Gut Microbiota : Effects and Benefits Brooke Blonquist, Shelby Ellsworth, Marisol Masella, & Sophia Ortiz.

Gut Microbiota:Effects and Benefits

Brooke Blonquist, Shelby Ellsworth, Marisol Masella, &Sophia Ortiz

What is microbiota?Microbes that co-exist in our body

Provide health benefits Part of normal flora 300-500 different types Anaerobes found on genitourinary,

gastrointestinal, and respiratory Highest number found in GI

Benefits of Microbiota

Health Breakdown carbohydrates, Chrohn’s

disease, ulcerative colitis, C-Diff Immune System

The Gastrointestinal tract is so large and has direct contact with pathogens

Protection Physical Barrier

Where do they come from? Mother

Babies develop in sterile environment while in utero

Exposed to first microbes during delivery Babies delivered via C-section have less

microbes

Changes and Consequences Clean Water: Reduced fecal transmission. Increase in Caesarean Sections: Reduced vaginal

transmission Reduced Breastfeeding: Reduced cutaneous

transmission and changed immunological environment

Smaller family size: Reduced early life transmission Antibiotic use, increased bathing and showering

and use of antibacterial soaps, and mercury-amalgam dental fillings: Selection for changing composition of microbes.

Microbe growth Microbe growth increases from birth

can be from breast milk or formula Increase occurs again when solid foods

are introduced At age 1 number of microbes present

equals that of a young adult.

What effects our microbes? Use of Antibiotics and Immunity Age

The types of microbes and number present change

Nutritional Status

Immunity and Microbiota Microbiota shapes Auto Immunity

Pathogenic and Microbiota diversity are determining factors

Dependent on interactions Immunity and microbiota

Immunity and Microbiota Intestinal Microbiota

Main function is to control exposure From bacteria to host tissue Aids in lessening disease outcomes

Opportunistic residential bacteria overrides Health consequences

Inflammation and sepsis

Antibiotic Use Affect target pathogen and host bacteria

Effects dependent on antibiotic used

Decrease colonization in host gut More vulnerable

Disease and anti-resistant strains

Anti-resistant bacteria resistant gene passed on

Pathogenic bacteria

Effects of Obesity on Microbes

Gastrointestinal microbiota is involved with energy homeostasis

Obese microbiome increases polysaccharide degrading enzymes Breaks down sugars leading to increased

fat deposition Lean vs. Obese microbiota

Obesity microbiota increases LPL activity

Fecal Transplant What is it?

The engraftment of microbiota from a healthy donor into a recipient, which results in restoration of the normal gut microbial community structure.

Why is it used? Performed for C-Diff, ulcerative colitis,

irritable bowel syndrome, and other health conditions

Success rate is about 90%

Supplements

Probiotics Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria

Live microbes that have health benefits such as recovering from diarrhea and IBS

Prebiotics Oligofructose and Galacto-

oligosaccharides Foods that when ingested stimulate the

growth of Microbes (probiotics)

C-Diff Video

References: Borody, Thomas J. and Alexander Khoruts. “Fecal Microbiota transplantation

and Emerging Applications.” Nature Review. Vol. 9. (2012): 88-96. Web. Sekirov, Inna et al. “Gut microbiota in Health and Disease.” Physiol Review.

Vol. 90. (Jul. 2010): 859-904. WebBlaser, Martin and Falkow, Stanley. “What are the consequence of

disappearing human microbiota?” Nature Review. Vol. 7.(Dec. 09): 887-894. Web

Guarner, Franciso and Malagelada, Juan. “Gut flora in health and disease.” The Lancet. Vol. 360. (Feb. 03):512-519. Web

R. de Cassia Goncalves Alfenas, et al. “Gut microbiota And the development of Obesity.” Nutrition Hosptitalaria 27.5(2012): 1408-1414. Academic Search Premier. Web. 1 Dec. 2012

Jernberg, Cecilla, et al. “Long term impacts of antibiotic exposure on the human intestinal microbiota.” Microbiology. Vol. 156. (2010): 3216-323. Web

Lora V. Hooper et al. “Ineractions between the microbiota and the Immune system.” Science. Vol.336 (2012). Web