1 Hallucinogens Hallucinogens (Psychedelics (Psychedelics ) )
Feb 01, 2016
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HallucinogensHallucinogens(Psychedelics)(Psychedelics)
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HallucinogensHallucinogens
substances that alter substances that alter sensory processing in the sensory processing in the brain, causing perceptual brain, causing perceptual disturbances, changes in disturbances, changes in thought processing, and thought processing, and depersonalizationdepersonalization
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Modern day history of Modern day history of hallucinogenshallucinogens
The Native American ChurchThe Native American Church– The American Indian Religious The American Indian Religious
Freedom Act of 1978Freedom Act of 1978 Timothy Leary and the League of Timothy Leary and the League of
Spiritual DiscoverySpiritual Discovery– The Psychedelic ExperienceThe Psychedelic Experience
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The nature of hallucinogensThe nature of hallucinogens
Many drugs can exert Many drugs can exert hallucinogenic effectshallucinogenic effects– LSD typesLSD types– PhenylethylaminesPhenylethylamines– Anticholinergic agentsAnticholinergic agents
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Nature of hallucinogensNature of hallucinogens
Psychedelic Psychedelic
PsychotogenicPsychotogenic
PsychotomimeticPsychotomimetic
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Sensory and psychological Sensory and psychological effects of hallucinogenseffects of hallucinogens
Altered sensesAltered senses– synesthesiasynesthesia
Loss of controlLoss of control– flashbacksflashbacks
Self-reflectionSelf-reflection– ““make conscious the unconscious”make conscious the unconscious”
Loss of identity and cosmic mergingLoss of identity and cosmic merging– “ “mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug mystical-spiritual aspect of the drug
experience”experience”
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Traditional hallucinogens: Traditional hallucinogens: LSD types agentsLSD types agents
LSD (lysergic acid LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), mescaline, diethylamide), mescaline, psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine psilocybin, dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and myristicin(DMT), and myristicin
These drugs cause These drugs cause predominantly psychedelic predominantly psychedelic effectseffects
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Of high school seniors Of high school seniors sampled:sampled:
11.3% had used in 197511.3% had used in 1975
8.6% has used in 19928.6% has used in 1992
12.2% had used in 199912.2% had used in 1999
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Traditional hallucinogens: Traditional hallucinogens: LSD types agentsLSD types agents
Physical properties of LSDPhysical properties of LSD– In pure form - colorless, odorless, In pure form - colorless, odorless,
tastelesstasteless– Street names - acid, blotter acid, Street names - acid, blotter acid,
microdot, white microdot, white lightninglightning
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Traditional HallucinogensTraditional Hallucinogens
Physiological effectsPhysiological effects– Massive increase in neural activityMassive increase in neural activity– Activates sympathetic nervous system Activates sympathetic nervous system
(rise in body temp., heart rate, and (rise in body temp., heart rate, and blood pressure)blood pressure)
– Parasympathetic nervous system Parasympathetic nervous system (increase in salivation and nausea)(increase in salivation and nausea)
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Traditional hallucinogens: Traditional hallucinogens: LSD types agentsLSD types agents
About half of the substance is About half of the substance is cleared from the body within 3 cleared from the body within 3 hours, and more than 90% is hours, and more than 90% is excreted within 24 hoursexcreted within 24 hours
Effects of this hallucinogen can last Effects of this hallucinogen can last 2-12 hours2-12 hours
Tolerance to the effects of LSD Tolerance to the effects of LSD develops very quicklydevelops very quickly
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Other LSD types agentsOther LSD types agents
Mescaline (Peyote)Mescaline (Peyote)– Mescaline is the most active drug in Mescaline is the most active drug in
peyote; it induces intensified perception peyote; it induces intensified perception of colors and euphoriaof colors and euphoria
– Effects include dilation of the pupils, Effects include dilation of the pupils, increase in body temperature, anxiety, increase in body temperature, anxiety, visual hallucinations, and alteration of visual hallucinations, and alteration of body image, vomiting, muscular body image, vomiting, muscular relaxation; in very high doses may cause relaxation; in very high doses may cause deathdeath
– Street samples are rarely authenticStreet samples are rarely authentic
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Other LSD types agentsOther LSD types agents
Psilocybin - its principal source is the Psilocybin - its principal source is the Psilocybe mexicanaPsilocybe mexicana mushroom mushroom
– It is not very common of the streetIt is not very common of the street– Hallucinogenic effects produced are Hallucinogenic effects produced are
quite similar to LSDquite similar to LSD– Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD, Cross tolerance among psilocybin, LSD,
mescalinemescaline– Stimulates the autonomic nervous Stimulates the autonomic nervous
system, dilates the pupils, increases the system, dilates the pupils, increases the body temperaturebody temperature
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Other LSD types agentsOther LSD types agents
Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)Dimethyltryptamine (DMT)– A short-acting hallucinogenA short-acting hallucinogen– Found in seeds of certain leguminous Found in seeds of certain leguminous
trees and prepared syntheticallytrees and prepared synthetically– It is inhaled and similar action as It is inhaled and similar action as
psilocybinpsilocybin
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Other Hallucinogenic (LSD Other Hallucinogenic (LSD type)type)
NutmegNutmeg– Myristica oil responsible for physical Myristica oil responsible for physical
effectseffects– High doses can be quite intoxicating High doses can be quite intoxicating – Can also cause unpleasant tripsCan also cause unpleasant trips
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Phenylethylamine Phenylethylamine hallucinogenshallucinogens
The phenylethylamine drugs are The phenylethylamine drugs are chemically related to amphetamines.chemically related to amphetamines.
They have varying degrees of They have varying degrees of hallucinogenic and CNS stimulant hallucinogenic and CNS stimulant effectseffects
Phenylethylamines that predominantly:Phenylethylamines that predominantly:– Release serotonin are dominated by their Release serotonin are dominated by their
hallucinogenic actionhallucinogenic action– Release dopamine are dominated by their Release dopamine are dominated by their
stimulant effectsstimulant effects
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Phenylethylamine Phenylethylamine hallucinogenshallucinogens
Dimthoxymethylamphetamine Dimthoxymethylamphetamine (DOM or STP)(DOM or STP)
““Designer” amphetaminesDesigner” amphetamines 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine
(MDA)(MDA) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Methylenedioxymethamphetamine
(MDMA)(MDMA)
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Anticholinergic Anticholinergic hallucinogenshallucinogens
The anticholinergic hallucinogens The anticholinergic hallucinogens include include naturally occurring alkaloid naturally occurring alkaloid substances substances that are present in plants that are present in plants and herbsand herbs
The potato family of plants contains The potato family of plants contains most of these mind-altering drugsmost of these mind-altering drugs
3 potent anticholingergic compounds3 potent anticholingergic compounds– ScopolamineScopolamine– HyoscyamineHyoscyamine– AtropineAtropine
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Anticholinergic Anticholinergic hallucinogenshallucinogens
Atropa Belladonna: The Deadly Atropa Belladonna: The Deadly NightshadeNightshade
Mandragora Officinarum: The Mandragora Officinarum: The MandrakeMandrake
Hyoscyamus Niger: HenbaneHyoscyamus Niger: Henbane Datura Stramonium: JimsonweedDatura Stramonium: Jimsonweed
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Other hallucinogensOther hallucinogens Phencyclidine (PCP)Phencyclidine (PCP)
– It was developed as an intravenous It was developed as an intravenous anesthetic, anesthetic, but found to have but found to have serious adverse side effectsserious adverse side effects
– It differs from the other traditional It differs from the other traditional hallucinogenshallucinogens It is a general anesthetic in high dosesIt is a general anesthetic in high doses It causes incredible strength and extreme It causes incredible strength and extreme
violent behaviorviolent behavior Management of the severe psychological Management of the severe psychological
reactions requires drug therapyreactions requires drug therapy
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Other hallucinogensOther hallucinogens Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological Phencyclidine (PCP) physiological
effectseffects– Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation, Hallucinogenic effects, stimulation,
depression, depression, anesthesia, analgesiaanesthesia, analgesia– Large doses can cause coma, convulsions, Large doses can cause coma, convulsions,
and deathand death PCP psychological effectsPCP psychological effects
– Feelings of strength, power, Feelings of strength, power, invulnerability; invulnerability; perceptual distortions, perceptual distortions, paranoia, violence, paranoia, violence, psychoses,psychoses,
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Other hallucinogens: Other hallucinogens: inhalantsinhalants
The most commonly abused inhalants The most commonly abused inhalants are volatile substances that can cause are volatile substances that can cause hallucinations, intoxication, and euphoria.hallucinations, intoxication, and euphoria.– Volatile solventsVolatile solvents– AnestheticsAnesthetics– NitritesNitrites
Mild doses - mild stimulations, lack of Mild doses - mild stimulations, lack of motor motor control, dizziness, control, dizziness, hallucinationshallucinations
High doses - violent behavior, heart High doses - violent behavior, heart arrhythmia, unconsciousness, deatharrhythmia, unconsciousness, death2222
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From the forest to the front From the forest to the front lawn?lawn?
This lecture reviews basic This lecture reviews basic information on most of the information on most of the hallucinogen and dissociative hallucinogen and dissociative intoxicants growing throughout the intoxicants growing throughout the U.S.U.S.
Psychoactive composition, Psychoactive composition, geographic distribution, and brief geographic distribution, and brief overview on preparation and/or overview on preparation and/or intoxication will be reviewed intoxication will be reviewed
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Ephedra – Caffeine-like Ephedra – Caffeine-like StimulantStimulant
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The Ephedra EquationThe Ephedra Equation
Most “dietary supplements” marketed as Most “dietary supplements” marketed as psychoactive intoxicants contain psychoactive intoxicants contain ephedrine and/or caffeine from a variety of ephedrine and/or caffeine from a variety of botanical sources. botanical sources.
In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a In China, Ma Huang is used directly as a tea or compounded with other herbs.tea or compounded with other herbs.
Historically in the U.S., it was used as a Historically in the U.S., it was used as a stimulant tea: Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, stimulant tea: Mormon Tea, Brigham Tea, and other names.and other names.
Contains: ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine, Contains: ephedrine, pseudo-ephedrine, nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins, nor-ephedrine, methyl-ephedrine, tannins, saponin, and flavone saponin, and flavone
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Ephedra grows in the Ephedra grows in the deserts of the Southwestdeserts of the Southwest
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Ephedra of the USEphedra of the USE. trifurcaE. trifurca, , E. viridisE. viridis, , E. torreyana,E. torreyana, E. nevadensis E. nevadensis and and E. E.
californicacalifornica
100 gm dried ephedra could contain 100 gm dried ephedra could contain anywhere from 0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrineanywhere from 0 to 2.6 gm of ephedrine
Herbalists do offer pure extract Herbalists do offer pure extract preparationspreparations
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Psilocybe Mushrooms: Potent Psilocybe Mushrooms: Potent HallucinogenHallucinogen
Psilocybin: 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMTPsilocybin: 4-phosphoryloxy-N,N-DMT Psilocin: 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMTPsilocin: 4-hydroxy-N,N-DMT Psilocybe cubensisPsilocybe cubensis typically contains typically contains
1.6 mg psilocybin per gram of dried 1.6 mg psilocybin per gram of dried mushroommushroom
40 mcg/kg40 mcg/kg intoxicates intoxicates 3 to 4 hour duration3 to 4 hour duration
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Psilocybe MushroomsPsilocybe Mushrooms
Small brown Small brown mushrooms that mushrooms that stain blue to the stain blue to the touchtouch
Illicit cultivation Illicit cultivation but also foraged but also foraged from temperate from temperate climatesclimates
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Psilocybe Mushrooms:Psilocybe Mushrooms:Religious UseReligious Use
Religious use continues in Oaxaca, Mexico
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Psilocybin contentPsilocybin content
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Dimethyltryptamine – Potent Dimethyltryptamine – Potent Hallucinogen (DMT)Hallucinogen (DMT)
N,N-DimethyltryptamineN,N-Dimethyltryptamine 10 to 20 mg smoked : 15 minute intoxication10 to 20 mg smoked : 15 minute intoxication Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in Approximately 100mg oral ingestion in
presence of an MAOI: 3-4 hour intoxicationpresence of an MAOI: 3-4 hour intoxication Many sourcesMany sources Religious use of ayahuasca continues in Religious use of ayahuasca continues in
Brazil; indigenous and “modern” religions: Brazil; indigenous and “modern” religions: Santo Daime and Uniao do Vegetal. Both Santo Daime and Uniao do Vegetal. Both seek permission to use in the U.S. seek permission to use in the U.S.
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DMT…it’s as common as DMT…it’s as common as crabgrass… crabgrass…
““Canary” grass; Canary” grass; Phalaris aquatica, P. Phalaris aquatica, P. arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. arundinacea, P. canariensis, P. tuberosatuberosa
Desmanthus illinoensis; Desmanthus illinoensis; Prairie Prairie BundleflowerBundleflower
Many other sources; mostly S. Many other sources; mostly S. America.America.
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DMT contentDMT content
Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried Alkaloids reported as mg/100g raw dried plant ++++++++++++++++++++++plant ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
P. tuberosaP. tuberosa: DMT : DMT 100 mg+100 mg+; 5-Me-DMT ; 5-Me-DMT 22 22 mg+mg+; 5-OH-DMT ; 5-OH-DMT 5 mg5 mg
P. arundinaceaP. arundinacea DMT DMT 60+ mg60+ mg Desmanthus illinoesisDesmanthus illinoesis (root bark) DMT (root bark) DMT 340 340
mgmg Psychotria viridisPsychotria viridis: DMT : DMT 200 mg200 mg
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Phalaris spp.Phalaris spp.
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Desmanthus illinoesisDesmanthus illinoesis
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Monoamine Oxidase Monoamine Oxidase InhibitorsInhibitors
Sedative-hypnotic properties and possibly hallucinogenic/dissociative properties
Sources: Peganum harmala, Passiflora spp.,
USED TO MAKE DMT ORALLY ACTIVE
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Peganum harmalaPeganum harmala
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Peganum harmalaPeganum harmala
Commonly called Syrian rueCommonly called Syrian rue Contains reversible MAOIs that may Contains reversible MAOIs that may
also be psychoactive (2 to 4% beta-also be psychoactive (2 to 4% beta-carboline content).carboline content).
Ayahuasca’s MAOI source only has Ayahuasca’s MAOI source only has 0.5% beta-carboline content.0.5% beta-carboline content.
Passiflora: approx. 1%Passiflora: approx. 1%
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Passiflora incarnataPassiflora incarnata
Passion flower; fruit used in Passion flower; fruit used in drinks; some herbal preparations drinks; some herbal preparations as a “sedative”as a “sedative”
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Peyote – Potent Peyote – Potent HallucinogenHallucinogen
Contains mescaline
Lophophoria williamsii
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Natural Range of PeyoteNatural Range of Peyote
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Harvesting PeyoteHarvesting Peyote
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PeyotePeyote Lophophoria williamsiiLophophoria williamsii
contains 1.5% mescaline contains 1.5% mescaline ((-3,4,5--3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylaminetrimethoxyphenethylamine))
3mg/kg3mg/kg potent intoxication potent intoxication Up to 8 to 10 hour durationUp to 8 to 10 hour duration Continued religious use in Continued religious use in
North AmericaNorth America Other cacti used in South Other cacti used in South
America and also…America and also…
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TrichocereusTrichocereus spp.spp.
Most popular Most popular source of non-source of non-sacramental sacramental mescaline in the mescaline in the U.S. isn’t peyote…U.S. isn’t peyote…
These ornamental These ornamental cacti can be found cacti can be found almost everywherealmost everywhere
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The Peyote CeremonyThe Peyote Ceremony
Stewart OC. Stewart OC. Peyote ReligionPeyote Religion. Norman, OK: . Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.University of Oklahoma Press, 1987.
Aberle DF. Aberle DF. The Peyote Religion Among the NavahoThe Peyote Religion Among the Navaho. . Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.Chicago, IL: Aldine Publishing Co., 1966.
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The Peyote CeremonyThe Peyote Ceremony
Reasons for a Reasons for a meetingmeeting
The Road Chief The Road Chief and…and…
Tobacco prayersTobacco prayers Ingestion of PeyoteIngestion of Peyote Power of songPower of song Water ceremonyWater ceremony The morning afterThe morning after
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Lysergic Acid AmideLysergic Acid Amide
Ipomoea spp. (esp. I. purpurea)
Morning Glory
5-10 grams of seeds
Aztec: Oliliuqui
Argyria nervosa
Hawaiian Baby Woodrose
4-8 seeds ingested
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Salvia divinorum Salvia divinorum potent hallucinogenpotent hallucinogen
Many other Salvia spp. may also Many other Salvia spp. may also contain psychoactive diterpenes. contain psychoactive diterpenes. “Salvinorin A”“Salvinorin A”
Related to Sage plants/Mint familyRelated to Sage plants/Mint family Does not grow in the United States Does not grow in the United States
naturally, but can readily be naturally, but can readily be cultivated. Mexican origincultivated. Mexican origin
First reported in 1962 but popularity First reported in 1962 but popularity increased via Internet…increased via Internet…
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Salvia divinorumSalvia divinorum
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Coleus?Coleus?
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Datura stramoniumDatura stramonium Potent Potent DissociativeDissociative
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DaturaDatura
Leaves typically cut and smokedLeaves typically cut and smoked Contains atropine, scopalomine, Contains atropine, scopalomine,
and…and… Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S.Ancient ceremonial use in the U.S. Occasional report of death by Occasional report of death by
ingestion of rootingestion of root Many other sources for atropine and Many other sources for atropine and
scopalomine…mandrake, henbane…scopalomine…mandrake, henbane…
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Amanita muscariaAmanita muscariaFound throughout the U.S.
Muscimol is the primary psychoactive alkaloid
Dissociative
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Bufo Frogs…Bufo Frogs…
Contains bufontinin but intoxication Contains bufontinin but intoxication primarily from 5-Meo-DMTprimarily from 5-Meo-DMT
The toad is NOT licked but glands are The toad is NOT licked but glands are milked for poisonmilked for poison
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Botanical intoxicants…Botanical intoxicants…future mayhem?future mayhem?
None of these plants are addictive, other than None of these plants are addictive, other than cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which cultivation of the opium poppy in the U.S., which is not common. Illicit cultivation of is not common. Illicit cultivation of Cannabis Cannabis sppspp., of course, continues.., of course, continues.
Eradication of the illicit drug market of Eradication of the illicit drug market of hallucinogens may drive the “resourceful” to hallucinogens may drive the “resourceful” to these botanicals more than today.these botanicals more than today.
It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals It is not feasible to eradicate these botanicals from U.S. territoryfrom U.S. territory
The Internet will drive an ever wider The Internet will drive an ever wider dissemination of information on these botanicals dissemination of information on these botanicals to those seeking this informationto those seeking this information
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ReferencesReferences