Hacking with the Linksys WRT54G/S and Custom Firmware

Hacking with the Linksys WRT54G/S and Custom Firmware

By: Sysmin

ISSAP, CISSP, NSA-IEM, NSA-IAM, CCSE

andQuigon

ISSAP, CISSP, NSA-IAM

The Hacker Pimps

Document Versioning

For the most up to date version of this document visit:

www.hackerpimps.com/docs.html

Thank you,-The Hacker Pimps!

Warning!! Warning!! Warning!!

● Modifying your firmware will void your warranty

● There is a possibility that you may brick your WRT. No Pain, No Gain!

● You could probably try the buyer protection plan from Best Buy. They don't check them anyway.

Linksys WRT54G/S Specifics

● Hey, This thing runs Linux! ;)

Linksys WRT54G

200MHz MIPS Processor

4MB of Flash Memory

16MB of RAM

Linksys WRT54GS

200MHz MIPS Processor

8MB of Flash Memory

32MB of RAM

Default has SpeedBooster Crap

Why You Want A GS

● More is better● You can have more software and exploits

loaded● Pretty self-explanatory

Why Would You Use A WRT?

● It is inexpensive● It is innocuous● People are used to seeing these things

around● It has wireless functionality● It has wired functionality

Customizing OpenWRT● White Russian source code has a “make

menuconfig” similar to compiling a Linux kernel.● Can compile items as modules (making them

installable .ipkg's) or compile items directly into the firmware

– BE VERY CAREFUL DOING THIS. You could end up with a firmware that bricks your WRT.

– Don't say we didn't warn you.

Customizing OpenWRT

Cross Compiling Applications● Easy way to get a cross compiler up and running:

– Use the SDK that the OpenWRT project provides (Linux x86 only)

– Download and compile White Russian from OpenWRT.org (for other platforms)

● Enable OpenWRT SDK in configuration options

Cross Compiling Applications● Not so easy ways

– Compile from source (for masochists only)

– Use CrossTool● Cross compiler build scripts from

http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/● Has issues with BASH 3.xx

– I've never gotten a compiler up and running these ways

– To build an app from source (using the SDK):● CC=mipsel-linux-uclibc-gcc CFLAGS=” -s” ./configure --

host=mipsel● make

Cross Compiling Applications

● Issues with compiling– AKA -- My limited knowledge with embedded

development and cross compilers

– Linux normally uses GLibC for C Libraries

– OpenWRT uses uCLibC● much more stripped down and compact C Library

– Binaries compiled with GLibC must be statically compiled (use

“--static” on the CFLAGS line). Results in huge binaries.

– Use the SDK unless it just won't compile any other way

IPv6● What's Required:

– ipkg install iproute2

– ipkg install radvd

– ipkg install kmod-ipv6

– IPRoute2 allows for easier configuration of IPv6 over IPv4 tunnels.

– RADVD (Route Advertiser Daemon) broadcasts an IPv6 prefix to the rest of your network

– kmod-ipv6 is the IPv6 kernel modules for connectivity and firewalling.

– These are built into FairuzaWRT by default

IPv6

● Getting connected:– We used Hurricane Electric as an IPv6 Tunnel Broker.

● http://www.tunnelbroker.net

– Allows for a static IPv6 over IPv4 tunnel and a /64 for your internal network.

– Fairly easy to get it all working.

– Requires registration and a few hours for HE to set up the tunnel.

IPv6● Getting connected:

– Once HE establishes the tunnel, set up your end:● ip tunnel add he.net mode sit remote 64.71.128.83 \ local

12.34.56.78 ttl 255● ip link set he.net up● ip addr add 2001:470:1F01:F00D::2F1/127 dev he.net● ip route add ::/0 dev he.net● ip -f inet6 addr

– You can also add these commands to /etc/init.d/rcS to make them more permanent.

– ping6 www.kame.net to make sure you have connectivity.

IPv6

● For the rest of your network:– Set up your router advertiser:

● vi /etc/radvd.conf● interface br0

{ AdvSendAdvert on;

MinRtrAdvInterval 3;

MaxRtrAdvInterval 10;

AdvHomeAgentFlag off;

prefix 2001:470:1F01:CAFE::/64

{ AdvOnLink on;

AdvAutonomous on;

AdvRouterAddr on;

};};

IPv6● For the rest of your network:

– Assign one of the /64 IPv6 IPs to the br0 interface● ip -6 addr add 2001:470:1F01:CAFE::1/64 dev br0

– Ensure IPv6 forwarding is enabled● echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/forwarding

– Start RADVD● radvd -m logfile -l /var/log/radvd.log

– These can also be added to /etc/init.d/rcS.

– You should now be able to ping6 www.kame.net from IPv6 enabled clients.

FairuzaWRT

Information

FairuzaWRT = FuxorWRTWe changed the name.... Why? ... We are

obsessed with Fairuza!

FairuzaWRT – “Built Ins”● IPv6 Support with ip6tables firewalling

● CIFS for mounting Windows 2K/XP/Vista (or whatever they're calling it now) shares.

● NFS client support (including swap over NFS)

● ShFS (file system over SSH)

● NBT Scan

● Dsniff, NMAP, Hping 2, Hydra

● Some cross compiled POC exploits (including MS05039)

● FairuzaUS

Installing Software w/ ipkg

● Works similar to Apt● Repositories are set up in /etc/ipkg.conf● ipkg update #Updates package list● ipkg install <pkgname> #Install certain package● ipkg remove <pkgname> #Removes package● Hackerpimps' ipkg respository the default in

FairuzaWRT● src fairuzawrt http://www.hackerpimps.com/fairuzawrt/packages

The Attacks

FairuzaUS

What is FairuzaUS?

● Used to configure the WRT● Eases simple recon tasks● Its Quick● You don't have to remember things

Net Recon

● Scanning for hosts● Port Scanning

– Nmap

– Netcat

Port Scanning

● Netcat– nc -v -z <host> <port range>

– Netcat banner grabbing

– nc <host> <port>

● Nmap– Do we really need to explain the syntax?

Netbios Recon

● Gives information about Netbios on the network

● nbtscan – nbtscan -v 192.168.1.1-254

Nbtscan in Action

Mounting Shares

● 2 Filesystems: Mount Windows and NFS– Windows 2k and XP

– mount.cifs \\computer\share /mnt -o user=username pass=password

– NFS for mounting *nix shares

– mount -t nfs xxx.yyy.zzz.aaa:/mntpoint /mnt

● Mount over the net● Grab files● Put files

Give Yourself Some Room

● Mount a share to give yourself more room to work with

● Helps when you are trying to crack WEP● Helps when you need to load a dictionary file● Helps when you want to save some files from

someplace

Wireless Recon

● Find wireless networks● Use your WRTs to Wardrive● Use your WRTs to help win Wardriving

contests– Kismet Drone

● Edit your kismet drone config file

– Kismet

Crack that WEP

● Mount a partition and give yourself some more room

● Use airodump to dump the weak Ivs– Airodump

● airodump <interface> <dumpfile>

● Use aircrack to crack the wep key– Aircrack

● Aircrack [options] <.cap file>

Passwords

● Dsniff– This is a big one

– Example: dsniff -i eth0

● Hydra– Hydra fun

– hydra [[[-l LOGIN|-L FILE] [-p PASS|-P FILE]] | [-C FILE]] [-e ns] [-o FILE] [-t TASKS] [-M FILE [-T TASKS]] [-w TIME] [-f] [-s PORT] [-S] [-vV] server service [OPT]

– Use hydra to crack your own root password w00t!

0wn3d by Ph0n3

I know, my camera sucks

0wn3d by Phone

● Using an SSH enabled smart phone to control FairuzaWRT

● Impress your friends● Fun at parties ● You too can have a Windows prompt on your

phone

0wn3d by Phone

Drive-by Upload

Drive-by upload takes advantage of individuals not changing their default configurations. This

is the act of driving by someone's home or place of business and replacing their firmware

with an alternate one.

This Look Familiar?

Drive-by Upload... who... what???

● Used to recon internal systems● Used to attack internal systems● Used to recon external systems● Used to attack external systems● Sniff passwords● Basically anything the WRT can do at that

point

FairuzaFakeAP

● Fake AP functionality for FairuzaWRT● Impersonates other access points● Still being tested, but it does work● Should be available soon

Malicious VPN● Slice through firewalls with OpenVPN● Can use TCP or UDP● Use commonly open ports such as 80, 443,

22, and udp 53● Can be used even if NAT'ing is involved● Can use a pre-shared keys or digital

certificates● IDS Evasion● Have someone else's network connect to

you!

Static Key OpenVPN

● Simple to set up for both Client and Server● Sets up quickly● Can use the same pre-shared key for your

army of WRTs.

OpenVPN Pre-shared Key

● Generate the Key– openvpn --genkey --secret static.key

● Use the key on both client and server● Make sure that the firewall on the WRT

allows the traffic to be passed

OpenVPN Server Config

port 53dev tunmode serverifconfig 10.8.0.1 10.8.0.2secret static.key

OpenVPN Client Config

remote server.domaindev tunifconfig 10.8.0.2 10.8.0.1secret static.key

Exploits

● Run them from the command line● You can list them in fairuzaUS, functionality

to use them from there will be added in the future

● Located in: /usr/sbin

Things You Probably Shouldn't Do

● Use FairuzaWRT / FuxorWRT as your main gateway.

● Use the tests of FairuzaWRT / FuxorWRT as your only security tests.

● Use this tool on networks or systems that you don't 0wn or have permission to test.

The Future of FairuzaWRT

● Documentation● IPv6 Attacks?● More functions in FairuzaUS● Integration of exploits in to FairuzaUS

● NetHack = fun for everyone

When Firmware Goes Bad

When Firmware Goes Bad

● To avoid certain problems make sure that you turn boot wait on.

nvram set boot_wait=on● Something else to try

– Set the computer up to ping 192.168.1.1

– Remove cover and short out pins 15 and 16 on the nvram chip

– Apply power

– Once the ping is working tftp the image to the wrt

– tftp 192.168.1.1

– tftp> binary

– tftp> rexmt 1

– tftp> trace

– tftp> put <imagefile>

When Firmware Goes Bad

● Hold in the reset button (hahahah)● Try loading Sveasoft● http://voidmain.is-a-geek.net:81/redhat/wrt54g_revival.html

● Pray to the gods of firmware and offer up a sacrifice. Maybe an old telephone or something?

Uses or Brick

7 Uses for a Bricked WRT

The WRT Purse

See Demo

Extras Needed: 1 short piece of Cat5 1 long piece of Cat5

The WRT Soccer Ball

The WRT Plastic Surgeon

Who could possibly know

more aboutplastic surgery?

The WRT Rap Star

Fo Shizzle

The WRT Lawn Sprinkler

The WRT Pleasure Device

Extras Needed: 1 Midget 1 Kazoo

FairuzaWRT Demo

Time permitting

Any Questions???

[email protected]

[email protected]

www.hackerpimps.com