One significant practice in Islam - Hajj
One significant practice in Islam - Hajj
The five pillars: arkan al-islam
Within Islam, the practice of the faith is supported by five
pillars. These pillars, known as arkan al-islam (the pillars of
Islam) are activities and beliefs which are regarded as
foundational for all who follow Islam. Each of the pillars requires
both an internal or spiritual commitment together with an outward
action or sign.
Hajj: pilgrimage to Makkah
The fifth pillar of Islam is the pilgrimage or "hajj". Every
devout Muslim male will desire to make the pilgrimage to Makkah at
least once in their lifetime. For those who live nearby it may be
possible to make the pilgrimage on a number of occasions. However,
for most Muslims it is a once in a lifetime experience and some
need to save for most of their lives in order to perform the
hajj.
Purpose of Hajj
The word "hajj" means to embark on a journey with a purpose. The
purpose is essentially to visit the Ka'bah in Makkah and worship on
Mount Arafat. The pilgrimage takes place during the twelfth month
of the Muslim calendar "Dhul-Hijjah".
Challenge of organisation
The organisation of the hajj is an enormous challenge both for
the individuals undertaking the pilgrimage and for those in Saudi
Arabia responsible for organising it. The individual not only needs
to provide for their own needs on the pilgrimage but they also need
to provide for the needs of their family while they are away.
For the organisers in Saudi Arabia the hajj is an enormous
exercise in logistics. Over a million people gather annually in
Saudi Arabia for the hajj. Those undertaking the hajj are organised
into groups under the guidance of an experienced hajj guide who is
able to ensure that the proper protocols are followed.Despite the
degree of organisation and the expertise of the hajj leaders, there
is an inevitable element of chaos with such a large gathering. Yet
despite the heat, the logistical difficulties and enormous crowd
there is a great sense of community and goodwill among the pilgrims
which readily outweighs the difficulties encountered.
Attitude of pilgrims
The hajj is an event for Muslims only, tourists are not allowed
to attend. It is expected that the pilgrims who attend will be
people with the maturity and soundness of mind to understand the
significance of what they are undertaking. A certain degree of
physical fitness is expected in order to manage the physical
demands of the pilgrimage.
Intention known as "niyyah"
Some Muslims are not able to undertake the pilgrimage themselves
due to poor health, a lack of financial means or unexpected and
unavoidable circumstances. In these cases Muslims believe that the
intention will suffice. This intention, known as "niyyah" is an
important element. Muslims believe that Allah judges them on their
intentions providing that their efforts are sincere. Therefore
someone who is genuinely unable to perform the hajj need not feel
that they are failing in their religious duty.
Symbolic pilgrimage
In some instances, Muslims who are not able to perform the hajj
seek to join the pilgrims in a symbolic way by paying for someone
else to attend in their place or giving to charity the money that
they have saved for the hajj. In the case of paying for someone
else to attend in their place there is a restriction that this
person must already have performed the hajj on their own
behalf.
Prescribed rituals
There are various prescribed aspects undertaken by pilgrims
performing the hajj. The preparation phase of the hajj takes place
outside of Makkah. This preparatory stage involves placing
themselves in an appropriate disposition or attitude. This involves
a deliberate and conscious striving towards a state of purity. This
attitude is known as "ihram". As a sign of their preparedness all
normal clothing is replaced by a simple ensemble of two white
cloths, one worn around the waist, the other draped over the left
shoulder. Women wear a plain garment covering all but their hands,
their feet and their face.
Arrival in Makkah
As the pilgrim arrives in Makkah they begin to repeatedly pray
the prayer known as "talbiyah" which is in the form of a response
to the call to perform the hajj. Immediately upon arriving in
Makkah pilgrims go to the Ka'bah and encircle it seven times. This
encircling is known as "tawaf".Procession
The next event to follow is the procession known as the "sa'y".
This procession takes place between Safa and Marwah and is
completed seven times. This procession is based on the Qu'ranic
tradition of Hajar's search for water in the desert.
Journey to Mina
The next part of the hajj involves a journey to Mina which is
undertaken on the 8 th day of the month of Dhul-Hijjah. In Mina
pebbles are hurled at pillars to symbolise the rejection of the
devil and all works of evil.
Mount Arafat
After camping in Mina the journey continues to Mount Arafat. On
the plain of Arafat people stand from midday until sunset in a
state of meditation This is known as the "wuquf" or the standing
before Allah. The pilgrims then climb Mount Arafat where a sermon
is preached.
The pilgrimage continues, however, to Mina via Muzdalifah where
night prayer is held together with a ritual stoning of the devil.
On the morning of 10 Dhul-Hijjah the pilgrims stand before dawn in
a brief repetition of the "wuquf" before moving on towards Mina as
the sun begins to rise.
Offering of sacrifice
In Mina the pilgrims camp for three days while offering the
required sacrifice of an animal for Id-ul-Adha. After this, men
have their heads shaved and women are required to cut their hair by
at least 2.5 cm.
The hajj then returns to Makkah for another encircling of the
Ka'bah as the final event of the pilgrimage. Having completed the
hajj Muslims are entitled to take the name Hajji or Hajjah.
How the Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam
Surrender to Allah
The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah. This surrender is
epitomised in undertaking the Hajj. For Muslims this pilgrimage
captures their desire and their commitment to surrender themselves
fully to Allah.
The Hajj requires considerable sacrifice and commitment on the
part of the pilgrim and this assists them to attain the appropriate
inner disposition of surrender.
Examples of submission
The rituals associated with the Hajj relate to a number of
important encounters between Allah and humankind in ancient times.
These encounters are foundational in understanding the relationship
between Allah and humanity and Muslims undertaking the Hajj are
seeking to emulate the extent of submission displayed by their
ancestors in these ancient times.
Forgiveness and restoration
These encounters include the restoration of Adam and Eve and
Allah's forgiveness after their disobedience, the submission of
Ibrahim in being willing to sacrifice Isma'il and the provision of
the Zamzam spring for Hajar and Isma'il in the desert.
The ritual actions of the Hajj are based on these significant
moments of encounter with Allah and the core beliefs of Islam are
expressed and affirmed in undertaking these rituals.
The Stand Before Allah: Wuquf
The stand or the stand before Allah known as "wuquf" is the
central moment of the Hajj. Pilgrims gather at the Mount of Mercy
on the plain of Arafat near Mina on 9 Dhul-Hijjah. The stand takes
place from midday until sunset. Pilgrims meditate, pray and
concentrate their thoughts on Allah during the stand.
A sermon is preached on the top of Arafat after which the
pilgrims spend the night in thanksgiving.
Adam and Eve's restoration
According to the tradition, the Mount of Mercy is the place
where Adam and Eve, realising their sin of disobedience, sought
restoration and forgiveness. They were forgiven and restored to
union with Allah. In response to Allah's goodness and forgiveness,
Adam and Eve then built a shrine which is believed to be the first
building constructed in human history. Appropriately, the building
was a shrine dedicated to the worship of Allah.
Forgiveness of sins
Muslims believe that just as Adam and Eve received the
forgiveness of Allah at Arafat, so they too can enjoy the
forgiveness of their sins and experience the beginning of a new
life. Sincere repentance as part of the Hajj wipes away all past
sin and allows the Muslim pilgrim to feel totally cleansed and free
from past transgression. Effectively, it means a new start and a
great sense of peace and wellbeing in perfect surrender to
Allah.
The Feast of Sacrifice: Id-ul-Adha
The day after the stand before Allah is the day of sacrifice
"Id-ul-Adha". It is the major festival of the Muslim calendar
commemorating the events around the time when Ibrahim was called to
sacrifice Isma'il and overcame the temptations of the devil.
Although part of the Hajj ritual "Id-ul-Adha" is celebrated by all
Muslims, not just those taking part in the Hajj.
The celebration of Id-ul-Adha involves the ritual sacrifice of
an animal. The sacrifice calls to mind the Ibrahim's surrender to
Allah in resisting the temptations of the devil and being prepared
to sacrifice his son Isma'il in obedience to Allah.
Temptations
The tradition tells that Ibrahim was visited by the devil as he
set out for Mina in obedience to Allah. In the visitation, the
devil argued powerfully that Ibrahim did not need to sacrifice
Isma'il and even attempted to convince Ibrahim that he was deluded
in thinking that Allah had demanded such a sacrifice from him.
Ibrahim, however, remained faithful to Allah and continued on
his way to offer Isma'il as sacrifice only to be stopped by Allah
at the last moment.
Sacrifice of wants & needs
The sacrifice offered during the celebration if Id-ul-Adha
symbolises the preparedness of Muslims to sacrifice all personal
needs, wants and aspirations in service of Allah. Indeed, the
extreme nature of the call to sacrifice Isma'il is a reminder that
a Muslim's life is totally at the service of Allah and the
requirement of surrender is absolute, even to the cost of one's own
life if necessary.
Hajar's Thirst
Hajar and Isma'il
The third significant encounter with Allah is centered on the
tradition of Hajar and Isma'il's wandering in the desert looking
for water. Due to Sarah's jealousy towards Hajar and Isma'il,
Ibrahim separates from them, leaving them in the care of Allah.
Well of Zamzam
Hajar and Isma'il then faced a testing time in the desert
looking for either a spring or a passing camel caravan so that they
had some water to drink. Hajar ran back and forth between the hills
of Safa and Marwah looking for water, however, her search was
futile until the angel Jibril appeared and showed her the spring
which is now known as the well of Zamzam.
The spring soon became the water supply for many desert
travelers and ultimately the city of Makkah came to be built at the
location.
The revealing of the spring is seen as another example of the
providence of Allah, coming to the aid of Hajar and Isma'il at the
greatest time of need.
True and lasting value
As part of the ritual of the Hajj, pilgrims travel on the
walkway between the hills of Safa and Marwah. This action
symbolises the search for the things of true and lasting value to
the Muslim and the ultimate realisation that Allah will provide all
that is needed. Pilgrims take water from the well of Zamzam to
drink and to take home with them. Some also dip their clothes in
the water. These clothes are often then kept to be used as burial
shrouds.
Stoning of the Pillars
Mina
The rejection of the temptation of the devil is symbolised by
pilgrims in hurling stones at the pillars (jamaras) at Mina. These
pillars represent the places where Ibrahim resisted the temptations
and stoned the devil.Muslims today carry out a ritual stoning of
the devil to symbolise their rejection of temptation and surrender
to Allah.
Circling of the Ka'bah
The circling of the Ka'bah is another ritual expressing
obedience and submission to the will of Allah. The pilgrims circle
the Ka'bah indicating their obedience to the call to complete the
Hajj.
The preparedness to come to Makkah and complete the Hajj is in
itself a symbol of a Muslim's surrender and dedication to Allah. It
sums up the essence of Islam and conveys in the deepest sense the
purpose of the Hajj.
The significance of the Hajj for the individual
Pillars of Islam
The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam "arkan-al-islam".
It is a requirement for all Muslim males to undertake the Hajj.
Many women as well will seek to fulfil the requirements of the
Hajj.
The pillars of Islam are considered as foundational as they
guide the Muslim in the way of submission to the will of Allah
which is the essence of Islam. Given the foundational nature of the
Hajj as one of the pillars of Islam, it is hard to overstate its
significance for the individual Muslim. The devout Muslim will
undertake the Hajj in obedience to the Qur'an and in order to more
perfectly submit himself/herself to the will of Allah.
Submission
Submission to Allah is the essence of Islam and undertaking the
Hajj is one of the important elements for Muslims to submit more
fully and more perfectly to Allah. For a Muslim to undertake the
Hajj they must carry out demanding preparations which involve
practical elements as well as preparing a proper inner
disposition.
Practical concerns
In practical terms a Muslim must provide for their own needs
during the Hajj, such as the cost of their travel etc as well as
providing for the needs of their family while they are away. Thus
at a practical level there are considerable demands on the person
undertaking the Hajj. There are also the physical demands of the
Hajj itself which are challenging to all pilgrims.
Spiritual preparation
Apart from the practical and physical requirements, a devout
Muslim will also undergo an inner or spiritual preparation to
ensure the efficacy of the Hajj for to undertake the Hajj without
the appropriate attitude or disposition would be to render the
experience useless in terms of its spiritual value. Therefore the
devout Muslim will ensure that he or she is spiritually prepared
for the Hajj before undertaking the pilgrimage.
The magnitude of the preparation for the Hajj, both practical
and spiritual, are further elements highlighting the significance
of the Hajj for the individual Muslim. Given its demands, it would
not be possible for the undertaking of the Hajj to be other than an
event of profound significance for the devout Muslim.
Personal commitment
A further element demonstrating the significance of the Hajj for
the individual is the element of testing of personal resolve and
commitment involved in undertaking the Hajj. Many of the elements
of the Hajj centre on the act of rejection of the devil and
remaining faithful in submission to Allah. In order to undertake
the Hajj, a Muslim would be required to overcome a number of
challenges to their resolve and commit himself/herself seriously to
the task. In this sense they are emulating the elements of the Hajj
itself, overcoming the temptation the devil and remaining steadfast
in their submission to Allah.
Community
A final element of significance for the individual Muslim is
found in their experience of the international community of Islam
through undertaking the Hajj. Islam is a religious tradition which
is spread widely throughout the world and Muslims are found in
virtually every region. In recent years the Hajj has attracted over
two million Muslims from countries throughout the world.
Thus for the pilgrim undertaking the Hajj there is a profound
and overwhelming sense of the diversity of Islam, yet at the same
time, an experience of the unity of the Muslim world converging on
the holy city of Makkah for the Hajj. In Islam there is no
distinction between people and no place for racism or prejudice. In
undertaking the Hajj the Muslim pilgrim experiences these elements
of Islam in a profound and powerful way.
The significance of the Hajj for the Muslim community
Community significance
The significance of the Hajj for the Muslim community can be
seen in four elements. Firstly in the public statement it makes
about submission to Allah, secondly in the way it provides
inspiration to others, thirdly in its edification of the Muslim
community and finally in its witness to the principles of
international and multiracial harmony.
Each year over two million pilgrims gather in Makkah to
undertake the Hajj. It is an event of epic proportions and receives
considerable media coverage throughout the world, including
countries such as Australia with relatively small Muslim
communities.
Public awareness
Given the degree of public consciousness raised by the
"spectacle" of the Hajj, there is an important element of witness
to the principles of Islam which are expressed in undertaking the
Hajj. Essentially the Hajj is an expression of submission to Allah
and when undertaken on such a large scale and with such widespread
attention it provides an important witness to the essence of
Islam.
Inspiration
The second element of the significance of the Hajj to the Muslim
community is found in the way it inspires others. While the Hajj is
essentially undertaken by individuals it involves the community in
many ways. The community is involved with the preparation of the
pilgrims before they leave, in supporting family member of the
pilgrim while they are undertaking the Hajj and often in having
special times of prayer and of course with the festival of
Id-ul-Adha, the festival of sacrifice.
In the midst of the community support for the pilgrims and the
accompanying festival and prayer there is a great source of
inspiration to others in the community to commit themselves to
undertake the Hajj.
Community building
Thirdly, there is an important element of community building
that takes place in association with the Hajj. This community
building happens both at an international level in and through the
contact with others during the Hajj and also at the local level
through the involvement of the local Muslim community with pilgrims
who are undertaking the Hajj.
The connection of the community with a pilgrim undertaking the
Hajj provides an additional element of spiritual and community
focus during the time of the Hajj and provides a means to
strengthen and deepen community life.A fourth element of
significance to the Muslim community is the witness to the
international and interracial harmony which is integral to the
Hajj. Muslims gather from all corners of the world to undertake the
Hajj and in their coming together they provide a powerful witness
to both the unity and diversity of the Muslim community throughout
the world.
Tolerance and respect
The most significant element of this witness to the diversity of
Islam is the way in which all races and nationalities can come
together with tolerance and respect in a display of racial harmony.
In Islam there is no place for discrimination on the basis of race
and the Hajj provides a powerful witness to this fundamental
element of Islam.
It also shows the unifying power of Islam in being able to bring
so many people of so many ethnic backgrounds together in a common
act of submission to AllahGlossary
Arkan al-islam the pillars of Islam
Dhul-Hijjah twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the month of
the Hajj
Hajj the fifth pillar of Islam, the pilgrimage to Makkah
Hajjahone who has successfully performed the Hajj
Hajjione who has successfully performed the Hajj
Id-ul-Adhafestival of sacrifice
Ihramattitude or disposition needed to undertake Hajj
Ka'bah sacred shrine in Makkah
Makkah the sacred city of Islam, in Saudi Arabia
MosqueMuslim place of worship
Niyyah intention
Sa'y procession between Safa and Marwah
Talbiyah prayer prayed upon arrival in Makkah
Tawaf encircling of the Ka'bah
Wuquf the standing before Allah at Mount Arafat
Zamzam spring shown to Hajar by the angel Jibril, well located
in Makkah
Summary Points
Students learn about:
ONE significant practice- Hajj
Students learn to:
describe one significant practice- Hajj
The five pillars
The practice of the faith is supported by five pillars.
Arkan al-islam (the pillars of Islam) are activities and beliefs
which are regarded as foundational for all who follow Islam.
Each of the pillars requires both an internal or spiritual
commitment together with an outward action or sign.
Hajj
The fifth pillar of Islam is the pilgrimage or "hajj".
Every devout Muslim seeks to make the pilgrimage to Makkah at
least once in their lifetime.
The word "hajj" means to embark on a journey with a purpose.
The purpose is to visit the Ka"bah in Makkah and worship on
Mount Arafat.
The pilgrimage takes place during the twelfth month of the
Muslim calendar "Dhul-Hijjah".
The individual not only needs to provide for their own needs on
the pilgrimage but they also need to provide for the needs of their
family while they are away. Over a million people gather annually
in Saudi Arabia for the hajj.
Those undertaking the hajj are organised into groups under the
guidance of an experienced hajj guide who is able to ensure that
the proper protocols are followed.
The hajj is an event for Muslims only
It is expected that the pilgrims who attend will be people with
the maturity and soundness of mind to understand the significance
of what they are undertaking.
A certain degree of physical fitness is expected in order to
manage the physical demands of the pilgrimage.
Some Muslims are not able to undertake the pilgrimage themselves
due to poor health, a lack of financial means or unexpected and
unavoidable circumstances. In these cases Muslims believe that the
intention will suffice.
This intention is as "niyyah"
Muslims believe that Allah judges them on their intentions
providing that their efforts are sincere.
In some instances, Muslims who are not able to perform the hajj
seek to join the pilgrims in a symbolic way by paying for someone
else to attend in their place or giving to charity the money that
they have saved for the hajj
There are various prescribed aspects undertaken by pilgrims
performing the hajj. The preparation phase of the hajj takes place
outside of Makkah.
This preparatory stage involves placing themselves in an
appropriate disposition or attitude.
This involves a deliberate and conscious striving towards a
state of purity.
This attitude is known as "ihram".
As a sign of their preparedness all normal clothing is replaced
by a simple ensemble of two white cloths, one worn around the
waist, the other draped over the left shoulder.
Women wear a plain garment covering all but their hands, their
feet and their face.
As the pilgrim arrives in Makkah they begin to repeatedly pray
the prayer known as "talbiyah"
Immediately upon arriving in Makkah pilgrims go to the Ka"bah
and encircle it seven times.
This encircling is known as "tawaf".
The next event to follow is the procession known as the
"sa"y".
This procession takes place between Safa and Marwah and is
completed seven times.
This procession is based on the Qu"ranic tradition of Hajar"s
search for water in the desert.
The next part of the hajj involves a journey to Mina.
In Mina pebbles are hurled a pillars to symbolise the rejection
of the devil
After camping in Mina the journey continues to Mount Arafat.
On the plain of Arafat people stand from midday until sunset in
a state of meditation
This is known as the "wuquf" or the standing before Allah.
The pilgrims then climb Mount Arafat where a sermon is
preached.
The pilgrimage continues to Mina via Muzdalifah where night
prayer is held
On the morning of 10 Dhul-Hijjah the pilgrims stand before dawn
in a brief repetition of the "wuquf" before moving on towards Mina
as the sun begins to rise.
In Mina the pilgrims camp for three days while offering the
required sacrifice of an animal for Id-ul-Adha.
After this, men have their heads shaved and women are required
to cut their hair by at least 2.5 cm.
The hajj then returns to Makkah for another encircling of the
Ka"bah as the final event of the pilgrimage.
Having completed the hajj Muslims are entitled to take the name
Hajji or Hajjah.
Students learn about:
ONE significant practice- Hajj
Students learn to:
demonstrate how this practice expresses the beliefs of Islam
How the Hajj expresses the beliefs of Islam
The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah
Surrender is epitomised in undertaking the Hajj
Captures desire and commitment to surrender fully to Allah
Hajj requires considerable sacrifice and commitment on the part
of the pilgrim
Assists the pilgrim to attain the appropriate inner disposition
of surrender
The rituals relate to a number of important encounters between
Allah and humankind in ancient times
In undertaking the Hajj pilgrims are seeking to emulate the
extent of submission displayed by their ancestors in these ancient
times
The restoration of Adam and Eve and Allah"s forgiveness after
their disobedience Submission of Ibrahim in being willing to
sacrifice Isma"il
The provision of the Zamzam spring for Hajar and Isma"il in the
desert
The ritual actions of the Hajj are based on these significant
moments of encounter with Allah
The core beliefs of Islam are expressed and affirmed in
undertaking these rituals
The Stand Before Allah
The stand before Allah known as "wuquf"
Central moment of the Hajj
Takes place at the Mount of Mercy on the plain of Arafat near
Mina on 9 Dhul-Hijjah Takes place from midday until sunset
Pilgrims meditate, pray and concentrate their thoughts on Allah
during the stand
A sermon is preached on the top of Arafat
The pilgrims spend the night in thanksgiving
The Mount of Mercy is where Adam and Eve sought restoration and
forgiveness
Adam and Eve then built a shrine
The first building constructed in human history
The building was a shrine dedicated to the worship of Allah
Pilgrims seek the forgiveness of their sins and experience the
beginning of a new life Sincere repentance as part of the Hajj
wipes away all past sin and allows the Muslim pilgrim to feel
totally cleansed and free from past transgression
This means a new start and a great sense of peace and wellbeing
in perfect surrender to Allah
The Feast of Sacrifice
The day after the stand before Allah is the day of sacrifice
"Id-ul-Adha"
Major festival of the Muslim calendar
Commemorates the time when Ibrahim was called to sacrifice
Isma"il and overcame the temptations of the devil
Id-ul-Adha is celebrated by all Muslims
Involves the ritual sacrifice of an animal
The sacrifice calls to mind the Ibrahim"s surrender to Allah in
resisting the temptations of the devil and being prepared to
sacrifice his son Isma"il
Ibrahim was visited by the devil as he set out for Mina in
obedience to Allah
The devil argued powerfully that Ibrahim did not need to
sacrifice Isma"il
Attempted to convince Ibrahim that he was deluded
Ibrahim, however, remained faithful to Allah and continued on
his way to offer Isma"il as sacrifice only to be stopped by Allah
at the last moment.
Sacrifice symbolises the preparedness of Muslims to sacrifice
all personal needs, wants and aspirations in service of Allah
Muslim"s life is totally at the service of Allah even to the
cost of one"s own life if necessary
Hajar"s Thirst
Ritual centered on the tradition of Hajar and Isma"il"s
wandering in the desert looking for water
Hajar and Isma"il face a testing time in the desert looking
water
Hajar ran back and forth between the hills of Safa and Marwah
looking for water
The angel Jibril appeared and showed her a spring
Spring known as the well of Zamzam
The spring became the water supply for desert travelers
The city of Makkah came to be built at the location
Example of the providence of Allah, coming to the aid of Hajar
and Isma"il at the greatest time of need
Pilgrims travel on the walkway between the hills of Safa and
Marwah
This action symbolises the search for the things of true and
lasting value to the Muslim
Also the ultimate realisation that Allah will provide all that
is needed
Pilgrims take water from the well of Zamzam to drink and to take
home with them
Some also dip their clothes in the water
These clothes are often then kept to be used as burial
shrouds
Stoning of the Pillars
Rejection of the temptation of the devil is symbolised by
pilgrims in hurling stones at the pillars (jamaras) at Mina
Pillars represent the places where Ibrahim resisted the
temptations and stoned the devil Ritual stoning symbolises
rejection of temptation and surrender to Allah
Circling of the Ka'bah
Circling of the Ka"bah expresses obedience and submission to the
will of Allah
Pilgrims circle the Ka"bah indicating their obedience to the
call to complete the Hajj
The preparedness undertake the Hajj symbolises a Muslim"s
submission to Allah
Sums up the essence of Islam
Conveys in the deepest sense the purpose of the Hajj
Students learn about:
ONE significant practice- Hajj
Students learn to:
analyse the significance of this practice for both the
individual and the Muslim community
The significance of the Hajj for the individual
The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam
"arkan-al-islam"
Requirement for all Muslim males to undertake the Hajj
Many women as well fulfil the requirements of the Hajj
Pillars of Islam are considered as foundational to Islam
They guide the Muslim in the way of submission to the will of
Allah
Hard to overstate its significance for the individual Muslim
The devout Muslim will undertake the Hajj in obedience to the
Qur"an
In order to more perfectly submit themselves to the will of
Allah
Submission to Allah is the essence of Islam
Undertaking the Hajj is one of the important elements for
Muslims to submit more fully and more perfectly to Allah
Hajj requires demanding preparations
Involves practical elements as well as preparing a proper inner
disposition
Muslims must provide for their own needs during the Hajj
Also providing for the needs of their family while they are
away
Considerable practical demands on the person undertaking the
Hajj
The physical demands of the Hajj itself are challenging to all
pilgrims
Devout Muslims will also undergo an inner or spiritual
preparation
To undertake the Hajj without the appropriate attitude or
disposition would be to render the experience useless in terms of
its spiritual value
Therefore the devout Muslim will ensure that he or she is
spiritually prepared for the Hajj before undertaking the
pilgrimage
The magnitude of the preparations for the Hajj highlight its
significance for the individual Muslim
Undertaking of the Hajj is an event of profound significance for
the devout Muslim
Also involves testing of personal resolve and commitment
involved in undertaking the Hajj
Elements of the Hajj centre on the act of rejection of the devil
and remaining faithful in submission to Allah
Muslims required to overcome a number of challenges to their
resolve and commit themselves seriously to undertaking the Hajj
Experience of the international community of Islam is another
element of significance
Islam is spread widely throughout the world and Muslims are
found in virtually every region
Hajj has attracts over two million Muslims from countries
throughout the world
Profound and overwhelming sense of the diversity of Islam
Also an experience of the unity of the Muslim world
In Islam there is no distinction between people
No place for racism or prejudice
Muslim pilgrim experiences these elements of Islam in a profound
and powerful way
The significance of the Hajj for the Muslim community
Public statement it makes about submission to Allah
Inspiration to others
Edification of the Muslim community
Witness to the principles of international and multiracial
harmony
Each year over two million pilgrims gather in Makkah to
undertake the Hajj
Event of epic proportions with considerable media coverage
throughout the world
Witness to the principles of Islam expressed in undertaking the
Hajj
Essentially the Hajj is an expression of submission to Allah
Important witness to the essence of Islam.
Essentially undertaken by individuals yet involves the community
in many ways Community is involved with the preparation of the
pilgrims before they leave
Community involved in supporting family member of the
pilgrim
Special times of prayer during Hajj
Festival of Id-ul-Adha, the festival of sacrifice
Source of inspiration to others in the community
Community building takes place in association with the Hajj
Both at an international level and a local level
At an international in and through the contact with others
during the Hajj
At the local level through the involvement of the local Muslim
community with pilgrims who are undertaking the Hajj
Connection of the community provides an additional element of
spiritual and community focus during the time of the Hajj
Provides a means to strengthen and deepen community life.
Witness to the international and interracial harmony which is
integral to the Hajj Muslims gather from all corners of the world
to undertake the Hajj
Provide a powerful witness to both the unity and diversity of
the Muslim community throughout the world.
Witness to the diversity of Islam
All races and nationalities can come together with tolerance and
respect in a display of racial harmony
No place for discrimination on the basis of race
Hajj provides a powerful witness to this fundamental element of
Islam
Also shows the unifying power of Islam in being able to bring so
many people of so many ethnic backgrounds together in a common act
of submission to Allah.
Glossary
Arkan al-islam the pillars of Islam
Dhul-Hijjah twelfth month of the Muslim calendar, the month of
the Hajj
Hajj the fifth pillar of Islam, the pilgrimage to Makkah
Hajjahone who has successfully performed the Hajj
Hajjione who has successfully performed the Hajj
Id-ul-Adhafestival of sacrifice
Ihramattitude or disposition needed to undertake Hajj
Ka'bah sacred shrine in Makkah
Makkah the sacred city of Islam, in Saudi Arabia
MosqueMuslim place of worship
Niyyah intention
Sa'y procession between Safa and Marwah
Talbiyah prayer prayed upon arrival in Makkah
Tawaf encircling of the Ka'bah
Wuquf the standing before Allah at Mount Arafat
Zamzam spring shown to Hajar by the angel Jibril, well located
in Makkah
Specimen Questions
Question 4 - Islam (15 marks)(a) Describe ONE of the following
significant practices within Islam: (3) Friday prayer at the mosque
Funeral ceremony Hajj
(b) Explain the importance of ONE of the following areas to
adherents of Islam: (6) Friday prayer at the mosque Funeral
ceremony Hajj
(c) Analyse how ONE significant practice within Islam expresses
the beliefs of Islam (6)Question 4 - Islam (20 marks)Outline the
purpose and assess the significance of ONE of the following
practices in Islam: Friday prayer at the Mosque Funeral ceremony
Hajj
Sample Responses
Question 4 - Islam (15 marks)(a) Describe ONE of the following
significant practices within Islam: (3) Friday prayer at the mosque
Funeral ceremony Hajj
The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam (arkan-al-Islam).
It is, therefore, one of the most important requirements of the
Muslim faith. The Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to the holy city
Makkah. All adult male Muslims are required to undertake the Hajj
at least once in their lifetime if they are able. Many Muslim women
also undertake the Hajj.
The Hajj takes place each year in the month of Dhul-Hijjah and
involves pilgrims traveling to Makkah in Saudi Arabia where they
carry out a number of important rituals such as the circling of the
Kab'ah, the stand before Allah (wuquf) on the plain of Arafat, the
stoning of the pillars at Mina and the sacrifice on the festival of
Id-ul-Adha. Other rituals include the shaving of hair and drinking
or collecting water from the well of Zamzam.
Muslims travel from all over the world to undertake the Hajj
with over two million pilgrims taking part each year.
(approx 150 words)
(b) Explain the importance of ONE of the following areas to
adherents of Islam: (6) Friday prayer at the mosque Funeral
ceremony Hajj
The Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam (arkan-al-Islam).
It is, therefore, one of the most important requirements of the
Muslim faith. The Hajj is the annual pilgrimage to the holy city
Makkah. All adult male Muslims are required to undertake the Hajj
at least once in their lifetime if they are able. Many Muslim women
also undertake the Hajj.
As one of the five pillars, Muslims are required to undertake
the Hajj in obedience to the Qur'an. It is an example of how a
Muslim will submit their lives to the will of Allah. The commitment
and dedication required to undertake the Hajj are understood as
important disciplines in the goal of perfect submission to
Allah.
Not only does the pilgrim have to meet certain practical
requirements such as providing for their own needs and the needs of
their family while they are away but the pilgrim must also
undertake appropriate preparation to ensure they are come with the
right disposition. In Islam, the intention that accompanies the
action is of critical importance and if would be futile for a
Muslim to undertake the Hajj without an appropriate inner or
spiritual attitude.
Many of the rituals of the Hajj are related to the aims of
rejecting the temptations of the devil and submitting to the will
of Allah. Therefore, for the Muslim undertaking the Hajj, there is
a strong sense of determination to fulfill the requirements of the
Hajj as a sign of their rejection of the temptations of the
devil.
The stand before Allah (wuquf) provides the pilgrim with an
occasion of forgiveness of all past sins and an opportunity to
begin life anew. Having received the forgiveness of Allah, the
Muslim experiences a great sense of peace and wellbeing.
Muslims undertaking the Hajj also experience a profound sense of
community with millions of Muslims from all parts of the earth
coming together for the single purpose of submission to Allah.
While there is a great diversity of race and nation, there is a
powerful unity of purpose which creates a profound sense of
community.
(approx 350 words)
(c) Analyse how ONE significant practice within Islam expresses
the beliefs of Islam (6)The Hajj is a significant practice within
Islam which is based on and consequently expresses a number of
important beliefs. The essence of Islam is surrender to Allah and
this surrender is epitomised in and through the Hajj. The rituals
associated with the Hajj are based on a number of important
encounters between Allah and human kind in ancient times.
Accordingly in carrying out the rituals of the Hajj, a pilgrim is
engaging with some of the important beliefs of Islam.
The central moment of the Hajj is the stand before Allah or
"wuquf" which takes place on the at the Mount of Mercy on the plain
of Arafat. The stand is designed to replicate for the pilgrim the
time when Adam and Eve stood before Allah seeking restoration and
forgiveness of their sins. The forgiveness granted to Adam and Eve
provides assurance to the Muslim that Allah will also forgive their
sins and allow them to begin with a fresh start to their life of
submission.
Another important ritual of the Hajj is the festival of
sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha". This festival recalls the events
surrounding Ibrahim being called by Allah to sacrifice his son
Isma'il. Ibrahim was obedient to the call of Allah even though he
was strongly tempted by the devil to disobey the command. The fact
that Ibrahim resisted the temptation and remained faithful to
Allah's call is commemorated in the sacrifice of Id-ul-Adha.
The stoning of the pillars at Mina is another ritual drawn from
the same tradition. In his rejection of the devil the tradition
tells that Ibrahim threw stones at the devil. In expressing their
rejection of the devil, pilgrims on the Hajj throw stones at
pillars at Mina which symbolise the devil.
Another ritual involves pilgrims walking between Safa and Marwah
to commemorate Hajar's search for water in the desert. This ritual
focuses on the search for the things of lasting value and on the
belief that Allah will provide all that is needed.
The circling of the Ka'bah is another ritual of the Hajj which
once again expresses the idea of obedience and submission to the
will of Allah. The circling of the Ka'bah expresses obedience in
responding to the call to undertake the Hajj and symbolises a
Muslim's submission to Allah which is the essence of Islam.
(approx 350 words)
Question 4 - Islam (20 marks)Outline the purpose and assess the
significance of ONE of the following practices in Islam: Friday
prayer at the Mosque Funeral ceremony Hajj
The Hajj or pilgrimage to Makkah is one of the five pillars of
Islam "arkan-al-Islam" which all Muslim males are requires to carry
out. Its purpose is essentially to facilitate the act of submission
to Allah which is at the heart of Islam. It has enormous
significance, not only for the pilgrim undertaking the Hajj but
also for the wider Muslim community.
Examining the purpose of the Hajj in more detail will allow a
greater appreciation of its significance. The purpose can be
examined through considering the rituals undertaken during the Hajj
and their meaning in terms of the faith of Islam. Such rituals
include the stand before Allah "wuquf", the stoning of the pillars
at Mina, the commemoration of the festival of sacrifice
"Id-ul-Adha", the circling of the Ka'bah and drawing water from the
well of Zamzam.
Each of these rituals have profound meaning and are closely
related to important elements of the faith of Muslims. Therefore,
in undertaking the Hajj and completing these rituals, the pilgrim
is engaging with the most important elements of the tradition and
moving towards a more perfect submission to Allah which is the
ultimate goal of Islam.
The central ritual of the Hajj is the stand before Allah
"wuquf", sometimes referred to simply as the stand. Its
commemoration of the restoration of Adam and Eve and the
forgiveness of their sin of disobedience is of profound
significance to the Muslim pilgrim. The forgiveness and restoration
experienced by Adam and Eve in ancient times give an assurance that
Allah is willing to forgive people today.
The stand before Allah gives the pilgrim the opportunity of
experiencing the love and forgiveness of Allah and allows them to
be free from any past sin, beginning life anew and enjoying a great
sense of peace and well being. It is evident, therefore that this
particular aspect of the Hajj is of considerable importance as it
centers on the great act of forgiveness.
In seeking a more complete and perfect submission to Allah the
pilgrim is encouraged and enlivened by the forgiveness received and
the opportunity of beginning anew.
A second ritual which is integral to the purpose of the Hajj and
likewise of profound significance is the commemoration of the
festival of sacrifice "Id-ul-Adha". This festival is one of the
most important events on the Islamic calendar. It commemorates the
obedience and submission of Ibrahim when he was called to sacrifice
his son Isma'il.
The preparedness to obey and submit to the will of Allah
regardless of the cost makes Ibrahim a model for the Muslim to
follow and commemorating the festival of sacrifice highlights the
significance of this disposition. The ultimate goal of Islam is
submission to Allah and the example of Ibrahim is regarded as one
of complete and perfect submission. The significance of this
festival is that it expresses for the Muslim pilgrim the absolute
and perfect submission to Allah to which all devout Muslims aspire.
Accordingly, it is difficult to overstate the significance of
"Id-ul-Adha" for the faith of a Muslim pilgrim and indeed for the
wider Muslim community. While "Id-ul-Adha" is an integral part of
the Hajj, it is commemorated by all Muslims, not just those
undertaking the Hajj.
A third ritual, the stoning of the pillars at Mina is also
connected to the story of Ibrahim and Isma'il. Tradition tells that
Ibrahim was visited by the devil on his way to sacrifice Isma'il
and tempted to abandon the task. The devil argued persuasively,
however, Ibrahim remained obedient to Allah and rejected the
devil's temptation, ultimately driving the devil away with
stones.
Pilgrims on the Hajj throw stones at the pillars at Mina which
symbolise the devil. In the ritual of throwing stones at the
pillars, Muslims are emulating the rejection of the devil and the
reality of temptation in their own lives. Thus the significance of
the stoning ritual is the emphasis on the rejection of the devil's
temptation. Temptation is an obstacle to the goal of submission and
must be overcome. In rejecting the devil the Muslim is able to more
sincerely submit to the will of Allah. Thus the ritual of stoning
the pillars has significance in its representation of the struggle
against temptation and the ultimate goal of submission to Allah.
This fundamental goal of Islam underpins the ritual of the stoning
and highlights its profound significance.
In the course of the Hajj, pilgrims walk between Marwah and Safa
to commemorate Hajar's search for water in the desert. Ultimately
the angel Jibril appeared and showed her the location of the spring
now known as the well of Zamzam. This revelation saved the life of
Hajar and her son Isma'il. Muslims see in this story the call to
seek the things in life which are of true value as well as the
assurance that ultimately Allah will provide what is needed.
For Muslims, these are important realities and their
acknowledgement greatly assists their submission to Allah. Thus,
like other rituals of the Hajj, the rituals relating to Hajar's
search for water are significant in their connection to the
ultimate goal of submission to Allah.
The circling of the Ka'bah which occurs at the beginning and end
of the Hajj is a further example of a ritual which expresses the
element of obedience and submission to the will of Allah. The
requirement to undertake the Hajj is written in the Qur'an and the
circling of the Ka'bah is essentially a statement of obedience to
this requirement. The Hajj is a fundamental requirement of Islam,
prescribed by the Qur'an. In the context of the faith of Islam
there are few things that could be considered of greater
significance.
In addition to the rituals particular to the Hajj, there are a
number of other aspects which are of significance. For example, the
amount of commitment and dedication required to undertake the Hajj
is of itself a significant element.
The Hajj also provides a very significant experience of
community. Over two million pilgrims take part in the Hajj each
year. They come from all regions of the world and represent
virtually every nationality. The experience of the Hajj is a
significant expression of the diversity of Islam, yet at the same
time it is a powerful witness to the unity of Islam with millions
of people, of every race and nationality uniting together in one
goal of submission to Allah.
In conclusion, it is evident that the Hajj is an event of
profound significance for the Muslim. The rituals of the Hajj and
the events that they commemorate express some of the fundamental
beliefs of Islam. Therefore, the pilgrim, in undertaking the Hajj
is engaging with these core beliefs.
The ultimate goal of Islam is submission to Allah. Submission to
Allah is the central purpose of the Hajj. Each aspect, every ritual
leads to a greater and more perfect submission on the part of the
pilgrim. Therefore, the Hajj, the rituals involved and their
meaning are of the greatest significance to the Muslim in their
ultimate goal of submission to Allah.
(approx 1200 words)
Resources
Texts
Aylett J FThe Muslim Experience, 2000, London, Hodder &
Stoughton
Beck Margie et alExploring Religion, 1999, Melbourne, Oxford
University Press.
Frager RobertThe Wisdom of Islam, 2002, Alresford, Godsfield
Press
Jomier JacquesHow to Understand Islam, 1989, London, SCM
Press.
Lovat Terence and McGrath John (ed) New Studies in Religion,
1999, Katoomba, Social Science Press.
Maqsood Ruqaiyyah Waris Islam, 1995, Oxford, Heinemann
Morrisey Janet et al Living Religion, 2005, Melbourne,
Pearson.
Newby Gordon D A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam, 2002, London,
One World
Renard John Responses to 101 Questions on Islam, 1998, New York,
Paulist Press
Waines David An Introduction to Islam 1995, Melbourne, Cambridge
University Press.
Internet
www.submission.orgwww.understanding-islam.comwww.discoverislam.comwww.emuslim.comwww.al-islam.org