HAND-HELD DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLES Master of Engineering in Embedded System & Computing Mr. Talib Divan Guide

HAND-HELD DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLES

Mini Project submitted in

partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Master of Engineeringin

Embedded System & Computing

by

Mr. Talib Divan

Guide

Prof. Girish Talmale

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur(An autonomous Institute under UGC act 1956 & affiliated to Rastrasanta Tukadoji Maharaj

Nagpur University, Nagpur)

April 2014

Cover Page

HAND-HELD DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF AIR POLLUTANTS IN VEHICLES

Mini Project submitted in

partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Master of Engineeringin

Embedded System & Computing

by

Talib Divan

Guide

Prof. Girish Talmale

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur(An autonomous Institute under UGC act 1956 & affiliated to Rastrasanta Tukadoji Maharaj

Nagpur University, Nagpur)

April 2014

© G.H.Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur 2014

Declaration

I, hereby declare that the Mini Project titled “Hand-Held device for Detection of

Air Pollutants in Vehicles” submitted herein has been carried out by me in the Department

of Computer Science and Engineering of G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur. The

work is original and has not been submitted earlier as a whole or in part for the award of any

degree / diploma at this or any other Institution / University.

Talib Divan

Date:

CertificateThe Mini Project titled “Hand-Held device for Detection of Air Pollutants in

Vehicles” submitted by Talib Divan for the award of degree of Master of Engineering in

Embedded System and Computing, has been carried out under my supervision at the

Department of Computer Science and Engineering of G.H. Raisoni College of Engineering,

Nagpur .The work is comprehensive, complete and fit for evaluation.

Dr.L.G.Malik Prof. Girish Talmale Head Of Department, Assistant Professor,Department of Computer Science Department of Computer & Engineering, Science & Engineering,G.H.R.C.E, Nagpur G.H.R.C.E, Nagpur

ABSTRACT

Vehicles have become an integral part of every one's life. However, apart from the

convenience and luxury they provide, they also have the side effects of causing air pollution.

Every vehicle emits pollutants but the problem occurs when it is beyond the standardized

values. The primary reason for this breach of emission level is due to the improper

maintenance of vehicles. In this project, a MQ-7 (CO detector sensor) can be used to detect

vehicle emissions & also indicate on meter. When the emission level shoots beyond the

already set threshold level there will be a buzz in the vehicle to indicate that the limit has

been breached and the vehicle will stop after a certain period of time. The synchronization

and execution of the entire process is monitored and controlled by a microcontroller.

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Name Page No.3.1 Block Diagram of project 8

4.1 Circuit Diagram of 8051 Development Board

10

4.2 Power Supply circuit diagram 114.3 7805 IC 11

4.4 P89V51RD2 IC 124.5 MAX 232 IC 144.6 RS 232 IC 15

4.7 MQ 7 Sensor geometry 164.8 MQ-7 Sensor 174.9 Sensitivity characteristics of the MQ-7 184.10 Concentration of CO in air w.r.t. signal

voltage18

4.11 LCD display 194.12 Flash Magic Software window 235.1 Project photo 26`

5.2 Result snapshot 1 275.3 Result snapshot 2 27

LIST OF TABLES

Table No . Name Page No.1 Emission rate of CO 22 Effect of CO on human being 43 MQ-7 layer description 17

INDEX

CONTENT Page No

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Project Objective

1

125

CHAPTER 2 : LITERATURE SURVEY 6

CHAPTER 3 : METHODOLOGY 8

CHAPTER 4 : IMPLEMENTATION /WORKING OF PROJECT 4.1 Working 4.2 Hardware Tools 4.2.1 Microcontroller Development Board 4.2.1.1 Circuit Diagram 4.2.1.2 Power Supply Section 4.2.1.3 P89V51RD2 IC 4.2.1.4 MAX 232 IC 4.2.1.5 RS 232 DB 9 Connector 4.2.2 MQ-7 Sensor 4.2.3 LCD Display 4.3 Software Tools 4.3.1 Keil µVision 4.3.2 Embedded C 4.3.3 Flash Magic

9

910101011121415161920202122

4.4 Program Code

24

CHAPTER 5 : RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 26

CHAPTER 6 : CONCLUSION 28

CHAPTER 7: FUTURE WORK 29

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Overview

Air pollution contributes to the green houses gases, which causes the green house

effect, whose side effects are now well known to all of us after the findings about the hole in

the ozone layer. Air pollution is not only harmful to the environment but, also to all other

living beings on earth. Air pollutants that are inhaled have serious impact on human health

affecting the lungs and the respiratory system; they are also taken up by the blood and

pumped all round the body. These pollutants are also deposited on soil, plants, and in the

water, further contributing to human exposure and also affecting the sea life Vehicles are

one of the major contributors to air pollution apart from industries. The main pollutants from

vehicles are the oxides of carbon and nitrogen, which can be easily detected these days with

the help of semi-conductor gas sensors.

Therefore, in this project a handheld device is designed which will be helpful in

reducing the amount of pollution from vehicles. Later on the device can be compact in a

VLSI circuit and can be equipped with number of sensors like CO,NOX etc. The device can

be used by law enforcement for checking the level of harmful gases from vehicle & penalize

them if level exceed beyond standard level.

2

1.2 Problem Statement

1.2.1 30% of the hazardous gases contribute from vehicular emission.

Motor vehicle emissions are composed of the by-products that comes out of the

exhaust systems or other emissions such as gasoline evaporation. These emissions

contribute to air pollution and are a major ingredient in the creation of smog in some large

cities. A 2013 study by MIT indicates that 53,000 early deaths occur per year in the United

States alone because of vehicle emissions.

CO9 is the most common type of fatal air poisoning in many countries .Carbon

monoxide is colorless, odorless and tasteless, but highly toxic. It combines with hemoglobin

to produce carboxyl hemoglobin, which is ineffective for delivering oxygen to bodily

tissues. In the U.S. 60% of carbon monoxide is caused by on road vehicles.

Component Emission Rate Annual pollution emitted

Hydrocarbons 2.80 gras/mile (1.75 g/Km)

77.1 pounds (35.0 kg)

Carbon Monoxide 20.9 grams/mile (13.06 g/Km)

575 pounds (261 kg)

NOx 1.39 grams/mile (0.87 g/Km)

38.2 pounds (17.3 kg)

Carbon Dioxide - Green house gas

0.916 pounds per mile (258 g/km)

11,450 pounds (5,190 kg)

Table 1.Emission rate of CO

3

1.2.2 Green house effect.

A greenhouse gas (sometimes abbreviated GHG) is a gas in a atmosphere that

absorbs and emits radiation within the thermal infrared range. This process is the

fundamental cause of the greenhouse effect. The primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's

atmosphere are water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Greenhouse

gases greatly affect the temperature of the Earth; without them, Earth's surface would

average about 33 °C colder, which is about 59 °F below the present average of 14 °C

(57 °F). So emission f CO gas contribute to green house effect.

4

1.2.3 Serious impact on human health

Carbon monoxideParts Per Million

Time Symptoms

0.2 PPM - Natural carbon monoxide levels in the air

35 PPM 8 hours Maximum exposure of carbon monoxide levels allowed byOSHA in the workplace over an 8hour period

200 PPM 2 to 3 hours Mild headache, fatigue, nauseadizziness

400 PPM 1 to 2 hours Serious carbon monoxide headache, other symptoms intensifyContinued exposure: Life threatening after 3 hours

800 PPM 45 minutes Dizziness, nausea, convulsionsUnconscious within 2 hoursContinued exposure: Death within 2 to 3 hours

1,600 PPM 20 minutes Headache, dizziness, nauseaContinued exposure: Death within 1 hour

3,200 PPM 5 to 10 minutes Headache, dizziness, nauseaContinued exposure: Death within 1 hour

6,400 PPM 1 to 2 minutes Headache, dizziness, nauseaContinued exposure: Death within 25 to 30 minutes

12,800 PPM 1 to 3 minutes Death

Table 2. Effect of CO on human being

5

1.3 Project Objective

To detect air pollution caused due to vehicle by emission of harmful gases.

To develop a device which detect whether vehicle is under pollution control which

can be used by law enforcement.

To make people aware about the ill effect caused from inhalation of CO gas.

6

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

Over the years, there have been several regulations made by the Government to

control the emission from vehicles; most of them being unsuccessful at the same. The

standards and the timeline for implementation are set by the Central Pollution Control Board

under the Ministry of Environment & Forests. Bharat stage emission standards are emission

standards instituted by the Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from

internal combustion engine equipment, including motor vehicles. The first emission norms

were introduced in India in 1991 for petrol and 1992 for diesel vehicles. These were

followed by making the Catalytic converter mandatory for petrol vehicles and the

introduction of unleaded petrol in the market. On April 29, 1999 the Supreme Court of India

ruled that all vehicles in India have to meet Euro I or India 2000 norms by June 1, 1999 and

Euro II will be mandatory inthe NCR by April 2000. Car makers were not prepared for this

transition and in a subsequent judgment the implementation date for Euro II was not

enforced.

The standards, based on European regulations were first introduced in 2000.

Progressively stringent norms have been rolled out since then. All new vehicles

manufactured after the implementation of the norms have to be compliant with the

regulations. Since October 2010, Bharat stage III norms have been enforced across the

country. In 13 major cities, Bharat stage IV emission norms are in place since April 2010.

The phasing out of 2 stroke engine for two wheelers, the stoppage of production of various

old model cars &introduction of electronic controls have been due to the regulations related

7

to vehicular emissions. The sensing of the emitted gases are done using various sensors and

devices.

The past decade, has seen several research activities that have been taking place to

develop semiconductor gas sensors. In the year 2000, K. Galatsis, W. Woldarsla, Y.X. Li

and K. Kalantar-zadeh, “A Vehicle air quality monitor using gas sensors for improved

safety”, this paper focuses on A vehicle cabin air quality monitor using carbon monoxide

(CO)and oxygen (02) gas sensors has been designed, developed and on-road tested. The

continuous monitoring of oxygen and carbon monoxide provides added vehicle safety as

alarms could be set off when dangerous gas concentrations are reached, preventing driver

fatigue, drowsiness, and exhaust gas suicides.

In the year of 2012, V.Ramya, B. Palaniappan, “Embedded Technology for vehicle

cabin safety Monitoring and Alerting System ”, this paper focuses on, car cabin air quality

monitoring can be effectively analyzed using metal oxide semiconducting (MOS) gas

sensors. In this paper, commercially available gas sensors are compared with fabricated

Moo3 based sensors possessed comparable gas sensing properties. The sensor has response

74% higher relative to the hest commercial sensor tested .

In the year of 2013, Siva Shankar Chandrasekaran, Sudharshan Muthukumar,has

presented a paper, “Automated Control System for Air Pollution Detection in Vehicles” In

this paper , the semiconductor sensors have been used to detect the pollutant level of the

vehicles. That paper concentrates mainly on three blocks; smoke detector, microcontroller

and fuel injector. The smoke detector detects the pollutants (CO, NOx, etc.) continuously.

The microcontroller compares the level of pollutants with the stipulated level allowed by the

government. When the pollutant level exceeds the standardized limit, it sends a signal to the

fuel injector. On receiving a signal from the controller, the fuel injector stops the fuel supply

to the engine after a particular period of time.

8

CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

1) Development of 8051 microcontroller based Embedded Single Switch Input System.

2) Use of MQ-7 gas sensor for detecting CO gas concentration.

3) Use of LCD for displaying the levels of concentration of CO gas.

The handheld device is made up of microcontroller development board, MQ-7 module

kit, P.V.C pipe & LCD display. The level of the toxic gas CO is continuously sensed by the

sensor MQ-7. The level is displayed in the LCD continuously for each and every second.

When the level of the toxic gas CO exceeds the normal level of 30ppm then the

microcontroller proceeds for displaying output in LCD.

Fig 3.1: Block Diagram of project

Sensing Unit(MQ-7)

Processing Unit(P89V51RD2

Microcontroller)

Display(LCD Display

16x2)

9

CHAPTER 4

IMPLEMENTATION /WORKING OF PROJECT

4.1 Working of project

The handheld device is made up of microcontroller development board, MQ-

7 module kit, P.V.C pipe & LCD display. First we have to calibrate the

potentiometer connected at MQ-7 module kit to a suitable standard value. Then we

have to start the vehicle and attached a pipe to the silencer of vehicle. If the green

light glows, it indicate that the level is maintained & red light glows it indicate that

the level of CO gas level is beyond standard level.

10

4.2 Hardware tools

4.2.1 Microcontroller 89C51 Development Board

4.2.1.1 Circuit Diagram:

Fig 4.1: Circuit Diagram of 8051 Development Board

11

4.2.1.2 Power Supply Section:

Fig 4.2: Power Supply circuit diagram

LM 7805 IC

The LM7805 series of three-terminal positive regulators is available in the TO-220

package and with several fixed output voltages, making them useful in a wide range of

applications. Each type employs internal current limiting, thermal shut-down, and safe

operating area protection. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A

output current. Although designed primarily as fixedvoltage regulators, these devices can be

used with external components for adjustable voltages and currents.

Fig 4.3: 7805 IC

12

4.2.1.3 P89V51RD2 Microcontroller

The P89V51RD2 is an 80C51 microcontroller with 64 kB Flash and 1024 bytes of

data RAM. A key feature of the P89V51RD2 is its X2 mode option. The design engineer

can choose to run the application with the conventional 80C51 clock rate (12 clocks per

machine cycle) or select the X2 mode (6 clocks per machine cycle) to achieve twice the

throughput at the same clock frequency. Another way to benefit from this feature is to keep

the same performance by reducing the clock frequency by half, thus dramatically reducing

the EMI. The Flash program memory supports both parallel programming and in serial In-

System Programming (ISP).

Parallel programming mode offers gang-programming at high speed, reducing

programming costs and time to market. ISP allows a device to be reprogrammed in the end

product under software control. The capability to field/update the application firmware

makes a wide range of applications possible. The P89V51RD2 is also In-Application

Programmable (IAP), allowing the Flash program memory to be reconfigured even while the

application is running

Fig 4.4: P89V51RD2 IC

13

Features

80C51 Central Processing Unit

5 V Operating voltage from 0 to 40 MHz

64 kB of on-chip Flash program memory with ISP (In-System Programming) and

IAP (In-Application Programming) & SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface)

Supports 12-clock (default) or 6-clock mode selection via software or ISP

SPI (Serial Peripheral Interface) and enhanced UART

PCA (Programmable Counter Array) with PWM and Capture/Compare functions

Four 8-bit I/O ports with three high-current Port 1 pins (16 mA each)

Three 16-bit timers/counters

Programmable Watchdog timer (WDT)

Eight interrupt sources with four priority levels

Second DPTR register

Low EMI mode (ALE inhibit)

14

4.2.1.4 MAX 232 IC

MAX232 is an IC that converts signals from an RS-232 serial port to signals

suitable for use in TTL compatible digital logic circuits. The MAX232 is a dual

driver/receiver and typically converts the RX, TX, CTS and RTS signals.

The drivers provide RS-232 voltage level outputs (approx. ± 7.5 V) from a single

+ 5 V supply via on-chip charge pumps and external capacitors. This makes it useful for

implementing RS-232 in devices that otherwise do not need any voltages outside the 0 V to

+ 5 V range, as power supply design does not need to be made more complicated just for

driving the RS-232 in this case.

The receivers reduce RS-232 inputs (which may be as high as ± 25 V), to standard 5 V TTL

levels. These receivers have a typical threshold of 1.3 V, and a typical hysteresis of 0.5 V.

Fig 4.5: MAX 232 IC

15

4.2.1.5 RS 232 IC

RS-232 is defined as the “Interface between data terminal equipment and data

communications equipment using serial binary data exchange.” This definition defines data

terminal equipment (DTE) as the computer, while data communications equipment (DCE) is

the modem. A modem cable has pin-to-pin connections, and is designed to connect a DTE

device to a DCE device.

An RS-232 serial port is an standard feature of a personal computer , used for

connections to modems , printers , mice , data storage, uninterruptible power supplies , and

other peripheral devices. However, the low transmission speed, large voltage swing, and

large standard connectors motivated development of the Universal Serial Bus, which has

displaced RS-232 from most of its peripheral interface roles.

Fig 4.6: RS 232 DB 9 Connector

16

4.2.2 MQ-7 Sensors

MQ-7 sensor is used for detecting the CO concentration.Structure and configuration

of MQ-7 gas sensor is shown as in figure below. Sensor composed by micro AL2O3

ceramic tube, Tin Dioxide (SnO2) sensitive layer, measuring electrode and heater are fixed

into a crust made by plastic and stainless steel net. The heater provides necessary work

conditions for work of sensitive components. The enveloped MQ-7 have 6 pin ,4 of them are

used to fetch signals, and other 2 are used for providing heating current.

Fig 4.7: MQ 7 Sensor geometry

17

Table No: 3 MQ-7 layer description

Features of MQ-7

• High sensitive to CO• Detection Range: 10-1000 ppm of CO• Response time :< 150s• Heating Resistance : 33Ω±5%• Adjustable Load Resistance

Fig 4.8: MQ-7 Sensor

18

Fig 4.9: Sensitivity characteristics of the MQ-7

Fig 4.10: Concentration of CO in air w.r.t. signal voltage

19

4.2.3 LCD display:

` Liquid Crystal Displays (LCD) have materials, which combine the properties

of both liquids and crystals. LCD is a flat electronic visual display. Light modulating

properties of liquid crystals are being used for the video display in the LCD. An LCD

consists of two glass panels, with the liquid crystal materials sand witched between

them LCD are more reliable and energy efficient. Its low power energy consumption

makes it to be used in battery powered electronic devices. LCD consists of array of

small pixels. Each pixel of an LCD consists of a layer of molecules aligned between

two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters, the axis of transmission is

perpendicular to each other. With no actual liquid crystal between the polarizing

filters, light passing through the first filter would be blocked by the second (crossed)

polarizer. The Liquid Crystal Display is intrinsically a passive device it is a simple

light valve. The managing and control of the data to be displayed is performed by

one or more circuits commonly denoted asLCD drivers.

Fig 4.11: LCD display

20

4.3 Software Tools Required

4.3.1 Keil µVision

What is µVision2?

µVision2 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile,

and debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:

A project manager.

A make facility.

Tool configuration.

Editor.

A powerful debugger.

Steps for creating an Application in µVision2

To create a new project in µVision2, we must follow following steps:

1. Select Project - New Project.

2. Select a directory and enter the name of the project file.

3. Select Project - Select Device and select an 8051, 251, or C16x/ST10 device from

the Device Database™.

4. Create source files to add to the project.

5. Select Project - Targets, Groups, Files. Add/Files, select Source Group1, and add the

source files to the project.

6. Select Project - Options and set the tool options. Note when you select the target

device from the Device Database™ all special options are set automatically. You

typically only need to configure the memory map of your target hardware. Default

memory model settings are optimal for most applications.

7. Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.

21

4.3.2 Embedded C

Embedded C is not a part of the C language as such. Rather, it is a C language that is

the subject of a technical report by the ISO working group named “Extensions for the

Programming Language C to support Embedded Processors”. It aims to provide portability

and access to common performance-increasing features of processors used in domain of the

DSP and embedded processing. The embedded C specification for fixed-point, named

address spaces and named register gives the programmers direct access to the features in the

target processor there by significantly improving the performance of the applications. The

hardware I/O extension is a portability feature of Embedded C. Its goal is to allow easy

porting of device-driver code betweensystems. Embedded C is designed to bridge the

performance mismatch between the Standard C and the embedded hardware and application

architecture. It extends the C language with the primitives that are needed by signal

processing applications and that are commonly provided by the DSP processors. Embedded

C makes life easier for application programmers. The primitives provided are the primitives

that fit the conceptual model of the application which brings back the roots of C to the

embedded systems as primarily a high-level language means of accessing the processor.

22

4.3.3 Flash Magic

Flash Magic is a tool which used to program hex code in EEPROM of micro-

controller. it is a freeware tool. It only supports the micro-controller of Philips and NXP.

You can burn a hex code into those controller which supports ISP (in system programming)

feature. To check whether your micro-controller supports ISP or not take look at its

datasheet. So if your device supports ISP then you can easily burn a hex code into EEPROM

of your device.

Flash magic supports several chips like ARM Cortex M0, M3, M4, ARM7 and 8051.

The procedure to program code memory is very easy and needs only five steps to configure

Flash magic for better operation. Flash magic use Serial or Ethernet protocol to program the

flash of device. Below is the screenshot of flash magic

Step-1 Communication:

Select your target device

2) Select your com port and if you are using USB to serial converter make sure that you will

select proper com port otherwise you can not communicate

3) Now select baud rate ideally it should be 9600 (recommended). Avoid higher than 9600

for proper communication

4) Now select your interface if you are using DB-9 then it will be None (ISP)

Step-2 Erase:

Now here tick mark the Erase all Flash option. This is the most crucial thing because wrong

selection in this step can be result into lost of boot loader in your chip. Nothing to worry if

you lost your boot loader because you can again load it but to load boot loader you must

program you chip through universal programmer or any other programmer which is not

depend upon boot loader for loading hex code. After loading boot loader you can again able

to program your chip using flash magic.

23

Step-3 Hex file:

This is very simple and you need to set up a path of your Hex file which is to be loaded on

chip.

Step-4 Options:

In this always keep Verify after programming option enable by tick mark. You can use

another features as well according to your need.

Step-5 Start:

Now you are all set to burn your code memory just click on start but and it will start

to load hex code in your chip. You can see the process at the bottom.

Fig 4.12: Flash Magic Software window

24

4.4 Program Code

#include<reg51.h>#include<lare_delay.h>#include<prolcd.h>#include<serial.h>

#define CO_SENSOR p10#define BUZZER p17#define BUZZ_ON 0#define BUZZ_OFF 1

void alarm(void);void beep(void);

void main(){CO_SENSOR=1;BUZZER=0;BUZZER=1;

LCD_INIT();

LCD_STRING("MONITORING");DELAY(1000);LCD_CLEAR();LCD_STRING("CO Level Normal ");

25

while(1){

if(CO_SENSOR) alarm();} //end of while} //end of main//******************************************************void alarm(void){LCD_CLEAR();LCD_STRING("Warning: High CO");LCD_LINE2();LCD_STRING("Level Detected "); while(CO_SENSOR) beep();

LCD_CLEAR();LCD_STRING("CO Level Normal ");}//******************************************************void beep(void){BUZZER=BUZZ_ON;DELAY(200);BUZZER=BUZZ_OFF;DELAY(200); }

26

CHAPTER 5

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Fig 5.1: Project photo

27

1) If CO level is normal then we get this type of message is displayed,

Fig 5.2: Result snapshot 1

2) If CO level is above normal then we get this type of message is displayed,

Fig 5.3: Result snapshot 2

28

CHAPTER 6

CONCLUSION

Finally from the project we have concluded that device will be one of the greatest

improvements in technology to keep the Environment free from vehicular emission and

bring it to a halt if the Pollution level is more than the Standards mentioned by the

Government.

Also we have tested the device in different vehicles and found that the device work

properly showing the pollution level. It also indicate the high level of CO gas by an

indication.

29

CHAPTER 7

FUTURE WORK

This device can be made into a handheld by equipment of more other sensors like

SOX, NOX etc. So that the concentration of certain harmful gas can be measured and can be

controlled to a large extent.

The device can be handed over to law enforcement for checking the pollutant level in

vehicle & penalize them if level exceeded the normal level.

30

REFERENCES

[1] Siva Shankar Chandrasekaran , Sudharshan Muthukumar and Sabeshkumar Rajendran.

“Automated Control System for Air Pollution Detection in Vehicles”, 2013 4th International

Conference on Intelligent Systems, Modeling and Simulation.

[2] N. Kularatna and B. H. Sudantha, “An environmental air pollution monitoring system

based on the IEEE 1451 standard for low cost requirements ”,IEEE Sensors J., vol. 8, pp.

415–422, Apr. 2008.

[3] V.Ramya1 and B. Palaniappan “Embedded Technology for vehicle cabin safety

Monitoring and Alerting System”,International Journal of Computer Science, Engineering

and Applications (IJCSEA) Vol.2, No.2, April 2012

[4] Kosmas Galatsis1 and Wojtek Wlodarski2, “Car Cabin Air Quality Sensors and

Systems”, Sensor 2008

[5] A.R.Ali, E. Imran Zualkerman, and Fadi Aloul, “A Mobile GPRS-Sensors Array for Air

Pollution Monitoring”, vol. 8, pp. 415-422, 2010.

[6] George F. Fine, Leon M. Cavanagh, Ayo Afonja and Russell Binions “Metal Oxide

Semi-Conductor Gas Sensors in Environmental Monitoring”, Sensors 2010