Hadrian’s Baths at Lepcis Magna Let’s go Swimming! AD 126-127 How appropriate is this powerpoint background?!!

Hadrian’s Baths at Hadrian’s Baths at Lepcis MagnaLepcis Magna

Let’s goSwimming!

AD 126-127

How appropriate is this powerpoint background?!!

But first, questions….hmmm…But first, questions….hmmm…

Think of all the words for ‘cold’’Think of all the words for ‘cold’’ Think of all the words you know for ‘warm’Think of all the words you know for ‘warm’ What features/types of pools/extra What features/types of pools/extra

elements would your ultimate pool elements would your ultimate pool complex have?complex have?

a list of Emperorsa list of EmperorsJulio-Claudian dynastyJulio-Claudian dynasty Augustus 27BC- AD14Augustus 27BC- AD14 Tiberius AD14 - 37Tiberius AD14 - 37 Caligula AD37 – 41Caligula AD37 – 41 Claudius AD 41- 54Claudius AD 41- 54 Nero AD54- 68Nero AD54- 68

Year of 4 emperors Year of 4 emperors (AD 68 –AD69)(AD 68 –AD69) GalbaGalba OthoOtho VitelliusVitellius

Flavian DynastyFlavian Dynasty Vespasian AD69-79Vespasian AD69-79 Titus AD79-81Titus AD79-81 Domitian AD 81-96Domitian AD 81-96

Trajanic DynastyTrajanic Dynasty Nerva AD96-98Nerva AD96-98 Trajan AD98-117Trajan AD98-117

Hadrian AD117-138Hadrian AD117-138Antonine DynastyAntonine Dynasty Antoninus Pius AD138-161Antoninus Pius AD138-161 Marcus Aurelius AD161- 180Marcus Aurelius AD161- 180 Lucis Verus AD161-169Lucis Verus AD161-169 Commodus AD177-192Commodus AD177-192

Severan dynastySeveran dynasty (11 emperors)(11 emperors)

Emperors during the height of Emperors during the height of crisis AD 235-268crisis AD 235-268

Philip the ArabianPhilip the Arabian Many others (constant change)Many others (constant change)

Constantine AD 337-307Constantine AD 337-307

the background on bathsthe background on baths The Function of the baths in Roman times was The Function of the baths in Roman times was

much bigger than the function of swimming pools much bigger than the function of swimming pools today. The Roman ones were for swimming, today. The Roman ones were for swimming, washing, medicinal, therapeutic & exercise.washing, medicinal, therapeutic & exercise.

In a way, the modern gym is like the ancient baths.In a way, the modern gym is like the ancient baths.

Action: Action: Read & highlight ‘public baths’ in your Read & highlight ‘public baths’ in your workbook.workbook.

NB; it discusses caracalla’s baths as an NB; it discusses caracalla’s baths as an EXAMPLE. We study Hadrian’s baths in EXAMPLE. We study Hadrian’s baths in Leptis MagnaLeptis Magna

There were 2 types of baths:There were 2 types of baths: Pre-imperial baths:Pre-imperial baths: (stabain baths, pompeii, the (stabain baths, pompeii, the

hunting baths, leptis magna) they have no hunting baths, leptis magna) they have no symmetry, a separate section for women, small, symmetry, a separate section for women, small, privately owned,restrained decotation.privately owned,restrained decotation.

Imperial bathsImperial baths (like this one), rigid, bilateral (like this one), rigid, bilateral symmetry, logical layout, large, publicly owned, symmetry, logical layout, large, publicly owned, lavish decoration, no separate area for women. lavish decoration, no separate area for women.

Hadrian’s baths are one of the earliest surviving Hadrian’s baths are one of the earliest surviving examples of bathing complexes, which are examples of bathing complexes, which are symetrically designed. (first were trajan’s baths, symetrically designed. (first were trajan’s baths, 109AD)109AD). It was the first major public building to make . It was the first major public building to make use of imported marble as structural & decoarative use of imported marble as structural & decoarative materialmaterial

Bilateral Symmetry means: Bilateral Symmetry means: rooms/areas on either side of a rooms/areas on either side of a

central line, similar in layout, shape central line, similar in layout, shape & function.& function. T They are symetrically hey are symetrically designed along a north/south axisdesigned along a north/south axis

The cold to hot process adopted by The cold to hot process adopted by the Romans is reflected in the designthe Romans is reflected in the design

Bathers are lead from one area to Bathers are lead from one area to another by the sequential another by the sequential arrangementarrangement

This is helped by the framed views This is helped by the framed views from one room to another by the from one room to another by the screen of columnsscreen of columns

North = cold. South = warmNorth = cold. South = warm

Swimming fun in your Swimming fun in your workbook!workbook!

Location:Location: The man in the picture below has one eye. Leptis The man in the picture below has one eye. Leptis Magna, LibyaMagna, Libya

Architectural type: Architectural type: Functional, public bathsFunctional, public baths Purpose: Purpose: Erected as aErected as a

Public service – so peoplePublic service – so peoplecould go to the baths. To showcould go to the baths. To showthat even in distant parts of the that even in distant parts of the Empire, they are still under the Empire, they are still under the Personal care of the Emperor. ToPersonal care of the Emperor. ToShow Roman power, also to remind the Show Roman power, also to remind the people that they are part of the empirepeople that they are part of the empire- propaganda & to glorify Leptis Magna- propaganda & to glorify Leptis Magna

Dates of construction: Dates of construction: C.AD 126-127.C.AD 126-127.Built by Emperor HadrianBuilt by Emperor Hadrian

RoomRoom Function/Location/Temp/DetailFunction/Location/Temp/Detail

NatatioNatatio = = outdoor swimming pool, for exercise & enjoyment. outdoor swimming pool, for exercise & enjoyment. First pool in building.29m long x 15m wide. 1.5m deep. First pool in building.29m long x 15m wide. 1.5m deep. surrounded on 3 sides by a covered portico of corinthian surrounded on 3 sides by a covered portico of corinthian columns made of pink marble. 4columns made of pink marble. 4thth side was decorated with side was decorated with arched niches inlaid with glass mosaics. Bottom of the pool is arched niches inlaid with glass mosaics. Bottom of the pool is decorated with a mosaic that imitates graveldecorated with a mosaic that imitates gravel

FrigidariumFrigidarium = = cold room, 18.2m x 14.9m. Largest cold room, 18.2m x 14.9m. Largest room.Located in the centre of the building, between the room.Located in the centre of the building, between the horizontal & vertical axis of the building. transitional cool horizontal & vertical axis of the building. transitional cool down after exercise area that separated the hot rooms down after exercise area that separated the hot rooms from the cold rooms. Higher ceiling than other from the cold rooms. Higher ceiling than other rooms.Roofed with 3 concrete cross-vaults decorated rooms.Roofed with 3 concrete cross-vaults decorated with elabourate mosaics. Vaults sprang from engaged with elabourate mosaics. Vaults sprang from engaged pediments. Walls of it were originally covered in marble pediments. Walls of it were originally covered in marble & decorated with mosaics. 2 cold plunge baths at ends & decorated with mosaics. 2 cold plunge baths at ends of the hall were entered through arched doorwaysof the hall were entered through arched doorways

Modern reconstruction of what the frigidarium would look like

Cross vault supported by engaged pediments

Arched doorway into plunge pool

WallsCoveredIn marble

SurroundingBlack columns

Cold plunge bath

RoomRoom Function/Location/Temp/DetailFunction/Location/Temp/Detail

Tepidarium = Tepidarium = the first warm room. Had a marble the first warm room. Had a marble plunge bath as its central feature. This room was plunge bath as its central feature. This room was entered through an arched opening flanked by grey entered through an arched opening flanked by grey marble columns. Purpose of this room was for bathingmarble columns. Purpose of this room was for bathing

Caldarium = Caldarium = the largest of the hot rooms.22m x the largest of the hot rooms.22m x 10.0m. Roofed with a barrel vault. Walls had 5 glazed 10.0m. Roofed with a barrel vault. Walls had 5 glazed windows (3 largest windows were on southern wall, to windows (3 largest windows were on southern wall, to take advantage of afternoon sun). The windows had a take advantage of afternoon sun). The windows had a water basin in front of them. Approached by stepswater basin in front of them. Approached by steps

Laconica = Laconica = super heated rooms. Set in 2 chambers super heated rooms. Set in 2 chambers either side of the calarium. The floor was raised to allow either side of the calarium. The floor was raised to allow hot air to circulate underneath. This was the equivalent hot air to circulate underneath. This was the equivalent to our sauna – for people to sweat, open their pores & to our sauna – for people to sweat, open their pores & they would be scraped afterwards. they would be scraped afterwards.

How were the rooms so hot? Caldarium & How were the rooms so hot? Caldarium & Laconica Were heated by furnaces directly Laconica Were heated by furnaces directly behind each room, built into the back of the behind each room, built into the back of the south wallsouth wall

LatrinesLatrines

ToiletsToilets Located on both sides of the complex. They had Located on both sides of the complex. They had

marble benches around the 3 walls, on 4marble benches around the 3 walls, on 4 thth side side were statues & niches. Marble benches had key were statues & niches. Marble benches had key shaped holes cut into them. Sign of the wealth of shaped holes cut into them. Sign of the wealth of the city – marble toilets!! And easy to clean. A the city – marble toilets!! And easy to clean. A narrow trough where users washed their ‘toilet narrow trough where users washed their ‘toilet paper’ paper’

Toilet paper – sponge on a stickToilet paper – sponge on a stick

Other featuresOther features

Apodyteria – changing rooms, either side of the Apodyteria – changing rooms, either side of the natationatatio

Colonnaded halls & chambers are on eastern & Colonnaded halls & chambers are on eastern & western sides of the complex. Ther were libraries, rest western sides of the complex. Ther were libraries, rest areas & lecture halls.areas & lecture halls.

Palaestra- exercise yard outside the complex by the Palaestra- exercise yard outside the complex by the natatio. This was a common feature of imperial bath natatio. This was a common feature of imperial bath complexcomplex

It was covered by a portico of corinthian columns with It was covered by a portico of corinthian columns with a large aspe at either enda large aspe at either end

The sky in leptis magna is cooler than our nz sky

Key words – flip notes!Key words – flip notes!

PalaestraPalaestra FrigidariumFrigidarium TepidariumTepidarium CaldariumCaldarium LaconicaLaconica NatitioNatitio ApodyteriaApodyteria LatrinesLatrines