-
Sintered Components Metal powders from Hgans go into a large
share of the worlds production of P/M parts. By combining complex
shapes with specific and unique properties, the uses for P/M parts
are many. Our R&D works proactively by developing and
perfecting new powders to expand the potential range of
applications. Parts for automobiles, household and office
appliances, fittings and power tools, are just a few of the many
existing applications for P/M parts made of our metal powders. Some
examples:
Sintered bearings is a well-established application. The
porosity of sintered parts allows absorption of oil for
lubrication. Normal sintered density is less than 6.2 g/cm, and
powders containing Fe-Cu or Fe-C are often used.
Power tool parts often utilize diffusion alloyed powders,
achieving a sintered density around 7.0 g/cm. Subsequent heat
treatment further increases wear resistance and strength. Warm
compaction is in some cases used to further increase density and
improve gear strength.
Lock parts require high strength, toughness, wear resistance and
dimensional stability. Diffusion alloyed powders admirably match
these parameters for the sintered part, achieving a density between
6.8 and 7.0 g/cm.
Belt pulleys or chain sprockets can be found in every
automobile. They are components ideally suited to the P/M process,
as it permits an intricate weight-saving geometry. Sponge iron
usually forms the base powder, ensuring ample green strength.
Sintered density ranges from 6.5 to 6.8 g/cm.
Synchronizing hubs for automobile gear boxes are mainly produced
by the P/M process route. High strength, wear resistance and
dimensional stability are demands for this application. Diffusion
alloyed powders are the common choice of material to meet the
demands. Densities are in the range 7.0 --- 7.2 g/cm.
-
Illustrated are a few of the many parts ideally suited for P/M
production. From left: lock part, bearings, belt pulley and power
tool part. This catalogue provides a comprehensive presentation of
powder properties and mechanical properties, covering a wide range
of base powders, alloying elements and process conditions. Our
specially-developed CASIP computer program is capable, given
property-, processing- and additive requirements, of identifying
the ideal powder mix for a specific sintered component. Hgans
press-ready mixes and Starmixes ensure uniform composition and
powder properties, both between and within lots. Hgans Densmix
makes warm compaction possible and thereby increasing density and
strength of the material. Comprehensive quality assurance, from ore
to finished powders, ensures customers of the best powders for
their sintering operations.
-
7Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials
Properties of Powders and Sintered MaterialsThe successful
application of iron and steel powders as raw materials in
themanufacturing of structural parts, is related to a number of
specific powderproperties:
Flowability (here expressed as flow rate) is an important
factor, as isApparent Density during filling of the die cavity.
Powder compressibility affects the density that can be obtained,
andthereby also the properties after sintering.
Spring-back value is important for calculating the dimensions of
thecompacting tool in relation to the final dimensions of the
part.
Sufficient green strength is required to prevent cracks during
ejection ofthe part after compaction, and to allow transportation
of compacts fromthe press to the sintering furnace.
All these properties are affected by the particle shape and the
particle sizedistribution of a specific powder. Sponge iron powder
exhibits moreirregular and porous powder particles, which results
in higher green strengthcompared to water atomized iron powders.
Atomized powders have highercompressibility compared to sponge
powders.
On page 9 powder properties are presented as a comparison of
somecommon iron base powders. Flow and apparent density are
presented forpure powders. Compressibility, green strength and
spring-back are presentedfor powders with 0.6% Kenolube added to
the mix.
Water atomization process allows alloying elements to be added
to themolten steel before atomization. A range of pre-alloyed
powders areavailable under the trademark Astaloy. By pre-alloying,
mechanicalproperties of the sintered material are improved while
the compressibility islower as compared to pure iron powders.
-
8Iron and steel powders for sintered components
Distaloy powders are based on pure iron powder or iron
powderpre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum (Astaloy Mo) to which
alloyingelements of fine particle size are bonded by partial
diffusion. This techniqueavoids segregation of alloying elements
and improves dimensional stability.Good compressibility is
maintained with only partial diffusion of alloyingelements to the
iron powder particles.
STARMIX and DENSMIX introduce organic binders to the powder
mix.With bonded mixes, dusting of fine particle size additives is
eliminated.Segregation of alloying elements is avoided which
improves dimensionalstability.
With DENSMIX warm compaction is made possible. By heating both
thepowder and press tool, density is improved by 0.1 0.2 g/cm3,
whichimproves the mechanical properties of the sintered material.
Also the greenstrength is greatly improved allowing some machining
operations to becarried out in green state. This substantially
improves life time of the cuttingtool.
The sintered properties obtained with a specific iron powder
grade dependon several factors, including density, sintering time,
temperature, atmosphereand both type and content of added alloying
elements. Extensive informationof this type is present in this
technical catalogue for most of the availablepowder grades.
For a brief survey of sintered properties of some common
materials, thediagrams on page 10 show the tensile strength,
hardness and elongation.
Materials 1 4 were compacted at 600 MPa, resulting in densities
in therange 6.85 7.10 g/cm3 while materials 5 12 were compacted to
a densityof 7.10 g/cm3. All materials were sintered at 1120C for 30
minutes inendothermic atmosphere for base iron powders, and in
90/10 N2/H2atmosphere for diffusion alloyed powders and Astaloy
powders.
1
1
2
2
3
3
Flow
(s/5
0 g )
5.
5.
5.
5.
6.
6.
6.
6.
6.
7.
7.
7.
7.
Gre
en d
ensi
ty (g
/cm
)
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.3
0.4
Sprin
gbac
k (%
)Sp
ring-
back
(%)
-
9Properties of Powders and Sintered Materials
g
en
MH80.23NC100.24
SC100.26ASC100.29
ABC100.30
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Flow
(s/5
0 g )
MH80.23NC100.24
SC100.26ASC100.29
ABC100.30
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
AD (g
/cm
)
Flow rate Apparent density
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Compacting pressure (MPa)
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
Gre
en d
ensi
ty (g
/cm
)
MH80.23
NC100.24
SC100.26
ASC100.29
ABC100.30
10 20 30 40 50 60Compacting pressure (tsi)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Compacting pressure (MPa)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Gre
en s
tren
gth
(MPa
)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Gre
en s
tren
gth
(psi
)
10 20 30 40 50 60Compacting pressure (tsi)
100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900Compacting pressure (MPa)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
Sprin
gbac
k (%
)
10 20 30 40 50 60Compacting pressure (tsi)
Compressibility (0.6% Kenolube) Green strength (0.6%
Kenolube)
Spring-back (0.6% Kenolube)
Sprin
g-ba
ck (%
)
-
10
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
Pla
Spo
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
Hard
ness
, HV1
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1 2 3 40
2
4
6
8
10
12
Elon
gatio
n (%
)
1. NC100.24 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C2. SC100.26 + 2%Cu + 0.6%C3. ASC100.29
+ 2%Cu + 0.6%C4. PASC60
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
Tens
ile S
tren
gth
(MPa
)
9 10 11 120
2
4
6
8
10
12
9. Astaloy 85 Mo + 0.5%C10. Astaloy Mo + 0.5%C11. Astaloy A +
0.5%C12. Astaloy CrM + 0.4%C
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
5 6 7 80
2
4
6
8
10
12
5. Distaloy AB + 0.5%C6. Distaloy AE + 0.5%C7. Distaloy DC +
0.5%C8. Distaloy HP + 0.5%C
Iron base powders Distaloy powders Astaloy powders
-
11
Overview of Powder Grades
Plain Iron Grades
Sponge Iron Powders
NC100.24 is one of the most widely used iron powdergrades in the
powder metallurgy industry. The green-and edge strengths of the
compacts are very high due tothe spongy structure of the powder
particles. NC100.24has a good compressibility and a low and
consistent H2-loss.
SC100.26 has the best compressibility of all Hganssponge iron
powder grades. The green strength is alsohigh. It has slightly
higher apparent density thanNC100.24 and should be used
particularly where highdensity after single pressing and sintering
is desirable.
MH80.23 is specially designed to match the requirementsfor
self-lubricating bearings. Its particle size range ischosen to give
an optimum pore structure for thisapplication. MH80.23 can also be
added to powdermixes in small quantities to substantially improve
greenstrength.
12
.5%C%CC4%C
rs
-
12
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
Atomized Iron Powders
AHC100.29 is an atomized plain iron powder with good
SC100.26, but the apparent density is considerablyhigher than
that of the sponge iron powder grades.
ASC100.29 is an atomized iron powder with very
highcompressibility, which makes it possible to single
presscompacts with densities of up to 7.2 g/cm3. ASC100.29is
particularly suited for high density structural parts,and also as a
base material for soft magneticapplications.
ABC100.30 is an atomized iron powder withoutstanding
compressibility and chemical purity. It isespecially suitable for
the production of high-densitystructural components. Densities up
to 7.4 g/cm3 areachievable with single pressing. ABC100.30 is also
usedin applications where very good soft magnetic propertiesare
required.
compressibility. It is used in similar P/M applications as
Pho
-
13
Overview of Powder Grades
d
s
Phosphorous-alloyed Grades
PNC60 consists of NC100.24 to which
finely-dividedferrophosphorus particles are added, giving
aphosphorus content of 0.60%. Green strength andcompressibility are
almost equal to that of pureNC100.24. Sintered parts made from
PNC60 exhibithigh strength in combination with very high
ductility.The phosphorus enhances sintering, allowing
shortersintering times and lower temperatures to be used.
PASC60 like PNC60 contains 0.60% phosphorus but isbased on
ASC100.29, which gives the powder very highcompressibility.
Sintered parts made from PASC60exhibit high strength in combination
with very highductility. An addition of graphite and/or copper will
givestill higher strength with retained or even improveddimensional
stability. PASC60 is also suitable forcomponents requiring good
soft magnetic properties.
-
14
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
Diffusion-alloyed Grades
Distaloy SA is based on the sponge iron grade SC 100.26, to
which 1.75% Ni, 1.5% Cu and 0.5% Mohave beendiffusion bonded.
Distaloy SA is recommended for densities up to 6.9 g/cm3 after
single pressing. With the addition of graphite, a sintered tensile
strength of 600 MPa can be achieved.Distaloy SA has a high green
strength. This powder iswell suited for parts requiring heat
treatment.
Distaloy AB has the same chemical composition as Distaloy SA,
1.75% Ni, 1.5% Cu and 0.5% Mo, but is based on the high-purity
atomized powder ASC100.29.Distaloy AB can be single pressed to
densities of around7.2 g/cm3. With the addition of graphite, a
sinteredtensile strength of 650 MPa can be achieved. Afterheat
treatment the strength can be raised to 1000 MPa.
Distaloy AE is in principle the same powder as Distaloy AB but
with Ni content increased to 4%. Cu and Mo contents are 1.5% and
0.5% respectively. High Nicontent and good compressibility makes it
possible to produce materials with a sintered tensile strength of
750 MPa. Distaloy AE exhibits good hardenability and
Distaloy AF is similar to Distaloy AE but with higheralloying
contents: 5% Ni, 2% Cu and 1% Mo. With the addition of graphite, a
tensile strength up to 850 MPa can be obtained after single
pressing and
dimensional stability.
sintering.
-
15
Overview of Powder Grades
p
e
.
h
n
Distaloy DC (DC = Dimensional Control) is a low-alloyed powder
specially developed to obtain both a stable dimensional change
independent of the density and a high strength after sintering. By
adding graphite, a tensile strength up to 700 MPa can be obtained
aftersingle pressing and sintering. Distaloy DC is producedby
diffusion bonding 2% nickel to Astaloy Mo (itself pre-alloyed with
1.5% molybdenum). This double alloying technique ensures a good
compressibility and a
Distaloy DH (DH = Direct Hardening) is a low-alloyedpowder which
exhibits an extremely good hardenability.The additional copper
increases the hardenability of Distaloy DH further compared to
Astaloy Mo. Thismakes it suitable for all common heat treatment
processes including sinter hardening. With additions of graphite, a
tensile strength up to 700 MPa can be obtained after single
pressing and sintering. Distaloy DHisproduced by diffusion bonding
2% copper to Astaloy Mo (itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum).
This double alloying technique ensures a good compressibility
Distaloy HP (HP = High Performance) contains 4% nickel, 2%
copper and 1.4% molybdenum. Very high strength is obtained after
sintering with a dimensional change that is close to zero. With
additions of graphite, a tensile strength up to 850 MPa can be
obtained after single pressing and sintering. Distaloy HP is
produced by diffusionbonding 4% nickel and 2% copper to Astaloy Mo
(itself pre-alloyed with 1.5% molybdenum). This double alloying
technique ensures a good compressibility and a small scattering of
dimensions.
small scattering of dimensions.
and a small scattering of dimensions.
-
16
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
Pre-alloyed Grades
Astaloy 85 Mo is a water-atomized steel powdercontaining 0.85%
Mo, balance iron. The lowermolybdenum content compared to Astaloy
Mo givesAstaloy 85 Mo a somewhat higher compressibility, and alower
hardenability. The latter makes it easier to avoidthrough-hardening
of thin sections during surface heattreatment. Astaloy 85 Mo is
often used as-sintered withaddition of copper and/or nickel.
Astaloy Mo is a water-atomized steel powder pre-alloyedwith 1.5%
molybdenum. This grade exhibits highcompressibility and a
homogeneous microstructure aftersintering. This, in combination
with its optimalhardenability, makes this powder an excellent
choice forparts requiring surface hardening. The result is
highsurface hardness and good core toughness. Astaloy Mo isoften
used as-sintered with additions of copper and/or
Astaloy A is a water-atomized steel powder which is pre-alloyed
with 1.9 % Ni and 0.55 % Mo. Thiscomposition results in a high
hardenability. The materialis often used with the addition of
copper making itsuitable for sinter hardening. Astaloy A can also
be usedfor different types of heat treatments with or without
the
Astaloy B is a water-atomized steel powder which is pre-alloyed
with 0.45 % Ni, 0.6 % Mo and 0.3% Mn. Thisis an established
alloying system used mainly in heattreated applications often with
additions of copper or
nickel.
copper addition.
nickel.
-
17
Overview of Powder Grades
a
o
d
r
r
is
e-
al
de
e-
Astaloy CrL is a water atomized iron powder pre-alloyedwith 1.5%
Cr and 0.2% Mo. The composition results inhigh hardenability
comparable to Astaloy A. This makesit suitable for sinter hardening
preferably with smalladditions of copper. Astaloy CrL has a
goodcompressibility due to the low oxygen content. The fully
microstructure and dimensional stability.
Astaloy CrM is a water atomized iron powder pre-alloyed with 3%
Cr and 0.5% Mo exhibiting anexcellent hardenability. The low oxygen
content gives agood compressibility. Very high strength and
hardnesscan be achieved after sintering. Astaloy CrM is
alsosuitable for high temperature sintering, sinter hardeningand
plasma nitriding. The fully pre-alloyed compositionresults in a
homogeneous microstructure with very good
pre-alloyed composition results in a homogeneous
properties.
-
Conditions for sample preparation and testing Powder mixing
Alloying elements and lubricants used to establish the data in this
manual have been copper powder (-150m) or (-30m), nickel powder
(Inco 123), Kropfmhl graphite UF4 96/97% C, zinc stearate, amide
wax and Kenolube P11. The type and amount of lubricant and added
alloying additives can be found at the bottom of each page with
sintered properties. If nothing else is indicated, sintered
properties are evaluated on plain mixes. Sintered data are for some
materials evaluated on bonded mixes, Starmix or in case of warm
compaction, Densmix. Compacting Compaction was made in carbide
dies. The spring back was measured on cylinder specimens with a
diameter of 25 mm and a height of 20 mm. Steel dies give a
spring-back that is usually 0.03-0.07% larger. The spring-back is
also dependent on other factors such as geometrical shape and
dimensions of the compacted part, tool design, type and amount of
lubricant and alloying elements. For warm compacted specimens, the
powder was heated to 130C (266F) and the tool die and punches were
heated to 140C (284F). Spring-back for compaction was calculated
based on the diameter of the tool die at room temperature and
diameter of the specimens after cooling down to room temperature.
Sintering The sintering was mainly carried out in 90 N2/10 H2
atmosphere but data are also presented for material sintered in
endothermic atmosphere (CO2: 0.6%), synthetic DA (75 H2/25 N2) or
in the case of sinter hardening 80 N2/20 H2 atmosphere. Carbon
values in the graphs represent combined carbon contents. A mesh
belt furnace was used for sintering up to 1150C (2100F). Sintering
at temperatures above 1150C (2100F) was carried out in a lifting
hearth batch furnace.
-
Sinter hardening For sinter hardening higher cooling rates were
obtained by convective cooling in a mesh belt furnace. Three
settings on the convective cooling unit were used to obtain
different cooling rates, off, 15 Hz and 60 Hz. Cooling rates were
estimated from the microstructure of materials for which the
structure at different cooling rates is known from dilatometer
studies. Variation in cooling rate between different specimens
sintered with the same settings of the convective cooling unit was
found; however 1C/s (1.8F/s), 2.5C/s (4.5F/s) and 5C/s (9F/s) are
good approximations of the cooling rates. Sinter hardened specimens
were tempered at 200C (392F) for 60 min. High temperature sintering
with sinter hardening The lifting hearth furnace used for high
temperature sintering is equipped with a convective cooling unit.
This was used to generate data for the combination of high
temperature sintering and sinter hardening. In a similar way as for
the belt furnace, cooling rates were estimated by studying
microstructures of known materials. Three settings were used
corresponding to cooling rates of 1C/s (1.8F/s), 2.5C/s (4.5F/s)
and 5C/s (9F/s). High temperature sintered specimens were tempered
at 200C (392F) for 60 min. Case hardening The parts were carburized
at a temperature of 920C (1688F). Material (60 kg/batch) was
inserted in the furnace while the carbon potential was kept at a
low level. When the material reached 920C the carbon potential was
set to 0.8% by adding propane. Carburizing time is defined as the
length of time with propane added to the atmosphere. After
carburizing the material was quenched in oil at 60C (140F).
Tempering was carried out at 180C (355F) for 60 minutes.
-
Test methods for powder properties and chemical analysis Testing
of powder properties and chemical analysis is made according to the
following standards: Apparent density ISO 3923-1 : 1979 Flow ISO
4490 : 2001 Sieve analysis ISO 4497 : 1983Compressibility ISO 3927:
2001 Green strength ISO 3995 : 1985 Carbon ISO 9556: 1989 H2-loss
ISO 4491-2 : 1997 Test methods for mechanical properties Tensile
strength, yield strength, Youngs modulus, elongation, hardness and
dimensional change were measured on standard tensile test specimens
(ISO 2740-1999) with a length of 90 mm. Serrated heads were used to
improve the gripping of the dogs on the tensile testing machine,
except in the case of hardened materials. The elongation was
measured over a 25 mm gauge length. The hardness was tested with
the Vickers and Rockwell B or Rockwell C methods. Impact strength
was determined according to EN 10045-1. The specimens were
un-notched impact specimens according to ISO 5754. Dimensional
change during sintering was measured over the total length of the
tensile test specimens (90 mm). The dimensional change was
determined from green size to sintered size or in the case of
hardened materials, from green to hardened size. Metallography Case
depth was measured according to ISO 4507-2000. The effective case
depth is read from the curve representing the variation of Vickers
hardness at the point corresponding to 550 HV0.1. All microhardness
profiles in the curves presented for each base powder, are starting
on the same hardness value at the position 0.05 mm from the
surface. This value is based on the microhardness of martensite
evaluated on a number of specimens. Close to the surface, the
carbon content (and thus the hardness of the martensite) should
exhibit only minor deviations from carbon potential (0.8%) of the
carburizing atmosphere, independent of the added graphite content
and the carburizing time. The values at the subsequent levels are
microhardness values measured on individual specimens.
Ni-containing materials were etched in Picral and materials not
containing Ni were etched in Nital.
-
21
Modelling
e
l
n
Modelling
Design of experiment (DOE) methodology has been used to plan
andevaluate the experiments from which the material data
originates. Threelevel response surface models are utilized. From
the model, each materialproperty is described by a polynomial based
on the independent variables inthe investigation (such as density,
combined carbon, sintering time etc.).Properties are then predicted
and plotted from this model. The predictedproperties do not exactly
match the measured data, but a good estimation isobtained.
Advantages of this method are that any erroneous data points
arefound during the data modelling and that properties can be
evaluated on alower number of experiments and yet form a model with
high accuracy.
-
Comments on Case Hardening Material properties after case
hardening operation are presented for ASC100.29, Astaloy 85 Mo,
Astaloy Mo, Distaloy AB, Distaloy AE, Distaloy DC, Distaloy DH and
Distaloy HP. These data show the response of a case hardening on
these materials.
Austenitizing and carburizing were carried out at 920C (1688F)
for all materials investigated. This temperature is recommended for
Astaloy Mo and also for Distaloy DC, Distaloy DH and Distaloy HP
which are based on Astaloy Mo. Diffusion alloyed grades based on
pure iron powders such as Distaloy AB and Distaloy AE are
preferably austenitized at a somewhat lower temperature in the
range 870C (1600F) to 890C (1635F). A lower carburizing temperature
will demand longer carburizing time to obtain the same case depth.
Mechanical properties of a case hardened material are not
homogeneous. From the micro hardness profiles, it is observed that
hardness decreases from the surface to the center of the specimen.
A similar behavior can also be expected for tensile and yield
strength while elongation can be assumed to increase with
increasing distance to the surface. Youngs modulus is mainly
dependent on porosity and is independent of the case hardening
operation. Presented data on tensile strength, yield strength and
elongation should be viewed as a component test where the component
is a tensile test bar. Properties obtained are dependent on the
dimensions of the specimen.
-
33
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
Plain iron grades
Sponge Iron Powders NC100.24
SC100.26
MH80.23
Atomized Iron Powders AHC100.29
ASC100.29
ABC100.30
-
34
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
35
NC100.24
Sponge Iron Powders
NC100.24
-
36
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
37
NC100.24
0 10 20 30 40 50
g/cm3
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0Apparent density versus mixing time
1
1. Zn-stearate
2. Kenolube P11
3. Amide wax2
3
200 300 400 500 600 700 8000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
% Spring back versus compacting pressure
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
2. 0.6% Kenolube P112
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm3
Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-stearate or 0.6% Kenolube P11
15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
1
-
38
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
MPa
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44103 psi
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
8
11
13
16
19
21
24Elongation%
NC100.24
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30
min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
39
NC100.24
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44103 psi
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2Dimensional change%
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
NC100.24 + C
-
40
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
MPa
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2% Cu
4% Cu
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
22
29
36
44
51
58
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44103 psi
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2Dimensional change%
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change:
Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
NC100.24 + Cu
-
41
NC100.24
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.050
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87103 psi
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
NC100.24 + 2% Cu + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C, (2050F), 30 min in Endogas.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
42
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.050
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87103 psi
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2Dimensional change%
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
NC100.24 + 4% Cu + C
-
43
NC100.24
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87103 psi
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
NC100.24 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30
min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
44
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.050
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.00
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87103 psi
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
6.0 6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
NC100.24 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C
-
45
NC100.24
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
22
29
36
44
51
58
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-1.4
-1.2
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
6
9
11
14
17
19
22Elongation%
NC100.24 + 3% Ni
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30
min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
46
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
0 1 2 3 4 5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
0 1 2 3 4 550
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
0 1 2 3 4 50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87103 psi
0 1 2 3 4 5
Copper content (%)
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Dimensional change%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Copper content (%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
NC100.24 + Cu + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
500 MPa (density approximately 6.6 g/cm3) S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min
in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
47
SC100.26
SC100.26
-
48
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
49
SC100.26
0 10 20 30 40 50
g/cm
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2Apparent density versus mixing time
1 1. Zn-stearate
2. Kenolube P11
3. Amide wax23
200 300 400 500 600 700 8000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
% Spring back versus compacting pressure
12
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
2. 0.6% Kenolube P11
200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm
Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-stearate or 0.6% Kenolube P11
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
-
50
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
8
11
13
16
19
21
24Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
SC100.26
-
51
SC100.26
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
22
29
36
44
51
58
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
SC100.26 + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
52
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
MPa
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
2% Cu
4% Cu
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
22
29
36
44
51
58
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2Dimensional change%
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change:
Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
SC100.26 + Cu
-
53
SC100.26
6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.250
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.20
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
6.2 6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
SC100.26 + 2% Cu + C
-
54
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.150
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.10
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9Dimensional change%
6.1 6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
SC100.26 + 4% Cu + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
55
SC100.26
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30 min in synthetic DA.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
SC100.26 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni
-
56
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.350
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.
SC100.26 + 2.5% Cu + 2.5% Ni + C
-
57
SC100.26
6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4
MPa
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
22
29
36
44
51
58
6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.40
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.40
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-1.0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2Dimensional change%
6.4 6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4
Sintered density (g/cm3)
6
9
11
14
17
19
22
Elongation%
SC100.26 + 3% Ni
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
300, 500 and 700 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220C (2230F), 30
min in synthetic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
58
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
0 1 2 3 4 5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
0 1 2 3 4 550
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
0 1 2 3 4 50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
0 1 2 3 4 5
Copper content (%)
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0Dimensional change%
0 1 2 3 4 5
Copper content (%)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 500 MPa Density approximately 6.9 g/cm3
SC100.26 + Cu + C
-
59
MH80.23
MH80.23
-
60
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
61
MH80.23
0 10 20 30 40 50
g/cm3
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8Apparent density versus mixing time
1
1. Zn-stearate
2. Kenolube P11
3. Amide wax23
100 200 300 400 500 600 7000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
% Spring back versus compacting pressure
12
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
2. 0.6% Kenolube P11
100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8
6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm3
Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-steatare or 0.6% Kenolube P11
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
-
62
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Elongation%
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas
(0.5 - 0.8% C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MH80.23 + C (1050C)
-
63
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
7
15
22
29
36
44
51
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Elongation%
MH80.23 + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
64
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
7
15
22
29
36
44
51
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Elongation%
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + C (1050C)
S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8%
C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.
-
65
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525
50
75
100
125
150
175
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
66
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + C (1050C)
S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8%
C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.
-
67
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
68
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525
50
75
100
125
150
175
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + C (1050C)
S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8%
C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.
-
69
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525
50
75
100
125
150
175
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional
change: Green to as sintered.
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + C (1120C)
-
70
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525
50
75
100
125
150
175
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7Elongation%
MH80.23 + 0.45% P + C (1050C)
S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas (0.5 - 0.8%
C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.
-
71
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525
50
75
100
125
150
175
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 0.45% P + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
72
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.525
50
75
100
125
150
175
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas
(0.5 - 0.8% C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)
-
73
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 2% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
74
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.550
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas
(0.5 - 0.8% C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)
-
75
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 5% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
76
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0% C (DA)
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.550
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P: 196, 392 and
589 MPa resp.S: 1050C (1920F), 30 min in synthetic DA or Endogas
(0.5 - 0.8% C). Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1050C)
-
77
MH80.23
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
HV10 Hardness
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.9
-0.7
-0.5
-0.3
-0.1
0.1
0.3Dimensional change%
5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
MH80.23 + 8% Cu + 0.45% P + C (1120C)
S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.75% Kenolube P11, P:
196, 392 and 589 MPa resp.
-
78
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
79
AHC100.29
AHC100.29
-
80
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
81
AHC100.29
0 10 20 30 40 50
g/cm3
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5Apparent density versus mixing time
1
1. Zn-stearate
2. Amide wax
2
300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
% Spring back versus compacting pressure
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
2. 0.6% Kenolube P111
2
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm3
Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-stearate 0.6% Kenolube P11
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
-
82
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
50
100
150
200
250
300 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
1120C (2050F) 1250C (2280F)
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.60
20
40
60
80
100
120Impact energyJ
0.0
14.7
29.5
44.2
59.0
73.7
88.4
Ft lb
6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6
Sintered density (g/cm)
6
9
12
15
18
21
24Elongation%
6.6 6.8 7.0 7.2 7.4 7.6
Sintered density (g/cm)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2Dimensional change%
AHC100.29
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction, S: 1120C (2050F) and 1250C (2280F), 30 min
in 90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
83
AHC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
15
30
45
60
75
90Impact energyJ
0.0
11.0
22.1
33.1
44.2
55.2
66.3
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
84
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0% Cu 2% Cu 5% Cu
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
15
30
45
60
75
90Impact energyJ
0.0
11.0
22.1
33.1
44.2
55.2
66.3
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + Cu
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
85
AHC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.575
100
125
150
175
200
225
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0.2% C 0.5% C 0.8% C
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
10
20
30
40
50
60Impact energyJ
0.0
7.4
14.7
22.1
29.5
36.8
44.2
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
86
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5100
125
150
175
200
225
250
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
10
20
30
40
50
60Impact energyJ
0.0
7.4
14.7
22.1
29.5
36.8
44.2
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + 0.8% C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10
N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
87
AHC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
200
300
400
500
600
700
800 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
29
44
58
73
87
102
116
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5100
125
150
175
200
225
250
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0.2% C 0.5% C 0.8% C
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
10
20
30
40
50
60Impact energyJ
0.0
7.4
14.7
22.1
29.5
36.8
44.2
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0.0
0.3
0.6
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.8Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 5% Cu + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
88
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0% Ni 2% Ni 4% Ni
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
15
30
45
60
75
90Impact energyJ
0.0
11.0
22.1
33.1
44.2
55.2
66.3
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + Ni
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
89
AHC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.550
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
15
30
45
60
75
90Impact energyJ
0.0
11.0
22.1
33.1
44.2
55.2
66.3
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 2% Ni + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
90
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5100
125
150
175
200
225
250
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
15 minutes 30 minutes 45 minutes
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
10
20
30
40
50
60Impact energyJ
0.0
7.4
14.7
22.1
29.5
36.8
44.2
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 2% Ni + 0.8% C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), various time in 90/10
N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
91
AHC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.575
100
125
150
175
200
225
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
15
30
45
60
75
90Impact energyJ
0.0
11.0
22.1
33.1
44.2
55.2
66.3
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
-0.6
-0.5
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 4% Ni + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
92
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
0% C 0.5% C 0.8% C
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.580
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
10
20
30
40
50
60Impact energyJ
0.0
7.4
14.7
22.1
29.5
36.8
44.2
Ft lb
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 + 2% Cu + 2% Ni + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: 400 - 800 MPa
conventional compaction,S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in 90/10 N2/H2.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
93
AHC100.29
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600 Tensile str.
Yield str
Tensile and Yield strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.850
75
100
125
150
175
200
HV10 Hardness
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
HRB
HV10 HRB
C 2% Cu + C 2% Ni + C
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.880
100
120
140
160
180
200
GPa Young's modulus
11.6
14.5
17.4
20.3
23.2
26.1
29.0
106 psi
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.80
10
20
30
40
50
60Impact energyJ
0.0
7.4
14.7
22.1
29.5
36.8
44.2
Ft lb
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Combined carbon (%)
0
3
6
9
12
15
18Elongation%
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Combined carbon (%)
-0.60
-0.35
-0.10
0.15
0.40
0.65
0.90Dimensional change%
AHC100.29 (+ 2% Cu) (+ 2% Ni) + C (7.0 g/cm)
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Amide wax; P: conventional
compaction (sintered density 7.0 g/cm),S: 1120C (2050F), 30 min in
90/10 N2/H2. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
94
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
95
ASC100.29
ASC100.29
-
96
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
-
97
ASC100.29
0 10 20 30 40 50
g/cm3
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5Apparent density versus mixing time
1
1. Zn-stearate
2. Kenolube P11
3. Amide wax23
300 400 500 600 700 800 9000.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
% Spring back versus compacting pressure
1. 0.8% Zn-stearate
2. 0.6% Kenolube P11
2
1
300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Compacting pressure (MPa and tsi)
6.6
6.8
7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6Green density versus compacting pressureg/cm3
Lubricated die 0.8% Zn-st 0.6% Kenolube P11
25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
-
98
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1120C (2050F)
1220C (2230F)
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2Dimensional change%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
12
14
16
18
20
22
24Elongation%
ASC100.29
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.S: 1120C (2050F) and 1220 C (2230F), 30
min in syntethic DA. Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
99
ASC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.5% C
0.8% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
0.0
0.1
0.2Dimensional change%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.
ASC100.29 + C
-
100
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2% Cu
4% Cu
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
25
50
75
100
125
150
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
50
100
150
200
250
300
MPa Yield strength
0
7
15
22
29
36
44
103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
2
4
6
8
10
12
14Elongation%
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in syntethic DA. Dimensional change:
Green to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6%
Kenolube P11, P: 400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.
ASC100.29 + Cu
-
101
ASC100.29
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
MPa
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.575
100
125
150
175
200
225
HV10 Hardness
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.50
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6Dimensional change%
6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12Elongation%
ASC100.29 + 2% Cu + C
MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-st or 0.6% Kenolube P11, P:
400, 600 and 800 MPa resp.S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas.
Dimensional change: Green to as sintered.
-
102
Iron and steel powders for sintered components
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
MPa
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0.2% C
0.6% C
Tensile strength 103 psi
15
29
44
58
73
87
102
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.375
100
125
150
175
200
225
HV10 Hardness
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.30
100
200
300
400
500
600
MPa Yield strength
0
15
29
44
58
73
87
103 psi
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0.3
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5Dimensional change%
6.3 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3
Sintered density (g/cm3)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6Elongation%
S: 1120 C (2050F), 30 min in Endogas. Dimensional change: Green
to as sintered.MANUFACTURING CONDITIONS: 0.8% Zn-