Gymno vs Angio

Gymnosperms vsGymnosperms vsAngiospermsAngiosperms

AngiospermsAngiosperms

Flowering plantsFlowering plants Have a vascular (conducting) system to Have a vascular (conducting) system to

transport dissolved nutrients and transport dissolved nutrients and minerals----minerals---- What is that system? Name partsWhat is that system? Name parts

BryophytesBryophytes

Nonvascular plantsNonvascular plants Lack a vascular (conducting) systemLack a vascular (conducting) system Rely on DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS to Rely on DIFFUSION and OSMOSIS to

obtain needed materialsobtain needed materials Define Diffusion:Define Diffusion: Define Osmosis:Define Osmosis: Because of this, they are small—Because of this, they are small—

Fungi---MossesFungi---Mosses

BryophytesBryophytes

Broken down into three groups (phyla):Broken down into three groups (phyla): Phylum: Bryophyta (mosses)Phylum: Bryophyta (mosses) Phylum Hepatiocophyta (liverworts-leafy moss)Phylum Hepatiocophyta (liverworts-leafy moss)

Any of numerous small, green, nonvascular plants of Any of numerous small, green, nonvascular plants of the division Marchantiophyta, growing in moist the division Marchantiophyta, growing in moist environments and consisting of either a leafy mosslike environments and consisting of either a leafy mosslike structure or a flat thallus that is often lobed. structure or a flat thallus that is often lobed.

Phylum Anthrocerotophyta (hornworts--aquatic)Phylum Anthrocerotophyta (hornworts--aquatic)

LichensLichens

““Prime” example of a symbiotic relationshipPrime” example of a symbiotic relationship Intimate relationship between a fungus and an algaeIntimate relationship between a fungus and an algae Fungus (incapable of making food for themselves):Fungus (incapable of making food for themselves):

Protects alga from harmful light, Protects alga from harmful light, Produces substance that speeds up photosynthesis in algaeProduces substance that speeds up photosynthesis in algae Absorbs and keeps waters and minerals for both organismsAbsorbs and keeps waters and minerals for both organisms

Algae within fungusAlgae within fungus Photosynthesizes providing food for both organismsPhotosynthesizes providing food for both organisms

Mr. Fungus is ready to greet our friend the alga

The Fungus Meets an Alga

Friend alga cell is prepared to greet Mr. Fungus.

The Lichen is created between the fungus and the alga.

LichensLichens

Lichen "provides" alga w/water and minerals Lichen "provides" alga w/water and minerals that the fungus absorbs from whatever the that the fungus absorbs from whatever the lichen is growing on, its substrate. lichen is growing on, its substrate.

The alga, uses minerals and water to make The alga, uses minerals and water to make food for the fungus and itself. food for the fungus and itself.

In the natural environment, neither can grow In the natural environment, neither can grow and reproduce without a symbiotic partner. and reproduce without a symbiotic partner.

Said that lichens grow in “leftover” spots Said that lichens grow in “leftover” spots in the environment—those that are to in the environment—those that are to harsh or limiting for other organismsharsh or limiting for other organisms Bare rock, desert sand, cleared soil, dead Bare rock, desert sand, cleared soil, dead

wood, animal bones, rusty metal, bare barkwood, animal bones, rusty metal, bare bark Are able to shut down metabolically during Are able to shut down metabolically during

periods of unfavorable conditions, and can periods of unfavorable conditions, and can survive in extreme heat, cold and droughtsurvive in extreme heat, cold and drought

Given appropriate amounts of light, Given appropriate amounts of light, moisture, clean air and freedom from moisture, clean air and freedom from competition, can colonize about anywherecompetition, can colonize about anywhere

Come in many styles and designs Some hard to see others large The surface they grow on is called the

substrate Many species of lichens form a long

pendent body or thallus Many do best when growing among

mosses or on rotting wood or forest soils and are attached with small growths called rhizines.

FungiFungi Living body is a mycelium made out of a Living body is a mycelium made out of a

web of tiny filaments called hyphaeweb of tiny filaments called hyphae Hyphae (hí - fee) plural: the threads that form the Hyphae (hí - fee) plural: the threads that form the

body of a fungus (mycelium)body of a fungus (mycelium) Most fungi build their cell walls out of Most fungi build their cell walls out of

chitin. chitin. Is same material as hard outer shells of insects Is same material as hard outer shells of insects

and other arthropods. (Vascular plants do not and other arthropods. (Vascular plants do not make chitin.make chitin.))

Feed by absorbing nutrients from organic Feed by absorbing nutrients from organic material in which they livematerial in which they live

Usnea australis, fruticose form, growing on tree branch

Crustose lichens on limestone in S. Italy

Physcia millegrana-a foliose lichen, with an unlichenized polypore fungus (bottom right), on a fallen log.

"Witch's hair" (Alectoria sarmentosa)

This lichen valued as fiber in traditional cultures in the Northwest.

Used as bandages, baby diapers, feminine hygiene supplies, and even as raw material for ponchos and footwear.

It made good artificial hair for decorating dance masks.

Lichen ReproductionLichen Reproduction

Some reproduce be making an entire non-sexual Some reproduce be making an entire non-sexual reproductive packages called soredia or isidiareproductive packages called soredia or isidia Are tiny projections from surface of lichen that break off and Are tiny projections from surface of lichen that break off and

can easily grow into new lichen—blown or washed away by can easily grow into new lichen—blown or washed away by wind or water or on other animalswind or water or on other animals

Others make spores (small reproductive body Others make spores (small reproductive body capable of growing into a new organism) that need to capable of growing into a new organism) that need to capture photosynthetic partners capture photosynthetic partners

Lichens are sensitive to pollution in the air and can Lichens are sensitive to pollution in the air and can tell us if the air is clear and clean.tell us if the air is clear and clean.

Drug companies make antibiotics from lichen Drug companies make antibiotics from lichen substances.substances.

Some lichens make nitrogen in the air usable to Some lichens make nitrogen in the air usable to plants.plants.

Lichens are homes for spiders, mites, lice and other Lichens are homes for spiders, mites, lice and other insects.insects.

Lichens can be used as a natural dye to color wool.Lichens can be used as a natural dye to color wool. People eat lichens (careful - a few are poisonous).People eat lichens (careful - a few are poisonous).

Identifying LichensIdentifying Lichens

Several features are usedSeveral features are used Body typeBody type Life formLife form LobulesLobules Surface textureSurface texture

•LobulesLobules

Lobules are small outgrowths, usually Lobules are small outgrowths, usually from the edge or margin of the lichen. from the edge or margin of the lichen. They are important for reproduction. They are important for reproduction.

Lichen SurfaceLichen Surface

Lichens have many different textures on their upper Lichens have many different textures on their upper and lower surfaces. Surfaces vary from:and lower surfaces. Surfaces vary from:

- granular surface- granular surface - white, frost-like surface (called 'pruinose')- white, frost-like surface (called 'pruinose') - ridged surface- ridged surface - rough surface (called 'scabard')- rough surface (called 'scabard') - smooth surface- smooth surface - veined surface- veined surface What kind of texture does our lichen's surface have?What kind of texture does our lichen's surface have?

Lobaria

oregana

Soredia: Lobules: yesIsidia: yesPodetia: noReproductive Body: apothecium rustBody Type: folioseUnstratified: noLife Form: Hollow lobes: noCentral cord: noLobe shape: roundedRhizines: Cilia margin: no

Surface texture: veined-bottomWrinkles: Cephalodia: yes internal pocketsPapillae: noFibrilles on Branches: noSpore type: septateSpore size (um): Lobe Width: more than 10 mm

Lichens and the Lichens and the EnvironmentEnvironment

Are like sponges—they soak up Are like sponges—they soak up everything—including air pollutioneverything—including air pollution

Most are very vulnerable to air qualityMost are very vulnerable to air quality When they disappear—they give early When they disappear—they give early

warning of harmful air quality conditionswarning of harmful air quality conditions

A red alder tree downwind of a smoke plume from the Sitka Pulp Mill (which has since been closed) in Sitka, Alaska.

Bark of red alder trees is usually covered by a mosaic of white lichens, leaving very little brown bark showing.

ReferencesReferences

http://ocid.nacse.org/lichenland/index.phphttp://ocid.nacse.org/lichenland/index.phphttp://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/http://gis.nacse.org/lichenair/

http://www.lichen.com/http://www.lichen.com/