HANA-sql

SAP In-Memory Database SQL Reference Guide

SAP In-Memory Appliance (SAP HANA) 1.0 SPS 02

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Document version 1.1 10/21/2011

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Note 854621

SAP In-Memory Database SQL Reference Manual

2

Table of Contents

About this Guide ........................................................................................................................................... 7

SAP HANA Guides .......................................................................................................................................... 7

Notation ........................................................................................................................................................ 8

Functions ....................................................................................................................................................... 9

Data type conversion functions ................................................................................................................ 9

CAST Function ....................................................................................................................................... 9

TO_BIGINT Function .............................................................................................................................. 9

TO_BINARY Function ............................................................................................................................. 9

TO_BLOB Function .............................................................................................................................. 10

TO_CHAR Function .............................................................................................................................. 10

TO_CLOB Function .............................................................................................................................. 10

TO_DATE Function .............................................................................................................................. 10

TO_DATS Function .............................................................................................................................. 11

TO_DECIMAL Function ........................................................................................................................ 11

TO_DOUBLE Function ......................................................................................................................... 11

TO_INT Function ................................................................................................................................. 12

TO_INTEGER Function ......................................................................................................................... 12

TO_NCHAR Function ........................................................................................................................... 12

TO_NCLOB Function ............................................................................................................................ 12

TO_NUMBER Function ........................................................................................................................ 13

TO_REAL Function ............................................................................................................................... 13

TO_SMALLINT Function ...................................................................................................................... 13

TO_TINYINT Function .......................................................................................................................... 13

TO_TIME Function ............................................................................................................................... 14

TO_TIMESTAMP Function ................................................................................................................... 14

DateTime Functions ................................................................................................................................ 15

ADD_DAYS Function ............................................................................................................................ 15

ADD_MONTHS Function ..................................................................................................................... 15


3

ADD_YEARS Function .......................................................................................................................... 15

ADD_SECONDS Function ..................................................................................................................... 15

DAYS_BETWEEN Function ................................................................................................................... 16

DAYNAME Function ............................................................................................................................ 16

DAYOFMONTH Function ..................................................................................................................... 16

DAYOFYEAR Function .......................................................................................................................... 16

EXTRACT Function ............................................................................................................................... 17

HOUR Function .................................................................................................................................... 17

LAST_DAY Function ............................................................................................................................. 17

MINUTE Function ................................................................................................................................ 17

MONTH Function ................................................................................................................................ 18

MONTHNAME Function ...................................................................................................................... 18

NEXT_DAY Function ............................................................................................................................ 18

NOW Function ..................................................................................................................................... 18

SECOND Function ................................................................................................................................ 19

SECONDS_BETWEEN Function ............................................................................................................ 19

WEEK Function .................................................................................................................................... 19

WEEKDAY Function ............................................................................................................................. 20

YEAR Function ..................................................................................................................................... 20

Miscellaneous Functions ......................................................................................................................... 21

COALESCE Function ............................................................................................................................. 21

IFNULL Function .................................................................................................................................. 21

NULLIF Function .................................................................................................................................. 21

CURRENT_CONNECTION Function ...................................................................................................... 22

CURRENT_SCHEMA Function .............................................................................................................. 22

CURRENT_USER Function ................................................................................................................... 22

DATABASE Function ............................................................................................................................ 23

USER Function ..................................................................................................................................... 23

GROUPING_ID Function ...................................................................................................................... 23

SESSION_CONTEXT Function ............................................................................................................... 24

SYSUUID Function ............................................................................................................................... 25

Number Functions................................................................................................................................... 26


4

ABS Function ....................................................................................................................................... 26

ACOS Function..................................................................................................................................... 26

ASIN Function ...................................................................................................................................... 26

ATAN Function .................................................................................................................................... 26

ATAN2 Function .................................................................................................................................. 27

BITAND Function ................................................................................................................................. 27

CEIL / CEILING Function ...................................................................................................................... 27

COS Function ....................................................................................................................................... 28

COSH Function .................................................................................................................................... 28

COT Function ....................................................................................................................................... 28

EXP Function ....................................................................................................................................... 28

FLOOR Function .................................................................................................................................. 29

GREATEST Function ............................................................................................................................. 29

LEAST Function .................................................................................................................................... 29

LN Function ......................................................................................................................................... 30

LOG Function ....................................................................................................................................... 30

MOD Function ..................................................................................................................................... 30

POWER Function ................................................................................................................................. 31

ROUND Function ................................................................................................................................. 31

SIGN Function...................................................................................................................................... 31

SIN Function ........................................................................................................................................ 31

SINH Function...................................................................................................................................... 32

SQRT Function ..................................................................................................................................... 32

TAN Function ....................................................................................................................................... 32

TANH Function .................................................................................................................................... 32

String Functions ...................................................................................................................................... 34

ASCII Function ..................................................................................................................................... 34

CONCAT Function ................................................................................................................................ 34

LEFT Function ...................................................................................................................................... 34

LCASE Function.................................................................................................................................... 34

LENGTH Function ................................................................................................................................ 35

LOCATE Function ................................................................................................................................. 35


5

LOWER Function ................................................................................................................................. 35

LPAD Function ..................................................................................................................................... 36

LTRIM Function ................................................................................................................................... 36

REPLACE Function ............................................................................................................................... 36

RIGHT Function ................................................................................................................................... 37

RPAD Function .................................................................................................................................... 37

RTRIM Function ................................................................................................................................... 37

SUBSTRING Function ........................................................................................................................... 37

SUBSTR_AFTER Function ..................................................................................................................... 38

SUBSTR_BEFORE Function .................................................................................................................. 38

TRIM Function ..................................................................................................................................... 38

UCASE Function ................................................................................................................................... 39

UNICODE Function .............................................................................................................................. 39

UPPER Function ................................................................................................................................... 39

SQL Statements ........................................................................................................................................... 41

ALTER TABLE........................................................................................................................................ 41

ALTER USER ......................................................................................................................................... 44

CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO ....................................................................................................... 45

CREATE COLUMN VIEW....................................................................................................................... 47

CREATE INDEX ..................................................................................................................................... 52

CREATE ROLE ....................................................................................................................................... 53

CREATE SCHEMA ................................................................................................................................. 54

CREATE SEQUENCE.............................................................................................................................. 55

CREATE SYNONYM .............................................................................................................................. 57

CREATE TABLE ..................................................................................................................................... 58

CREATE TYPE ....................................................................................................................................... 62

CREATE USER ....................................................................................................................................... 63

CREATE VIEW ...................................................................................................................................... 64

DELETE ................................................................................................................................................. 65

DROP CALCULATION SCENARIO .......................................................................................................... 66

DROP INDEX ........................................................................................................................................ 67

DROP ROLE .......................................................................................................................................... 68


6

DROP SCHEMA .................................................................................................................................... 69

DROP SEQUENCE ................................................................................................................................. 70

DROP SYNONYM ................................................................................................................................. 71

DROP TABLE ........................................................................................................................................ 72

DROP TYPE .......................................................................................................................................... 73

DROP TABLE ........................................................................................................................................ 74

DROP USER .......................................................................................................................................... 75

DROP VIEW.......................................................................................................................................... 76

RENAME INDEX ................................................................................................................................... 77

GRANT ................................................................................................................................................. 78

INSERT ................................................................................................................................................. 81

LOAD ................................................................................................................................................... 82

MERGE DELTA ..................................................................................................................................... 83

RENAME COLUMN .............................................................................................................................. 84

RENAME INDEX ................................................................................................................................... 85

RENAME TABLE ................................................................................................................................... 86

REVOKE ............................................................................................................................................... 87

SELECT ................................................................................................................................................. 88

SET TRANSACTION .............................................................................................................................. 93

UNLOAD .............................................................................................................................................. 94

UPDATE ............................................................................................................................................... 95

UPSERT / REPLACE .............................................................................................................................. 96


7

About this Guide This document contains a list of functions and SQL statements supported by the SAP In-Memory

Database as part of SAP In-Memory Appliance (SAP HANA) 1.0 SPS 02.

SAP HANA Guides For more information about SAP HANA landscape, security, installation and administration, see the

resources listed in the table below.

Topic Guide/Tool Quick Link

SAP HANA

Landscape,

Deployment &

Installation

SAP HANA Knowledge

Center on SAP Service

Marketplace

https://service.sap.com/hana

SAP HANA 1.0 Master Guide

SAP HANA 1.0 Installation Guide

SAP HANA

Administration &

Security

SAP HANA Knowledge

Center on SAP Help

Portal

http://help.sap.com/hana

SAP HANA 1.0 Technical Operations Manual

SAP HANA 1.0 Security Guide


8

Notation This reference use BNF (Backus Naur Form) which is the notation technique used to define

programming languages, to describe SQL. BNF describes the syntax of a grammar using a set of

production rules using a set of symbols. Table 1 presents meta symbols of BNF and descriptions.

The Meta symbols of BNF

Meta-symbol Description

< > Angle brackets are placeholders for syntactical units explained in this

document.

::= Production rule has a left hand side (LHS) and a right hand side (RHS)

separated by the meta-symbol "::=". The symbol on the left-hand side of

the ::= is defined by the right hand side.

[ ] Enclose optional element. Element between [ ] can be specified or omitted.

{ } Groups items. Elements between {} must be specified.

| Possible option elements in the formula. Elements follow by | can be chosen differently than front of | parts

... Displays several repeated item in the formula


9

Functions Functions are used to return information from the database. They are allowed anywhere an expression is allowed. Functions use the same syntax conventions used by SQL statements.

Data type conversion functions Data type conversion functions are used to convert arguments from one data type to another, or

to test whether they can be converted.

CAST Function Syntax:

CAST(expr AS data_type)

Description:

Returns the value of an expression converted to a supplied data type.

Parameters:

expression - The expression to be converted.

data type The target data type.

BIGINT | BINARY | BLOB | CHAR | CLOB | DATE | DECIMAL | DOUBLE | NCHAR |

NCLOB | REAL | TIME | TIMESTAMP

Example: SELECT TOP 1 CAST(7 AS CHAR(10)) "cast" FROM users;

Retrieves: cast 7

TO_BIGINT Function Syntax:

TO_BIGINT(expr)

Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of bigint data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_BIGINT('10') "to bigint" FROM users;

Retrieves: to bigint

10

TO_BINARY Function Syntax:

TO_BINARY(expr)

Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of binary string type.


10

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_BINARY('abcde') "to binary" FROM users;

Retrieves: to binary

6162636465

TO_BLOB Function Syntax:

TO_BLOB(expr)

Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of blob type. expr must be a binary string. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_BLOB(TO_BINARY('abcde')) "to blob" FROM users; Retrieves: to blob

abcde

TO_CHAR Function Syntax:

TO_CHAR(expr [,format]) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of character data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_CHAR(TO_DATE('2009-12-31'), 'YYYY/MM/DD') "to char" FROM users;

Retrieves: to char

2009/12/31

TO_CLOB Function Syntax:

TO_CLOB(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of CLOB data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_CLOB ('TO_CLOB converts an expression into a value of CLOB data type') "to clob" FROM users;

Retrieves: to clob

TO_CLOB converts an expression into a value of CLOB data type

TO_DATE Function Syntax:

TO_DATE(expr [, format]) Description:


11

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of DATE data type.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_DATE('2010-01-12', 'YYYY-MM-DD') "to date" FROM users; Retrieves: to date

2010-01-12

TO_DATS Function Syntax:

TO_DATS(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of ABAP DATE data type.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_DATS('2010-01-12') "abap date" FROM users;

Retrieves: abap date

20100112

TO_DECIMAL Function Syntax:

TO_DECIMAL(expr[, precision, scale]) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of DECIMAL(precision, scale) data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_DECIMAL(7654321.89, 9, 2) "to decimal" FROM users;

Retrieves: to decimal

7654321.89

TO_DOUBLE Function Syntax:

TO_DOUBLE(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of DOUBLE (double precision) data type.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 3*TO_DOUBLE ('15.12') "to double" FROM users; Retrieves: to double

45.36


12

TO_INT Function Syntax:

TO_INT(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of INTEGER data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_INT('10') "to int" FROM users;

Retrieves: to int

10

TO_INTEGER Function Syntax:

TO_INTEGER(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of INTEGER data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_INTEGER('10') "to int" FROM users; Retrieves: to int

10

TO_NCHAR Function Syntax:

TO_NCHAR(expr [,format]) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of national character data type.

If format is omitted, it converts to the corresponding format using the date format model. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_NCHAR(TO_DATE('2009/12/31'), 'YY-MM-DD') "to nchar" FROM users;

Retrieves: to nchar

09-12-31

TO_NCLOB Function Syntax:

TO_NCLOB(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of NCLOB data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_NCLOB ('TO_NCLOB converts an expression into a value of NCLOB data type') "to nclob" FROM users;


13

Retrieves: to nclob

TO_NCLOB converts an expression into a value of NCLOB data type

TO_NUMBER Function Syntax:

TO_NUMBER(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a numeric data type.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 3.1*TO_NUMBER ('15') "to number" FROM users;

Retrieves: to number

46.5

TO_REAL Function Syntax:

TO_REAL(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into the value of REAL (single precision) data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 3*TO_REAL ('15.12') "to real" FROM users;

Retrieves: to real

45.36

TO_SMALLINT Function Syntax:

TO_SMALLINT(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of SMALLINT data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_SMALLINT('10') "to smallint" FROM users; Retrieves: to smallint

10

TO_TINYINT Function Syntax:

TO_TINYINT(expr) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of TINYINT data type. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_TINYINT('10') "to tinyint" FROM users;


14

Retrieves: to tinyint

10

TO_TIME Function Syntax:

TO_TIME(expr [, format]) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into a value of TIME data type. If format is omitted, it converts expr into the corresponding format using the date format model. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_TIME ('08:30 AM', HH12:MI AM) "to time" FROM users;

Retrieves: to time

08:30:00

TO_TIMESTAMP Function Syntax:

TO_TIMESTAMP(expr [, format]) Description:

Converts the expr of a data type into the TIMESTAMP data type.

If format is omitted, it converts expr into the corresponding format using the date format model. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TO_TIMESTAMP ('2010-01-11 13:30:00', 'YYYY-MM-DD HH24:MI:SS') "to timestamp" FROM users; Retrieves: to timestamp

2010-01-11 13:30:00.000


15

DateTime Functions

ADD_DAYS Function Syntax:

ADD_DAYS(d, n) Description:

Computes the date d plus n days. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ADD_DAYS(TO_DATE('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 30) "add days" FROM users;

Retrieves: add days

2010-01-04

ADD_MONTHS Function Syntax:

ADD_MONTHS(d, n) Description:

Computes the date d plus n months. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ADD_MONTHS(TO_DATE('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add months" FROM users;

Retrieves: add months

2010-01-05

ADD_YEARS Function Syntax:

ADD_YEARS(d, n) Description:

Computes the date d plus n years. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ADD_YEARS(TO_DATE('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), 1) "add years" FROM users;

Retrieves: add years

2010-12-05

ADD_SECONDS Function Syntax:

ADD_SECONDS(t, n) Description:

Computes the time t plus n seconds. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ADD_SECONDS(TO_TIME('23:30:45'), 60*30) "add seconds" FROM users;


16

Retrieves: add seconds

00:00:45.000

DAYS_BETWEEN Function Syntax:

DAYS_BETWEEN (date1, date2) Description:

Computes the number of days between date1 and date2. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 DAYS_BETWEEN(TO_DATE('2009-12-05', 'YYYY-MM-DD'), TO_DATE('2010-01-05', 'YYYYMM-DD')) "days between" FROM users;

Retrieves: days between

31

DAYNAME Function Syntax:

DAYNAME(expr) Description:

Returns the name of the weekday in English. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 DAYNAME('2011-05-30') "dayname" FROM users; Retrieves: dayname

MONDAY

DAYOFMONTH Function Syntax:

DAYOFMONTH(expr) Description:

Returns the day of the month in integer. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 DAYOFMONTH ('2011-05-30') "dayofmonth" FROM users; Retrieves: dayofmonth

30

DAYOFYEAR Function Syntax:

DAYOFYEAR(expr) Description:

Returns the day of the year in integer.


17

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 DAYOFYEAR ('2011-05-30') "dayofyear" FROM users;

Retrieves: dayofyear

150

EXTRACT Function Syntax:

EXTRACT({YEAR | MONTH | DAY | HOUR | MINUTE | SECOND} FROM datetime_value) Description:

Finds and returns the value of a specified datetime field from a datetime_value. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 EXTRACT(YEAR FROM TO_DATE('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "extract" FROM users; Retrieves: extract

2010

HOUR Function Syntax:

HOUR(expr) Description:

Extract hour from expr. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 HOUR ('12:34:56) "hour" FROM users;

Retrieves: hour

12

LAST_DAY Function Syntax:

LAST_DAY(d) Description:

Returns the date of the last day of the month that contains d. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LAST_DAY(TO_DATE('2010-01-04', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "last day" FROM users; Retrieves: last day

2010-01-31

MINUTE Function Syntax:

MINUTE(expr) Description:


18

Extract minute from expr. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 MINUTE ('12:34:56) "minute" FROM users; Retrieves: minute

34

MONTH Function Syntax:

MONTH(expr) Description:

Returns the number of the month from a given date. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 MONTH ('2011-05-30) "month" FROM users; Retrieves: month

5

MONTHNAME Function Syntax:

MONTHNAME(expr) Description:

Returns the name of the month in English. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 MONTHNAME ('2011-05-30) "monthname" FROM users; Retrieves: monthname

MAY

NEXT_DAY Function Syntax:

NEXT_DAY(d) Description:

Returns the date of the next day of d. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 NEXT_DAY(TO_DATE('2009-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "next day" FROM users; Retrieves: next day

2010-01-01

NOW Function Syntax:


19

NOW() Description:

Returns the current timestamp. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 NOW() "now" FROM users;

Retrieves: now

2010-01-01 16:34:19

SECOND Function Syntax:

SECOND(t) Description:

Returns the second number of a given time t. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SECOND(12:34:56) "second" FROM users; Retrieves: second

56

SECONDS_BETWEEN Function Syntax:

SECONDS_BETWEEN(d1, d2) Description:

Computes the number of seconds between d1 and d2, which is semantically equal to d2 d1. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SECONDS_BETWEEN('2009-12-05', '2010-01-05') "seconds between" FROM users; Retrieves: Seconds between

2678400

WEEK Function Syntax:

WEEK(d) Description:

Returns the week number of a given date d. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 WEEK(TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week" FROM users; Retrieves: week

22


20

WEEKDAY Function Syntax:

WEEKDAY(d) Description:

Returns the day of week of a given date d. The return value ranges from 0 to 6, each of which

represents Monday to Sunday. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 WEEKDAY(TO_DATE('2010-12-31', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "week day" FROM users; Retrieves: week day

4

YEAR Function Syntax:

YEAR(d) Description:

Returns the year number of a given date d. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 YEAR(TO_DATE('2011-05-30', 'YYYY-MM-DD')) "year" FROM users; Retrieves: year

2011


21

Miscellaneous Functions

COALESCE Function Syntax :

COALESCE(expr_list) Description:

Returns the first non-NULL expression from a list. At least two expressions must be passed into the function, and all expressions must be comparable.The result will be NULL if all the arguments are NULL. Example:

SELECT * FROM tab; Retrieves: ID A B

1 100.0 80.0

2 NULL 63.0

3 NULL NULL

SELECT id, a, b, COALESCE(a, b*1.1, 50.0) "coalesce" FROM tab; Retrieves: ID A B coalesce

1 100.0 80.0 100

2 NULL 63.0 69.3

3 NULL NULL 50

IFNULL Function Syntax:

IFNULL(expr1, expr2) Description:

Returns expr1 if expr1 is not NULL and expr2 if expr1 is NULL. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 IFNULL('diff', 'same') "ifnull" FROM users;

Retrieves: ifnull

diff

NULLIF Function Syntax:

NULLIF(expr1, expr2) Description:

NULLIF compares the values of the two expressions. If the first expression equals the second expression, NULLIF returns NULL. If the first expression does not equal the second expression, or if the second expression is NULL, NULLIF returns the first expression.


22

The NULLIF function provides a short way to write some CASE expressions. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 NULLIF('diff', 'same') "nullif" FROM users; Retrieves: nullif

diff

SELECT TOP 1 NULLIF('same', 'same') "nullif" FROM users; Retrieves: nullif

NULL

CURRENT_CONNECTION Function Syntax:

CURRENT_CONNECTION

Description:

Returns the current connection id. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 CURRENT_CONNECTION "current connection" FROM users; Retrieves: current connection

2

CURRENT_SCHEMA Function Syntax:

CURRENT_SCHEMA

Description:

Returns the current schema name in the string. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 CURRENT_SCHEMA "current schema" FROM users; Retrieves: current schema

SYSTEM

CURRENT_USER Function Syntax:

CURRENT_USER

Description:

Returns the current user name in the string. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 CURRENT_USER "current user" FROM users; Retrieves: current user


23

SYSTEM

DATABASE Function Syntax:

DATABASE()

Description:

Returns the current schema name. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 DATABASE() FROM users; Retrieves: CURRENT_SCHEMA

SYSTEM

USER Function Syntax:

USER()

Description:

Returns the current user name. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 USER() "current user" FROM users;

Retrieves: current user

SYSTEM

GROUPING_ID Function Syntax:

GROUPING_ID(column_name_list)

Description:

GROUPING_ID function can be used with GROUPING SETS to return multiple levels of aggregations in a single result set. GROUPING_ID returns an integer value to identify which grouping set each row belongs to. Each column in GROUPING_ID must be an element of the GROUPING SETS.

GROUPING_ID is assigned by converting the bit vector generated from GROUPING SETS to a decimal

number by treating the bit vector as a binary number. When a bit vector is composed, 0 is assigned to each column specified in the GROUPING SETS and 1 otherwise in the order it appears in the GROUPING SETS. By treating the bit vector as a binary number, this function returns an integer value as the output. Example:

SELECT customer, year, product, SUM(sales), GROUPING_ID(customer, year, product) FROM guided_navi_tab GROUP BY GROUPING SETS ( (customer, year, product),

(customer, year), (customer, product),


24

(year, product), (customer), (year), (product)

); Retrieves:

CUSTOMER YEAR PRODUCT SUM(SALES) GROUPING_ID(CUSTOMER,YEAR,PRODUCT)

1 C1 2009 P1 100 0

2 C1 2010 P1 50 0

3 C2 2009 P1 200 0

4 C2 2010 P1 100 0

5 C1 2009 P2 200 0

6 C1 2010 P2 150 0

7 C2 2009 P2 300 0

8 C2 2010 P2 150 0

9 C1 2009 ? 300 1

10 C1 2010 ? 200 1

11 C2 2009 ? 500 1

12 C2 2010 ? 250 1

13 C1 ? P1 150 2

14 C2 ? P1 300 2

15 C1 ? P2 350 2

16 C2 ? P2 450 2

17 ? 2009 P1 300 4

18 ? 2010 P1 150 4

19 ? 2009 P2 500 4

20 ? 2010 P2 300 4

21 C1 ? ? 500 3

22 C2 ? ? 750 3

23 ? 2009 ? 800 5

24 ? 2010 ? 450 5

25 ? ? P1 450 6

26 ? ? P2 800 6

SESSION_CONTEXT Function Syntax:

SESSION_CONTEXT(session_parameter)

Description:


25

Returns the value of session_parameter assigned to the current user or the value of a personal

setting. The parameter can be set when the session is created. Currently available read only session

variables are locale, locale_sap, client, conn_id, applicationname, clientuser, clienthostname.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SESSION_CONTEXT(conn_Id) session context FROM users; Retrieves: session context

4

SYSUUID Function Syntax:

SYSUUID

Description:

Returns the SYSUUID. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SYSUUID FROM users; Retrieves: SYSUUID

4DE3CD576C79511BE10000000A3C2220


26

Number Functions Number functions take numeric values or strings with numeric characters as inputs and returns numeric values. When strings with numeric characters are given as inputs, implicit conversion from string to number is performed automatically before computing the result values.

ABS Function Syntax :

ABS ( n ) Description:

Returns the absolute value of a numeric expression n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ABS(-1) "absolute" FROM users;

Retrieves: absolute

1

ACOS Function Syntax:

ACOS ( n ) Description:

Returns the arc-cosine, in radians, of a numeric expression n between -1 and 1. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ACOS(0.5) "acos" FROM users; Retrieves: acos

1.0471975511965979

ASIN Function Syntax:

ASIN ( n )

Description:

Returns the arc-sine, in radians, of a number n between -1 and 1. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ASIN(0.5) "asin" FROM users; Retrieves: asin

0.5235987755982989

ATAN Function


27

Syntax :

ATAN ( n ) Description:

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of a number n. The argument is a number and the range of n is unlimited. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ATAN(0.5) "atan" FROM users;

Retrieves: atan

0.4636476090008061

ATAN2 Function Syntax :

ATAN2 (n, m)

Description:

Returns the arc-tangent, in radians, of the ratio of two numbers n and m. This is the same result as ATAN(n/m). Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ATAN2(1.0, 2.0) "atan2" FROM users;

Retrieves: atan2

0.4636476090008061

BITAND Function Syntax:

BITAND (expr1, expr2) Description:

Calculates an AND operation on the bits of expr1 and expr2. Both expr1 and expr2 must be non-negative

integers. The BITAND function returns an integer. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 BITAND(255, 123) "bitand" FROM users; Retrieves: bitand

123

CEIL / CEILING Function Syntax :

CEIL ( n ) Description:

Returns the first integer that is greater or equal to a given value n. For positive numbers, this is known as rounding up.


28

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 CEIL(14.5) "ceiling" FROM users;

Retrieves: ceiling

15

COS Function Syntax:

COS ( n ) Description:

Returns the cosine of the angle in radians given by its argument n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 COS(0.0) "cos" FROM users;

Retrieves: cos

1.0

COSH Function Syntax:

COSH ( n ) Description:

Computes the hyperbolic cosine of n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 COSH(0.5) "cosh" FROM users;

Retrieves: cosh

1.1276259652063807

COT Function Syntax:

COT ( n ) Description:

Computes the cotangent of n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 COT(40) "cot" FROM users;

Retrieves: Cot

1.5423510453569202

EXP Function Syntax:

EXP ( n )


29

Description:

Returns the result of the base of natural logarithms e raised to the power of the given argument n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 EXP(1.0) "exp" FROM users; Retrieves: exp

2.718281828459045

FLOOR Function Syntax:

FLOOR ( n ) Description:

Returns the largest integer not greater than the given number n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 FLOOR(14.5) "floor" FROM users; Retrieves: floor

14

GREATEST Function Syntax:

GREATEST ( n1 [, n2]...) Description:

Returns the greatest value among the arguments: n1, n2, ... Example:

SELECT TOP 1 GREATEST ('aa', 'ab', 'ba', 'bb') "greatest" FROM users; Retrieves: greatest

bb

LEAST Function Syntax:

LEAST ( n1 [, n2]...) Description:

Returns the least value among the arguments: n1, n2... Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LEAST('aa', 'ab', 'ba', 'bb') "least" FROM users;

Retrieves: least

aa


30

LN Function Syntax:

LN ( n ) Description:

Returns the natural logarithm of a given value n, where n is greater than 0.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LN(9) "ln" FROM users;

Retrieves:

ln

2.1972245773362196

LOG Function Syntax :

LOG(m, n) Description:

Returns the natural logarithm of n base m. The base m must be a positive value other than 1 and n must be

any positive value. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LOG(10, 2) "log" FROM users;

Retrieves: log

0.30102999566398114

MOD Function Syntax:

MOD(n, d) Description:

Returns the remainder of a number n divided by a divisor d.

When n is negative this function acts differently to the standard computational modulo operation.

The following explains example of what MOD functions returns as the result. If d is zero, then this function returns n. If n is greater than 0 and n is less than d, then this function returns n.

If n is less than 0 and n is greater than d, then this function returns n. Otherwise, this function calculates the remainder of the absolute value of n divided by the

absolute value of d to calculate the absolute value of the remainder. If m is less than 0, then the returned remainder from MOD is a negative number, and if m is greater than 0, then the returned remainder from MOD is a positive number.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 MOD(15, 4) "modulus" FROM users;

Retrieves: modulus


31

3

POWER Function Syntax:

POWER(b, e)

Description:

Calculates the base number b raised to the power of an exponent e. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 POWER(2, 10) "power" FROM users; Retrieves: power

1024.0

ROUND Function Syntax:

ROUND(n [, pos ]) Description:

Rounds n to the specified pos amount of places after the decimal point. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ROUND(16.16, 1) "round" FROM users;

Retrieves: round

16.2

SELECT TOP 1 ROUND(16.56) "round" FROM users; Retrieves: round

17

SIGN Function Syntax:

SIGN ( n ) Description:

Returns the sign (positive or negative) of the given number.n. Returns 1 if n is a positive value, -1 if n is a negative value, and 0 if n is equal to zero. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SIGN(-15) "sign" FROM users;

Retrieves: sign

-1

SIN Function Syntax:


32

SIN ( n ) Description:

Returns the sine of n, where the argument is an angle expressed in radians. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SIN( 3.141592653589793/2) "sine" FROM users; Retrieves: sine

1.0

SINH Function Syntax:

SINH (n) Description:

Returns the hyperbolic sine of n, where the argument is an angle expressed in radians. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SINH(0.0) "sinh" FROM users;

Retrieves: sinh

0.0

SQRT Function Syntax:

SQRT ( n ) Description:

Returns the square root of a number n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SQRT(2) "sqrt" FROM users; Retrieves: sqrt

1.4142135623730951

TAN Function Syntax:

TAN ( n ) Description:

Returns the tangent of a number n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TAN(0.0) "tan" FROM users; Retrieves: tan

0.0

TANH Function


33

Syntax:

TANH ( n ) Description:

Returns the hyperbolic tangent of a number n. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TANH(1.0) "tanh" FROM users; Retrieves: tanh

0.7615941559557649


34

String Functions

ASCII Function Syntax:

ASCII(c) Description:

Returns the integer ASCII value of the first byte in a string c. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 ASCII('Ant') "ascii" FROM users; Retrieves: ascii

65

CONCAT Function Syntax :

CONCAT(str1, str2) Description:

Returns a combined string which consists of str1 followed by str2. The concatenation operator (||) is

identical to this function. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 CONCAT('C', 'at') "concat" FROM users; Retrieves: concat

Cat

LEFT Function Syntax :

LEFT(str, n) Description:

Returns n characters from the beginning of a string str. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LEFT('Hello', 3) "left" FROM users;

Retrieves: left

Hel

LCASE Function Syntax:

LCASE(s) Description:

Converts all characters in a string s to lowercase. The LCASE function is identical to the LOWER function.


35

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LCASE('Test') "lcase FROM users; Retrieves: lcase

test

LENGTH Function Syntax:

LENGTH(s) Description:

Returns the number of characters in the specified string.s. For CLOB or NCLOB, it returns the length in bytes. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LENGTH('length in char') "length" FROM users; Retrieves: length

14

LOCATE Function Syntax:

LOCATE(haystack, needle) Description:

Returns the position of sub-string needle within string haystack. Returns 0 if needle is not found from haystack. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LOCATE('length in char', char) "locate" FROM users; Retrieves: Locate

11

LOWER Function Syntax

LOWER(s) Description

Converts all characters in a string s to lowercase. The LOWER function is identical to the LCASE function. Example

SELECT TOP 1 LOWER('Ant') "lower" FROM users;

Retrieves: lower

ant


36

LPAD Function Syntax:

LPAD(target, n[, pattern]) Description:

Pad the left side of a target string with spaces or pattern to make the target n characters in length.. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LPAD('end', 15, '12345') "lpad" FROM users;

Retrieves: lpad

123451234512end

LTRIM Function Syntax:

LTRIM(target [, remove_set]) Description:

Removes from the leftmost of target all of the characters that appear in remove_set until reaching a character not in remove_set and then returns the result. If remove_set is not specified, a single blank

space is used. Please note that remove_set is treated as a set of characters and not a search string. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 LTRIM('babababAabend','ab') "ltrim" FROM users;

Retrieves: ltrim

Aabend

REPLACE Function Syntax:

REPLACE (original_string, search_string, replace_string) Description:

Searches in original_string for all occurrences of search_string and replaces them with replace_string. If original_string is an empty string, then the result will also be an empty string.

If two overlapping substrings match the search_string in the original_string, then only the first occurrence will be replaced with the replace_string.

If original_string does not contain any occurrence of search_string, then the function returns the

original_string unchanged. If original_string, search_string, or replace_string is NULL, then the function returns NULL.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 REPLACE ('DOWNGRADE DOWNWARD','DOWN', 'UP') "replace" FROM users;

Retrieves: replace

UPGRADE UPWARD


37

RIGHT Function Syntax:

RIGHT(target, n) Description:

Returns the rightmost n characters of a string target. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 RIGHT('HI0123456789', 3) "right" FROM users; Retrieves: right

789

RPAD Function Syntax:

RPAD (target, n[, pattern]) Description:

Pad the right side of a target string with spaces or pattern to make the target n characters in length. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 RPAD('end', 15, '12345') "right padded" FROM users; Retrieves: right padded

end123451234512

RTRIM Function Syntax:

RTRIM (target [,remove_set ]) Description:

Removes from the rightmost of target all of the characters that appear in remove_set until reaching a character not in remove_set and then returns the result. If remove_set is not specified, a single blank

space is used. Please note that remove_set is treated as a set of characters and not a search string.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 RTRIM ('endabAabbabab','ab') "rtrim" FROM users;

Retrieves: rtrim

endabA

SUBSTRING Function Syntax:

SUBSTRING (target, start_position [, string_length]) Description:

Returns a substring of a string target starting from the start_position of the string. SUBSTRING can either return the remaining part of a string from the start_position or, optionally, a number of characters set by the string_length parameter.


38

If start_position is less than 0, then it is considered as 1. If string_length is less than 1, then an empty string is returned as the result. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SUBSTRING('1234567890',4,2) "substring" FROM users;

Retrieves: substring

45

SUBSTR_AFTER Function Syntax:

SUBSTR_AFTER(target, pattern) Description:

Returns a substring of the target string that follows the first occurrence of the pattern argument in the target string. If target does not contain a substring which is the same as pattern, then an empty string is

returned.

If pattern is an empty string, then target is returned. If target or pattern is NULL, then NULL is returned. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SUBSTR_AFTER('Hello My Friend','My ') "substr after" FROM users;

Retrieves: substr after

Friend

SUBSTR_BEFORE Function Syntax:

SUBSTR_BEFORE(target, pattern) Description:

Returns a substring of the target string before the first occurrence of the pattern argument in the target string. If target does not contain a substring which is the same as pattern, then an empty string is

returned. If pattern is an empty string, then target is returned. If target or pattern is NULL, then NULL is returned. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 SUBSTR_BEFORE('Hello My Friend','My') "substr before" FROM users; Retrieves: substr before

Hello

TRIM Function Syntax:

TRIM ([[LEADING | TRAILING | BOTH] trim_char FROM] target_string ) Description:

Returns a string after trimming a trim_char from trim_source string. The trimming operation is carried

out either from the start (LEADING), end (TRAILING) or both(BOTH) ends of the target_string.


39

If either target_string or trim_char is a null value, then a NULL is returned. If no option is specified, it removes both the leading and trailing substring trim_char from

target_string string. If trim_char is not specified, then a single blank space will be used.

Example:

SELECT TOP 1 TRIM (a FROM aaa123456789aa) "trim both" FROM users; Retrieves: trim both

123456789

SELECT TOP 1 TRIM (LEADING a FROM aaa123456789aa) "trim leading" FROM users; Retrieves: trim leading

123456789aa

UCASE Function Syntax :

UCASE(target) Description:

Converts all characters in the target string to uppercase Example:

SELECT TOP 1 UCASE('Ant') "ucase" FROM users;

Retrieves: ucase

ANT

UNICODE Function Syntax :

UNICODE(c) Description:

Returns an integer containing the Unicode code point of the first character in the string, or NULL if the first character is not a valid encoding. Example:

SELECT TOP 1 UNICODE('#') "unicode" FROM users;

Retrieves: unicode

54620

UPPER Function Syntax:

UPPER(target) Description:

Converts all characters in the target string to uppercase. Example:


40

SELECT TOP 1 UPPER('Ant') "uppercase" FROM users; Retrieves: uppercase

ANT


41

SQL Statements This chapter describes the SQL statements that are supported by the HDB.

ALTER TABLE

SQL Syntax: ALTER TABLE table_name { | < drop_column_clause> | | < drop_primary_key_clause> | < preload_clause> |

| < move_clause> } [WITH PARAMETERS ( parameter_key_value, ... ) ]

Parameters:

add_column_clause::= ADD ( column_definition, ... )

drop_column_clause ::=DROP ( column_name, ... )

add_primary_key_clause ::= ADD [CONSTRAINT constraint_name] PRIMARY KEY ( column_name, ... )

CONSTRAINT

Specifies the name of a constraint. PRIMARY KEY A primary key constraint is a combination of a NOT NULL constraint and a UNIQUE constraint. It prohibits multiple rows from having the same value in the same column.

drop_primary_key_clause ::= DROP PRIMARY KEY

preload_clause ::= PRELOAD ALL | PRELOAD ( column_name ) | PRELOAD NONE

PRELOAD sets/removes the preload flag of the given tables or columns. As a consequence,

these tables are automatically loaded into memory after an index server start. The current status of the preload flag is visible in the system table TABLES, column PRELOAD, possible values ('FULL', 'PARTIALLY', 'NO' ) and in system table TABLE_COLUMNS, column PRELOAD, possible values ('TRUE', 'FALSE').

table_conversion_clause ::= [ MODIFY TYPE ] [ ROW | COLUMN ] [ THREADS int_constr ] [ BATCH

batch_size ] MODIFY TYPE ROW | COLUMN This command is used to convert the table storage from ROW to COLUMN or from COLUMN to ROW.

THREADS int_const Specifies how many threads should be used in parallel for table conversion. Default: The default value is TABLE_CONVERSION_PARALLELISM that is, the number of CPU cores

specified in the indexserver.ini file. BATCH int_const


42

Specifies the number of rows inserted in batch. Insert into column table will be immediately committed after every int_const records insertion, which may reduce memory consumption. BATCH option can be used only when the table is converted from ROW to COLUMN. The default value is 2147483647.

A new table with a different storage type can be created from an existing table by copying the existing table's columns and data. This command is used to convert the table storage from ROW to COLUMN or from COLUMN to ROW. If the source table was in ROW storage, then the created table will be in COLUMN storage.

move_clause ::= MOVE TO LOCATION

MOVE TO LOCATION A column store table can be moved to the specified location in a distributed environment.

When a table is in row store need to be moved, convert the row table to a column table first and then move to a new location using this command.

WITH PARAMETERS ( , ... ) Column store-specific options can be passed in using the "WITH PARAMETERS" clause.

Keys and single values can be any string constant Duplicate keys are allowed Keys are automatically mapped into their uppercase representation

parameter_key_value ::=

= |

= | = (, ... )

Current parameters

AUTO_MERGE = 'ON' | 'OFF' Default=ON Automatic delta merge triggered by memwatcher.

CONCAT_ATTRIBUTE = (new_att, exist_att_list) Creating concatenated attributes:

new_att:= string_literal exist_att_list = 'string_literal' | exist-att-list ',' 'string_literal'

DELETE_CONCAT_ATTRIBUTE := exist_att Deleting concatenated attributes:

exist_att := 'string_literal'

TREX_FLAGS = ('column_name','flags'), Flags are the implementation flags; the integer value is currently between 0 and 67108864. INDEX_PROPERTY = ('prop#', 'value') Changing column table properties ALTER TABLE WITH PARAMETERS (INDEX_PROPERTY = ('prop#', 'value') )

PARTITION_SPEC = 'partition spec',


43

For example, 'HASH 2 a, b' where 2 is the number of parts to create and 'a' and 'b' are the columns that are used to create that hash value for each row. The ALTER TABLE either splits or merges the table. Use 'MERGE' as partition spec to merge the parts. The tables have to be merged before they can be split using a different partition specification.

DSO_ACTIVATE_REQUESTS = (rid_list) dso-activation of the given request IDs in the corresponding DSO index. rid_list has to be a comma-separated list of strings. Activation in the DSO sense means changing the active data of the DSO index by applying the changes of the given requests residing in the Activation Queue. This parameter will only work for DSO indexes.

DSO_ROLLBACK_REQUESTS = (rid_list)

dso-rollback of the given RequestIds in the corresponding DSO index.

rid_list has to be a comma-separated list of strings. Rollback in the DSO sense means

removing the changes in the active data of the DSO that were caused by the given requests.

This parameter will only work for DSO indexes.

Description: The ALTER TABLE statement adds, deletes or modifies a column from a table and creates or drops a

primary key. It can also delete or add multiple columns at a time. The new column will initially be filled with a default value. If a default is not specified, then the value is NULL. Example 1: ALTER TABLE T1 ADD (column_a VARCHAR(10));

ALTER TABLE T1 WITH PARAMETERS('CONCAT_ATTRIBUTE'=('A$B','A','B'));


44

ALTER USER SQL Syntax: ALTER USER user_name IDENTIFIED BY password ALTER USER user_name IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY AS external_identity

Parameters: IDENTIFIED BY You can change a users password with this command

IDENTIFIED EXTERNALLY You can change the external authentication. For information about external identities, contact your

system administrator. Description: The ALTER USER statement modifies the database user.

Users created with IDENTIFIED BY cannot be changed to EXTERNALLY and vice versa, the users created with EXTERNALLY cannot be changed to IDENTIFIED BY.

Example: ALTER USER my_user IDENTIFIED BY AAAAAAa1;


45

CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO SQL Syntax:

CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO name USING [WITH PARAMETERS ( , ... ) ]

Parameters: xml ::= string_literal


'DEFAULT_SCHEMA' = schema_name |'INMEMORY_SCENARIO' = '0' |'INMEMORY_SCENARIO' = '1'

|'EXPOSE_NODE' = ( node_name, view_name )

|'EXPOSE_NODE' = ( node_name, schema_name, view_name )

Description: The CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO statement creates a calculation scenario.

Please note that a calculation scenario is not a default catalog object, so it cannot be accessed via a SELECT statement after its creation. A column view of type calculation is required on top of the scenario to query it.

As it is not a catalog object, it is also not linked to a catalog schema. The first part of the name can be rather seen as a package in which the scenario is created. This implies that a drop of a (database)

schema does not drop the calculation scenarios. The scenario is defined with the used XML-string which has to be formatted as described in the XSD. The default schema defines on the one hand the package in which the scenario is created (if not defined explicitly), and the schema for the views on top listed in the expose nodes on the other.

It can be either in-memory only (set optional parameter value 'INMEMORY_SCENARIO' = '1') or persistent. The default scenario is persistent and stored in the repository. With an expose node item it is possible to directly create a column view of type calculation on top of a specified node on top of the scenario. The view name is defined in 'view_name'. The referenced node has to be specified in 'node_name'.

Note that sub-transactions have started (and committed) in order to create the views.

Note: For application development, do not use these exposed node items. Instead, create the column views of type calculation manually. Example

DROP TABLE TEST1;

CREATE INSERT ONLY COLUMN TABLE TEST1(A INTEGER, B DOUBLE);

insert into test1 values ( 1, 2);



DROP CALCULATION SCENARIO SYSTEM.DEMO_PROJECTION_OP cascade;

CREATE CALCULATION SCENARIO SYSTEM.DEMO_PROJECTION_OP USING '


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"A" * "B"

"C" > 1

'

;

DROP VIEW SYSTEM.MYCALCVIEW;

CREATE COLUMN VIEW SYSTEM.MYCALCVIEW TYPE CALCULATION

WITH PARAMETERS

('PARENTCALCINDEXPACKAGE'='SYSTEM',

'PARENTCALCINDEX'='DEMO_PROJECTION_OP',

'PARENTCALCNODE'='demo_projection');

SELECT * FROM SYSTEM.MYCALCVIEW;

DROP CALCULATION SCENARIO SYSTEM.DEMO_PROJECTION_OP CASCADE;


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CREATE COLUMN VIEW

SQL Syntax:

CREATE COLUMN VIEW view_name [ ( column_name, ... ) ] [ TYPE ] AS [ WITH PARAMETERS (, ... ) ]

Parameters:

types := OLAP | JOIN | HIERARCHY | PROPERTY | LANGUAGE | CALCULATION | FBO


= |

= | = (, ... )

string_literal ::= description | index_type | join_index | join_condition | join_path | constraint | index_alias | join_index_type | join_index_estimation |view_attribute | view | default_view | semantic_relation | rfc_destination | auto_replication| key_figure | unit_conversion |

optimize_metamodel | free_style_search_attribute |all_attrs_free_style_relevant | flags | characteristic | hierarchy_definition_type | hierarchy_definition description ::= DESCRIPTION = string_literal

index_type ::= INDEXTYPE = int_const

OLAP_INDEX = 5,

JOIN_INDEX = 6,

CALC_INDEX = 11

join_index ::= JOININDEX = table_name Table name to be joined. Join_index can be repeated as desired.

join_condition ::= JOINCONDITION = ( string_literal , table_name , column_name , table_name ,column_name ) |JOINCONDITION = ( string_literal , table_name , column_name , table_name, column_name , string_literal , int_const , int_const ) |JOINCONDITION = ( string_literal ,table_name , column_name , table_name , column_name , string_literal , int_const , int_const', string_literal )

|JOINCONDITION = ( string_literal , table_name , column_name , table_name ,column_name , string_literal , int_const , int_const' , string_literal , string_literal )

Specifies the join attributes, join condition can be repeated as desired. Example: join_condition = name, table1, field1, table2, field2, [constraint]. join_path ::=

JOINPATH' = ( string_literal , string_literal ) |JOINPATH = ( string_literal , string_literal ,string_literal ) JOINPATH can be repeated as desired. Example: join_path = name, join1, join2, [constraint]

constraint ::= CONSTRAINT = ( string_literal , int_const , string_literal , table_name , column_name, string_literal , string_literal [ , int_const , string_literal ] )


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Example: constraint=name,type,location,indexed,attrname,operator,value[,specialConstraintType, defaultValue]

index_alias ::= INDEXALIAS = ( table_name = string_literal ) Species an alias for an index. join_index_type ::= JOININDEXTYPE = int_const Example: join_index_type =(0 None, 1 fact table, 2 d table, 3 x table, 4 y table, 5 hirearchy, 6

s table, 7 external object, 8 conv table) join_index_estimation ::= JOININDEXESTIMATION = int_const join_index_estimation specifies number of estimated documents in an index

view_attribute ::= VIEWATTRIBUTE = ( string_literal , table_name , column_name , string_literal , string_literal , string_literal ) |VIEWATTRIBUTE = ( string_literal , table_name , column_name , string_literal , string_literal ,string_literal , string_literal ) |VIEWATTRIBUTE = ( string_literal , table_name , column_name , string_literal , string_literal ,string_literal , string_literal , string_literal )

|VIEWATTRIBUTE = ( string_literal , string_literal ) Example: view_attribute = (name, table, field, joinPath, viewName, type, defaultDefinition, [expression])

view ::= VIEW = (string_literal , table_name [ , string_literal ]) view = (name, anchor table)

default_view ::= DEFAULTVIEW = string_literal

Specifies default view name.

semantic_relation ::= SEMANTICRELATION = ( string_literal , string_literal , string_literal , string_literal )

Example: semantic_relation = name, joinPath, view, type

key_figure ::= KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , int_const ) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , int_const , string_literal ) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , string_literal , int_const ) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , string_literal , int_const , string_literal ) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , string_literal , int_const , string_literal , RESTRICTION = string_literal) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , string_literal , int_const , string_literal , string_literal , RESTRICTION= string_literal ) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , int_const , FORMULA = string_literal , DESCRIPTION = string_literal , UNITCONVERSIONNAME = string_literal , EXPRESSION = string_literal , EXPRESSIONFLAGS = int_const )

| KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , int_const , FORMULA = string_literal , DESCRIPTION = string_literal , UNITCONVERSIONNAME = string_literal , EXPRESSION = string_literal , EXPRESSIONFLAGS = int_const , RESTRICTION = string_literal ) | KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , int_const , FORMULA = string_literal , DESCRIPTION = string_literal , UNITCONVERSIONNAME = string_literal , EXPRESSION = string_literal , EXPRESSIONFLAGS = int_const , INDEXID = table_ref_trex , ATTRIBUTE = column_name )


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| KEYFIGURE = ( column_name , int_const , FORMULA = string_literal , DESCRIPTION = string_literal , UNITCONVERSIONNAME = string_literal , EXPRESSION = string_literal , EXPRESSIONFLAGS = int_const , INDEXID = table_ref_trex , ATTRIBUTE = column_name , RESTRICTION = string_literal , ALIAS = int_const )

Possible key_figure values are as follows: keyFigure,defaulttype keyFigure,defaulttype,description keyFigure,formula,defaulttype keyFigure,formula,defaulttype,restriction=x keyFigure,formula,defaulttype,description

keyFigure,formula,defaulttype,description,restriction=x keyFigure,defaulttype,formula=x,description=x,unitConversionName=x,expression=x,expressionFlags=x keyFigure,defaulttype,formula=x,description=x,unitConversionName=x,expression=x,expressi

onFlags=x,restriction=x keyFigureName,defaulttype,formula=x,description=x,unitConversionName=x,expres

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