasting for buildings, and was recognized as a prominent

young researcher by the National Science Foundation with a prestigious

CAREER Award. He has authored or co-authored more than 90 peer-

reviewed publications, and 100s of conference presentations, and his

research has attracted more than $25M in external funding. He is a Fellow

Member of the American Society of Mechanical Engineering, and Vice-

Chairman of the American Meteorological Society Board on the Urban

Environment. He was recently appointed by the Mayor of the City as

Member of the Climate Change Panel for the City of New York, and Senior

Visiting Scientist of the Beijing Institute of Urban Meteorology.


xvi

Moncef Krarti

Professor, Civil Environmental and Architectural Engineering

Department

University of Colorado at Boulder

Boulder, Colorado (USA)

Dr. Krarti, Professor, Building Systems Program, Civil, Environmental,

and Architectural Engineering Department at the University of Colorado,

has been very active in ASME from the last 25 years, especially in the

ASME Solar Energy Division (SED). He has served both as Technical and

Conference Chairs, and is a past president. He has been elected ASME

Fellow in 2015 as testament of his leadership qualities within SED and

ASME and also to his great research contributions in solar energy, energy

efficiency in buildings and renewable energy systems modeling and

analysis. He is the co-founder and the co-chair of the ASME Emergency

Technologies Committee on Integrated Sustainable Building Equipment and

Systems (ISBES) which initiated several activities including workshops,

monographs, and handbooks. Prof. Krarti is considered a world expert in

building energy management and has helped establish energy efficiency

programs in several countries. He has been able to attract over $15 million

in sponsored research and has contributed enormously in the fields of

energy efficiency and renewable energy through his publications, research

supervision of graduate students and undergraduate teaching. In particular,

Prof. Krarti has published over 250 technical journals in wide of fields

related to sustainable energy technologies. He authored three textbooks on

building energy management and has been an invited keynote speaker in

several national and international forums and conferences.


xvii

Contributors

Dr. Omar Abdelaziz

Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Oak Ridge, Tennessee (USA)

Email: [email protected]

Ms. Cinthia Audivet

Universidad del Norte

Barranquilla, Colombia


Prof. Antonio José Bula-Silvera




Mr. Ning Feng

University of Colorado-Boulder



Prof. Jorge E. González




Dr. Estatio Gutierrez




Dr. Bahman Habibzadeh

U.S. Dept. of Energy

Washington DC (USA)


Res. Prof. Yunho Hwang

University of Maryland

College Park, Maryland (USA)



xviii

Prof. Moncef Krarti




Dr. Ben Kroposki

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

Golden, Colorado (USA)


Dr. Gang Li

Ingersoll Rand

Shanghai (China)


Mr. Luis Ortiz




Prof. Patrick Phelan

Arizona State University

Phoenix, Arizona (USA)


Mr. Horacio Pinzón

Promigas S.A. E.S.P.



Prof. Ming Qu

Purdue University

West Lafayette, Indiana (USA)


Prof. Marco E. Sanjuan





xix

Ms. Jennifer Scheib




Mr. Yehisson Tibana




Prof. Zhiqiang (John) Zhai




Dr. Andy Walker






Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings … of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings Equipment ... 3.12.2 Heat Exchanger ... xiii Handbook of Integrated and Sustainable Buildings

Documents