Hn Phi T l t tng gia cui cng ca thi Tin Tn, tp i thnh cc php gia
(cc nh cho rng tr nc, dng php lut c hiu qu hn, l nhng ngi ch trng
php tr, tri vi Khng, Mc ch trng nhn tr) trong ba bn th k, nn trc
khi gii thiu i Tng v t tng ca Hn Phi, chng ti n li hai thi Xun Thu
v Chin Quc v phng din x hi, chnh tr v hc thut, lc thut t tng v chnh
sch ca cc php gia trc Hn Phi: Qun Trng, T Sn, L Khi, Ng Khi, Thn Bt
Hi, Thn o, Thng Ung. Ba im chnh trong hc thuyt ca Hn l: - Trng ci
th: Ngi cm quyn khng cn phi hin v tr, m cn c quyn th v a v. Hin v
tr khng cho m ng phc tng, m quyn th v a v khut phc c ngi hin. Trng
th th tt nhin trng s cng ch: vua nm c quyn lp php, hnh php v t php,
v phi c tn trng trit , bt cht th phi cht. - Trng php lut: M php lut
phi hp thi, d bit d thi hnh, phi cng bng. - Trng thut tr gian: Dng
ngi, im ny rt quan trng. Hn a ra nhiu thut tn nhn ri dng nhiu c s
dn chng, i khi cng nh Kautilya n sau cuc xm lng n ca Alexandre le
Grand, mt th k trc Hn Phi; v nh Machiavel, tc gi cun Le prince cui
th k XV. Hc thuyt ca Hn gip Tn Thu Hong thng nht Trung Quc, nhng t
i Hn nh hng ca Hn gim nhiu, nh hng ca Khng hc li mnh ln. T nm 1977,
c nhn ri, ti li tip tc nghin cu ht cc trit gia ln i Tin Tn, thc hin
xong chng trnh ti vch t su nm trc, v son thn nm cun na: Mc Hc, Lo
T, Lun Ng, Khng T, Kinh Dch. (theo hi k Nguyn Hin L)
PHN 1
...............................................................................................................................2
CHNG I
.................................................................................................................2
CHNG II
..............................................................................................................12
PHN
2..............................................................................................................................30
CHNG
I................................................................................................................30
CHNG
II...............................................................................................................39
PHN
3..............................................................................................................................54
CHNG
I................................................................................................................54
CHNG
II...............................................................................................................64
CHNG
III.............................................................................................................75
CHNG
IV.............................................................................................................82
CHNG
V............................................................................................................92
CHNG
VI...........................................................................................................101
CHNG
VII..........................................................................................................108
Kt............................................................................................................................123
PHN
4............................................................................................................................126
PHN 1 THI XUN THU V CHIN QUCCHNG I TNH HNH X HIHn Phi l t tng
gia cui cng ca thi Tin Tn, tp i thnh cc Php gia trong ba bn th k,
nn trc khi gii thiu i sng cng t tng ca ng, chng ti ngh cn n li hai
thi Xun Thu v Chin Quc v phng din x hi, chnh tr v hc thut. C sch
cho vua Vn Vng l ngi khai sng nh Chu; s thc ng ch l mt ch hu (Ty B)
c ti c c di quyn vua Tr nh Thng (cng gi l nh n). Chnh con ng, V
Vng, mi dit Tr m ln ngi, m u cho nh Chu (nm -1122).1 Qua i sau, con
V Vng l Thnh Vng cn nh2, Chu cng tn l n, em V Vng (tc l ch ca Thnh
Vng) lm chc Trng T, coi vic nc, sa sang li ch , nhc l, gio ho, lm
cho nh Chu cng thnh, vn minh. T ch phong kin ln ln thay ch th tc. S
chp u i Chu c ti 1600 ch hu, chng ti ngh l nhng b lc, cha tht s l
ch hu nh gia i Ty Chu tr i3.1 2
C sch cho nh Chu bt u t nm 1134, nm V Vng ni ngi cha lm Ty b. i
Thng, vua cht th truyn ngi cho em trai, khng c em trai mi truyn cho
con. i Chu i hn: ch truyn cho con, khng c con mi truyn cho em. 3 Cc
hc gi Trung Quc cha nht tr v s phn nh cc thi i. Quch Mt Nhc trong
Trung Quc c i x hi nghin cu (Khoa hc xut bn x Bc Kinh 1960) cho i n
l ch th tc, Ty Chu
Theo b Mnh T (Vn chng h - bi 2) i khi ch phong kin i Chu nh sau:
V tc v cc vua trong thin h c 5 bc: 1- Thin T, 2- Cng, 3- Hu, 4- B v
5 - T vi Nam cng bc. V php phong t th c 5 hng: 1- t ca Thin T vung
vc mt ngn dm; 2- t ca Cng v Hu vung vc trm dm; 3- t ca B by chc dm;
4- t ca T v Nam nm chc dm. Binh lc cng quy nh tu theo nc ln nh. Thi
ch dng chin xa, cha c b binh v k binh. Mi chin xa c 4 nga, mt ngi
nh xe gia, mt qun bn cung bn tri, v mt qun cm thng bn phi. Nc ca
Thin T c vn chin xa, nc ca Cng Hu c ngn chin xa, di na l trm chin
xa. Ch hu c bn phn tun lnh, trung thnh vi thin t; ngc li thin t c
bn phn che ch, gip ch hu. ng mt k hn no , cc ch hu phi ti triu cng
thin t; v theo l, c nm nm mt ln, thin t i thm khp cc ch hu, xem xt
chnh tch ca h, tnh hnh trong x: i sng ca dn chng, l nhc, nht l ca
dao, v ni vui bun, lo lng ca dn hin r trong ca dao hn ht (kinh Thi
s d c trng ngang kinh Th, kinh L l v vy).
Ch chia t cy cho dn, ch "tnh in" c l xut hin t i H4, sang i Chu
c chnh n li, mi ming t vung vc 900 mu (mi mu theo Wieger, bng khong
600 mt vung) chia lm 9 phn bng nhau nh hnh trn, mi phn 100 mu. Tm
phn chung quanh chia u cho 8 gia nh; phn gia li mt t lm ch cho 8
gia nh, cn bao nhiu 8 gia nh cy cy chung, np la cho nh vua. Hnh
ming t khi chia nh vy, ging ch nn gi l php tnh in. Ngoi cng vic
canh nng ra, dn cn phi sn chn, trng du, nui tm, dt la qu tc may y
phc. y l cha k lu lu phi li nh qu tc hu h na. i h vt v tht, nhng x
hi c t chc nn i sng cng c bo m t nhiu. t cn rng, dn cn tha, gp nhng
lnh cha tt th nhng nm khng c chin tranh v ma gi thun ho, h c th n,
mc, sng vui v. Ch phong kin tp trung quyn hnh trong tay qu tc, lm
cho hng ny c n sung mc sng, c th gi nhn ri hc hnh, trau di vn th
ngh thut, nh vy m vn minh Trung Hoa di i Chu pht trin. c hng th,
gii qu tc thch sng thnh th hn, v u h cng khuyn khch cng ngh, thng
mi, do thnh th mc nhiu v mau thnh.l ch n l, ng Chu l ch phong kin;
cn L Chn V ng thi vi Quch cho n l ch n l, Ty Chu l ch phong kin
(Phong l rng cy chia ranh gii, kin l kin quc; phong kin l ct t, nh
ranh gii cho ch hu lp quc). 4 Theo Quch Mt Nhc (sch dn) th ch tnh
in cn l mt nghi vn, v trong cc kinh Thi, Th khng thy ni ti, m n cng
kh thc hnh c, nhng Maspro trong Le Chine antique (PUF 1965), trang
90, chng minh l n c.
Nhc im ca ch l nn tng khng vng c lu, phi da trn uy quyn ca qu
tc. Uy quyn m suy nhc, hoc bn cm quyn m tham nhng, l ni lon ni ln
lin: ch hu khng tun lnh thin t, dn khng tun lnh cc quan, k mnh hng
c mt phng, thn tnh k yu chung quanh m lm b ch. S b lc nh c gim dn t
1600 xung 1000, 500, vi trm, mt trm... m cc ch hu hng cng, t ai mi
ngy mt rng, dn chng mi ngy mt ng, gp nm gp mi ca thin t. Nh Chu ch
thnh trn mt th k, t i V Vng n ht i Chiu Vng. Qua i Mc Vng ("trc Ty
lch" -1001 - 936) bt u suy, ti i U Vng (th k th 8 trc T.L.) th triu
nh lon, U Vng b r Khuyn Nhung git; thi t ni ngi l Bnh Vng, s cc r
pha Ty (Ty Nhung) li uy hip na, phi di qua Lc p (-700) pha ng,
trong s gi l i ng Chu(-700 221). T vua Chu tuy vn cn gi ci danh
thin t, nhng mt ht c quyn hnh, thng b ch hu ln p m ch phong kin ln
ln lung lay. Trong Chin Quc sch, phn 1 trang 100 (L Bi 1973) chng
ti ni rng s phn chia i ng Chu chia thnh hai thi k - Thi Xun Thu
(-700 - 403) t i Chu Bnh Vng ti gn cui i Chu Uy Lit Vng. - Thi Chin
Quc (-403 - 221) t gn cui i Uy Lit Vng ti khi Tn dit T v thng nht
Trung Quc c mt im gng: nm -403 khng nh du mt bin c g quan trng m u
mt thi i, ch l nm ba i phu nc Tn: Hn Kiu, Triu Tch, Ngy T c vua Chu
phong hu (do m sau Tn tch ra thnh ba nc Hn, Triu, Ngy), cn x hi,
lch s Trung Hoa vn bin chuyn lin tc, khng b gin on, t ch phong kin
ti ch qun ch chuyn ch, t tnh trng phn tn ti tnh trng thng nht. Tuy
nhin c iu ny hin nhin l cng v sau x hi cng lon, bin c cng dn dp, v
xt chung th thi Chin Quc qu c nhiu im khc thi Xun Thu. V kinh t,
canh nng, phng php canh tc rt tin b. Thi n ngi ta dng li cy bng g,
thi Ty Chu c li cy bng ng ; cui thi Xun Thu Ng v Vit, ngi ta tm ra
st. St lc gi l "c kim" (vng, bc, ng l m kim) v ch dng ch to nhng
dng tm thng nh li cy, li cuc... Nm -513 vua Tn bt mi ngi dn phi np
mt t st c nhng nh ghi hnh lut. Cng vo khong xut hin nhng truyn
thuyt v hai thanh gm Can Tng v Mc Da, bn hn nhng thanh gm thng dng
nhiu, ch v c bng st v t st mi c dng lm binh kh. C xng c phi dng ti
ba trm ngi ko b cho l nng m lm chy c st. Ti thi Chin Quc, st thng
dng, v sch Mnh T, Thin ng Vn Cng thng, bi 4, chp mt cu Mnh T hi Trn
Tng: "Ha T c dng ni ng, trch t nu n khng, c dng (li cy bng) st m cy
khng?" (Ha T d ph tng thon, d thit canh h?). Nh li cy bng st, nh
bit dng b ko cy, m cy su hn, nhanh hn, tn sc hn. Ngi ta li bit b
phn, lm hai ma, o kinh dn nc. Nc ch hu no cng mun ph cng thn tnh cc
nc bn cnh, m mun ph cng th trc ht phi khuch trng canh nng, ngha l
phi va ci tin phng php canh tc va khuyn khch khai ph t ai mi, va
thay i cch nh thu.
S khai ph t ai mi c hiu qu hn ht m cng cp thit nht v dn s tng ln
kh mau (tng s nhn khu tht quc i ng Chu hai chc triu, ti u k nguyn
Kit, tng ln su chc triu) ti ni Mnh T lo thiu thc phm v nguyn liu,
nn phi khuyn cc nh cm quyn cm dn ba li mt nh qu trong cc bng, h, cm
n cy ph rng si ma, (Lng Hu Vng - bi 3); v mt trm nm sau Hn Phi phi
phn nn dn s tng ln qu mau, (theo cp s nhn, chng hn mt ngi c 5 ngi
con trai, mi ngi con trai li c 5 ngi con trai na, thnh th ch trong
hai th h, khong bn nm chc nm, mt ngi thnh ra hai mi lm ngi), thc
phm mi ngy mt kh kim. Mun m mang t ai th nn khuyn khch hoc bt buc
thanh nin thot ly gia nh i tm t mi, v ng hn ch s t canh tc ca mi
gia nh. V vy ch tnh in khng hp thi na, d Mnh T bnh vc n n my th n
cng phi b; m s d ng hng hi binh vc n chnh v n b b vi nc ri. Theo
Maspro trong La Chine Antique (PUF -1965) th Tn l nc u tin b chnh
sch tnh in t thi Xun Thu, trc thi Mnh T mt hai trm nm. Sau Mnh T,
Tn Hin Cng nghe li khuyn ca Thng ng b chnh sch t nm -350, cho dn c
t do khai hoang canh tc. B chnh sch tnh in th ng thi cng b lun php
nh thu thi gi l tr (gip): tm gia nh lm gip mt khong rung cng gia
cho ch in (tc l cho chnh ph, cho qu tc), m thay bng th thu thng bng
mt phn mi hu li,hu li c khi tnh tng nm mt, c khi ly s trung bnh ca
nhiu nm. Li sau ny bt li cho nng dn: nm c ma, la thc d nhiu, chnh
ph c th thu nhiu m li thu t, dn tiu pha ht khng chu dnh; ti nm mt
ma, hu li ch tr ph tn canh tc th chnh ph li bt np s, dn i phi vay
nng li ca ch in, ca con bun, c k tr n sut i khng ht, nh n gn y. Gn
thi Chin Quc, cc ng vua ch hu cn tin mua kh gii, nui binh lnh, nh
thu rt nng, c ni bng 50% hu li ca dn, dn tnh cc iu ng. Tuy nhin
chnh sch ng thu vo hu li cng c li cho nng dn v mt khc: h tng i c t
do, c lp hn i vi ch in, khng b "ct" vo cng in na. Cng ngh u i Chu
cn th s: dn chng a s ch to ly dng trong nh v lm rung; mt s n l
chuyn mn ch to kh gii v cc dng p v qu cho giai cp qu tc, lm vic
trong cc xng ca quc gia hoc trong nhng gia nh ln. c tiu thuyt ca
Gogol, Tolstoi, Tourgueniev, ta thy th k XIX Nga c li cng ngh , cc
i in ch Nga c hng ngn, hng vn "linh hn (tc nng n), v trong in trang
ca h, c hng chc, hng trm nng n n ng v n b chuyn xy ct, ng xe, dt
vi, ch to nng c v dng c cho ch. Rt t khi in ch mua c th trn - thng
rt xa - ch v in trang dng. Ti thi Xun Thu, cng ngh pht trin hn, cc
ng bng ng , cc cn, khm t c k thut cao, bc v bng ngc xut hin. Qua
thi Chin Quc, thm sn, thu tinh; k thut gm, k thut dt v nhum (c khi
ngi ta nhum ti by mu), rt tin b v ngi ta tm c nhng hp kim ch to
nhng tm gng soi mt rt tt. Ngoi ra, chnh sch thc sn ca Qun Trng nc T
(thi Xun Thu): khai m, c tin, nu nc b lm mui, lp kho lm... c nhiu
kt qu, lm cho T ph cng, v qua thi Chin Quc, nc no cng
chu nh hng ca T. Thng mi cn pht trin hn cng ngh na. Nhng ni nh
Hm Dng Tn, Lm Tri T, Hm an Triu, i Lng Ngu u l nhng th trn thng mi
rt ng dn v thnh vng. S cn chp tn nhng thng gia danh ting nh n, ngi
nc L, oan Mc T (tc T Cng, mt mn ca Khng T), c hai u cui i Xun Thu;
qua thi Chin Quc c nhng ph thng rt c th lc, giao thip vi hng vua
cha, c k c giao ph chc tng quc na nh L Bt Vi. Mt ngi bun sc vt
Trnh, tn l Huyn Cao, trong khi em sc vt ra ch bn, gp mt o qun ca Tn
mun xm chim nc mnh, bn gi lm s gi ca vua Trnh, dng o qun tin bc v
sc vt xin h ng tin qun na; vy m h tin, bit bn ph thng c trng ra
sao. Thng gia ni ting nht u th k th V l Phm Li. ng vn l mt trung
thn ca Vit Vng Cu Tin, gip Cu Tin bo th Ng Vng Ph Sai; khi toi ch,
ng khng thch lm mt quan ln trong triu nh Vit, v s lu n thn, b nc
Vit, qua nc o, i tn l o Chu Cng, kinh doanh bun bn m giu ln. Quy tc
lm giu ca ng l p dng lut cung cu bit lc no nn tr hng, lc no nn bn
ra. Nh nm hn hn, thuyn r, nn mua tr sang nm ngp lt bn ra; tri li nm
ngp lt nn mua tr xe nm hn hn bn ra. ng tnh rng trong 12 nm th no
cng c mt nm i ln, v trung bnh c mt nm c ma, li c mt nm mt ma. ng cn
b vn vo vic khai thc m st v bt k cng vic no c li, khng bao gi tin
nm yn trong nh, m cho n lu thng khng ngng, cho nn ch trong t nm gy
c mt sn nghip v i. Tht l mt chnh tr gia kim mt nh kinh doanh i ti
ca Trung Hoa thi Tin Tn. Hng con bun nh, chng cn mo him kinh doanh,
c b tin cho vay li cng sung sng, chng cn cy cy, nui tm, dt la m cng
n ngon mc p; nng dn khi tng tin, cn bn nng c cho h, h mua r, bng na
gi; ri ti ngy ma, cn chuc nng c v, h bt tr gp i. C l chnh v bn m dn
tc Trung Hoa t giai cp thng dn sau ba giai cp s, nng, cng; ch hng i
kinh doanh nh Phm Li th khng bao gi b khinh, m tri li bn qu tc cn
mun lm quen vi h, mi h "ngi cng xe" na. V chnh tr v x hi, thi Chin
Quc khc thi Xun Thu cng r rt, c phn r rt hn v kinh t na, v kinh t
bin chuyn u u, cn chnh tr c th vi nc nh S, Tn c nhng bc nhy vt. -
Ch phong kin suy vi. Trong Chin Quc sch (trang 10,11) chng ti vit:
t khi di sang pha ng (Lc p), nh Chu suy nhc ln ln, t ai th phi chia
ct phong cho cc ch hu cng khanh, nn mi ngy mi thu hp li (ho ra
ngho), ch cn trng cy vo s cng hin ca cc ch hu m ch hu nh nc L,
trong 242 nm ch triu cng c ba ln: khng nhng vy, v ci danh ngha thin
t, i khi cn phi gip lng thc cho ch hu nhng nm h mt ma hoc c chin
tranh. Nh Chu suy nhng mt s ch hu mi ngy mt mnh v chnh tr tt, kinh
t pht t nh T, hoc v thn tnh c nhng nc nh hn, khai thc c nhng t mi
nh
S, Tn. S ch hu trc kia cn ngn ri, ti thi ng Chu (Xun Thu) ch cn
li trn mt trm, qua thi Chin Quc, gim xung na, cn di mt chc: T, Tn,
S, Hn, Ngy, Triu, Yn; trong s tht hng, mnh nht l Tn, S, T v t ai
rng (nht l S) m ti nguyn li nhiu. Gn cui thi Chin Quc h thnh nhng
quc gia c lp, khng phc tng nh Chu na, khng chu xng b m t xng vng
(tc t coi mnh ngang vi nh Chu) nh T, Ngy nm -334, Tn nm -325, Hn,
Yn nm -323...; sau Tn Chiu Tng vng cn t xng l (Ty ) - nm -228 - sai
s lp vua T lm ng na, ngha l coi Trung Quc khng cn nh Chu, ch cn Tn
v T l ng lm thin t ca cc ch hu thi, Tn lm ch phng Ty, T lm ch phng
ng. H thnh nhng quc gia c lp. Trong quc gia ca h, h cng b ch phong
kin m dng ch qun huyn. Tn l nc u tin lp ra mt huyn, huyn Khu Trung
thi Xun Thu (cui th k th VII), sau khi chim c mt min ca mt r v pha
ty. Sau l cc nc S, T, Ng, nhng nhng qun huyn thi vn cn c vi nt thi
p, v quyn cai tr vn cn cha truyn con ni. Qua thi Chin Quc, nht l t
nm -350, Thng ng lm tng quc Tn, ch qun huyn thc s mi c ph bin v mt
hn tch cch thi p, ngha l vin quan cai tr do chnh quyn trung ng b
nhim, c th b thay th bt k lc no, y nh mt cng chc thi nay. l mt tin
b ln a ti ch qun ch chuyn ch cc i sau ny. - Mi khi mt nc ch hu b
thn tnh - m sut i Xun Thu v Chin Quc, c hng trm nc nh vy- th mt bn
qu tc mt a v, tc nh trng hp Khng T. T tin ng vn ngi nc Tng. v b mt
quyn tha p bc, h Khng phi di qua nc L, c nm i th sinh ra ng. Gia nh
sa st, mi tm tui cha c mt chc v g c, mi chn tui thnh gia tht ri mi
nhn chc y li, coi vic gt thc kho, sau lm t chc li (chc t li?), coi
vic nui b d dng vo vic cng t, u l nhng chc thp nht trong chnh quyn.
Mnh T cng ging ng, thuc ging di cng tc Mnh Tn nc L, nhng n i ng cha
sa st, tuy l qu tc m sng nh bnh dn. Qua thi Chin Quc, mt s vua ch
hu mun tc quyn ca bn qu tc, mt mt khng phong thi p cho h na, mt mt
thu tc lc ca con chu nhng ngi c phong, nh nc S di triu iu Vng u th
k th IV, Ng Khi vch cho iu Vng thy ci hi ca bn i thn c phong qu ng,
khin cho nc ngho, binh yu, nn khuyn iu Vng sau ba i th thu tc lc
li. iu Vng nghe theo, b cc chc quan khng cn thit, bt lng bng ca mt
s khc, ly tin nui chin s. Bn qu tc bt mn, khi iu Vng cht, bn ha
nhau hm hi Ng Khi, git v cht chn tay Ng Khi. Gia th k th IV, Tn cn
lm mnh hn na, t ra bn mi mt qun huyn trong khp nc, hng trm gia nh
qu tc mt a v. Tm li thi Chin Quc, gia cp qu tc c ln ln tan r, khng
nm quyn hnh na, v mt gii hu sn mi ln thay: h l nhng ngi khai ph
nhng t mi, nhng thng nhn lm giu ri mua t v thnh nhng tn a ch, li
sng cng nh bn qu tc c, nhng t tng tin b hn, v mt s c ti nhy ra lm
chnh tr. Thi Xun Thu c mt s t ngi trong giai cp chim c nhng a v
cao: nh Bch L H, Qun Trng, Ninh Thch..., nhng thi Chin Quc mi thc l
thi ca h tung honh.
H l nhng k s o vi5 gii v chnh tr, ngoi giao, kinh t hay v b, lm
qun s hoc tng quc cho cc vua cha. H l T Tn, Trng Nghi, Cam Mu, Phm
Tuy, Ng Khi, Bch Khi, L Bt Vi, L T... H thng minh, c ch, quyt lp nn
s nghip, trau di kin thc, tm hiu tnh hnh mi nc, ri i kim mt ng vua
th. H phi ch ngi gii thiu hay t lt mua chuc bn hu cn nh vua xin uc
tip kin. c tip kin, h phi dng ba tt li thuyt phc nh vua - coi thin
Thu nan (trong phn dch sau), c gi s thy thut thuyt phc kh khn v
nguy him ra sao. Khi thuyt phc c ri, ngha l nh vua chu nghe theo k
hoch ca h, tin dng h, th mt bc h nhy ln chc tng quc. Nhng mun gi a
v , h phi nh t nh hng ca bn "cha anh" nh vua, tc bn qu tc c, bn ny
vn bo th, mun bm ly quyn li, ght mi s ci cch, ghen quyn hnh ca h,
nn nhiu khi lm cho h mt mng, nh trng hp Ng Khi, Thng ng - coi thin
C phn trong phn dch. S thng tin ca k s l mt nt c bit trong thi Chin
Quc. - Mt nt c bit na l thi Xun Thu, cc vua cha cn trng nhn ngha,
vi ba ng cn dng nhn ngha tr dn; qua thi Chin Quc, h ch dng thut. Nh
vy mt phn do xu th ca ng thi, mt phn cng do s thc y ca bn s k trn.
Ngi ta thy chnh sch "nhn chnh" dng nhn ngha tr dn ca Nghiu, Thun m
Khng, Mnh cao nu khng phi l vu khot th cng chm c kt qu, khng th thi
hnh c. Ti thi Mnh T cn c mt s vua ch hu thch nghe thuyt nhn chnh,
nh T Tuyn Vng, Lng Hu Vng, nhng h ch nghe thi, ch khng kin nhn
theo. Nh Lng Hu Vng phn nn vi Mnh T rng ht lng tr nc theo nhn ngha,
cu gip dn ngho m sao kt qu khng hn g cc nc lng ging, dn s vn khng
ng hn cc nc y. Mnh T em trn chin ra gii thch, bo: - "Qun hai bn
giao chin, m qun ca nh vua thua, ci b o gip, ko ao thng m chy, k
chy trm bc m ngng, k nm chc bc ri ngng. K chy nm chc bc c quyn ch k
chy trm bc khng?" Hu Vng khng p, v Mnh T kt lun: -"Vy th nh vua cng
ng nn mong nc nh vua ng dn hn cc nc chung quanh". Ngha l cha thy kt
qu ch ti cha thi hnh nhn ngha n ni n chn, cn phi kin nhn nhiu, gng
sc nhiu na, mi by nhiu tuy kh hn cc vua khc, nhng cha . Ngay nh ng
Vn Cng thnh tm tin thuyt nhn chnh, gng sc thi hnh, nhng b T, S p
hai bn, lm le thn tnh, nn lun lun lo s mt nc, my ln khn khon xin
Mnh T ch cho cch i ph. Mnh T chng a ra k hoch no hay c, trc
sau5
o vi tc l gc bnh dn, khng phi trong gii qu tc, ch khng hn ngho v
ngho qu th khng hc hnh c.
cng ch khuyn rng cng vi dn khng chin, khng chin khng c th b nc m
i. Li cng lm ng Vn Cng lo thm. B qu Mnh T nh phi bo: "Nh vua c lm
iu thin i, i sau s c ngi lp c nghip vng m thng tr thin h". Tht l mt
li v trch nhim, nc sp mt y, dn sp lm n l y, mng mnh khng bit cn hay
khng y, m hy vng i sau! Khng c li no t c s tht bi ca chnh sch nhn
chnh v t c tm trng xt xa ca cc Nho gia thi Chin Quc bng li Mnh T
trch T Tuyn Vng di y: "C ngi hi nh hc o (tr quc) ca thnh hin, ln ln
mong thi hnh s hc ca mnh. Nhng nh vua li bo: Khoan, hy qua mt bn s
hc ca nh ngi m lm theo ta ". Nh vy mi lm sao! Nay nh vua c mt ht
ngc cha mi, d ng vn dt th cng giao cho th ngc mi da. n vic tr nc th
nh vua li bo: "Khoan, hy qua mt bn s hc ca nh ngi m lm theo ta !
Sao hnh ng li khc khi giao ngc cho th mi da?" (Lng Hu Vng, h -9).
Hnh ng phi khc ch, sao li khng? Ht ngc em mi da ngay th n p ln
ngay, ch khng hi g c. Cn dng s hc ca Mnh T tc nhn chnh, tr nc T th
T khng th mnh ln ngay c m cn c th b Tn, S nh bi na. Mnh T c tt v
von, thnh th l lun ca ng nhiu khi bng lng, khng thc t. Thi Chin Quc
l thi by ngi ui bt mt con hu, k no mu m, nhanh chn kho tay l c. Nhn
ngha i khi cng c ch y, nhung khng , phi lm sao cho nc mau giu, mau
mnh, phi dng thut - thut hiu theo hai ngha: k thut v tm thut (tc th
on). Cho nn bn Ng Khi, Thng ng, T Tn, Trng Nghi... t cch km xa Mnh
T, Tun T m c trng dng, lm cho Tn, S mau hng cng. Trong khi Nho gia
ch bn v nhn ngha, ch k thut (Khng t ch mt mn l qu ma v hi ng v ngh
nng), cho s ci cch ch , kinh t l tm thng (Mnh T ch s nghip ca Qun
Trng l thp km) th bn s kia tm cch ci thin chnh tr, canh nng, binh
b, dng thut ngoi giao lm hu thun, dng thut kim sot, iu khin b ti
cng c qun quyn, kt qu ch trong nm, mi nm l thy r, nn ng vua no m
chng tin h? - Quan trng nht l s ci thin k thut chin tranh. Thi Xun
Thu chin tranh cn theo lut qun t. c Tam Quc Ch chng ta mm ci khi
thy hai bn dn trn ri, tng bn ny xng ra, ma gio thch , c khi s v hoc
ma mai khuyn nh tng bn kia; h i p vi nhau mt hi ri mi xp li sc
nhau, trong khi qun lnh ng sau ng. Khng bit thi Tam Quc ngi ta nh
nhau nh vy c tht khng, nhng thi Xun Thu th chc chn nh vy, c khi ngi
ta cc k l vi nhau l khc. Marcel Granet, tc gi cun La Civilisation
chinoise (Albin Michel - Paris 1948) trong mt chng rt l th, chng La
vie publique, cho ta bit thi Xun Thu, trc khi lm chin, tng hai bn
phi s gi nh gi giao tranh. Khi ra trn, tng hai bn ng trn chin xa ci
u ba ln cho nhau; nu tng bn y thy tng bn kia chc tc hoc danh ting
ln hn mnh nhiu th xung xe, lt m tr cho na. C khi h cn trao i thc n
v ru vi nhau. Mt nh qu tc m ra trn th ch git nhiu lm l ba tn ch ch
khng git hn. C k nhm mt m bn ch, nu l m
trng th l ti s phn ca ch. Nc ci nht l trong mt cuc giao chin gia
Tn v S, mt chin xa ca Tn sa ly, tin khng c, tnh cnh nguy ngp, tng
Tn loay hoay khng bit lm sao. Tng S ng bn ng, ri ch cho cch g b bt
then ngang cng c v kh gii i, qun Tn nghe theo thot ra khi ch ly c.
D nhin cng c nhiu lc h hng hi chm git nhau, nhng khng bao gi ngi ta
mun tn dit qun ch, v c ngi khng mun tha lc ch cha chun b kp m tn
cng ngay, cho vy l khng qun t. Chng hn mt ln Tng v S giao tranh Trc
Cc. Qun S ng qua sng. Qun Tng i tha dp tn cng ngay. Tng Tng cng
khng cho, bo ch qua sng . Khi qun S qua sng ht ri, qun Tng li xin
tn cng. Tng cng cng bo: "Khoan, i chng dn trn xong ". S dn trn
xong, nh bi Tng, Tng cng b thng, m cn bo:" Bc qun t khng nh qun ch
khi h trong bc cng khn". Truyn chp trong thin XXXII sch Hn Phi t, s
dch sau. Tn Vn cng ng thi vi Tng Tng cng (ng ny mt nm -637 th nm
sau Vn cng ln ngi) cng v ham ci ting nhn ngha m c mt hnh ng mu
thun: trong chin tranh vi S, H Yn khuyn ng nn dng mu gt S, cn Ung
Qu khuyn ng ng, ko mt ch tn, tri o. ng theo H Yn, thng S ri th thng
cng Ung Qu hu hn H Yn, v theo ng, Ung Qu bit "ci li mun i" cn H Yn
th ch ngh n ci li nht thi m thi. (Hn Phi ch thi trong thin XXXVI -
coi phn dch.) Chin tranh thi Xun Thu chc cht t ngi lm. Nhng qua thi
Chin Quc th khc hn. Mnh T phi phn nn rng cc ch hu u "tranh thnh d
chin, tranh a d chin", "st nhn doanh d, st nhn doanh thnh. Ht ci
lut qun t, m ch cn ci lut rng r: chm git cho tht nhiu, cp bc cho
tht nhiu. K thut chin tranh, kh gii c ci thin. Ngi ta dng n ging
bng chn, bn c xa hn, tng truyn l bn c k th cch xa non mt cy s. K
binh xut hin; nh rt kinh nghim ca Hung N, ngi ta va phi nga va bn.
Nm -307, Triu V Linh vng c l l ng vua u tin n mc nh ngi H, ci nga
bn cung nh ngi H, ngha l dng k binh nh ngi H chng li h. (coi Chin
Quc sch - Triu II. 4 - L Bi - 1972). B binh cng xut hin v thnh binh
chng quan trng nht. C nhng o qun hng trm ngn ngi. Ngay t th k th
IV, Tn l nc u tin bt buc mi ngi mnh m phi i lnh. Ngi ta ch nhng ci
thang my, nhng ci thp cng ph thnh ch; c nhng cuc cng ph ko di ti
hai, ba nm. Ngi ta dng thut do thm, tuyn truyn, ngha l dng c chin
tranh tm l. Cng v cui thi Chin Quc, chin tranh cng tn khc; kinh tm
nht l tng Tn Bch Khi chn sng bn chc vn qun Triu u hng (nm -260) -
Do tnh hnh dn chng tht iu ng. Gi na dn phi i lnh, k nh phi np thu c
khi ti ba phn t hoa li. Nhng nm c ma, dn cng khng c hng v
triu nh thu ht la nui lnh; m nhng nm mt ma th k gi, ngi bnh cht
hng lot trn ng, trong rung. D chin tranh chm dt th ha cng ko di hng
chc nm, "v tn ph vo chin tranh, mi nm thu la cng cha b. Qun i m
chin u xong th mu v kch gy, vng v dy cung t, n hao tn, xe h hng,
nga mt mi, tn mt i gi na, o gip cng binh kh triu nh pht ra, k s v i
phu du i mt phn, s tt ly trm i mt phn, d thu thu rung mi nm cng cha
b vo" (Chin Quc sch - T V.I). y l cha k bao nhiu ngi cht, bao nhiu
t ai b b hoang, nhn lc v ti nguyn quc gia c th b kit qu. M chin
tranh trong hai nm cui cng thi Chin Quc lin min bt tuyt, c khi no
chm dt u, ch tm dng nc ny hay nc khc chun b cho mt chin tranh khc.
Dn chng kh s v ni bn vua cha try lc, bc lt na. Bn ny sng cc k xa
hoa trn xng mu ca dn: v h eo y chu bu, ngc thch, h ngi trong nhng
xe ph gm vc, sng trong nhng lu i lng ly, tic tng sut ngy ny qua ngy
khc, c ba tic hng trm mn n, ti ni "mt khng nhn thy ht c, tay khng
gp ht c, ming khng nm ht c". Mt v i thn nc Ngy (tc nc Lng) m c my
trm c xe trang hong p , c ngn con nga mp v my trm nng hu n mc nh cc
cng cha. Nh vy ta tng tng cch sng ca cc vua nc ln nh T, Tn, S ra
sao. Quan li a s tham nhng: T M Thin trong b S K, thin 119, ch chp
truyn c nm v quan tt (tun li) m thin 122 chp truyn mi tn quan xu
(khc li) iu rt c ngha. K s ch tranh nhau n, ti ni Phm Tuy, t tng
Tn, t cch cng chng cao p g m cng phi v h vi by ch ca vua Tn: "(khi
bnh thng) nm th cng nm, i th cng i, ngng th cng ngng, khng cn nhau;
nhng h nm cho chng mt khc xng th chng vng dy, nhe nanh ra cn nhau.
Ch ti tranh n" (Chin Quc Sch - Tn III.13). Thy x hi t trn xung di y
trm cp nh vy, bn qu tc sa st bt bnh, mun tr li thi Xun Thu, n nh
hn, nhng bt lc; hng th sinh th ch th di, ging nhn ngha; cn hng v
dng th ch bit dng thanh gm ra nhc cho k b oan c, bnh vc k b p bc,
thnh bn thch khch m ngi ta gi l hip s. Chng ta khng thy lm l rng
thi Chin Quc c nhiu hip s hn cc thi khc, v T M Thin khng tic li ca
tng h trong thin 124: Du hip. H tic thi c, mun tr li thi Xun Thu,
mt phn v thi n nh hn, tn trng nhiu gi tr tinh thn (nhn ngha...) hn,
mt phn cng v mun khi phc li a v c ca h. Nhng h li bt lc; ging lch s
ch chy xui ch khng chy ngc.
CHNG II CC PHP GIA TRC HN PHIChin Quc l mt thi i c bit chng nhng
trong lch s Trung Hoa m c trong lch s nhn loi na. c lch s th gii
thi thng c v trung c, chng ti khng thy mt dn tc no c mt chng s nh
vy: t ai rng chia lm thnh nhiu nc nh, dn ng m lon lc lin min trong
ba th k, cng lon, dn tnh cng kh, m nh no cng ch ngh cu dn ra khi
cnh lm than, thng nht quc gia bng cch ny hay cch khc, tch cc c, tiu
cc c, mt cnh "trm hoa ua n", trong hai ngn nm sau khng h ti hin na.
Lm Tri, kinh nc T, c th coi l kinh vn ho ca Trung Hoa thi , ni t tp
ca cc danh s bc nht. T tng c hon ton t do, m vua T trng i mi nh,
cho h trong nhng dinh th lng ly Tc mn, ca ty kinh (do c tn l Tc H
tin sinh), tng h chc tc (lit i phu) v lng bng rt hu, ch thnh thong
hi kin h v vic nc, hoc mi h v triu ging o l, vit sch truyn b o ca
h. Ring Mnh T, thi T Tuyn Vng cng dt my trm mn sinh vi mt on xe my
chc chic li kinh T trong my nm; Thun Vu Khn, Thn o, Hon Uyn, in
Bin..., cn bit bao trit gia khc cng qua : nh vy ta tng tng c s thnh
vng ca vn ho ra sao. T l nc giu nht thi , c th nui hng ngn hng vn k
s; ngay nc Tn l nc khng giu bao nhiu, m cng l ni trng i k s, a s l
php gia. Theo Lon Vandermeersch6 th T Sn, ng Tch, L Khc, Ng Khi,
Thng ng, Thn Bt Hi u c thi sng Tn hoc nhng nc chu nh hng Tn. Sau
cng ti i Tn Thy Hong, Hm Dng l kinh vn ho cng(?) Trung Hoa thng
nht. L Bt Vi tp hp cc hc gi danh ting ng thi, cp dng cho h h son
chung b L Th Xun Thu, gm 26 quyn, chp li Nho thut v t tng ca o gia,
Mc gia, m dng gia. Ngi ta thng gi thi Chin Quc l thi ca Bch gia
(trm nh) ch t, li khng qu ng. Trong Chin Quc sch, trang 17 - 19,
chng ti sp xp t tng ca nhng trit gia mun vn hi trt t cho Trung Hoa
thi thnh hai ch trng. "Mt ch trng mun gi li ch c, ch phong kin, tng
uy quyn cho thin t, bt cc ch hu phi phc tng; "Mt ch trng p ch c v
bit rng n khng tn ti bao lu na, m lp mt ch mi. "Theo ch trng th nht
c Nho gia v Mc Gia. Mi u Khng T mun cu vn nh Chu. Ri sau, Mc T, Mnh
T, Tun T thy nh Chu suy qu, khng th cu c, mong c v minh qun thay th
nh Chu thng nht Trung Hoa m thi hnh ch c sau khi sa i t nhiu. R nht
l ch trng ca Mnh T. Mt ln Lng6
La formation du Lgisme - cole franaise d'Extrme Orient - Paris-
1965.
Tng vng hi ng: "Khi no thin h yn nh c?" ng p: Khi no thng nht
thin h th yn nh c...v ai khng thch git ngi th thng nht c... Hin nay
trong thin h chng c bc chn dn no m chng ham git ngi. Nu c mt v vua
c lng nhn, chng ham git ngi hi chng th mi ngi trong thin h s quay u
ngng c trng v v y" (Lng Hu vng, thng -6). Ngha l ng khng tin g nh
Chu na, mun gp bt k ng vua no bit theo o ca ng - bit dng nhn ngha
tr dn - ng ph t thng nht thin h. "Theo ch trng th nh, c o gia v Php
gia. o gia mun dng chnh sch phng nhim, gim thiu chnh quyn, c theo t
nhin nh thi s khai; h tin rng khi khng cn giai cp th s ht lon, chng
cn thng nht cng nh thng nht. Nh vy phi ny o mt ci cu (ch phong kin)
tr v mt ci cu hn (x hi nguyn thy). "Php gia tri li, khng mun tr v
ci cu, m mun tin ti mt ch mi; h mun dng chnh sch c ti, dng v lc lt
ch phong kin m lp mt ch qun ch chuyn ch. H cho o "V Vi"7 ca Lo,
Trang l hoang ng, h mun cc "hu vi"; h li ngh rng "vng o" ca Khng,
Mnh, ch lm quc gia thm lon, nn h ch trng "b o". Trong cun ny vit v
Hn Phi, ngi tp i thnh t tng ca cc php gia thi Xun Thu v thi Chin
Quc, chng ti ng v mt kha cnh khc m chia li, cng lm hai ch trng: 1-
Ch trng l tng, trng o c ca Nho (Khng, Mnh, Tun) Mc, Dng, Lo, Trang.
2 - Ch trng thc t, trng quyn lc ca Php gia, nh Qun Trng, Thn o, Thn
Bt Bi, Thng ng, Hn Phi... Phi trn hon ton l nhng trit gia bn v chnh
tr; phi di gi l trit gia cng c, nhng thc s h l chnh tr gia hn trit
gia. Phi trn c cng vi trit hc, o c, vi s o to tm hn dn tc Trung Hoa
nhng hon ton tht bi v chnh tr (Khng c cm quyn L khng lu; Mnh ch lm
khch khanh T, Lng, ng; Tun ch lm mt vin huyn lnh; Mc bn ba khp ch
hu m khng ai theo hc thuyt ca ng8, cn Dng, Lo, Trang th lnh i). Phi
di tri li, hon ton thnh cng thng nht c Trung Hoa, lp c ch qun ch
chuyn ch nh h: - Khng ngn cn s bin chuyn ca ging lch s m cn thc y n
tin mau hn. - Trng thc t, khng bn sung, ch nhm kt qu ngn hn, tch ri
chnh tr v o c9.7
Hn Phi cng dng ting "v vi", nhng theo mt ngha khc. Khi xt hc
thuyt Hn Phi chng ti s ging r. 8 Thuyt Mc t tng lm quan Tng b cc hc
gi c ting bc. 9 Xt chung th cc trit gia theo phi trn hu ht trong
giai cp qu tc suy vi, cn mun duy tr quyn li ca giai cp mnh nn c
tinh thn bo th hoc phc c (Khng t, Lo t, Mnh t, Tun t); cn phi di
trong giai cp a ch mi, nn chng li giai cp qu tc c (L Khi, Ng Khi,
Thn o, Thn Bt Hi). Nhng cng c nhiu l ngoi; Mc t trong giai binh u
chng c qu tc ln a ch mi; Trang t trong giai cp qu tc suy vi m qu ym
th, hoi nghi; Thng ng, Hn Phi u trong giai cp qu tc m chng li giai
cp , bnh vc giai cp a ch mi.
i sau c nhiu ngi khng phc h v h khng ng v quan nim ca dn, m ng v
quan nim ca vua (ca quc gia); nhng chnh sch ca h t Tn, Hn tr i khng
thi no nh cm quyn khng theo, sau khi dung ho n t nhiu vi chnh sch
ca Nho gia Trong chng ny chng ti xt s lc s tin trin ca hc thuyt Php
gia trong thi Xun Thu v Chin Quc, tc t tng ca mt s Php gia quan
trng c gi nhn c uyn nguyn ca hc thuyt Hn Phi. QUN TRNG Ngi m ng cho
cc Php gia l Qun Trng. Khng ai bit ng sinh nm no, ch bit ng lm tng
quc cho T Hon cng t nm -685 n nm -645, nm ng mt. Thi T Tng cng
hoang dm v , b mt cng tn l V Tri git, nc T lon. Hai v cng t c t cch
ni ngi l cng t C v cng t Tiu Bch. Bo Thc Nha l i phu nc T em Tiu
Bch chy sang nc C lnh nn, cn Qun Trng a cng t C sang L. Qun Trng tn
l Di Ng ngi t Dnh Thng (T), sinh trong gii bnh dn, nhng c hc, nh
ngho, phi i bun du, hi tr chi thn vi Bo Thc Nha. Hai ngi hn vi nhau
sau h ai thnh cng th gip ngi kia. Nm -648, V Tri b mt i phu git, nc
T khng c vua, Bo Thc mn qun i ca C a Tiu Bch v; L cng a cng t C vi
Qun Trng v. Tiu Bch v trc, c th gi sp t i ph vi L, L thua, cng t C
cht, Qun Trng b cm t tr v T. Tiu Bch ln ngi, tc T Hon cng. Bo Thc
bit ti Qun Trng, chng nhng thuyt phc c Hon cng tha ri trng dng Qun
Trng, m cn t t di quyn Qun Trng na. Hon cng phong Qun Trng lm tng
quc, trng ng nh cha ch, nn gi ng l Trng ph (cng nh thc ph). Hon cng
l mt ng vua rt tm thng hiu sc, thch n ngon, a nnh, ch nh bit tin
dng Qun Trng trong 40 nm lin tip, mi vic trong nc u giao ph cho ng
ht, m nc T ng suy ha thnh, thnh b ch cc nc ch hu. Qun Trng cht ri,
T li suy lin v Hon Cng khng nghe li Qun Trng, dng bn tiu nhn Dch
Nha, Th iu..., v hai nm sau b bn ny nht, bt nhn i, cht, thy thnh di
m khng c chn. i sau truyn li b Qun T (gm 86 thin, mt 10 thin) chp
thnh tch chnh tr, t tng cng php ch ca Qun Trng. T M Thin, trong S k
bo c nhng thin Mc dn, Sn cao, Tha m, Khinh trng, C ph ca Qun Trng,
li bo b nhiu ngi c; Hn Phi cng bo trong dn gian nhiu nh c b , vy ta
c th tin rng n xut hin tr lm vo cui i Chin Quc. Nhng ht thy cc hc
gi i sau u nhn rng n khng phi ca Qun Trng son, m ca ngi i Chin Quc
vit v trong b c nhiu on trng nhau, nhiu ch mu thun, nhiu t tng y ht
hc thuyt Php gia i sau. Tuy nhin n cng cha mt phn di thuyt ca Qun
Trng, v di y l nhng iu chng ta c th gn tin c, sau khi tham kho mt s
sch khc nh S k, Trung Quc c i chnh tr gia, Trung Quc chnh tr t tng
s... 1/ Ch trng ca Qun Trng l "li bn lun khng cao xa m d thi hnh
(lun ti nhi d hnh), ngha l ng c c thc t, khng bn chuyn vin vng,
trnh nhng l thuyt cao siu (nh Mc t, Lo, Trang sau ny).
2/ Mc ch tr nc theo ng l lm sao cho quc ph, binh cng. ng ch trng
nht n s ph quc v "kho lm y ri mi bit l tit, y thc ri mi bit vinh
nhc". Thi l Xun Thu, T cng nh mi nc khc trng nng nghip hn ht. Nhng
T tng i hp hn cc nc khc, m li gn bin v c nhiu m, nn ng khuyn khch s
khai thc m c tin, nu nc bin lm mui. Mui sn xut c nhiu, ch i bn cc
nc khc xa b bin, thnh mt mi li ln, nh vy m T mau giu. ng li bit 'lu
thng ho vt', thu mua hng ha trong thin h mt ch, i dp gi cao bn ly
li, lp ra 300 nh n l (tc nh thanh lu) cho khch bun i li t hp, thu
thu. Nh vy ng xng ra hai ci cch: coi cng v thng cng quan trng ngang
nng nghip, nu khng hn, v quc hu ho mt s ngun li trong nc. 3/ Mun
cho binh cng, ng c sng kin "ng binh nng" (gi vic binh vo ngh nng),
thi bnh dn lm rung, nhng lc rnh ri th luyn v b, c bao nhiu nng dn
kho mnh l c c by nhiu binh s. Nh vy cn phi nhiu gip binh; ng t ra l
cho chuc ti: ti nng th chuc bng mt ci t gip (o gip bng da con t),
ti nh th chuc bng mt ci quy thun (ci thun bng mai ra); ti nh th np
kim kh, ti cn nghi th tha hn; cn nh hai bn tha kin nhau m bn no cng
c li mt phn th ng bt np mi bn mt b tn ri x ho. ng t chc li qun i:
nm ngi hp thnh mt ng, nm chc ngi (tc mi ng) thnh mt tiu nhung, hai
trm ngi thnh mt tt, hai ngn ngi thnh mt l, mt vn ngi thnh mt qun.
Ma xun t chc nhng cuc i sn nhn th chn chnh hng ng; ma thu cng nhn
nhng cuc i sn m luyn tp binh s. 4./ V quc ch, s t chc cng ht sc
nghim mt: nm nh thnh mt qu, mi qu thnh mt l, bn l thnh mt lin, mi
lin thnh mt hng; nh vy mi hng gm hai ngn (5x10x4x10) ngi.10 ng cho
bn hng dn (s, nng, cng, thng) trong nhng khu ring: bn s nhng khu yn
tnh, bn cng nhn gom li gn nhng quan nha dinh th, bn thng nhn nhng
vng th t, cn nng dn quy t in d; nh vy con em d luyn tp quen tay
ngh, khng vt v m cn nhiu kt qu. 5./ Trong b Qun t c nhiu thin bn v
php lut nh: Bn php, Lp php, Php cm, Trng lnh, Php php...,v c tc gi
nh Tiu Cng Quyn trong b Trung Quc chnh tr t tng s (Trung hoa vn ha
xut bn - 1961) cn c vo m cho rng Qun Trng lp ra mt hc thuyt rt hon
b v php lut, xt v cc vn : - Lp php l quyn ca vua, quy tc lp php l
phi ly tnh ngi v php tri lm tiu chun; - Hnh php th phi chun b, cng
b cho r rng, thi hnh cho nghim chnh, ng thay i hoi, m phi ch cng v
t, "vua ti sang hn u phi theo lut php", thng pht phi nghim minh, tm
li nu "danh chnh, php hon b th bc minh qun chng c vic g phi lm na,
v vi m c tr".10
Theo Cng gim di tri lc ca Ng Tha Quyn (i Thanh) th nc T chia lm
21 hng, 6 dnh cho cng ngh v thng mi, 15 dnh cho s v nng - 21 hng tc
2000 x 21 = 42.000 ngi. Sao m t vy? 420.000 ngi th ng hn.
Chng ti ngh iu kh tin c, tc gi Qun t em t tng ca cc Php gia i
Chin Quc m gn cho Qun Trng y thi. i khi chng ta ch c th cn c vo cu
ny ca T M Thin "Ngi trn c php th su ngi thn mi c yn n" on rng Qun
Trng trng php lut, t ra mt s cm lnh v mong rng ngi trn (vua, quan,
cha, anh) theo ng l lm gng cho ngi di, nh vy x hi mi c trt t c. 6 /
ng ch trng tn qun nh mi t tng gia thi Xun Thu, nhng s tn qun ca ng
c im khc vi Nho gia. Chng hn Khng t, sinh sau Qun Trng khong trm ri
nm, tn qun v vua l ngi c nhn lnh mnh ca tri tr dn, cho nn i ngang
qua ngai vng d khng c vua ngi, ng cng t v s st. Vua c li ng khng dm
trch thng, nhng khi vua L say m sc p, ca ht, b b vic nc, ng mun b i
nc khc nhng phi i vua L lm l t Giao, khng chia tht cho cc quan, ri
mi t chc, qua nc V, t rng vua khng mun dng mnh na nn mnh mi i, ch
khng phi l ng ch vua v o ham m tu sc. Qun Trng khc hn, tuy khng lm
tri Hon cng, kho can gin Hon cng khng nn v gin Thiu C, mt qu phi l
v l vi mnh, m em qun nh nc Thi, li mc Hon cng gn gi vi bn tiu nhn
Dch Nha, Th iu; nhng i vi Hon cng ng c thi thn mt, m Hon cng cng
trng ng nh cha ch, c h nh ng tn qun ch v vua i biu cho quc gia; lng
trng vua ca ng khng c cht mu sc thn quyn hay tn gio g c. Chc chn ng
khng tin rng vua l "con tri". ng khng i hi g nhiu Hon cng, khng
mong rng Hon cng phi sng sut, c uy, c c; ch cn tin dng ng, nghe li
ng, yu dn mt cht, ng tn bo, ngoi ra, c ham tu sc m ng try lc th cng
khng sao, v ng ngh cn mnh th bn Dch Nha, Th iu khng lm hi x tc c.
Cch dng ngi, ng ch ch trng ti ti nng, khng cn bit n giai cp ca h,
chng hn gii thiu Ninh Thch, mt n s chn b, vi Hon cng, v Hon cng
phong lm i phu, cho cng coi vic nc vi ng. iu d hiu, chnh ng cng
trong giai cp bnh dn m c Bo Thc tin c vi Hon cng. Tuy nhin, i vi cc
qu tc T, nh h Cao, h Quc, ng t ra nh nhn, khng nghi k tm cch trit h
quyn li ca h nh Ng Khi v Thng ng sau ny; mt phn do ng n ho, khn
kho, mt phn c l do bn qu tc thi uy quyn cn mnh lm, khng suy nh cui
i Chin Quc, ng bit rng khng th lt h c. 7/ Qun Trng bit thun dn, "dn
mun g th cp cho ci , khng mun ci g th tr cho ci " (S k). ng tm cch
gip dn, gim bt thu m, khuch trng cng thng, dng chnh sch kinh t t do
lm cho dn giu. C ngi cho rng ng yu dn l v th on, ngha l yu dn khng
v dn m v vua, v quc gia; chng ti ngh li ch v cn c v cng v l: ng va
lm li cho nc, m li va lm li cho dn th l thnh cng ln, cn i g hn na.
8/ Sau cng ng cng ch trng n o c, bo l, ngha, lim, s l bn iu ct yu
(t duy) trong nc, ngi cm quyn rng gi m tr dn. Xt k tm im k trn, hai
im cui cng rt hp vi quan im ca Nho gia, im 6 cng hi ging Nho gia,
cn nm im u l nhng sng kin rt thc t ca Qun
Trng nh hng ln n cc Php gia sau ny. Cho nn chng ta c th coi ng l
thu t ca Php gia m cng l chic cu ni Nho gia11 vi Php gia, bit dung
ho thc t vi l tng, trng kinh t, v b m cng bit l ngha, nhn tn. Cng
ca ng rt ln chng nhng i vi T, m i vi c vn minh Trung Quc na. Cho nn
chnh Khng t hai ln khen ng. Bi 18 - chng Hin vn (Lun ng) - "T Cng
hi: - Qun Trng khng phi l ngi nhn chng? Hon cng git cng t C (cha ca
Qun Trng), ng ta khng cht theo m cn lm tng quc gip Hon cng. Khng t
p: - Qun Trng gip Hon cng lm b ch ch hu, bnh nh c thin h. Dn ti nay
cn mang n ng. Nu khng c ng th chng ta thnh mi r, u dc tc, o ci nt
bn tri ht ri. Ngha l Khng t nh n Qun Trng dp r h phng Bc, cu nn vn
minh Trung Quc. Ln khc (bi 17 cng chng trn), T L cng ch Qun Trng bt
nhn, khng cht theo cng t C. Khng t p: Hon cng chn12 ln hp ch hu m
khng dng n v lc (binh xa), l nh ti sc Qun Trng. Nh vy chng phi l
nhn sao? Chng phi l nhn sao?13 Cn Mnh T, sinh sau Qun Trng ba trm
ri nm, ch Qun Trng c chuyn dng bn chc nm m ch gip Hon cng lp c
nghip b, th ti cha gi l cao. c v kin thc Mnh t qu cha bng Khng t;
ng ta cha bit rng thi Qun Trng, Trung Quc cha lon lc lm, ch phong
kin cn kh vng, ch hu, ngay c T vn cn tn trng nh Chu, cha c vn phi
thng nht nh sau ny. T SN T Sn sinh sau Qun Trng mt trm nm, cm quyn
nc Trnh t -554 n khi cht -523 (hay -522); vy c th ln hn Khng t ba
bn chc tui (Khng t sinh nm -551). ng l mt cng tn (chu vua, ngnh th)
ca nc Trnh, tn l Kiu, nn thng gi l Cng tn Kiu. Trnh thi l mt nc nh,
thnh v thng mi, c nhiu tn a ch, nm kp gia hai nc mnh: Tn Bc, S Nam,
li thm pha Ty c Tn, pha ng c Tng, T, L, thnh mt ci ch cho mi mi tn
nhm vo, thng b ln bang xm phm, kh m t cng c, c gi c cho khi b dit
vong l may.
11
Chng ta nn nh o Nho c trc Khng t. T Nghiu, Thun, hoc tr nht l t
Chu cng, cho nn Khng t bo ng ch thut o ngi xa ch khng sng tc. 12
Thc ra l 11 ln. 13 Nguyn vn: "nh k nhn?" C th hiu l: Hy lm nhn nh
ng y.
vy, triu nh li hn n, quyn hnh trong tay bn cng t, cng tn, h honh
hnh, tranh dnh ngi vua, chm git nhau, c k mun nh cy Tn hoc S tiu
dit k ch ca mnh a mnh ln ngi na. T Sn c lng i quc cao, hi tr chuyn
tm hc hi, ln ln lu ti vic nc, khng ch trng dng v lc m dng ngoi giao
cu nc. Nh hc rng, c ti ngoi giao, m t cch li cao, ng c cc chnh tr
gia ng thi (nh n Anh T, Qu Trt Ng, Thc Hng Tn...) qu trng, cc nc
khc khng gy s vi Trnh na. Trong nc ng cng quyt v ngay thng p dng
Php ch, ta ln bn th gia ho phit m an nh c x tc. Khi t ra mt lut l
mi, ng cho dn t do ph bnh. ng lp ra nhiu "hng hiu" (trng lng), dn
thng ti bn v chnh s. C ngi khuyn ng nn dp i, ng bo: "Ti sao li dp?
C cho dn ti m bn bc, a kin. Dn thch iu g th ta theo, khng thch th
ta sa i, dn l thy ca chng ta m". ng tn trng d lun nh vy li thng dn
na, c mt ln cho ngi dn ngi xe ng qua sng. Mnh t ch rng lm chnh tr
sao m lo ban nhng n hu nh mn cho dn nh vy, th gi u m lo vic ln na;
nhng Khng t li khen l ngi nhn. Trc Tun T my trm nm, ng o d oan: c
ln Trnh b lt ln, dn cho rng ti cc con rng tranh u nhau, xin ng cu o
long thn, ng p: "Rng tranh nhau l vic ca rng, lin quan g ti vic ca
chng ta? Chng ta khng cu g rng, th rng cng khng cu g chng ta". Ln
khc sao chi xut hin, c ngi bo bn nc Tng, V, Trn, Trnh sp b ho tai,
xin ng cu o cho Trnh trnh c ha, ng khng nghe. Sau qu nhin bn nc u b
ho tai, ngi ta li thc ng cu o, ng p: "o tri xa, o ngi gn, khng lin
quan g ti nhau". T tng nh hng ti Tun t v mt s Php gia i sau nh Hn
Phi. Nhng l do chnh chng ti t ng vo phi Php gia, l ng cho c "hnh
th", ngha l cho c nhng ci nh ghi li hnh php.14 H c quc gia th tt
nhin phi c php lut v Trung Hoa c php in t lu. Tng truyn c cc b V
hnh (i vua V), Thang hnh (i vua Thang) v Cu hnh
14
Theo L Th Xun Thu th ng Tch l ngi u tin nc Trnh nu vic phi t ra
hnh php. ng v phe cc tn a ch, thng ch trch cc lnh ca giai cp qu tc,
T Sn cm khng c. ng c c "thy ci", xi ngi ta kin nhau. Tng truyn c
ngi vt c xc mt ngi nh giu, gia nh ngi ny xin chuc. Ngi vt xc i nhiu
tin qu, ngi nh giu ni vi ng Tch. ng bo: "c yn, mc h, h cn bn c cho
ai u?". Ngi vt c xc m lo, li hi ng, ng bo: "c yn, mc h, h cn mua u
c na". ng c ci ti ly tri lm phi, ly phi lm tri; li dm t ra php lut
ring chp ln th tre, treo trc ca khin cho d lun xn xao. T Sn phi git
ng, nhng vn dng chnh sch ci lng php lut ca ng. Sch T Truyn bo T
Thuyn git ng Tch ri dng Trc hnh ca ng, nh vy ng vi T Sn khng sng
cng mt thi. C hc gi li cho rng h sng cng thi, nhng ng Tch cht sau T
Sn hai chc nm. Cha bit thuyt no ng.
(i Chu), c ba u thnh lp trong khi quc gia ri lon. Li c thuyt cho
rng i vua Thun (trc i vua V na) ng Cao Dao coi vic hnh. Nhng hnh
lut c chp trong s mi nc. Chng c l trong ln hp ch hu Ninh Mu (Sn ng)
nm -653. Qun Trng bo T Hon cng rng cc quyt nh trong cuc hi hp u c
ghi vo s mi nc ch hu, tc khc trn th tre, ct trong th kh ca mi triu
nh. Ti nm -536, mi tm nm sau khi cm quyn, T Sn mi cho c hnh php ca
Trnh trn nhng ci nh bng st15 ri nm -513, Tun Dn v Triu ng noi gng,
cng cho c hnh php ca Tn trn nh. Khng T v Thc Hng nc Tng u ch trch
hnh vi ca T Sn, khng phi v c trn nh th hnh php s c tnh cch c nh,
khng thay i c, cng khng phi v nh vy hnh php s c cng b, dn chng ai
cng bit ri s kh tr (d khc trn th tre hay c trn nh thi cng vn l triu
nh, dn chng lm sao v m c c); m ch v l c trn nh, hnh php c tnh cch
bt b mt: cc quan coi v hnh khng cn c gi ring nhng th tre ghi lut
php na, khng th t gii thch lut php na, m h gii thch sai th cc quan
trong triu so snh vi bn vn trn nh, khng ai ct giu c m s ch trch, bt
gii thch li. Chng ta nn nh thi cc quan coi v hnh cng nh cc quan i
thn triu nh u trong gii qu tc, h thng gii thch lut php theo quan
nim l tc ca h, c li cho h. Vic c hnh th lm cho h mt quyn gii thch
php lut theo t , tc l lm gim quyn uy ca h. H c gi cc tc "l bt h th
nhn, hnh bt thng i phu" (L k), ngha l gia h vi nhau c xy ra vic g
th h theo php in bt thnh vn (l) ca h m dn xp; cn i vi dn thng h mi
dng hnh m ch h c bit thi. V vy Thc Hng ngi ngi ta s tranh nhau gii
thch hnh th mi ngi mt , ri nn hi l s ny n, nc s lon, "ti i con chu
chng ta, nc Trnh s nguy mt". T Sn p: "Kiu ti bt ti, u dm ngh n i
con i chu chng ta, ch mong cu i lc ny thi. Nhng mc du ti khng vng
li ngi, ti vn khng dm qun ci c ln ca ngi" (tc lng nhn t ca ngi i vi
ti). T Sn cha phi ch trng php tr, nhng cng lm cho php lut c tnh cch
khch quan hn trc, nh cm quyn khng th t gii thch theo quyn li ca mnh
na; v dn ng tc mt cht quyn ca giai cp qu tc, tc giai cp ca ng. ng
thc s c lng yu dn v ngay thng. Cho nn Khng T d ch vic c hnh th m vn
khen ng l ngi qun t: "khim cung i vi ngi, th vua th knh trng, thng
ban n hu cho dn, sai khin dn mt cch hp l" (Lun Ng - Cng D Trng 15).
Tng truyn khi hay tin T Sn cht, ng khc.
15
C hc gi ng l bng ng v thi Trnh hoc Tn cha c st hoc mi c m ch lm
nhng thng dng thi.
Theo Hn Phi (thin XXX) th trc khi cht, T Sn dn d Du Ct, ngi s ni
chc ng: - Ti cht ri, ng s cm quyn nc Trnh, ng phi nghim khc tr dn.
La c v d dn, nn t ngi b cht thiu; nc c v nhu nhc nn nhiu ngi cht
ui. ng nn dng hnh pht nghim khc, ng cho dn cht ui v s nhu nhc ca
ng. Du Ct khng nghe, ti khi thanh nin mun ni lon, mi n hn thng tay
trng tr. Nu truyn ng th Thng ng v Hn Phi sau ny u chu nh hng ca T
Sn. L KHI Th k th 4 trc T.L., cc php gia ni tip nhau xut hin. ng
ghi trc ht l L Khi s k thi Chin Quc. C sch gi ng l L Khc (c l v m
Khc v m Khi gn nhau), c sch gi ng l L oi (v ch Khc vi ch oi rt ging
nhau). ng lm quan th t Thng a ri lm tng quc cho Ngy Vn hu, khng r
nm sinh t, ch bit sng hu bn th k th 4. Tng truyn ng vit b Php kinh
gm 6 thin v Thng ng sau ny dng b bin php Tn. B tht lc. ng li c cng
a ra thuyt "Tn a lc" tc tng gia nng sn ti mc ti a. Hn Phi chu nh
hng t nhiu ca ng v trong thin XXX - Ni tr thuyt thng (coi phn dch)
c nhc ti ng nh sau: Khi lm quan th Thng a, mun cho dn ni bn gii, ng
ra lnh rng h trong vic tranh tng m cn h nghi th cho hai bn bn vo
ch, ai bn trng s thng kin, ai bn trt s thua. Dn ua nhau tp bn, ho
ra bn gii, nh vy m khi chin tranh vi Tn, ng i thng. NG KHI ng chnh
l mt Binh gia, nhng ng thi cng l mt Php gia v thc hnh: Binh gia v
Php gia tinh thn c nhiu im ging nhau. ng sng cng thi vi L Khi, mi u
l tng qun nc S, sau lm quan th t Ty H v tng quc cho Ngy V hu, con
Ngy Vn hu, sau cng lm tng quc cho S iu vng. Theo Hn Phi th thi ca
Hn, ngi ta cha ct nhiu sch ca Thng Qun, Qun t, Tn t, Ng t. Ng t tc
Ng Khi v b binh th ca ng gm 18 thin. Khi lm quan th t Ty H, mun
trit h mt ci "nh ca Tn bin gii m khng phi trng binh, ch dng dn
trong min thi, ng ngh ra mt thut: chng ci cng xe ca bc, bo ai di n
qua ca nam th s c thng rung v nh thng hng. Mi
u dn khng tin, ch ci; sau c mt ngi c th di i, qu nhin c thng nh
ha. Mt lt sau ng t mt thch (10 u) ca ng bo ai di qua ca ty th cng s
c thng nh trc; dn tranh nhau di i. Ri ng li ra lnh hm sau nh chim
ci nh, ngi u chim c s c phong chc i phu, thng rung v nh thng hng.
Dn tranh nhau tn cng, ch trong bui sng chim c. C l Thng ng sau ny
dng thut c lng tin ca dn chng nc Tn trc khi ng bin php. Lm tng quc
nc S, thy quyn th bn qu tc qu ln, ng mun tc bt, khuyn vua ra lnh
rng con chu cc v hu c phong t, c ba i th thu tc lc li. ng c l l ngi
u tin dm tn cng bn qu tc, h rt on ng, cht chn tay ng khi iu vng
cht, ngha l ch mt nm sau khi k hoch ca ng c thc hin. Hn Phi trng v
thng ng mun cho S c ph cng m phi cht thm, nn hai ln nhc ti ng trong
tc phm ca mnh, mt ln thin XXX, mt ln thin XIII. Trong thin XIII, Hn
vit: "S khng dng Ng Khi b mt nc v lon, Tn thi hnh php ca Thng Qun
(tc Thng ng) m ph cng. Li hai ng y u ng m Ng Khi b cht chn tay,
Thng qun b xe x thy l ti sao? Ti bn i thn on php thut m dn chng ght
s cai tr." THN BT HI Qun Trng v T Sn u tn trng o c, vn cn t cch ca
Nho gia. Thn Bt Hi mi cho chnh tr ly khai o c, nn c ngi cho chnh ng
mi thc l thu t ca Php gia. ng thuc giai cp a ch mi nn mi chng l,
cao php. Thin 63 trong S k, T M Thin sp ng chung vi Hn Phi v cho
bit qua loa v i ca ng. ng gc gc t Kinh thuc nc Trnh, (ng lm Kinh l
nc S), mi u lm mt chc quan nh Trnh. Chuyn hc v hnh danh (hc thuyt
ca phi Danh gia), sau c Chiu Ly hu nc Hn (Trnh lc ny b Hn thn tnh)
dng lm tng quc. Trong 15 nm - t -351 n 337,16 c sch chp l t - 355 n
-341, x xch 4 nm nh ti ni tr v ngoi giao ca Thn m Hn thnh mt nc
mnh, khng b nc no xm ln c. Thn li hai thin, nhan l Thn t. V nm sinh
nm t, S k khng cho ta bit. Cc hc gi i sau a ra hai thuyt: - Sinh nm
-401, mt nm -337 ("-" trc Ty lch). - Sinh nm no cha quyt, mt nm
-341. Chng ta cn nh nm -376, nc Tn chia ba thnh Ngy, Hn, Triu.
Trong ba nc , Hn nh nht, t li kh cn, dn chng ngho kh. Khi Thn Bt Hi
lm tng quc cho Chiu Ly hu, nc Hn mi thnh lp c vi chc nm, cha t chc
kp, lut l c ca Tn cha b m li ban thm lut l mi, c khi mu thun nhau,
ni chnh ri lon, quan li khng bit p dng lut l no, k di c khi khng
phc tng k trn. Thn Bt Hi phi lp li trt t trc ht, theo thuyt hnh
danh (danh phi ng vi16
Chng ti b du trc nhng nm ny, v khng th lm c l nm Ty lch.
thc), ch trng "tn qun, ti (tri vi tn) thn, sng thng c h". ng ch
trng nht n "thut", tc phng tin, mu m t c mc ch: vua chn v dng b ti
cch no, th ti h, iu tra h ra sao. Cun Thn t khng cn, hc thuyt ca
ng, chng ta ch bit c i khi nh t on trong thin nh php (coi phn trch
dch sau) ca Hn Phi. Gn u thin , Hn vit: Thut l nhn ti nng m giao
cho chc quan, theo ci danh m trch c ci thc (tc l ni sao th phi lm
ng nh vy, hoc gi chc v no th phi lm ng nhim v); nm quyn sinh st
(cho sng hay bt b ti cht) trong tay, m xt kh nng ca qun thn. l ci m
bc vua cha phi nm trong tay. (Thut gi, nhn nhim nhi th quan, tun
danh nhi trch thc, thao st sinh chi bnh, kha qun thn chi nng gi d,
th nhn ch chi s chp d). Gn cui thin Hn Phi li vit: Thn t bo: "Quan
li khng c vt chc, d bit cng khng c ni" ( - Tr bt du quan, tuy tri
bt ngn). Ngha l theo thut hnh danh, gi mt chc quan no th phi lm ng
chc quyn ca mnh thi, vic g ngoi chc quyn th d bit cng khng c ni17.
Cng trong thin Hn Phi ch Thn Bt Hi ch chuyn dng thut, khng lo v
php, nn c k li dng s mu thun gia lnh c ca Tn v lut l mi ca Hn m lm
nhiu iu gian tr, thy lut lnh no c li cho h th h theo. Do , Hn c mt
vn c chin xa, Thn cm quyn c mi by nm m Hn khng lm b ch c. Li c phn
nghim khc qu. Thn khng a Hn ln ngi b ch c v c nhng nc mnh hn Hn
nhiu nh Tn, S, T, Triu, nht l nc Tn lc ln li c Thng ng gip m hng
cng ln rt mau. Hn lm sao bng c? V ni tr, ng c l cha dit ht bn tham
nhng nh Hn Phi trch, nhng v ngoi giao, ng gip cho nc Hn khi b xm
ln, nh vy cng kh ri. Trong thin XXXIV - Ngoi tr thuyt hu thng, Hn
cn dn mt on ca Thn, i khuyn bc vua cha phi c ci thut "b him ng l ra
cho b di bit s sng sut hay khng sng sut, s hiu bit hay khng hiu
bit, s yu hay ght ca mnh; nu khng k di phng, tm cch gt, nh mnh. Cui
cng Thn bo "Ta khng da vo u m bit ngi (b ti) c, ch c v vi (khng lm
g c) l c th d xt c h m thi". C l v cu m T M Thin bo hc thuyt ca Thn
gc Hong, Lo chng? B Thn t tht truyn, chng ta khng bit chc c Thn chu
nh hng ca Lo t ti mc no: nhng xt chung th php v vi ca php gia khc
xa thuyt v vi ca o gia - im ny chng ti s xt k trong mt phn sau.
Chin quc sch (Hn sch III - 5) chp li chuyn di y ca Thn Bt Hi: Hn vi
Ngy l hai nc ngang hng nhau m Thn Bt Hi vi Chiu Ly hu cm khu ngc li
yt kin vua Lng (tc vua Ngy), khng phi l thch s ti tin m ght s tn
qu, cng khng phi l vng suy m tnh lm. Thn Bt Hi mu tnh nh vy: "Ta cm
ngc khu yt kin vua Ngy, vua Ngy tt t c rng Hn phi thn phc mnh, tt s
mit th thin h, th l nguy cho Ngy v ch hu ght Ngy tt s th Hn, m ta
chu khut thn di mt ngi c dui mnh trn vn ngi. Lm cho binh lc ca Ngy
suy17
Hn Phi ch ch trng , coi mt chng sau.
nhc i m lm cho quyn th ca Hn mnh ln, th khng g bng triu phc
Ngy". Ri khen Thn "Chiu Ly hu thi hnh k qu l mt v minh qun; Thn Bt
Hi mu tnh vic nc m by k , qu l mt trung thn". Chuyn c th tin c m
cho ta bit mt "thut" na ca Thn Bt Hi v ngoi giao. R l ci khng kh ca
thi Chin Quc, thi ca cc bin s o vi m Thn Bt Hi l mt. THN O Chng ta
c bit rt t v i Thn o, mc d hc thuyt ca ng c nhu ngi nhc ti; nh Tun
t, Hn Phi, v tc gi thin Thin h18 trong Trang t. Nguyn do c l ti ng
khc hn cc Php gia trc v sau ng, khng lm chnh tr, nn s khng nhc
ti19. ng thun ty l mt t tng gia. Cc sch chng ti c ch ni rng ng ng
thi vi Thn Bt Hi, Thng ng; duy Trung Quc trit hc i cng ca V ng
(Thng v n th qun - 1958) l cho bit ng sinh vo khong 370, mt vo
khong -290 m khng h dn chng hoc cho xut x. S k ca T M Thin c hai ch
nhc qua ti ng: Thin 46 v in Knh, Trng Hon, bo T Tuyn Vng trng k s i
du thuyt, nh Tru Din, Thun Vu Khn, in Bin, Tip D, Thn o, Hon Uyn,
phong h chc i phu v cho h nh ti Tc H. C ti 76 ngi nh vy, ngi ta gi
h l Tc H tin sinh. Ri sau s tng ln ti c trm, c ngn. H t do tranh
lun nhng khng d vo vic tr nc ca T. - Thin 74 v Mnh Kha, Thun Vu
Khn, Thn o, Trn Thch, Tun Khanh, cho ta bit thm rng Thn o l ngi nuc
Triu, in Bin, Tip D l ngi nc T, Hon Uyn l ngi nc S, ht thy u theo o
Hong Lo. ng vit 12 bi lun, c sch ni l 42 thin sch, nhng tht
truyn.20 Thin Thin h trong Trang t bo ng ch trng "b tr tu, qun mnh
i, c theo th bt c d m hnh ng, thn nhin thun theo s vt, nh vy hp vi
o l (...) ng trn tra theo s bin ho, b quan nim th phi khi b ly v
vt, ng khng tin tri thc cng s suy ngh ca mnh, khng bit trc sau, ng
mt mnh mt ci..." Vy l ng cng mt ch trng vi Lo, Trang. Tun t trong
thin Phi thp nh t sp ng vo phi Php gia, ch ng qu trng "php" v "th".
"Ni rng trng php m chnh mnh li khng gi php lut, cho vic tu thn tr
quc l thp m a by t sinh s, trn khin c vua nghe theo, di lm cho bn
th tc va lng, sut ngy ni cng dn vn trng in, nhng xt k th thy bng
lng xa vi, khng a ti u, khng kin thit c quc gia, chun nh c ch , vy
m bin18
Trong b Trang t a ra nhng l l ti sao tc gi khng tin thin ny l do
Trang t vit (N.X.B Vn Ho, 1991) (B.T.) 19 Mnh t, Co t h, bi 8, c
chp truyn Mnh t thuyt Thn t ng nghe li vua L, em qun nh T. Thn t l
ngi khc, khng phi Thn o. 20 (Chin Quc sch - S II.7- c mt truyn l th
v Thn o, nhng khng ng tin nn khng chp vo y).
lun vn c chng c, bn lun vn mch lc, gt gm bn ngu, l trng hp Thn o
v in Bin". Nt chnh trong t tng ng l trng "th", m h trng th th t
nhin trng php lut. Theo Hn Phi trong thin Nn th, th Thn o bn v "th"
nh sau: "Con phi long ci my (m bay ln tri), con ng x (mt loi rn nh
rng, khng c chn) ch ng sng m m ln trong . My tan, sng tnh ri th hai
con cng ch nh con giun, con kin v mt ch da. Ngi hin m chu khut k bt
tiu l v quyn (th) nh, (a) v thp; k bt tiu m phc c ngi hin l v quyn
trng, v cao. Nghiu hi cn l dn thng th khng tr c ba ngi, m Kit khi
lm thin t th c th lm lon c thin h. Do ti bit rng quyn th v a v nh
cy c, m bc hin, tr khng cho ta hm m. Cy n yu m bn c mi tn ln cao l
nh sc gi a i, k bt tiu m lnh ban ra c thi hnh l nh sc gip ca qun
chng. Nghiu khi cn l k l thuc, i ging dy th dn khng nghe; n khi ngi
quay mt v phng Nam, lm vua thin h, ban lnh l ngi ta thi hnh lin, cm
on l ngi ta phi ngng ngay. Do m xt th hin v tr khng cho m ng phc
tng; m quyn th, a v khut phc c ngi hin. Thn t vit: Phi long tha vn,
ng x du v, Vn bi v t, nhi long x d dn ngh ng h, tc tht k s tha d. C
hin nhn nhi khut bt tiu gi, tc quyn trng v tn d. Nghiu vi tht ph bt
nng tr tam nhn, nhi Kit vi thin t nng lon thin h. Ng d th tri th v
chi tc th, nhi hin tr chi bt tc m d. Ph n nhc nhi th cao gi, kch
phong d. Thn bt tiu nhi lnh hnh gi, c tr chng d. Nghiu gio l thuc
nhi dn bt thnh, ch nam din nhi vng thin h, lnh tc hnh, cm tc ch. Do
th quan chi, hin tr v tc d phc chng, nhi th v tc d khut hin gi d.
Thn o cao sc mnh v tc dng ca quyn th, a v; iu ng. Nhng khng . Khng
r trong 42 thin tht truyn, ng c bn g thm khng, c xt quyn th, a v do
u m c, khi no th chnh ng, khi no khng, v mt khi c c ri th lm sao gi
c... V trng "th" nn Thn o ch trng tp quyn, cm khng c lp b ng, a v v
quyn li ca v ln b, con c con th phi r rng, i thn khng c ln vua, phi
b ring m ch theo lut. THNG NG
Php gia c ba phi chnh, phi trng thut l Thn Bt Hi, phi trng th l
Thn o, phi th ba trng php l Thng ng. V i ca Thng ng chng ta c bit
kh y . S k dnh ring mt thin v ng: Thin 68 Thng Qun ng. ng, khng r
sinh nm no, c th vo khong -388, sng cng thi vi Thn Bt Hi v Thn o,
nh tui hn Thn v ln tui hn Thn. ng l ngi nc V (v vy cn gi l V ng),
mt nc nh ph dung ca nc Ngy, tn h l Cng tn (vy l ging di qu tc sa
st, khc hn Ng Khi v Thn Bt Hi) cho nn cn gi l Cng tn ng. ng thch mn
hc hnh danh, lm chc Trung th t, tc nh b th, cho quan tng quc nc Ngy
l Cng Thc Ta (c sch ni l dy con cho Ta); Cng Thc Ta khen l c k ti,
khi au nng, tin c ng vi Ngy Hu vng v dn: " Nu i vng khng dng hn th
git hn i, ng cho hn ra khi nc Ngy". Lc Hu vng ra v ri, Cng Thc Ta
li bo nh V ng; "Ta tin c thy vi nh vua v dn nh vua nu khng dng thy
th nn git thy i. Ta coi nh vua khng mun dng thy u, vy nn mau mau
trn i". ng im nhin p: "Nh vua khng nghe li ngi m dng ti th l no li
nghe li ngi m git ti", ri c li nc Ngy. Nu chuyn c thc th V ng qu l
bit ngi, gan d m c bn lnh cao. Trong thi gip vic cho Cng Thc Ta,
chc ng c bit t tng ca Ng Khi. Sau nhn dp qua vua Tn Hiu cng cu hin,
V ng qua Tn nm -361, nh mt vin quan thn tn ca Hiu cng l Cnh Gim tin
c, c Hiu Cng cho yt kin. Mi u ng bn v o lm "" (tc o tr nc ca cc bc
thnh nh Nghiu, Thun), Hiu cng chn khng bun nghe. Ln sau, ng h thp
xung, bn v o lm "vng (vng o), dng nhn ngha tr dn, Hiu cng cng khng
thch. Sau cng, bn v b o th Hiu cng l nt vui, nghe V ng thuyt my ngy
m khng chn. Truyn cha chc c tht, nhng cho ta bit rng thi o Nho suy,
cc vua ch hu ch thch dng b o thi, cho vng o l vu khot. V ng c trng
dng ngay, hai nm sau (-359) a ra mt ci cch v php lut. Mt v i thn tn
Cam Long phn i, bo: - Thnh nhn ty theo dn m dy, theo php lut c m
tr, nh vy khng mt sc m thnh cng. V ng p: - l li th tc, bn ngi thng
thch gi tc c, khng bit rng tam i (H, Thng, Chu), l khng ging nhau m
u lm c vng nghip, cc ng b, php lut khng ging nhau m u lp c b nghip.
Bc tr nhn lp ra lut php mi, bc hin nhn t ra cc iu l mi. Khng phi ch
c mi mt cch tr nc. Vua Thang, vua V khng theo c m lm bc vng, H v n
c thi theo c m mt nc. Vy lm khc thi trc cha hn l ng ch, m c cha hn
l ng khen. Hiu cng cho V ng l c l, v theo ngh ca ng m ra lnh:
- T chc lin gia 5 nh v 10 nh, bt phi t co ln nhau21, thy k c ti
m khng t co th b chm ngang lng, t co th c thng nh chm c mt u gic;
cha chp k gian th b x nh ti hng qun ch. - C hai ngi con trai trng
thnh tr ln m chung nh th ngi trong nh phi ng thu gp i. - Ai c chin
cng th c phong chc, ai gy ln nhau th b trng tr. - Ai cy cy, nui tm,
dt la nng sut trn mc nh th khi phi lm kh dch; ai lm giu bng thng mi
hoc lm bing khng sn xut th phi lm n l. - Qu tc m khng c chin cng th
s h xung thng dn. Trc khi ban b sc lnh, s dn khng tin, Thng ng dng
thut di y: ng cho dng mt khc cy di ba trng ca Nam ch Kinh , bo h c
ngi no di c khc cy y qua ca Bc th c thng mi nn vng22. Dn ly lm l;
vic d nh vy sao m thng hu nh vy, ng triu nh c n g nn do d. Hm sau
ng li ra lnh di c th thng nm chc nn vng. Mt ngi th di khc cy xem
sao, qu nhin c thng nm mi nn. T dn Tn tin rng lnh ca triu nh ban ra
th thi hnh ng. C s ny rt ging c s v Ng Khi Ty H m chng ti dn trn;
Thng ng chc chu nh hng ca Ng Khi. Lnh ban ra, trong triu nhiu ngi
chng i, m dn chng cng ko nhau c hng ngn ngi ti kinh phn khng. Chnh
Thi t cng bt bnh, c ln phm php. Thng ng bo mi ngi chng k sang hn, u
bnh ng v php lut. Nhng thi t s ni ngi vua, vy hai s ph ca thi t phi
chu ti thay. T dn u s lnh ca ng, trong mi nm ca ri ngoi ng khng ai
dm lm, ti rng ni cng khng cn trm cp, chng bao lu Tn hi mnh, thng c
Ngy mt trn T nm -350 n -348, Thng ng li bin php ln na, ln ny v hnh
chnh v ti chnh: - Cm cha con anh em ng c cho cng vic khn hoang mau
pht trin. - Chia nc thnh qun huyn. - M mang t ai, ai v thm c t th
lm ch t, t mt th thu cng bng, ai cng nh ai. Hai vic lp qun huyn v m
mang t ai ny c t thi Xun Thu, Thng ng ch c cng a ra thnh quc sch, v
p dng mt cch i quy m thi. - Thng nht o lng. t nm sau, Tn mnh ln,
thng Ngy mt trn ln M Lc, git c tng Ngy v cm t thi t Ngy. T Ngy khng
ngc u ln c na, vua Ngy chc n hn khng nghe li Cng Thc Ta, khng dng m
cng khng git Thng ng.
21
Chnh sch co gian ny, Mc t ngh khong 100 nm trc - coi cc thin
Thng ng- b Mc t. 22 Nguyn vn l "kim". Ch ny c th tr mt ng tin vng,
mt nn, mt dt, mt cn vng; li c th tr mt kim loi khc, nh ng.
Danh vng, chc tc ca Thng ng by gi ln n tt bc. Tn Hiu cng phong
cho ng mt khu gm 15 p t Thng, vi tc Thng qun, v vy ng c tn l Thng
ng. Tt c triu nh, nht l gii qu tc, cha anh ca vua u ght ng. S d ng
cn ng vng c ch nh Hiu cng che ch. Chin Quc sch (Tn sch -I.1) chp
rng khi Hiu cng au nng, mun truyn ngi cho ng, ng khng nhn v gi ng
ch trng ca Php gia: b ti gi phn b ti. Hiu cng mt ri, Hu vng ln
thay. Hu vng chnh l thi t hi trc b Thng ng lm nhc. C ngi bo Hu vng:
- i thn m quyn ln qu th nc nguy; k t hu thn cn qu th bn thn nguy.
Nay Tn, n b tr con u ni: php lnh ca Thng qun, ch khng ni php lnh ca
i vng, th l chnh Thng qun mi lm vua, m i vng ho thnh b ti. V chng
Thng qun chnh l k th ca i vng, xin i vng xt k. Hu vng sai bt Thng
ng, ng trn ra bin gii, ti mt l im, ch l im khng dm cha, bo: "theo
lnh ca Thng qun, khch ti tr phi c "thn phn chng", tc nh th cn cc.
ng khng c, cha ng ti s b ti." Thng qun nh phi trn sang Ngy, ngi Ngy
ui ng v Tn. Cng qu, ng liu tr v t Thng, dng binh t Thng chng li
triu nh, tht bi b git Thng Tr (thuc t Trnh). Thy ng b "xa lit": ct
u v tay chn vo 5 con nga, ri nh cho nga chy v 5 pha. Nm l nm -338;
ng sng khong 50 tui. Ngi ght ng, cho rng ng b qu bo, nhng ngi phc
ng nh Hn Phi thng ng cht v bn phn, v l tng. Sch Hn ch chp rng ng c
son mt b nhan Thng t nay cn 24 thin, nhng theo cc hc gi gn y th b
hon ton ca ngi sau vit. Ch trng ca ng l: - Php lut phi rt nghim,
ban b khp trong nc, v t trn xung di ai cng phi thi hnh, khng phn
bit giai cp; php nh ri th khng ai c bn ra bn vo na, khng c "dng li
kho m lm hi php", ngha l lm sai ngha ca php tm li cho mnh. - Ti d
nh cng pht rt nng, cho dn s, m sau khi phi dng hnh pht. l cch "dng
hnh pht tr b hnh pht" (D hnh kh hnh). T Sn cng ch trng nh vy trc
khi dn Du Ct phi dng hnh pht cho tht nghim. V vic thng, ng cho rng
lm iu thin l bn phn ca dn, khng ng thng; nhng ng li trng thng bn co
gian, l im mu thun. Hn Phi rng ri hn, bo lm iu thin cng ng khuyn
khch. ng bo: "Nc s d c trng, vua s d c tn l nh sc mnh" - M mun cho
nc mnh th phi trng nng v chin, nng nui chin: hc thut v c cng ngh,
thng mi ng cho l v dng, c hi cho nc: "C ngn ngi dn lm vic nng,
chin, m c mt ngi c thi th, tranh bin nhau v tr tu, th ngn ngi kia u
ha ra lm bing v nng chin. C trm ngi dn lm vic nng, chin m c mt ngi
lo v k ngh th trm ngi kia u ho ra lm bing v vic nng chin. Nc nh
nng, chin m yn, vua nh nng chin m c tn".
V vy ng khuyn khch, gn nh bt buc nng dn phi khn hoang, cho h lm
ch t h khai thc c; mt khc bt ton dn phi l lnh (chng ta thy ng chu
nh hng ca Qun Trng): "trng nam hp li thnh mt qun, trng n hp li thnh
mt qun, cn cc ng gi b c hoc n ng n b m yu hp thnh mt qun gi l tam
qun. Qun trng nam th cho n nhiu v luyn tp vic binh, sp hng i ch,
qun trng n cng cho n nhiu v p thnh, sp hng i lnh; (...) Qun gi yu
th chn b, d heo, trng trt, kim cy c, thc n no n c th thu thp nui bn
trng nam, trng n" Theo Hu Hn th, chnh sch c rt hiu qu; qua i Hn,
ngha l trn mt trm nm sau khi Thng ng mt, Quan Ty, ngha l t Tn, pha
Ty ca i Hm cc, ph n cn bit dng kh gii ra trn. Hn na, Thng ng cn mun
to mt giai cp qu tc gm cc qun nhn - nh giai cp noblesse d'pe thi
Trung c chu u; ng ngh: "Ch bn nh gic mi c giu sang23, nh vy dn nghe
thy ra trn l chc mng nhau, ng ngi n ung lc no cng ca ht chin
tranh". - Ph qu chi mn tt xut binh, th c dn vn chin nhi tng h d,
khi c m thc s ca dao gi chin d - "Ai cht c u gic th tc c thng mt
cp, mun lm quan th c mt chc quan lng bng l 50 thch (100 thng l mt
thch); cht c hai u gic, tc c thng hai cp, mun lm quan th c mt chc
quan lng bng l 100 thch; quan tc thng u xng ng vi cng chm u gic".
Nh vy l Thng ng nh mt n mnh vo giai cp qu tc ng thi khng c cng lao
g vi quc gia m cng c hng tc lc ng cha truyn li. C l v im ng cng chu
nh hng ca Ng Khi v Ng Khi ngh vi S iu vng: i vi con chu nhng ngi c
phong th c ba i s thu tc li. Nhng thi giai cp qu tc cn mnh, h qut
li: Ng Khi v Thng ng u b h git mt cch tn nhn. Phi i ti i Hn, giai
cp tn a ch mi thng c giai cp qu tc v c mt a v vng vng. Nh vy l giai
cp tn a ch vi mt s qu tc tin b nh T Sn v tin dn nh Mc T can m tranh
u khong nm th k - c k b bn qu tc qut li ti ch cht khng ton thy - mi
xo b c mt s c quyn ca qu tc, b c l "hnh bt thng i phu, l bt h th
dn" u i Chu; v ln ln to c mt x hi tng i cng bng (th dn c tuyn dng v
x theo lut php cng nh qu tc), mt x hi tm n nh trong non 2000 nm, c
ting l dn ch sm hn Ty phng mi th k Mi ti gn th k chng ta, sau hai
cuc cch mnh lin tip ca tiu t sn v v sn, tnh trng x hi u i Chu mi lt
ngc li; giai cp v sn dnh c quyn li v a v ca giai cp qu tc ba ngn nm
trc. Mt chu k chm dt. Ri bt u mt vng trn c khc chng? Ti y hc thuyt
ca Php gia c ba phi: Th ca Thn o, Thut ca Thn Bt Hi, v Php ca Thng
ng; k nh hon b. Ch cn mt ngi tp i thnh, sa23
Mc t cng ngh ch ngi hin mi c giu sang, cn qu tc bt ti th cng phi
ngho hn coi cc thin Thng hin, b Mc t.
cha, thm bt. Ngi l Hn Phi m chng ti s xt trong cc phn sau. Nhng
Hn Phi mun lm chnh tr m khng c dng; ngi p dng hc thuyt ca ng lm cho
Tn thng nht c Trung Quc l L T, mt bn hc ca ng. Xt li, trong thi Xun
Thu v Chin Quc, nhng ngi c cng thc y s bin chuyn ca x hi Trung Hoa
t ch phong kin qua ch qun ch chuyn ch, khng phi Nho gia, Mc gia hay
o gia m chnh l Php gia. Nhng nc T, Trnh, Hn, Ngy, Tn nh Qun Trng, T
Sn, Thn Bt Hi, Ng Khi, Thng ng, L T thay nhau ni bt ln nhiu hay t
trong s cc nc ch hu, nh du nhng giai on quan trng, v vy m c nh nh
Vandermeersch24 ngh nn chia li thi Xun Thu v Chin Quc theo nhng
giai on , m b li phn chia t trc ti nay ch cn c vo s ca nh Chu. kin
mi m v c l mt phn.
24
Sd, trang 275.
PHN 2 HN PHI I SNG V TC PHMCHNG I I SNGV tiu s Hn Phi chng ta ch
c ba ngun ti liu: Chin Quc sch, Hn Phi T v S k ca T M Thin; nhng
nhng ti liu y a s u mp m hoc khng ng tin, c khi mu thun nhau na.
Trc ht chng ta c th gt b ti liu trong Chin Quc sch, tc bi Diu C p
vua Tn (Tn - V.8- bn dch ca chng ti, nh L Bi 1973) v Chin Quc sch
khng ng coi l mt tc phm v s, (nhiu bi ch c gi tr v vn hc, v lun
thuyt thi, iu ny chng ti trnh by trong phn gii thiu Chin Quc sch
trang 40, nht l bi Diu C p vua Tn c ging tiu thuyt qu, khng th tin
c). i khi truyn nh sau: Hn Phi thy Diu C l ngi nc Ngy, gip vua Tn
(Thy Hong) c lc c phong chc thng khanh, m ghen ght, dm pha, tu vi
vua Tn: "C em chu bu, pha Nam i s Kinh (tc nc S), Ng, pha Bc i s
Yn, i. Ba nm sau, tnh giao thip vi cc nc v tt dng quyn ca i vng, bo
vt ca quc gia m t kt giao vi ch hu xin i vng xt li. V li tn lnh gi
ca ca nc Lng n cp Lng, li c ln lm b ti Triu m b ui (...) m em bn
vic x tc vi hn th cn u ci nghim khc i vi qun thn" Vua Tn bn vi Diu
C v hi. C nhn ht, nhng bo Thi Cng Vng, Qun Trng, Bch L H u xu xa
tin v Thi Cng Vng c lc lm tn t, Qun Trng vn l mt con bun tham b,
Bch L H l mt tn n xin t Ngu, vy m vua Vn vng, vua T Hon cng, vua Tn
Mc cng vn dng h m nh h lp c nghip vng, nghip b, cn hng cao kht nh
cc n s Bin Thy, V Quang, Thn ch th khng vua no dng c, nn h chng gip
g cho x tc. Vy l khi dng ngi, nh vua ch nn xem xt k gip c vic cho
mnh khng, ch ng cu n h d bn, xu xa; nht l ng nghe li gim pha m s
khng c b ti trung vi mnh u. Rt cuc, "vua Tn khen l phi, li dng Diu
C m git Hn Phi". Nhn vt Hn Phi trong bi b bi nh qu thnh mt bin s h
ng, v t cch m Tn Thy Hong cng khng ng l mt ng vua dng c nghip ln
nht thi Chin
Quc: h nghe li Hn Phi, ri li d dng b Diu C thuyt phc, git Hn Phi
mt cch v l. S thc, Hn c th b L T (v c l c Diu C na) gim pha, nhng
cht v mt l do khc hn. Chin Quc sch ch chp mi truyn v Hn Phi. B Hn
Phi T cho ta c nhiu ti liu hn: nm thin ht thy. Thin I - S kin Tn, m
nhiu tc gi ch gii l bi biu Hn Phi dng vua Tn trong ln hi kin u tin,
nhng h khng cho ta bit vic xy ra nm no. i bi bo Tn ng s lc quc
(Triu, Yn, Ngy, Kinh "S", T, Hn) hp tung nh Tn v kho lm ca h trng
rng m s tt ca h s cht, nn h s thua. Cn Tn c iu kin lm b ch, s d cha
thn tnh c thin h v mu thn bt ti, bt trung (Hn dn chng Tn v lm ln m
ba ln l c hi lm b). Cui cng, Hn kt: Thn khng s cht, xin yt kin i
vng bn v cch ph th hp tung ca cc nc trong thin h, thng Triu, dit
Hn1 bt Kinh, Ngy phi thn phc, bt T, Yn phi kt thn vi mnh, thnh ci
danh b vng. Xin i vng th nghe thuyt ca thn, mt ln ra qun m qun
trong thin h khng b ph () danh b vng khng thnh, ch hu bn phng khng
thn phc th xin i vng chm u thn i mi ngi trong nc bit rng thn mu tnh
m khng trung thnh vi cha. C ba l do nghi ng bi khng phi ca Hn Phi:
- Khng c mt sch no khc chp truyn c, trc sau Hn Phi ch i s Tn c mt
ln dng vua Tn bi biu Tn Hn (coi phn di) thi. - Ging bi cng l ging
bn bin s nh T Tn, Trng Nghi, ch khng phi ging mt t tng gia v chnh
tr nh Hn. C ngi ng l ca Thi Trch (ngi nc Thi, ly tn nc lm tn h, lm
t tng Tn Chiu vng sau khi Phm Tuy t chc); nhng Chin Quc sch cho l
ca Trng Nghi thuyt Tn Hu Vng. Bi trong Chin Quc sch (Tn sch I.5) y
ht bi trong Hn Phi t, cha r b chp b no. - T tng ca Hn Phi trong bi
, tc thin 1- S kin Tn tri ngc hn vi thin 2Tn Hn. Trong S kin Tn Hn
Phi nguyn gip Tn dit lc quc, trong c nc Hn, t quc ca Hn Phi. Trong
Tn Hn, tri li Hn Phi c thuyt phc Tn Thy Hong duy tr nc Hn: Lc Triu
v Tn xch mch vi nhau, Tn mun chim Hn trc v Hn nm gia Tn v Triu. Hn
Phi khuyn ng nh Hn v Hn t trc vn cng np v thi hnh mnh lnh ca Tn,
cha chc dit ngay c, Hn s c th; trong khi Ngy, Triu s hng v T, khi
hp tung s mnh m Tn s nguy: Hn vn l mt nc nh, phi chng c s cng kch
bn pha, cha nhc, ti kh, trn di cng lo lng vi nhau t lu ri, cho nn
phng b k, phng k ch mnh,
1
Chng ti nhn mnh.
tch tr lng thc, xy p ho ly c th. (Nh vy) Tn m nh Hn th mt nm cha
chc dit c, cn nu nh ch chim c mt thnh ri rt lui th quyn uy ca Tn s
b thin h coi thng, m thin h s b gy binh ca ta, (v) Hn m phn (chng)
Tn th Ngy s hng ng, Triu s da vo T, c T hu vin. Nh vy Hn, Ngy thm s
cho Triu, mn ci phc ca Triu, ci ha ca Tn V vy tt hn, Tn nn giao ho
vi Kinh (S), Ngy, ri nh Triu, thng c Triu, T ri th t nhin Hn, Ngy,
Kinh u qui phc Tn: Theo k ngu ca thn th nn (mt mt) sai ngi i s
Kinh, dng l hu mua chuc cc b ti c trng trch, trnh by cho h thy Triu
khinh nhau (hay gt) Tn ra sao; mt khc trao i con tin vi Ngy cho Ngy
an tm, ri c sut qun ca Hn nh Triu2, d Triu c lin kt vi T cng khng
ng lo. Dp xong hai nc (Triu, T) ri, ch cn gi mt bc th l nh c nc Hn.
Nh vy l nht c m hai nc b suy vong, li thm Kinh, Ngy cng t qui phc
ta on trn, Hn Phi gi c t cch mt s gi, cao tinh thn on kt quyt tm c
th ca vua ti Hn; on di l lun vng nn Tn thy Hong c v xiu, nhng cn do
d. Thin Tn Hn c hc gi cng ng khng phi ca Hn Phi, v ging cng hi c
ging bin s nhng s vic k trong thin th chc ng, v hp vi S k ca T m
Thin (coi on sau) - Thin 3 Nan ngn, nhiu nh ch gii cng cho l mt bi
biu ca Hn Phi v m u Thn l Phi, khng phi l kh ni.. m t tng cng hp vi
Hn Phi (so snh thin vi thin XII Thu Nan), nhng khng hc gi no bit c
bi biu dng vua no, nn chng ti khng th dng vit tiu s ca Hn c. - Thin
19 Sc t - Bi ny cng c ging mt bi biu, cc nh ch gii cho l Hn Phi vit
dng vua Hn, khuyn ng nn tin d oan, ng nn trng cy vo nc ln, ch nn
tin chnh mnh thi, v mun nc mnh th vua phi sng sut trong vic thng,
nghim khc trong vic pht, thng v pht khng c qu ng m cng khng c bt
cp. Nhng t tng ng l ca Hn Phi, nn chng ta c th tm tin c. Sau cng
Thin XLII Vn in c chp mt on Hn Phi tr li ng Kh cng, mt mu thn ca nc
Hn. ng Kh cng cnh co Hn Phi rng lp ra php lut v thut th s nguy cho
thn nh Ng Khi v Thng ng. Hn p rng mnh vn bit vy nhng t ra php lut l
vic li cho dn, cho nn mnh c lm, d c gp b trn hn m, khng hiu mnh m b
tai ha ra sao th cng chu, nh vy mi ng l bc nhn, tr. on r rng l ca
ngi sau vit v khng ng tin, v theo mt hc gi Trung Hoa hin i, Trn
Thin Qun, th ng Kh Cng ln hn Hn Phi khong by chc tui,
2
V Hn t coi l mt qun huyn ca Tn.
kh c th ni chuyn vi Hn Phi nh vy c. (Coi Lon Vadermeersch sch dn
trang 58-59) Tm li nhng ti liu trong Hn Phi t ch c hai im ny l c th
tin c: - Hn Phi mun cho nc Hn mnh, khuyn vua Hn nn trng php lut, ng
tin d oan, ng trng cy nc ln. - Hn Phi rng thuyt phc Tn Thy Hong bo
tn nc Hn. Chung qui, ti liu gip chng ta c nhiu nht vn l S k ca T m
Thin. Trong S k c ba thin nhc ti Hn Phi: - Thin 63: Lo t, Trang t,
Thn Bt Hi, Hn Phi trong phn Lit truyn. - Thin 6: Tn Thy Hong trong
phn Bn k. - Thin 45: Hn trong phn Th gia. Thin 63, T m Thin vit: Hn
Phi l mt cng t3 ca nc Hn, thch ci hc v hnh danh, php, thut, nhng gc
l ci hc ca Hong , Lo t. ng vn c lm, ni khng hay nhng vit hay. ng
cng vi L T theo hc Tun Khanh; L T t xt khng bng ng. ng thy nc Hn mt
t, suy nhc, my ln dng th can gin vua Hn4, nhng vua Hn khng bit dng
ng, nn ng bc mnh rng nh vua tr nc khng lo sa cha, lm sng t php ch,
khng nm ly ci th ch ng b ti, lm cho nc nc giu binh mnh, khng tm hin
ti giao cho chc v m tri li, ct nhc bn su mt by b, trng dng chng hn
hng ngi tht c lng. ng cho rng bn Nho s dng vn lm lon php lut, cn bn
hip s dng v m phm cm lnh. Thi thong th (bnh an), nh vua qu hng ngi
c danh ting (ho), n khi cp bch th li dng k s mang o gip, i m tr (nn
trn), nh vy k dng c khng nui m k c nui li khng dng c. ng bun v ni k
lim khit ngay thng l nn nhn ca bn b ti gian t, cong queo, xt cc bin
c nn hay hng trong thi trc, m vit cc thin C phn, Ng , Ni, ngoi tr,
Thu nan.gm trn mi vn ch. C ngi em sch ca ng n nc Tn, vua Tn5 c cc
thin C phn v Ng , bo: A, nu qu nhn c gp ngi ny, giao du vi ng ta th
cht cng khng hn! L T tu rng tc gi nhng thin l Hn Phi. Lc Tn ng nh
nc Hn. Vua Hn trc kia khng dng Hn Phi, by gi lm nguy mi sai Hn Phi
i s Tn. Vua Tn thch ng nhng cha tin dng th L T v c l Diu C mun hi
ng, gim pha ng vi vua Tn rng: Phi l cng t nc Hn. Nay nh vua mun kim
tnh ch hu; rt cuc Phi tt v Hn ch khng v Tn u, nhn tnh nh vy. Nh vua
khng dng hn, gi hn lu y ri cho v Hn th l t chuc ly
3 4
Tc con trai th ca mt vua ch hu: con trng l thi t hay th t. Hn
Vng An. 5 Tn Thy Hong.
ha vo mnh. Sao bng buc ti hn ri git i. Vua Tn cho l phi, x ti Hn
Phi. L T sai ngi em thuc c cho Hn Phi, bo nn sm t x, Hn Phi mun trn
tnh, xin yt kin vua Tn m khng c. Sau vua Tn n nn, sai ngi tha cho
Hn Phi th Hn Phi cht. Nguyn nhn ci cht ca Hn Phi y ng tin hn trong
Chin Quc sch, hp vi thin Tn Hn trong Hn Phi T. Hn Phi c nh vua Hn
Vng An phi qua thuyt phc Tn Thy Hong nn tn Hn, nhng Hn Phi tht bi,
b vua Tn nghi ng m cht oan. Thin 6: Trong phn Bn k cho ta bit thm:
nm th 10 i Tn Thy Hong, L T bn vi vua Tn chim Hn trc cho cc nc khc
s. Vua Tn bn phi L T qua Hn thuyt phc vua Hn thn phc Tn. Vua Hn cm
thy Tn mun thn tnh mnh, bn vi Hn Phi v cch lm cho Tn yu i. Bn nm
sau, tc nm 14, Hn Phi c phi qua Tn thuyt phc vua Tn tn Hn, nhng vua
Tn nghe li L T6, mun chim Hn, nn gi Hn Phi li v Hn Phi cht Vn Dng.
Nm 17, Tn chim Hn, i thnh qun Dnh Xuyn. Sau cng, thin 45, phn th
gia T M Thin chp: Nm th 5 i (Hn) Vng An: Tn nh Hn, Hn lm nguy, phi
Hn Phi qua Tn, nhng Tn gi Hn Phi li x t. Nm th 9 i Vng An, Tn bt
sng c Vng An, chim ht nc Hn, i thnh qun Dnh Xuyn. Hn b dit. Vy T M
Thin ghi r Hn Phi cht nm th 14 i Tn Thy Hong tc nm th 5 i Hn Vng
An, Ty lch l -234 v bn nm sau, tc nm -230 Hn b dit. Tt c cc ti liu
chng ti kim c i Hn Phi ch c by nhiu. Tm li, chng ta c th tin c nhng
iu di y: Hn Phi l mt cng t nc Hn, hc rng, bit c o Nho (v l mn ca
Tun T), o Lo, nhng thch nht hc thuyt ca cc Php gia, c nhiu t tng mi
v chnh tr, c L T phc l gii. ng trong giai cp qu tc nhng c tinh thn
tin b, trng k s gii php thut (tc bn tn a ch), ch bn trng nhn (qu
tc) l c h, v dng. ng c tinh thn i quc cao. Nc Hn nh Thn Bt Hi m c
yn n mi lm nm. T khi Thn cht, nc Hn li rt suy nhc. t hp, khng c ngn
dm m vo mt v tr nguy him, ti ngay ca ng ca Tn. Khi Tn mnh ln, mun
thn tnh ch hu, Hn thnh ra ci ch ca cc ch hu nhm vo. Th Tn khng c, s
b Tn nut; m chng Tn th khng sc. Hp tung hay lin doanh th Hn a u,
bao gi cng b tai ha trc nht. Cho nn trong thin Ng (coi phn trch
dch), Hn Phi rt ght bn du thuyt dng ming li ngoi giao nay lin kt vi
nc ny, mai lin kt vi nc khc, ch ngh n li ca h m khng ngh n ci li
nc. Theo ng mun cho nc mnh, th phi dng thut v php, ci t li ni chnh,
ng trng cy vo ngoi giao. Chc ng nhiu ln ngh vi vua Hn nh vy m vua
khng nghe,
6
Trong thin II Hn Phi t sau bi Tn Hn ca Hn Phi, c nhn bi biu ca L
T khuyn vua Tn ng nghe li Hn Phi v Hn Phi ch mun mu li cho nc Hn
thi, m nn tn cng ngay Hn i.
nn ng bun ru. Thin C phn (coi phn dch) ca ng c l vit vo lc ng
khng c dng Hn, ch khng phi trong khi b giam Tn. Mi ti khi Hn lm
nguy, sp b Tn thn tnh, Vng An mi phi ng i s qua Tn thuyt phc Tn Thy
Hong bo tn Hn, nhng Tn Thy Hong khng nghe li ng m nghe li L T, ng
ng khng thc tnh m ch lm li cho Hn thi nn git ng nm 234. C sch chp l
u nm -233. Chng ti dng nm ny. Ba nm sau Vng An b bt sng, t quc ng b
dit. Nm t ca ng khng cn g nghi ng c. Cn nm sinh th T M Thin khng
cho ta bit, nhng cc hc gi gn y, chng hn Tin Mc da vo cc gi thuyt
ny: Hn Phi v L T cng hc chung mt thy l Tun t, tui chc xp x nhau; ri
on rng L T khi ti Tn, t nht cng khong ba chc tui, Tn khong bn chc
nm ri mi b Nh th Hong (H Hi) git nm -208; nh vy L T phi sinh vo
khong by chc nm trc, tc khong -280, m Hn Phi cng vy. Cc sch chng ti
c u theo thuyt , nhng chng ta nn nh rng nin i -280 ch l phng chng,
c th l sai mi nm. C ngi c tiu s Hn Phi trong S k a ra nghi vn ny: L
T vn l con ngi th on, bit Hn Phi gii hn mnh, tt ghen ti Hn Phi, ti
sao li gii thiu Hn vi vua Tn khi m vua Tn khen cc thin C phn v Ng
ca Hn? M gii thiu ri, ti sao sau li gim pha bn b x t? Rt cuc l Hn
cht v yu nc hay v b gim pha? Chng ti ngh rng c th v c hai: L T c th
v tnh, but ming ra m bo tc gi l Hn Phi, khng ng rng sau Hn Phi i s
qua Tn, m vua Tn c gp ri thch; ri ti khi Hn Phi thuyt phc vua Tn
duy tr Hn, tri vi ch trng ca L T th tt nhin phi bc, gim pha Hn l t
im li ni che y mu gian, v nu vua Tn nghe m Tn v Hn thn thit vi nhau
th li cho Hn, nht l cho Phi v Phi s c trng dng. Nhng truyn vua Tn
thch vn ca Hn Phi ti ni than rng c gp th cht cng khng hn, c ng tin
khng ? Chng ti ng rng ch l mt giai thoi cho vui thi, v T M Thin mu
thun vi chnh ng. Trong tiu s Hn Phi , ng bo vua Tn c hai thin C phn
v Ng trc khi gp Hn Phi; ri cui b S k, trong thin 130 Thi s cng, t
ng li bo Hn Phi b giam Tn nn mi vit hai thin Thu Nan v C Phn. Vy th
thin C Phn vit lc no? Trc khi Hn Phi qua Tn hay khi Hn Phi (ch ny
chc sp ch thiu) ch l mt giai thoi, nh vy ci cht ca Hn Phi rt d hiu:
L T s thuyt ca Hn Phi lm tr ngi ch trng ca mnh nn mi tm cch hi Hn
Phi, v Hn Phi cht v c ti bnh vc cho t quc. Tinh thn i quc ca Hn Phi
tht ng khen, chng ti c ln ni (trong Chin Quc sch) rng quan nim quc
gia ca ngi Trung Hoa thi Xun thu v Chin quc khng nh quan nim ca
chng ta ngy nay. Thi tuy Trung Hoa chia lm nhiu nc, phong tc, ngn
ng, y phc mt s nc phng Bc (nh Yn, Triu) rt khc mt s nc phng Nam (nh
S, Vit), mt s nc phng ng (nh T, L) cng rt khc mt nc phng Ty (nh Tn)
nhng ht thy u tn nh Chu l thin t, t mnh cng l ch hu c - t nht trn
danh ngha v cho ti gia i Chin quc v vy mt trit gia hay mt k s ny,
khng c vua mnh trng dng vn thng i nc
khc tm mt minh qun th, coi mi ngi trong thin h l dn ca nh Chu7 u
l anh em vi nhau c; Khng T, Mnh T, Tun T u nh vy ht, ni g ti T Tn,
Trng Nghi, Thi Trch... c Hn Phi T, chng ta thy Hn c mt l tng r rt:
gip cc ng vua lm cho nc ph cng ln m ht lon. Sut i ng hoi bo l tng ,
nhit tm vi n ti ni bit rng mnh ni ra khng ai nghe, s b c lp v mnh
phi chi li ca cha, chng li bn b ti gian t, ch c mt ming m mun tranh
vi c nc (C Phn); hn na, c th nguy ti tnh mng v ngi ta c th vu oan
cho ti li ri dng php cng git, nu khng th s tm cch m st, ngha l c th
chu cnh ca Ng Khi, tng quc ca S iu vng b git v cht tay chn, hoc cnh
Thng ng tng quc ca Tn Hiu cng b x xc, nhng ng vn gi l tng, khng s
cht m ch hn rng khng gp c mt bc vua cha bit nghe nh S iu vng, nh Tn
Hiu cng ng c cht nh Ng khi v Thng ng sau khi lm sng t php lut v
thut ca ng (Ha Th). Tc gi thin Vn in hiu tm s ca ng, nn cho ng tr
li in Kh cng nh trn chng ti tm tt. By gi xt li i ng, chng ta thy ng
sinh vo khong -280 th - Nm tng Tn l Bch Khi nh Triu, - Nm -260 (Hn
Phi mi vo khong hai chc tui), Bch Khi li thng Triu, chn sng bn chc
vn qun Triu u hng. - Bn nm sau, nm -256, Tn v Chu, Chu phi dng ht t
cho Tn. Vy khi Hn Phi dng c hc thuyt ca ng v chnh tr ri (trn di ba
chc tui) th ng tt thy r rng trong tht hng, Tn mnh nht, ch c Tn mi
thng nht c Trung Quc v thi c gp lm ri, mun thc hin l tng ca ng th
phi v vi Tn. Thi , nh chng ti dn chng, b t quc m th nc khc l chuyn
bnh thng. Chnh L T bn hc ca ng, ngi nc S m cng th Tn, v chng ai
trch c. Vy m ng khng b Hn qua Tn, mc du ng khng c trng dng Hn, li
bit Hn rt suy nhc ti Triu v S kia, ln gp my Hn m khng chng ni Tn th
sm mun g cng b Tn thn tnh. ng trung vi Hn ti pht cht, ti khi vua Hn
phi ng qua Tn thuyt phc Tn ng dit Hn, ng vn lm trn s mng ca ng,
khin L T phi nhn rng li vn, ging bin thuyt ca ng tht ti, c sc m hoc
mnh m. V chnh v vy m ng b git! Cho nn Vng Sung i Hn tic rng vua Hn
khng nghe li ng nn mi mt nc v gn y Trn Khi Thin bo ng b L T hi m
thc ra l ng hi sinh cho t quc. Tht chua xt cho ng. Th gp c mt ng
vua bit nghe mnh, thc hin mt phn l tng ca mnh ri b git nh Ng Khi,
Thng ng th ng cng cam tm, ng ny, ch v mt ng vua tm thng, khng chu
nghe li ng, ng phi cht oan ung m khng ch g cho t quc c: ba nm sau
khi ng mt, nc Hn b Tn tiu dit. Lng i quc ca ng ngang vi Khut Nguyn
m cn c k cn cn c vo bi biu S kin Tn khng mt cht g ng tin trch ng l
rc voi v giy m na! Nhng thn tm ca ng c lu li thin c trong hai thin
C Phn v Thu nan m t T M Thin n nay ai cng nhn l bt h.7
Cho nn dn khi mun trong nc mnh na v vua tn bo hay v chin tranh
lin min th chy qua mt nc khc m ng vua no cng mun dn cc nc khc v vi
mnh: dn c ng nc mi mnh.
Li ny ca ng cui thin Nan ngn: D l hin thnh cng khng trnh c cht
chc v lng nhc (...) ch v bn ngu kh thuyt phc c l mt li chua xt hn l
mt li t ph. NIN BIU HN PHI
359 351 343 338 337 290 280
3 11 19 24 1 17 27
12 Chiu hu 8 16 21 22 6 16 Hu Hon Vng 7 13
Tn dng Thng ng v bin php Thn Bt Hi lm tng quc ca Hn Tn Hiu Cng
lm b. Tn Hiu Cng cht. Thng ng b x thy Thn Bt Hi (tng quc Hn) cht
Thn o cht khong ny. Tng Tn l Bch Khi nh Triu. Hn Phi sinh vo khong
ny. Phm Tuy lm t tng Tn - Tn nh Ngy. Tng Tn l Bch Khi i ph Triu
Trng Bnh, chn bn chc vn qun Triu u hng. Tn Thy Hong sinh. Nh Chu mt
- Thi Trch thay Phm Tuy lm t tng nc Tn. Tun Khanh t T qua S lm Lnh
don t Lan Lng. Cc nc k c Hn li triu phc Tn. Hn Phi v L T hc Tun
Khanh chc l vo sau nm ny. L Bt Vi lm t tng Tn. Tn nh Hn. Tn Lng qun
nc Ngy em
266 260
41 47
259 256
48 51
14 17
254
53
19
249 247
Trang Tng Vng 1 24 3 26
qun nm nc nh bi Tn. L T v Tn c L Bt Vi dng lm chc lang. Hn Phi v
L T hc Tun Khanh chc l trc nm ny, ngha l trong khong t 253 n 246
246 244 239 238 237 235 234 233 Thy Hong 1 27 3 29 8 34 Vng An 9 10
12 13 14 1 2 4 5 6 L T lm chc x nhn. Tn ly 3 thnh ca Hn. Hn Phi vit
sch c l vo khong ny. Hn Phi dng biu ln vua Hn c l vo khong ny. Vua
Hn v Hn Phi tm cch lm cho Tn yu i Tn gip Ngy nh S L Bt Vi cht. Tn
nh Triu - Hn Phi i s Tn. Tn chim c ba thnh ca Triu, L T i s Hn. Tn
theo k ca L T gi Hn Phi li. Hn Phi cht Vn Dng Tn nh Hn, chim c t i
lm qun Dnh Xuyn. Vua Hn l Vng An b bt. Nc Hn mt
230
17
9
Xin lu : Nhng nin i v Hn Phi trong bng trn chng ti khng theo S k
m theo T Hi.
CHNG II TC PHM1. Cc bn t trc ti nay.
Theo nin biu chng trn th Hn Phi bt u vit sch vo khong nm th 8 i
Tn Thy Hong v theo S k th nm, su nm sau khi Hn Phi i s Tn, c L T v
Tn Thy Hong u c c mt phn tc phm ca Hn. Thi ngi lm sch v k sao li u
phi khc ch ln th tre hoc dng que nhng vo sn ri vit ln la. Vy m ch
trong c my nm, tc phm ca Hn Phi vt bin gii Hn v qua Tn, bit n ni
danh v ph bin rt mau. Sau khi Hn Phi mt, L T v Tn Nh th Hong u c dn
li trong sch ca Hn (coi thin Truyn L T trong S k). Hn mt trm nm sau
T M Thin bo tc phm ca Hn Phi gm trn mt vn ch v c nhng thin C phn,
Ng , Ni, ngoi tr, Thuyt Lm, Thu nan, m khng cho bit trn b c bao
nhiu thin. Ti khong u k nguyn ty lch, Lu Hng l con ca Lu Hm mi thu
thp li c 55 thin, nhng khng chia thnh quyn. Bn ngy nay chng ta dng
c l l bn i Hn hay i Lng . Gn y, nghe ni Trung Quc, ngi ta khai qut
c mt bn trong ngi m i Hn, khng r bn ny c khc nhiu khng. T i Hn n i
Tng, cc bn sao hay khc li u mang nhan l Hn T. Bt u t i Tng, mi c nh
gi l Hn Phi t phn bit vi b Hn t ghi chp t tng ca Hn D, c Nho gia tn
trng gn ngang vi Mnh t. Tuy nhin i Tng v i Minh vn c nh dng nhan c,
qua i Thanh, nhan Hn Phi t mi tht thng dng. Theo Trn Khi Thin trong
Hn Phi t hiu thch (Trung Hoa tng th 1958) th t thi Bc Ngy ti nay c
t nht l 30 tc phm hiu nh v ch thch Hn Phi t; mi thi tin b hn mt
cht, nhng hin nay vn cn t ch sai hoc thiu. H Trn khen bn Hn Phi t
tp gii ca Vng Tin Thn (i Thanh) l tp i thnh nhng bn hiu thch ca ngi
trc, nhng c ch cn sai st. ng cng c nhc ti bn Hn Phi t b tin ca Cao
Hanh, nh ny cng c ting, ci chnh c nhiu ch, pht minh c ngha mi, gip
cho ng nhiu, nhng ng ch c c trn tp ch Vn Trit qu san, quyn II, s 3
v 4 (1933) ca trng i hc V Hn, khng bit ti nay xut bn cha. Ngoi ra
hai bn: Hn Phi tp gii cc (gic) chng ca Vng Thc Mn (Dn) Hn Phi t tp
gii b chnh ca Long V Thun cng c ch dng c, nhng c hai cng ch mi ng
trn tp ch. Chng ti ch kim c 3 bn ch Hn:
Hn Phi t tp gii ca h Vng: bn ny khc t nm Quang T th 22 (1896),
khng chm cu, ch thch s si, rt kh c. Hn Phi t bch thoi ch gii ca Dip
Ngc Ln (Hoa Lin xut bn x khng in nm no), ch tuyn 33 trong s 55
thin. Ch thch s si, ch c ci li l dch ra bch thoi, nhng c nhiu ch
dch khng chc ng. Hn Phi t hiu thch ca Trn Khi Thin. Bn ny qu nht. H
Trn b ra hng chc nm nghin cu Hn Phi t, thu thp c nhiu bn c, tham
kho nhiu nh, hiu nh v ch thch li rt k, a kin v vn chn, ngy ca mi
thin, cui b li c phn tiu s Hn Phi, tng hp t tng Hn Phi, sau cng chp
thm c nhng li ph bnh Hn Phi t i Hn ti nay. Ton b gm trn mt ngn
trang kh ln. Tht l mt tc phm rt cng phu (tuy hi rm) gip chng ti c
nhiu. Khng nh mt ng bn ng T Trng Hip kim gim cho b th cha chc chng
ti quyt tm vit v Hn Phi. V mt bn Vit dch ca Nguyn Ngc Huy (La thing
xut bn 1974) gm hai cun. Bn dch ny kh cng phu, dng c8, cn c vo bn
Vng Tin Thn v c l mt phn vo bn Trn Khi Thin na. ng Nguyn ch thch k,
gm cc ch thch vo cui mi cun v cui b li thm mt bn Mc lc cc nhn danh
v a danh, vi mt bn Mc cc ti. Ngoi ra chng ti tham kho thm ba b di
y: La Formation du Lgisme ca Lon Vandermeersch (Ecole Franaise
dExtrme Orient Paris 1965); Trung Quc chnh tr t tng s ca Tiu Cng
Quyn - (Trung Hoa Vn ha xut bn x - i Bc 1961); Trung Quc c i chnh
tr gia ca Tn Cnh Dng (Hoa Quc xut bn x Hng Cng 1950) Lch s t tng
chnh tr Trung Quc ca L Thin V bn Vit dch ca Trn Vn Tn, xut bn nm
1963 H Ni, khng bit do nh no v mt ba 2. Ni dung tc phm:
Cc bn Hn Phi t ngy nay u theo ng cch trnh by ca ngi xa, chia ra
lm 20 quyn, 55 thin. S xp t cc thin kh tp lon, khng hp l, khng theo
mt qui tc no c. Trn Khi Thin c sng kin sp t li, chia thnh mi quyn
theo qui tc ny: nhng thin no quan trng nht nh Hin hc, Ng , Nn th a
ln trn, nhng thin km quan trng hoc cn nghi l khng phi ca Hn Phi vit
th a xung di. Ngay trong tng thin, i khi ni dung cng khng c nht tr,
chng hn thin 42 Vn in gm hai on khng lin quan g vi nhau: on trn bn
v l nn c cc quan vn cng nh v t chc thp ln ln ln chc cao; on di l li
Hn Phi p ng Kh cng, i rng mnh t ra php lut s lm li cho dn, d c b
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Chng ti c nhiu im khng ng vi ng Nguyn, nhng ngay cc nh hiu ch
Trung Hoa ti nay vn cha c ai hon ton ng vi ai th bn dch ca ng v ca
chng ti s phi c nhng im khc nhau, khng th trnh c.
qun hm hi cng can tm. Thin 18 Nam din cng vy: phn u ni v thut
dng b ti, phn cui bn v l khng ngi sa i php ch thi c. V nhan ca mi
thin, a s tm tt c ni dung ca thin, nh C phn, Thu nan, Nh bnh, Bt
gian, Bt kinh, Gii lo, D lo, Hin hc, Ng , nhng cng c nhiu thin ch
dng hai ch trong cu u lm nhan , nh thin Vn in ghi trn. Thin 52 Nhn
ch cng vy: on trn ni v th, ngha ging thin Nh bnh, on di ni v s th
ght nhau gia cc k s gii php thut v bn qu tc cm quyn, ngha ging thin
C phn. Nhng nhan l Nhn ch tc hai ch u thin khng lin quan mt cht g
vi ni dung c. Nhng nhan nh vy c th do ngi sau t, ch khng phi ca Hn.
Khuyt im th nh l trong mt thin, s trnh by c khi lng lo: trn h m di
khng ng nh th l thiu, hoc trn khng h m di li ng, nh vy l tha. Chng
hn trong thin 33 Ngoi tr thuyt t h, c c s nu ra trong phn Kinh m
khng thy gii thch trong phn Truyn; ngc li trong phn Truyn c nhng c
s khng lin quan g ti phn Kinh. Khuyt im th ba: c nhiu lp i lp li mt
cch v ch, chng t rng Hn Phi khi vit khng b cc trc, c thun tay ngh
ti u vit ti , hoc c th do nhiu ngi ch khng phi mt mnh Hn Phi vit.
Nh thin 52 Nhn ch lp li nhng trong hai thin 7 Nh bnh v 11 C phn nn
b nghi ng l ca ngi i sau ngy tc. Hai thin 12 Thu nan v 3 Nan ngn u
din t ni kh khn, nguy him ca bn bin s mun thuyt phc cc vua cha. Cch
dng ngi v nht l cch thng pht c nhc i nhc li trong c chc thin; Khuyt
im th t l t tng c nhiu ch mu thun: chng hn cc thin 49 Ng , 46 Lc
phn, 47 Bt thuyt, 30 Ni, tr thuyt thng ch nhn ngha; m thin 27 Dng
nhn li c cu cao lim s, nhn ngha; thin 51 Trung hiu ch Nghiu Thun
khng bit l vua ti, m thin 25 An nguy, 26 Th o li cao Nghiu Thun;
thin 3 Nan ngn, thin 10 Thp qu khen Quan Long Phng l ngi hin, m
thin 44 Thuyt nghi li ch Quan l can gin mnh bo, mun thng vua, hm
cha, cht l ng; Ng T T cng vy, thin 3 Nan ngn, thin 25 An nguy, thin
26 Th o khen, m thin 44 Thuyt nghi li ch. Do bn l k trn: ni dung
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