HADES Workshop May 24-26, 2011 Perma Works LLC “My thanks to the GNS and Tiger Energy Services” Randy Normann, CTO [email protected]
Mar 18, 2020
HADES Workshop May 24-26, 2011
Perma Works LLC “My thanks to the GNS and Tiger
Energy Services” Randy Normann, CTO
Perma Works LLC Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
Perma Works “Acquiring Schlumberger the old fashion way, one customer at a time”
Perma Works Stays In The Well
• While others log the geothermal well using electronics in a thermos bottle, we take the heat continuously – No heat shield – No time limits – No worries
HT Industry is a Growing Market
Brakes
Transmission
The good news: All HT applications are also high reliability!
SOI – Silicon-On-Insulator Electronics are Designed for These Applications
What is HT SOI? • Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) isolates
transistors on an insulating material providing: – Isolation reduces leakage currents
by ~100 times! – Latchup immunity – 25% Faster Switching – Better isolation for analog and
digital on the same die • SOI is the same process as used
for Radiation Hardened silicon
A: Cross-section of bulk CMOS inverter
P+N+ N+
P-well
N-Substrate
P+ P+
N+ N+P+ P+ P+P
Buried oxide
Si-substrateB: Cross-section of a SOI CMOS inverter
In short, SOI is just a better way to build silicon electronic devices
Making SOI Reliable
TEMPERATURE (°C)
LIF
ET
IME
(YR
S)
0
1
10
100
150 170 190 210 230 250 270 290 310 330 350
AlCu: 1mA/µm2
AlCu: 0.5 mA/µm2
W: 1 mA/µm2 Failure = 10% Increase
in Stripe Resistance Time for 1% of the parts
to fail W: 2 mA/µm2
Commercial Parts: Est. for 5 mA/µm2
> 5 Year Life at 225°C
Now
Future
Metal migration is a function of Current Density, Metal, Temp. Plot is from Honeywell SOI group, Bruce Ohme
High Temperature Electronic Designs Eliminate Aging
• Doing everything right to stop aging – No right angle metallization paths – No on chip metal bridges – No voids in the die attach – Keep TCEs matched – Ideal wire bonds – Eliminate intermetallic growth Show me a 225C/5yr electronic device and I will show you a
125C/30yr device
An Example: HT SOI Precision Amplifier
• Achieved 18-bit dynamic range
• Achieved high input impedance: – < 1nA input offset
current at 225°C – Ideal for pressure
measurements
• Demonstrated operation: – -55°C to 375°C
Input Offset Voltage @ 300C(after 438 Hrs. Operation @ 300C)
-125-100-75-50-25
0255075
100125
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5Input Common-mode Voltage (Volts)
Offs
et V
olta
ge (m
icro
- vol
ts)
Offset comparable to LTC1049 over a 350°C Temperature Range!!
-55°C to 300 °C
250x improvement in offset accuracy vs. previous High-temp amplifier
Creating the Ideal HT Electric Circuit
Silicon (SOI)
Silicon Carbide(SiC)
Gallium Nitride(GaN)
Bandgap: Temp Limit
1.12 eV 400C
3.26 eV 800C
3.4 eV 1000C
Breakdown Field
30 V/um 250 V/um 250 V/um
Thermal Conductivity
1.5 W/cmK 3.3-4.8 W/cmK 1.5 W/cmK
Electron Mobility
600 400 1000-2000
250C Silver-Plated Copper - Fails
• Top image shows a clean ‘cut’ silver-plated copper.
• However, silver-plating copper wire has no protection from inter-metallic growth.
• The copper migrates through the silver to react with the tin (found in the solder) to form bronze crystals.
• This is a solid-phase interaction which leaves the wire joint fragile as can be seen in the lower photo.
Conventional Tinned Copper Lead
• The top photo is of an untested “new” capacitor lead designed for automotive use, 125C continuous with 200C extrusions.
• The photo below is of a capacitor lead coming out of the Coso tool.
• The automotive industry can sneak by with conventional solder tinned copper leads the drilling industry cannot.
HT Electronic Components Work To Very High Temperatures
• HT Component Testing • A commercial SOI voltage reference
• We must calibrate for system drift
New Extreme Temperature Circuit Boards
• Lab tested to 400C! • Absolutely no organic
materials! • Traces are etched
ceramic! • Flame blasted metal
conductors
• Aircraft circuit boards are not good enough for geothermal. PW had to make improvements now benefiting aerospace
300,400 & 550C Metal to Ceramic Bonds
Patents Pending
Confocal optical images, taken by NASA
Samples 1-RT, 2-300C, 3-400C 4-550C
New Ceramic Circuit Construction
5 Patents Pending • New circuit board with
metal traces tested at 500C! – New CNC construction – New tool mounting system
• HT Circuit boards geothermal brine ready
Unequaled HT Technology
It continues to work following this gross over heating!
500C Solder Joint! Under development
Instrumentation Housing with
Batteries
Solar Cells For power
SOI Tool
¼ in.Wired Tubing
The instrumentation housing contains: Batteries charged by the solar cells Receiver for tool data On board memory to storage data The downhole tool contains: Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) electronics RTD (Resistive Temperature Device) Pressure transducer Hydrogen monitor (PW) Optical DTS system (DRAKA) Solid-State Liquid Flow Sensor (PW)
Geothermal Well Qualification System
Unparalleled Geothermal Well Characterization
Supercritical Tools • Placing HT tool electronics inside an improved
heat-shield, supercritical logging tools can be built much like conventional slickline geothermal logging tools – The Dewar heat-shield will protect the tool from
supercritical temperatures – The 250-300C operating temperature of the
electronics greatly increases the operating time in the well
– Pressure transducer will see SC temperatures – Lack of a high temperature battery is an issue
Flush-mounted SiC Pressure Transducer
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100Applied Pressure (psi)
Net
Bri
dge
Out
put (
mV
)
Vin = 5 VBQ0345-13-R10-C09-PS02-1-29Sensitivity: 36.60 µV/V/psi @ 25oC
25 oC
100 oC
200 oC
300 oC
400 oC
Typical Performance Characteristics Sensitivity: 5-36.60 µV/V/psi @ 25oC; 3-18 µV/V/psi @ 600 oC Input Voltage: 5-10 mV
>400C SiC Pressure Transducer
Contact: Dr. Robert Okojie, (216)433-6522; [email protected]
HT Battery Issues • Working with Electrochemical Systems Inc.
– PW demonstrated a 125C to 250C battery technology – Unfortunately, the first commercial builds had
production issues – These issues may have been resolved waiting on
second production run (4 cells) • The tool design is complicated because the battery does
not start working until 125C – Use of an internal heater to start the battery – Battery needs to be thermally isolated from the
electronics to allow for longest possible operating time inside the SC well
Recent Development 200C/1000hrs
• PW just completed the design and manufacture of general data collection set of electronics for 200C, 1000hrs
• This new technology is designed for high end applications using Texas Instruments HT chips – 60MHz, 32Bit, ARM7 microprocessor! – 8 parallel, 24Bit analog to digital converter! – 32Mbit flash memory (not yet commercial)
• This is a major advancement for Dewared geothermal tools and is commercially available from Perma Works.
Conclusion
• Perma Works has a new well monitoring system ready
for deployment
• New HT electronics enable the construction of basic supercritical logging tools by using heat-shields and HT electronics – HT batteries are an issue – Batteries exist with limited operating range and high costs
• Perma Works is working toward a complete geothermal
well control solution matching the complexity of the oil industry for cost effective reservoir management