ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti guram RonRaZe mariam axalkaciSvili geologiis safuZvlebi Tbilisi 2014
ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
guram RonRaZe
mariam axalkaciSvili
geologiis safuZvlebi
Tbilisi
2014
2
Sesavali
geologia aris mecniereba dedamiwis Sesaxeb. magram Tu gavixsenebT, rom dedamiwa
araerTgvarovani sxeulia da is calkeuli nawilebisagan, e.w. geosferoebisagan
Sedgeba, zemoTqmuli ganmarteba SeiZleba davazustoT da davsZinoT, rom geologia
upirvelesad Seiswavlis dedamiwis qerqs.
dedamiwas Seiswavlian agreTve sxva mecnierebebi: geografia. geofizika, geoqimia.
yvela maTganisaTvis, msgavsad geologiisa, kvlevis obieqti dedamiwaa. magram Tu
kvlevis obieqti yvelasTis erTia, kvlevis miznebi da meTodebia gansxvavebuli.
geologiuri kvlevis mizani ramdenime ZiriTad mimarTulebaSi SeiZleba
gamovxatoT. erT-erTi pirveli aris dedamiwis nivTieri Sedgenilobis Seswavla.
liTosfero, gansakuTrebiT ki misi zeda nawili _ dedamiwis qerqi Sedgeba
mravalferovani elementebis, mineralebisa da qanebisagan. swored maT Seswavlas
gulisxmobs es mimarTuleba. meore mimarTuleba, romelsac dinamiuri geologia
SeiZleba vuwodoT, miznad isaxavs dedamiwaze (rogorc zedapirze, ise SigneTSi)
mimdinare procesebis Seswavlas, agreTve liTosferos aRnagobis garkvevas. am
procesebs maTi mamoZravebeli Zalebis mixedviT egzogenurs (garedinamiurs) an
endogenurs (Sigadinamiurs) uwodeben. faqtobrivad, am ori mimarTulebiT
warmoebuli kvleva amzadebs safuZvels geologiis yvelaze mniSvnelovani amocanis
gadasaWrelad _ dedamiwis qerqis (da, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli dedamiwis)
geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis Sesaswavlad (mesame mimarTuleba). aq bevri ram
aris nagulisxmevi _ dedamiwaze zRvisa da xmeleTis ganawilebis cvalebadobis Tu
kontinentebis warmoSobidan dawyebuli Cvens planetaze sicocxlis evoluciamde.
meoTxe mimarTuleba wminda praqtikuli mniSvnelobisaa da saxelic Sesabamisi aqvs _
gamoyenebiTi geologia. aq nagulisxmevia sxvadasxva tipis wiaRiseulis sabadoTa
kvleva, gamadnebis kanonzomierebaTa dadgena, dedamiwis qerqis sainJinro-
geologiuri TvalsazrisiT Seswavla da bevri sxva ram.
rac Seexeba sagans ,,geologiis safuZvlebi”, is mecnierul disciplinas ar
warmoadgens. misi mizania damwyeb studentebs zogadad gaacnos geologiuri
mecniereba yvela zemoT CamoTvlil mimarTulebaTa TvalTaxedviT. amiT safuZveli
eyreba momaval geofizikosTa, geografTa da hidrologTa geologiur ganaTlebas,
rac esoden saWiro da sasurvelia dedamiwis Semswavlel am mecnierebaTa mWidro
urTierTkavSiris gamo.
3
nawili I
dedamiwisa da misi qerqis agebuleba
Tavi 1. dedamiwis forma da sidide
ZvelTaganve cnobili iyo, rom dedamiwas sferuli forma aqvs. xolo i.niutoni is
mecnieri iyo, romelmac daasabuTa dedamiwisTvis, iseve rogorc bevri sxva ciuri
sxeulisTvis, sferuli formis aucilebloba. codna dedamiwis sferuli formis
Sesaxeb SesaniSnavad gamoiyena cnobilma berZenma mecnierma eratosTenem, romelmac
Cvens welTaRricxvamde III saukuneSi SesaSuri sizustiT gansazRvra dedamiwis
radiusi. i. niutonisave mosazrebiT dedamiwas namdvili sferos forma ver eqneba _
radganac dedamiwa brunavs sakuTari RerZis garSemo, polusebze is ramdenadme
Sezneqili iqneba, xolo ekvatorze _ gamoburculi. Tumca es Sezneqva metad
umniSvneloa (sxvaoba ekvatorul da polarul radiusebs Soris sul 21 km-s
Seadgens), magram dedamiwis forma sferosagan mainc gansxvavebuli aris. ufro metic,
aRmoCnda rom mciredi Sezneqva ekvatorzec aRiniSneba, sadac sxvaoba mcire da did
radiusebs Soris 210 metrs Seadgens. sabolood unda iTqvas, rom dedamiwas aqvs
brunviTi elifsoidis (samRerZiani elifsoidis) forma. zogjer mas sferoidsac
(sferoseburs) uwodeben. sferoidis zedapirad igulisxmeba wynar mdgomareobaSi
myofi msoflio okeanis saSualo zedapiri, warmodgeniT gavrcelebuli
kontinentebzec. magram dedamiwa xom araerTgvarovani sxeulia, masSi masebi
araTanabradaa gadanawilebuli (mTebi, materikebi, okeaneebi, sxvadasxva simkvrivis
qanebi). amitom dedamiwas ver eqneba wesieri geometriuli sxeulis forma, swored
araerTgvarovani agebulebis gamo. Tanac es forma dedamiwis agebulebis droSi
cvalebadobis mizeziT aseve cvalebadi iqneba. dedamiwis am cvalebad formas
geoidi ewodeba. geoidi aris msoflio okeanis warmosaxviTi zedapiri, pirobiTad
gatarebuli kontinentebis qveSac, romlis yvela wertilSi simZimis Zala am
zedapiris marTobulia. geoidi faqtobrivad, igive sferoidia, mxolod im mcire
gansxvavebiT, rom kontinentebze is sferoidis Tavze mdebareobs (miizideba
kontinentis mier), xolo okeaneebSi - sferoidis qveS (miizideba SigneTis
mier)(sur.1.1).
dedamiwis zedapiris farTobi daaxloebiT 510 mln.km2, romlis 70,8% ( 361 mln. km2)
msoflio okeaneze modis, xolo 29,2% (149 mln. km2) - xmeleTze. ekvatoruli radiusi
Seadgens 6378, 245 km-s, polaruli ki -6356, 863 km-s; simZimis Zalis aCqareba polusebze
983 sm/sek2-ia, ekvatorze 978 sm/sek2. dedamiwis moculoba 1,083 X 1012 km3-ia, masa - 6 X
1027 g.
Tavi 2. dedamiwis Sinagani agebuleba. geosferoebi
dedamiwa rogorc SedgenilobiT, ise agebulebiT araerTgvarovani sxeulia. Tumca
am araerTgvarovnebaSi garkveuli kanonzomierebaa daculi. saqme isaa, rom
dedamiwis zedapiridan SigneTisaken (centrisaken) erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli
ramdenime koncentruli fena gamoiyofa, romlebic geosferoebis (ge–dedamiwa da
sphaira – burTi; berZ.) saxeliTaa cnobili(sur.2.1).
ZiriTadi geosfero samia: dedamiwis qerqi, mantia da birTvi.
es geosferoebi gamoyofilia geofizikuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT. seismuri
talRebis (rogorc grZivis P, ise ganivis S) gavrcelebis meSveobiT. geosferoebs
Soris sazRvrebi gavlebulia iq, sadac seismuri talRebis gavrcelebaSi mkveTri
naxtomebi aRiniSneba. igulisxmeba, rom mkveTr naxtoms seismuri talRebis
gavrcelebaSi iwvevs erTi garemodan meore – gansxvavebul garemoSi gadasvla. (aq
4
mxedvelobaSi iReben mezobeli geosferoebis gansxvavebul qimiur Sedgenilobas an
fizikur mdgomareobas, an orives erTad). kerZod, dedamiwis qerqis yvelaze Rrma
nawilebSi grZivi talRebis siCqare 6.5 -7.4 km/sek-ia, ganivisa 3.7-3.8. mis qveviT
momyoli mantiis sul zeda nawilSi ki Sesabamisad _7.9-8.2 da 4.5-4.7. rogorc vxedavT,
gansxvaveba siCqareebSi mniSvnelovania. sazRvars qerqsa da mantias Soris mohoro-
viCiCis zedapiri (moho) ewodeba. mantiis sul qveda nawilebSi seismuri talRebis
siswrafe maqsimaluria -13.6 km/sek grZivi talRebisaTvis da 7.2-7.3 _ ganivisaTvis.
qveSmdebare birTvis (ufro zustad gare birTvis) sul zeda nawilebSi grZivi
talRebis siswrafe ecema 8.1 km/sek-mde. rac Seexeba ganiv talRebs, isini gare
birTvSi saerTod ar gadian. rogorc cnobilia, ganivi talRa warmoiqmneba rogorc
garemos reaqcia formis cvlaze, forma ki mxolod myar sxeulebs gaaCniaT. aqedan
gamomdinare, mecnierebi askvnian, rom gare birTvi ara myar, aramed Txevad mdgomare-
obSi unda iyos. sazRvari mantiasa da birTvs Soris gutenbergis zedapirad iwodeba.
ras warmoadgenen es geosferoebi? dedamiwis qerqi myari fenis saxiT garedan aris
gadakruli mTel dedamiwaze. qerqi sxva geosferoebTan SedarebiT Zalze mcire
sisqisaa, Tanac cvalebadi _minimaluri sisqeebi (6-7 km) aRiniSneba okeaneebSi,
maqsimaluri (50-75 km) – naoWa mTebis zolebSi (yvelaze sqelia andebsa, himalaisa da
tibetSi), xolo saSualo (35-40 km) _ kontinenturi platformebis vake adgilebSi.
qerqi uwyvetad zevidan gadafarebulia mantiaze. es ukanaskneli vrceldeba 2900km-
mde. mantiaSi or nawils gamoyofen: zeda da qveda mantias. (bolo xanebSi maT Soris
gardamaval fenasac aRniSnaven, e.w. golicinis fenas an mezosferos, 400-670 km
siRmeebze). zeda mantia siRrmeSi 670-1000km–mde vrceldeba. masSi seismuri talRebis
gavrcelebis mixedviT sami fena gamoiyofa, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT Sua e.w.
asTenosferoa saintereso (,,asTenos“ –susti; berZ.). asTenosfero xasiaTdeba seismuri
talRebis, gansakuTrebiT ganivis, dabali siCqareebiTa da maRali
eleqtrogamtarobiT. is gansxvavebiT zeda mantis zeda da qveda fenebisagan,
plastiuria. es Tviseba mas uaRresad did mniSvnelobas aniWebs, radganac wamyvan
geologiur procesTa didi nawili swored asTenosferoSi iRebs saTaves.
asTenosfero sxvadasxva siRrmeze mdebareobs da sisqec cvalebadi aqvs. okeaneebis
qveS is SeiZleba sul ramdenime km-dan daiwyos (3-4 km-dan Suaokeanuri qedebis
zolSi), xolo kontinentebis qveS 150-200km da gacilebiT ufro met siRrmezec ki.
misi sisqe erTi-ori aseuli km-ia. Cveulebriv asTenosfero dedamiwis zedapirTan
axlos dedamiwis qerqis moZrav zonebSi amodis, xolo yvelaze Rmad aris
ganlagebuli, Tanac arcTu mkafiod gamoxatuli, kontinentebis yvelaze ,,wynar”
ubnebSi, kratonebis Txemuri nawilebis qveS (farebze)(sur.2.2).
yvelaze mniSvnelovani magmuri kerebi asTenosferoSi Cndeba.
asTenosferos Tavze mdebare zeda mantiis myar nawils (e.w. peridosfero)
dedamiwis qerqTan erTad liTosferos uwodeben (,,liTos“–qva; berZ.). aqve SevniSnavT,
rom es ar aris liTosferos erTaderTi gansazRvra. zogjer liTosferos
Sinaarsobrivad dedamiwis qerqTan aigiveben. winamdebare wignSi liTosferos gagebis
pirveli variantia miRebuli. gamodis rom liTosfero (dedamiwis qerqi +
peridosfero) zis asTenosferoze.
es uaRresad mniSvnelovani da dasamaxsovrebeli momentia.
liTosferosa da asTenosferos erTad teqtonosfero ewodeba. myari mantia
moTavsebulia 670–2900km siRrmeze.
birTvi dedamiwis gulSi mdebare sferoa. igi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba: gare
birTvi (2900–5120 km siRrme) da Siga birTvi (5120–6370 km). rogorc ukve aRiniSna, gare
birTvi Txevadia, Siga – myari. birTvi ZiriTadad rkinisa da nikelisagan Sedgeba.
dedamiwis qerqze miwis mTeli moculobis 1,5% modis, mantiaze –82,3%, gare
birTvze –15,4%, xolo Siga birTvze –0,8%
5
Tavi 3. dedamiwis Termodinamikuri pirobebi
simkvrive. dedamiwis saSualo simkvrive 5.52 g/sm2-ia, xolo dedamiwis qerqis _
2.8.aSkaraa, rom dedamiwis qerqi ufro msubuqi masalisgan Sedgeba, vidre mantia da
birTvi. dadgenilia, rom SigneTSi simkvrive TandaTn matulobs. mantiis zeda myar
nawilSi, mohos sazRvris qveS is 3.4-ia, mantiis sul qveda nawilebSi (2900km-ze) _ 5.6,
gare birTvis zeda nawilSi (gutenbergis zedapiris qveS) _ 9.7-10.0; Semdeg TandaTan
izrdeba da maqsimums dedamiwis centrSi aRwevs _ 13.0 g/sm3. rac Seexeba simZimis
Zalis aCqarebas, is dedamiwis zedapirze saSualod 982 sm/sek2-ia, siRrmeSi jer
TandaTan izrdeba da maqsimums (1037 sm/sek2) mantiisa da birTvis sazRvarze aRwevs,
Semdeg ki TandaTan mcirdeba da dedamiwis centrSi nulamde dadis.
magnetizmi. dedamiwa warmoadgens gigantur magnits. mis irgvliv Seqmnilia
magnituri veli, romlis gaswvriv ,,gaWimuli” kompasis isari miuTiTebs magnitur (da
ara geografiul) polusebze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvela geologiuri procesi
dedamiwis magnitur velSi mimdinareobs. saidan gauCnda dedamiwas Tviseba
magnetizmisa? rogorc fiqroben, es dakavSirebuli unda iyos dedamiwis brunvis
Sedegad SigneTSi, kerZod ki gare birTvSi, masalis gadaadgilebasTan.
dedamiwa, rogorc magniti, bipolarulia. aRsaniSnvia, rom magnituri polusebi
geografiuls ar emTxveva. kuTxe dedamiwis brunvis RerZsa da magnitur RerZs Soris
daaxloebiT 11.5°-ia. msgavsad geografiulisa, arsebobs magnituri meridianebic,
romlebic Tavs iyrian magnitur polusebSi.
damagniteba xdeba mineral magnetitis Semcvel magmur qanebSi am ukanasknelTa
warmoSobis dros. Tanac magmis temperatura ar unda aRematebodes e.w. kiuris
wertils (temperatura, romlis zeviTac damagnitebis nacvlad ganmagnitebaa).
damagnitebisas qanis magnituri elementebis orientacia iseTive iqneba, rogorc im
dros arsebuli saerTo magnituri velisa. magmur qanebSi arsebuli magnetitis
kristalebi ganlagdebian kompasis isrebis msgavad magnituri polusebis
mimarTulebiT. uaRresad mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, rom magmuri qani SemdgomSi
inarCunebs miRebul damagnitebas magnituri elementebis Seucvlelad, maSin, rodesac
dedamiwis magnituri veli droSi cvalebadia. drodadro xdeba magnituri polusebis
Senacvleba _ Crdilo polusi iqceva samxreTulad, samxreTuli ki Crdilourad. am
movlenas magnituri velis inversias (Senacvlebas) uwodeben. aqedan gamomdinare,
SemorCenili magnetizmis (paleomagnetizmis) mixedviT SeiZleba ganvsazRvroT magmuri
qanebis geologiuri asaki. msgavsi ram danaleq qanebSic aris SesaZlebeli. rodesac
danaleqi qanis masalaSi adre damagnitebuli qanis marcvali xvdeba, daleqvis
procesSi es marcvlebi iReben im dros arsebuli magnituri velis orientacias,
romelsac SemdgomSi danaleqi qani bolomde inarCunebs. aqedan gamomdinare,
problemas aRar warmoadgens am qanis warmoSobis drois gansazRvra.
miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, yovelTvis mxedvelobaSi unda gvqondes is garemoeba,
rom garkveul pirobebSi an zogi procesis Sedegad (fitva, intruziis SemoWra,
Zlieri metamorfizmi da sxv.) bunebrivi damagniteba SeiZleba Seicvalos, an saerTod
moispos kidec. da mainc unda davaskvnaT, rom Zveli damagnitebis gamoyenebiT qanebis
asakis gansazRvra dRes erT-erT miRebul stratigrafiul meTods warmoadgens
(magnitostratigrafia).
qanebis magnetizmis sxvagvari gamoyenebac aris SesaZlebeli. irkveva, rom zogjer
mocemul adgilze magnituri elementebi ar aris iseTi, rogorc es mosalodneli
iyo. vaskvniT, rom saqme gvaqvs magnitur anomaliasTan. magnituri anomalia aris
magnituri velis regionuli saSualo maCveneblisagan gadaxra. zogjer is SeiZleba
gamowveuli iyos mocemul adgilze miwis qveS dafaruli rkinis an sxva tipis
sabados arsebobiT. rogorc vxedavT, dedamiwis magnetizmi wiaRiseulis sabadoTa
ZebnaSic gvexmareba.
6
dabolos, paleomagnetizmis kidev erTi, metad mniSvnelovani Rirsebis Sesaxeb.
sxvadasxva asakis qanebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda, rom xangrZlivi geologiuri
drois ganmavlobaSi calkeuli kontinentebis farglebSi adgili ki hqonda rogorc
magnituri, ise geografiuli polusebis gadaadgilebas, magram es gadaadgileba
umniSvnelo iyo. amave dros aseTi gadaadgileba kontinentebis urTierTSedarebisas
Zalian mniSvnelovani Cans. ibadeba kiTxva _ gadaadgildebodnen polusebi Tu
moZraobnen kontinentebi? dReisaTvis es sakiTxi kontinentebis moZraobis anu
dreifis sasargeblod aris gadawyvetili, raSic mniSvnelovani wvlili
paleomagnitur kvlevasac miuZRvis.
geoTermia. geologiuri procesebis warmarTvisaTvis siTburi energiaa saWiro.
dedamiwaze siTbos ori wyaro arsebobs: 1) mzisgan miRebuli siTbo da 2) dedamiwis
SigneTSi arsebuli siTbo. mzis siTbo ZiriTadad dedamiwis zedapirze ,,ixarjeba” da
SigneTSi maqsimum 20-30 metramde Tu vrceldeba. misi gavrcelebis zRvarze aris
mudmivi temperaturis done, romelic mocemuli adgilis saSualo wliuri
temperaturis tolia da sxvadasxva adgilas sxvadasxva siRrmeze mdebareobs.
magaliTad, parizSi mudmivi temperatura (+11.83°C) zedapiridan 28 metr siRrmezea,
moskovSi (+4.2°C) – 20 metrze.
mudmivi temperaturis donis qveviT SigneTSi gabatonebas iwyebs dedamiwis Sinagani
siTbo. is warmoadgens energiis udides wyaros, romelic warmarTavs iseT
mniSvnelovan geologiur procesebs, rogorebicaa magmatizmi, miwisZvrebi,
teqtonikuri moZraobani da sxv. SaxtebSi, maRaroebsa da gansakuTrebiT
WaburRilebSi dakvirvebiT gairkva, rom SigneTidan zedapirisaken moedineba siTburi
nakadi. Sesabamisad mudmivi temperaturis donis qveviT TandaTan xdeba temperaturis
mateba. am matebas garkveuli kanonzomiereba aqvs. temperaturis namats SigneTSi,
saTanado siRrmeze gayofils geoTermiuli gradienti ewodeba, xolo im siRrmiT
intervals, romlis drosac temperatura 1°-iT izrdeba, geoTermiuli safexuri hqvia.
rogorc vxedavT, geoTermiuli gradienti temperaturas gulisxmobs, geoTermiuli
safexuri ki manZils. isic advili dasanaxia, rom es ori erTeuli ukuproporciul
damokidebulebaSia erTmaneTTan-geoTermiuli gradientis gazrda niSnavs
geoTermiuli safexuris Semcirebas da piriqiT. geoTermiuli gradienti (da
Sesabamisad geoTermiuli safexuri) dedamiwis sxvadasxva adgilze sxvadasxvaa. es
bunebrivicaa, radgan siTburi nakadi dedamiwis yvela kuTxeSi erTnairi raodenobiT
ar modis. an Tundac erTnairi odenobiTac rom modiodes, dedamiwis araerTgvarovani
agebulebis gamo es nakadi yvelgan Tanabrad ar gaivlis. yvelaze maRali
geoTermiuli gradienti cnobilia oregonis StatSi (aSS) da Seadgens 150°-s 1 km-ze.
Sesabamisad geoTermiuli safexuri 6.67 m-s udris. yvelaze dabali – geoTermuli
gradienti (6° 1km-ze) samxreT afrikaSi aRiniSneba. geoTermiuli safexuri aq
Sesabamisad umaRlesia -167m. zogadad ki unda iTqvas, rom maRali geoTermiuli
gradientiT gamoirCevian okeaneebisa da kontinentebis moZravi zonebi, xolo
dabaliT – kontinenturi qerqis yvelaze mdgradi da amave dros Zveli ubnebi (e.w.
kratonebi). mainc ufro xSirad geoTermiuli gradienti 1 km-ze 20-50°-s Seadgens,
xolo geoTermiuli safexuri 15-45 metrs. rac Seexeba mTeli dedamiwisaTvis
gasaSualoebul geoTermiul gradients, is 30°C-is tolia 1 km-ze, xolo misi
Sesatyvisi geoTermiuli safexuri daaxloebiT 33 metria. magram aseTi
kanonzomiereba mTels SigneTSi ar vrceldeba, aramed moicavs mxolod dedamiwis
qerqis garkveul nawils. ufro Rrmad temperaturis mateba, marTalia, aris, magram
Seudareblad mcire. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, ucvleli gradientis pirobebSi
dedamiwis centrSi temperatura daaxloebiT 200000° unda gvqonoda. es martivi
gaangariSebiT dgindeba. mecnierTa safuZvliani gaangariSebiT birTvSi temperatura
4000-5000°-is tolia. imave ucvleli geoTermiuli gradientis pirobebSi 100 km-is
7
siRrmeze temperatura 3000 °–is toli unda yofiliyo. cnobili ki aris, rom
daaxloebiT am siRmidan amosuli lavis temperatura 1100-1250° –s Seadgens. mecnierTa
azriT 100 km siRrmeze temperatura rom 1300-1500° –ze meti yofiliyo, mantiis am
nawilSi qanebi mTlianad gamdnari iqneboda da Sesabamisad ganiv seismur talRebs
veRar gaatarebda.
dasasrul aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc dedamiwis qerqSi, ise mTel liTosferoSi
nivTiereba imyofeba myar kristalur mdgomareobaSi. Tumca dedamiwis qerqSi
aRiniSneba asTenosferos msgavsi linzebi, romelTac qerqul magmur kerebs
ukavSireben. myaria faqtobrivad mTeli mantia asTenosferos gamoklebiT. rogorc
fiqroben, am ukanasknelSi nivTiereba amorful, minebriv mdgomareobaSia da
nawilobriv gamdnaria kidevac. amiT aris swored ganpirobebuli asTenosferoSi
seismuri talRebis dabali siCqareebi. amave mizeziT asTenosfero iTvleba magmuri
procesebis ZiriTad kerad.
rac Seexeba birTvs, imis gamo, rom mantiisa da gare birTvis sazRvarze grZivi
seismuri talRebis siCqareebi mkveTrad mcirdeba, xolo ganivi talRebi saerTod ar
gadis, gare birTvi Txevadad igulisxmeba, Siga birTvi ki myar sxeulad aris
miCneuli.
wneva siRmisaken TandaTan izrdeba da dedamiwis centrSi maqsimums aRwevs.
Tavi 4. dedamiwis qerqis nivTieri Sedgeniloba
ukve iTqva, rom geologiuri kvlevis ZiriTadi obieqti dedamiwis qerqia. is agebulia
sxvadasxva tipis qanebiT. es ukanasknelni mineralTa agregatebia, xolo TviT
mineralebi elementTa naerTebs an calkeul elementebs warmoadgenen. amrigad,
dedamiwis qerqi Sedgeba qanebis, mineralebisa da elementebisagan, romelTagan
ukanasknelni dedamiwis qerqis umartives struqturul erTeuls Seadgenen.
4.1. dedamiwis qerqis qimiuri Sedgeniloba.
dedamiwis qerqSi mendeleevis sistemis yvela elementia cnobili. magram es sulac
ar niSnavs, rom yvela es elementi qerqSi Tanabari raodenobiT gvxvdeba. sul rva
elementis dasaxeleba SeiZleba (O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg), romlebzec modis elementTa
saerTo masis 98%-ze meti (zogi monacemiT -99.5%). maTgan 80%-ze mets sami elementi
Seadgens: Jangbadi, siliciumi (kaJbadi) da alumini. Jangbadi imdenad bevria (TiTqmis
50%) dedamiwis qerqSi, rom am ukanasknels zogjer Jangbadis garssac ki uwodeben.
rac Seexeba darCenil elementebs, maTi Semcveloba qerqSi uaRresad mcirea(sur.
4.1). Tumca es sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom aseve umniSvneloa maTi roli. gana vinmes
Seepareba eWvi naxSirbadis, azotis, uranis, oqros an bevri sxva elementis uaRresad
did mniSvnelobaSi? miuxedavad iSviaT elementTa umniSvnelo saSualo Semcvelobisa
(romelic klarkebSi izomeba), isini arcTu iSviaTad dedamiwis qerqis calkeul
ubnebSi mniSvnelovan danagrovebs qmnian sabadoebis saxiT. mecnierebas, romelic
dedamiwis qimiur Sedgenilobas da miwaSi elementTa ganawilebisa da migraciis
kanonzomierebebs swavlobs, geoqimia ewodeba.
4.2. mineralebi.
minerali (,,minera” - madnis natexi, laT.) aris kristaluri aRnagobis myari bunebrivi
naerTi, agebuli qimiuri elementiT (xalasi elementi) an elementTa jgufiT,
romelic warmoadgens dedamiwis qerqsa da mis zedapirze mimdinare sxvadasxva
fizikur-qimiuri procesebis produqts. mineralebis Semswavlel mecnierebas
mineralogia ewodeba.
8
bunebaSi 4000-ze meti minerali arsebobs. isini fizikuri Tu qimiuri Tvisebebis
mixedviT emsgavsebian an gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. mineralTa fizikur Tvisebebs
gansazRvravs qimiuri Sedgeniloba, kristaluri struqtura (atomebis, ionebis,
molekulebis kanonzomieri ganlageba) da mineralwarmomwobi Termodinamikuli
pirobebi.
mineralis ganmartebidan Cans, rom misi erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebeli
kristaluri agebulebaa. Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT arsebobs arakristaluri,
amorfuli (“amorfos” – uformo; berZn.) mineralebi (mag.: opali, limoniti da sxv.).
erT-erTi pirvelTagani mineralTa fizikuri Tvisebebidan mineralis formaa, rac
upirvelesad maTi Sinagani aRnagobiT, kristaluri mesriT, aris ganpirobebuli. kris-
tali garegnulad mravalwaxnagovani formiT aris warmodgenili. waxnagTa
kombinacia bunebriv kristalebSi mravalferovania, ris gamoc erTmaneTisagan
gansxvavebuli sxvadasxva formis kristalebs viRebT. miuxedavad didi mravalferov-
nebisa, formis mixedviT SesaZlebelia kristalTa dajgufeba Svid did sistemad anu
singoniad. es singoniebia: 1. kuburi, 2. heqsagonuri, 3. tetragonuri, 4. trigonuri, 5.
rombuli, 6. monoklinuri da 7. triklinuri.
sxvadasxva pirobebSi erTi da igive Sedgenilobis nivTierebisagan gansxvavebuli
formis kristalebi warmoiqmneba. bunebaSi bevri mineralia iseTi, romelTac
ramdenime forma axasiaTebT (mag.: kvarci, kalciti). SesaZlebelia gansxvavebuli
Sedgenilobis nivTierebebs msgavsi formebi qondeT (mag. galeniti, piriti).
sxvadasxva Termodinamikul pirobebSi aseve SesaZlebelia erTnairi qimiuri
Sedgenilobis nivTierebam gansxvavebuli stuqturis mineralebi mogvces. mag. almasi
da grafiti(sur.4.2).
mineralebi bunebaSi iSviaTad gvxvdeba kargad ganviTarebuli kristalebis saxiT,
xSir SemTxvevaSi isini warmodgenilia kristalTa agregatebiT, romelTa Soris
aRsaniSnavia: konkreciebi, sekreciebi, druzebi, dendritebi, ooliTebi, pizoliTebi,
nadeni formebi da sxv.
simagre. es Tviseba gulisxmobs
mineralis winaaRmdegobis unars
gakawvrisadmi. ori mineralidan ufro
magaria is, romelic gakawravs meores.
mineralTa simagris dasadgenad
SemoRebulia mineralTa simagris e.w.
moosis skala (1812 wels iqna
SemoTavazebuli germaneli mineralogis
f.moosis mier), romelSic rigis mixedviT
aTi etalonuri mineralia Sesuli, maT
Soris yvelaze rbilia talki (simagre 1),
xolo yvelaze magari – almasi (simagre 10).
danarCen 8 minerals Sealeduri safexurebi
ukavia (cxrili 1).
moosis skala saSualebas iZleva ganisazRvros mineralTa SefardebiTi simagre.
zusti simagris gansazRvra ki SesaZlebelia specialuri xelsawyos, sklerometris,
saSulebiT.
dReisaTvis cnobil yvela minerals simagriT talksa da almass Soris ukaviaT
adgili. cnobisaTvis SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom grafitis simagre 1-ia, adamianis
frCxilis – 2-2.5, spilenZis monetis – 3-3.5, minis 5–5.5, foladis danis – 5.5-6, qlibis
6.5-7. bunebaSi gavrcelebuli mineralebis umetesoba xasiaTdeba 2-6 simagriT.
mineralis simagre kristalis Sinagani struqturiT aris ganpirobebuli.
cxrili 1
etaloni minerali
formula simagre moosis skaliT
talki Mg3Si4O10(OH)2 1
TabaSiri CaSO4. 2H2O 2
kalciti CaCO3 3
fluoriti CaF2 4
apatiti Ca5(PO4)3(OH-, Cl-, F-) 5
orToklazi K(AlSi3O8) 6
kvarci SiO2 7
topazi Al2SiO4(OH-, F-)2 8
korundi Al2O3 9
almasi C 10
9
feri. mineralis feri ganpirobebulia misi qimiuri SedgenilobiT, struqturiT,
qromofor-elementebiT an meqanikuri minarevebiT. zogi minerali (vTqvaT kvarci,
kalciti an fluoriti) ferTa TiTqmis mTeli gamiT aris warmodgenili. sxvadasxva
feris kvarcs saxelebic gansxvavebuli aqvs, gamWvirvales mTis broli hqvia, iisfers
– ameTvisto, Savs – morioni, oqrosfers – citrini da a.S. zogi minerali ki mxolod
erTi feriT aris cnobili. magaliTad, mwvane feris spilenZis minerali – malaqiti
an wiTeli-singuri. SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva qimiuri Sedgenilobis mineralebi erTi
feriT xasiaTdebodnen. amitom mxolod feri ar SeiZleba iyos mineralis
madiagnostirebeli niSani.
xazis feri. mineralis xazis feri aris fxvnilis feri, romelic miiReba faifuris
mouWiqav zedapirze mineralis gasmisas. xSirad mineralis feri da xazis feri
emTxveva erTmaneTs. Tumca SesaZlebelia isini gansxvavebulic iyos (mag. TiTbrisebr
yviTeli pirits aqvs Savi xazis feri). mineralis es Tviseba SeiZleba kargad
gamoviyenoT mis gamosacnobad. moviyvanoT cnobili magaliTi. rkinis ori
gavrcelebuli mineralidan erTi – magnetiti bunebaSi yovelTvis Savi feriT
gvxvdeba, meore – hematiti (“haimatos” – sisxli; berZn.) ki ZiriTadad sisxliviT
wiTelia, Tumca zogjer Savi ferisac aris. xazis feri magnetits agreTve Savi aqvs,
hematits ki (wiTelsac da Savsac) – mxolod wiTeli. gamodis, rom Savi feris
hematits magnetitisagan xazis feriT advilad gavarCevT. mineralebi, romelTa
simagre 7an 7-ze metia, faifuris zedapirze xazis fers ar toveben (faifuris
mouWiqavi zedapiris simagre 6.5-7- ia), maTi gasmisas rCeba nakawri.
tkeCvadoba. mineralis Tvisebaa gaipos (aitkeCos) garkveuli sibrtyis gaswvriv. es
Tviseba misi Sinagani stuqturiT ganisazRvreba. igulisxmeba, rom tkeCvadobis
sibrtyis gaswvriv kristalur meserSi elementTa nawilakebs Soris kavSirebi ufro
sustia, vidre sxva mimarTulebiT. Sesabamisad, raime Zalis miyenebis Semdeg swored
am mimarTulebiT xdeba atkeCvac. tkeCvadoba gansakuTrebiT kargad aris gamoxatuli
Sreebrivi struqturis mineralebSi. tkeCvadobis sxvadasxva xarisxi arsebobs: friad
sruli (idealuri), sruli, saSualo, arasruli, friad arasruli. mineralebSi
tkeCvadobis sibrtye SeiZleba iyos erTi mimarTulebiT (qarsebi), ori mimarTulebiT
(orToklazi, rqatyuara), sami mimarTulebiT (kalciti, haliti) da a.S. (sur. 4.3.).
tkeCvadobis armqone mineralebi ki ar itkeCeba, aramed imsxvreva da, rogorc wesi,
aqvT araswori, niJariseburi monatexi. tkeCvadoba yovelTvis mimarTulia realuri an
potenciurad SesaZlebeli waxnagis paralelurad.
monatexi. monatexi aris uswormasworo zedapiri, romelic warmoiqmneba mineralis
msxvrevisas. monatexi SeiZleba iyos niJarisebri (kvarci, qalcedoni), uswormasworo
(apatiti), safexurisebri(galeniti, haliti), xiwvisebri (TabaSiri, aqtinoliTi),
kauWisebri (oqro, platina) da sxv.
elvareba. mineralis es Tviseba damokidebulia mis zedapirze sinaTlis sxivis
gardatexa-arekvlis xasiaTze. elvarebis mixedviT gamoiyofa mineralebis ori jgufi:
metaluri da arametaluri elvarebiT. metaluri elvareba damaxasiaTebelia
metalebisTvis, sulfidebisTvis da Jangeulebis zogierTi mineralisTvis.
arametaluri elvareba ZiriTadad damaxasiaTebelia gamWvirvale da naxevrad
gamWvirvale mineralebisTvis. arametalur elvarebaSi gamoiyofa: minisebri,
almasiseburi, abreSumiseburi, sadafiseburi, cximovani, mqrqali, metaloiduri
elvareba;
gamWvirvaleba damokidebulia mineralis mier sinaTlis sxivis gatarebis
unarze.gamWvirvalobis xarisxi arCeven gaumWvirvale (piriti), gamWvirvale (mTis
broli) da naxevradgamWvirvale (qalcedoni) mineralebs.
SeiZleba davasaxeloT kidev mineralTa iseTi fizikuri Tvisebebi rogoricaa
xvedriTi wona, magnituroba, xsnadoba, gemo, da a.S.
10
mineralTa warmoSoba. warmoSobis anu genezisis mixedviT mineralTa ori jgufi
gamoiyofa: 1) endogenuri (“endon” – SigniT; berZn.) da 2) egzogenuri (“ekzo” – gareT;
berZn.). pirvelTa genezisi dakavSirebulia miwis SigneTSi – qerqsa da mantiaSi (zeda
mantiaSi) mimdinare geologiur procesebTan – magmatizmsa da metamorfizmTan, xolo
meoreni -dedamiwis zedapirze mimdinare fitviTi procesebisa da xsnarebidan
gamoleqvis Sedegad miiRebian.
mineralTa klasifikacia. bunebaSi arsebuli mineralebidan yvela erTnairad
rodia gavrcelebuli. Zalian cotaa (daaxl. 50) is mineralebi, romlebic
mniSvnelovani raodenobiT monawileoben dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi. aseT
mineralebs qanmaSeni mineralebi ewodeba. qanmaSeni mineralebia: kvarci, orToklazi,
plagioklazi, muskoviti, biotiti, avgiti, rqatyuara da sxva. mineralTa umetesoba
umniSvnelo raodenobiT gvxvdeba ama Tu im qanSi. maT aqcesoruli mineralebi
ewodeba (“aqcesorius” – damatebiTi; laT.).
mineralTa klasifikacia ZiriTadad maT qimiur Sedgenilobaze da struqturazea
dafuZnebuli. qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT gamoiyofa ramdenime klasi:
1.xalasi (TviTnabadi) elementebi. es is mineralebia, romlebic TiTo elementiT
aris warmodgenili. aseTebia: oqro Au, vercxli Ag, spilenZi Cu, gogirdi S, platina
Pt, grafiti C, almasi C da sxva. sul 45-mde aseTi mineralia. maTi raodenoba
dedamiwis qerqSi sxva mineralebTan SedarebiT Zalze umniSvneloa.
2. sulfidebi. sulfidebi gogirdis naerTebs ewodebaT. jgufi didi ar aris,
magram masSi gaerTianebulia iseTi cnobili madneuli mineralebi, rogorebicaa
galeniti (tyviis kriala PbS), sfaleriti ZnS, piriti (gogirdis kolCedani FeS2),
qalkopiriti (spilenZis kolCedani CuFeS2), molibdeniti (molibdenis kriala MoS2),
singuri (arabulad drakonis sisxli HgS), realgari (dariSxanis minerali AsS) da
sxv.
3. halogenidebi qloris an ftoris naerTebia. aq, pirvel rigSi, davasaxeloT
haliti (qvamarili an igive saWmeli marili NaCl), silvini KCl, fluoriti CaF2 da sxv.
4. Jangebi da hidroJangebi.
es aris sxvadasxva elementTa naerTebi JangbadTan an JangbadTan da hidroqsilis
(OHOHOH) jgufTan. farTod gavrcelebuli mineralebia, romelTac dedamiwis qerqis
saerTo masis 17% ukaviaT. am jgufSi wamyvani adgili kvarcsa (SiO2) da misi ojaxis
warmomadgenlebs ukaviaT. esenia: qalcedoni SiO2 (farulkristaluri saxesxvaoba
kvarcisa), aqati (Wreli qalcedoni), opali SiO2 ∙ nH2O (amorfuli minerali) da sxv.
kvarci erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli mineralia dedamiwis qerqSi.
amave jgufSia Zalze mniSvnelovani madneuli mineralebi: magnetiti (magnituri
rkinaqva Fe3O4), hematiti (rkinis kriala Fe2O3), korundi (erT-erTi umagresi minerali
Al2O3), erTob popularuli limoniti (Fe2O3∙nH2O) da sxv.
5. karbonatebi is mineralebia, romlebic marilmJavasTan reaqciisas naxSiroJangs
gamoyofen. kalciti (CaCO3) dedamiwis qerqSi erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli
mineralia, romlis gamWvirvale saxesxvaobas islandiuri Spati (optikuri kalciti)
ewodeba. sakmaod gavrcelebuli mineralia dolomiti CaMg(CO3)2, spilenZis Semcveli
mineralebi malaqiti Cu 2CO3 (OH)2 da azuriti Cu 3 (CO3 )2(OH)2, magneziti MMgCO3 da sxv.
6. sulfatebi. am klasSi Semavali mineralebi gogirdmJavas marilebs warmoadgenen.
erT-erTi pirvelTagania cnobili minerali TabaSiri CaSO4∙2H2O. aqve arian: anhidriti
CaSO4, bariti (mZime Spati BaSO4) da sxv.
7. fosfatebidan yvelaze gavrcelebuli mineralia apatiti Ca5(PO4)3(F,Cl,OH). imave
Sedgenilobisaa misi farulkristaluri saxesxvaobebi, romlebic fosforitebs
(fosforis, anu agronomiul madans) iZlevian.
11
8. silikatebi. silikatebi dedamiwis qerqis amgeb mineralTa umniSvnelovanesi
jgufia, romelsac qerqis 78% ukavia. Tu maTTan gavaerTianebT kvarcsac, romelsac
struqturiT silikatebs akuTnvneben, maSin es cifri 90%-mde gaizrdeba.
silikatebis umetesoba dedamiwis SigneTSi warmoiSoba endogenuri procesebis
Sedegad. maTgan didi nawili warmoadgens magmuri da metamorfuli qanebis qanmaSen
minerals, mcire nawili – danaleqi qanebisas.
silikatebi Zalian mravalferovani jgufia. masSi ramdenime qvejgufi gamoiyofa.
orTosilikatebi (nezosilikatebi, kunZulisebri silikatebi) -olivini (Mg,
Fe)2[SiO4], granatebi (mag. piropi Mg3Al2[SiO4]3;
inosilikatebi (Zewkvisebri da bafTuri silikatebi). aq aris Zalian cnobili
piroqsenebi da amfibolebi. piroqsenebidan davasaxelebT avgits, xolo
amfibolebidan rqatyuaras.
filosilikatebi (Sreebrivi silikatebi). am jgufis yvelaze gavrcelebuli
warmomadgenlebi qarsebia, romelTa Soris upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT biotiti
da muskoviti. amave jgufSi Sedian: talki, qloriti, kaoliniti, glaukoniti.
teqtosilikatebi (karkasuli silikatebi) – feldSpatebi (mindvris Spatebi) da
feldSpatoidebi. mindvris Spatebi cnobil qanmaSen mineralTa Soris yvelaze
mniSvnelovani jgufia. maT ukaviaT dedamiwis qerqis 50%-ze meti. mindvris Spatebidan
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia orToklazi K(AlSi3O8) da plagioklazebi. es ukanaskneli
ramdenime mineralisagan Sedgeba, romlebic erTmaneTSi izomorfulad arian Sereuli
(izomorfizmi aris elementTa Tviseba Seenacvlon erTmaneTs msgavsi Sedgenilobis
qimiur SenaerTebSi da warmoqmnan erTnairi kristaluri formis Sereuli
mineralebis rigi). cnobilia plagioklazebis eqvsmineraliani rigi, romelSic
oligoklazi (mJave), andezini (saSualo), labradori da bitovniti (fuZe)
warmoadgenen albitisa Na[AlSi3O8] (mJave) da anorTitis Ca[Al2Si2O8] (fuZe) izomorful
narevs.
feldSpatoidebi mindvris Spatebis msgavsia SedgenilobiT, magram ukanasknelTagan
SiO2-is (kaJmiwis) simciriT da tute metalTa (NNa,K) siWarbiT gamoirCevian. am jgufis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli minerali nefelinia KNa3[AlSiO4]4. karkasul silikatebs
miekuTvneba agreTve mineralTa mniSvnelovani jgufi saerTo saxelwodebiT
ceoliTebi.
4.3. qanebi
qani warmoadgens mineralTa bunebriv agregats, romelic xasiaTdeba gansazRvruli
mineralogiuri SedgenilobiT, agebulebiT da warmoSobis pirobebiT. qanebis nivTier
Sedgenilobas, agebulebas, warmoSobis pirobebsa da gavrcelebas Seiswavlis
petrologia ( ,,petros“ - qva, klde; berZn) .
qanebSi mineralebi maTi rolis mixedviT iyofa: mTavar qanmaSen, meorexarisxovan,
meorad da aqcesorul (aqcesoruli mineralebis raodenoba Zalian mcirea, magram
damaxasiaTebelia mxolod garkveuli tipis qanebisaTvis) mineralebad. qanmaSen
mineralebs Soris arCeven Ria Seferilobis anu leikokratul (sialuri) (kvarci,
mindvris Spatebi, muskoviti da sxv.) da muqi Seferilobis anu melanokratul
(femuri) (biotiti, amfibolebi, piroqsenebi, olivini da sxv.) mineralebs. qani
SeiZleba Sedgebodes erTi an ramdenime mineralisgan. monomineraluri anu
erTmineraliani (,,monos“ – erTi; berZ.) qania marmarilo, kvarciti da sxv.
polimineralur anu mravalmineralian (,,polis“– mravali, bevri; berZ.) qanebs
miekuTvneba graniti, andeziti da sxv.
qanebi xasiaTdeba struqturiT da teqsturiT. struqtura - qanis agebulebis
Taviseburebaa, romelic damokidebulia kristalizaciis xarisxze, mineralTa
12
formasa da urTierTkavSirze; teqstura gamoxatavs Semadgeneli nawilebis
sivrcobriv ganlagebas.
warmoSobis pirobebis mixedviT qanebi sami mTavar jgufi gamoiyofa: 1.magmuri;
2.danaleqi da 3.metamorfuli; dedamiwis zedapiris 75% agebulia danaleqi qanebiT da
mxolod 25% ukavia magmur da metamorful qanebs.
4.3.1.magmuri qanebi.
magmuri qanebi warmoiqmneba magmis gacivebisa da gamyarebis Sedegad miwis qerqSi an
mis zedapirze. magma (berZ. ,,magmo“ – comisebr mdgomareobas niSnavs) ewodeba rTuli
Sedgenilobis maRaltemperaturul silikatur mdnars, romelic miwis qerqSi an zeda
mantiaSi Cndeba (30-400km siRrmeze). zedapirze amosul, gazebiT gaRaribebul magmas
lava ewodeba.
warmoSobis mixedviT magmur qanebs yofen: intruziul (siRrmis), hipabisur
(naxevarsiRrmis) da efuziur (zedapirul) qanebad.
intruziuli qanebi miwis qerqis Rrma nawilebSi warmoiSoba. magma neli gacivebis
Sedegad mTlianad aswrebs dakristalebas da Sesabamisad warmoiqmneba Tanabar-
marcvlovani, srulkristaluri struqturis da masiuri teqsturis qanebi.
hipabisuri qanebi gardamavalia siRrmisa da zedapirul qanebs Soris. maTi
gaciveba zedapirTan axlos mimdinareobs, SedarebiT ufro swrafad, vidre es
siRrmis qanebis SemTxvevaSi. damaxasiaTebelia wvrilmarcvlovani da xSirad
porfirisebri struqtura.
efuziuri anu vulkanuri qanebi lavis swrafi gacivebis Sedegadaa warmoSobili –
uSualod miwis zedapirze. swrafad gacivebuli lava ver aswrebs srulad
dakristalebas da warmoiSoba naxevrad kristaluri, xSirad farulkristaluri an
saerTod daukristalebeli minebrivi qanebi.
magmuri qanebi erTmaneTisagan qimiuri SedgenilobiTac gansxvavdebian. maTi dayofa
kaJmiwis (SiO2) Semcvelobis mixedviT xdeba. gamoiyofa oTxi jgufi: ultrafuZe (45 %
naklebi), fuZe (45–52%), saSualo (52–63%) da mJave ( 63%–78%) da ultramJave (78%
meti)qanebi.
ZiriTadi qanmaSeni mineralebia: feldSpatebi (orToklazi, mikroklini, plagiok-
lazebi), kvarci, piroqsenebi, amfibolebi, qarsebi (muskoviti, biotiti,) olivini.
magmur qanebSi SeimCneva garkveuli kanonzomiereba - qanebis xvedriTi wonisa da
feris cvalebadoba, rac ganpirobebulia maTi mineralogiuri SedgenilobiT.
ultrafuZe qanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia muqi, TiTqmis Savi feri da maRali kuTri
wona (rkina–magneziuri mineralebis siuxvis gamo). mJave qanebisaken mcirdeba
xvedriTi wona da izrdeba Ria feris mineralebis raodenoba.
sxvadasxva jgufis qanebi erTmaneTisagan wamyvani mineralebis SemcvelobiTac
gansxvavdebian.
4.3.2danaleqi qanebi
danaleqi qani miiReba sxvadasxva qanebis daSla-daqucmacebisa da daleqva-dagrovebis
gziT. naSali masala warmoSobis adgilze ar rCeba, igi simZimis Zalis an romelime
agentis mier ganicdis gadatanas da daleqvas, romlisganac diagenezis gziT
danaleqi qanebi warmoiqmneba. magram es ar aris daaleqi qanis warmoqmnis erTaderTi
gza. danaleqi qani miiReba zRvaSi (da ara marto zRvaSi) mcxovrebi niJariani
wyalmcenareebisa da cxovelebis skeleturi nawilebis zRvis fskerze dagrovebisa
da Secementebisas, an zRvis wylidan qimiuri da bioqimiuri gziT gamoleqvis,
aorTqlebis da sxvadasxva procesebis Sedegad. danaleqi qanebis warmoSoba xdeba
rogorc zRvaSi, ise xmeleTze.
warmoSobis mixedviT danaleq qanebSi sami jgufi gamoiyofa:
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1.klasturi danaleqi qanebi;
2.organogenuli (biogenuri) danaleqi qanebi;
3.qemogenuri (qimiuri) danaleqi qanebi;
klasturi (berZ. ,,klastes“-namsxvrevi) qanebi warmoiSobian mineralebis an qanebis
namsxvrevebisagan; klasturi qanebis klasifikacia dafuZnebulia namsxvrevebis zomebze (uxeSnatexovani, qviSiani, alevritiani), maTi damuSavebis xarisxsa (damuSavebuli da daumuSavebeli) da cementis arsebobaze an ararsebobaze (Secementebuli da fxvieri).
klastur qanebSi masalis simsxos mixedviT gamoiyofa oTxi jgufi:
1. psefitebi (berZ. ,,psefos“-riyis qva) masalis simsxo 2mm-ze meti;
2. psamitebi (berZn. ,,psamites“-qviSiani) – 2-0,1mm; 3. alevritebi (berZ. ,,alevron“-fqvili) -0,1-0,01mm;
4. pelitebi (berZ. ,,pelos“-Tixa) – 0,01mm-ze naklebi;
Secementebuli qanebi Sesabamisad iqneba psefitoliTebi, psamitoliTebi, alevroliTebi da pelitoliTebi.
psefitoliTebi Sedgebian natexebisagan, romlebic formiT iyofian damuSavebul
da daumuSavebel saxesxvaobebad. damuSavebuls miekuTvneba natexebi, romelTa
wiboebi damrgvalebuli da mosworebulia; daumrgvalebeli natexebi yovelTvis
dakuTxulia. natexovani masalis damrgvalebis xarisxi matulobs misi warmoSobis
adgilidan dagrovebis adgilamde gadatanis manZilisa da drois xangrZlivobis
Sesabamisad. psefitoliTebs, romelic Sedgeba damrgvalebuli masalisa da
cementisagan, ewodeba konglomerati, xolo Secementebuli dakuTxuli natexebisagan
Sedgenils - breqCia. aris SemTxvevebi, roca qanSi erTdroulad aris rogorc
damuSavebuli, ise daumuSavebeli masala. aseT qans breqCia-konglomerats an
fanglomerats uwodeben.
uxeSklasturi Seucementebeli qanebidan -psefitebidan gvxvdeba lodebi, RorRi, dresva (daumuSavebeli) an lodi, riye, kenWi, xvinWa (damuSavebuli).
psamitebis fxvier saxesxvaobas ewodeba qviSa, xolo Secementebuls-psamitoliTs -
qviSaqva. qviSaqebi Tixebis Semdeg yvelaze gavrcelebuli qanebia danaleq qanebSi.
qviSaqvebs anawileben masalis simsxos mixedviT da gamoyofen jgufebs msxilmar-
cvlovanidan - wvrilmarcvlovanamde. qviSaqvebi mravalferovani Sedgenilobisaa.
masSi wamyvani komponentebia kvarci, mindvris Spatebi, qarsebi da sxv. psamitoliTebs,
romlebic Sedgebian erTi mineralisagan ewodeba oligomiqturi (berZ. ,,oligos“-
cota, ,,miqtos“-Sereuli) (kvarcis qviSaqvebi), xolo ramdenime mineralisagan
Sedgenils - polimiqturi (berZ. ,,poli“-bevri, „miqtos“-Sereuli). maT miekuTvneba:
arkozuli qviSaqvebi (miiReba mJave qanebis daSlis Sedegad da agebulia kvarciTa da
mindvris SpatebiT), grauvakuli qviSaqvebi (miiReba fuZe magmuri qanebis daSliT),
tufogenuri qviSaqvebi, glaukonitiani qviSaqvebi (momwvano feris, masSi didi
raodenobiT glaukonitis arsebobis gamo).
alevroliTebi gardamavali jgufia psamitoliTebsa da pelitoliTebs Soris.
alevroliTebis erT-erTi warmomadgenelia-liosi. moTeTro-Calisfer-moyviTalo
sustad Secementebuli qani, romelic ZiriTadad kvarcisagan Sedgeba.
pelitoliTebi yvelaze wmindamarcvlovani qanebis jgufia. am jgufis
warmomadgenelia Tixebi. Tixebis jgufSi Sedis Tixebi - dambal mdgomareobaSi
plastiurobis mqone qanebi da argilitebi - plastiurobis armqone qanebi. Tixebis
feri sxvadasxvaa da misi feri minarevebiTaa ganpirobebuli. Tixebi ZiriTadad Tixis
mineralebisagan Sedgeba. mineraluri Sedgenilobis mixedviT oTxi jgufi gamoiyofa:
kaolinuri (cecxlgamZle), hidroqarsuli, montmorilonituri (bentonituri e.w.
maTeTrebeli) da polimineraluri.
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organogenuli (biogenuri) danaleqi qanebi warmoiSoba cocxali organizmebis
(rogorc mcenareebis, ise cxovelebis) skeletebis dagrovebisa da Secementebis
Sedegad. Sesabamisad ganasxvaveben fitogenur (mcenareul) da zoogenur (cxovelur)
danaleq qanebs. fitogenurs miekuTvneba diatomiti, qvanaxSiri. zoogenuri danaleqi
qanebis warmomadgenelia lumaSeli. aris Sereuli, fitogenur-zoogenuri qanebic.
mag.carci, romelic Sedgeba erTujrediani wyalmcenareebis kokoliToforidebisa da
erTujrediani cxovelebis foraminiferebis niJarebisgan.
qemogenuri (qimiuri) danaleqi qanebi wylidan (ZiriTadad zRvis wylidan) qimiuri
daleqvis Sedegad miiReba. am tipis qanebs miekuTvneba kirqvebi, dolomitebi, evaporitebi anu marilebi.
4.3.3. metamorfuli qanebi
metamorfuli (berZ. ,,metamorfomai“-gardaviqmnebi) qanebi warmoiSoba adre arsebuli
danaleqi, magmuri, aseve metamorfuli qanebis gardaqmnis Sedegad, romelic
mimdinareobs dedamiwis qerqSi endogenuri procesebis zemoqmedebiT.
metamorfizmi mimdinareobs maRali temperaturisa da wnevis zemoqmedebiT.
metamorfuli qanebi magmuri da danaleqi qanebisagan gansxvavdeba ZiriTadad
mineraluri SedgenilobiT, agreTve struqturuli da teqsturuli TaviseburebebiT.
metamorfuli qanebi Sedgebian mxolod im mineralebisagan, romlebic mdgradia
maRali temperaturis da wnevis pirobebSi. maT ekuTvnis magmuri qanebis umetesi
mineralebi: kvarci, albiti da sxva plagioklazebi, kaliumis mindvris Spati
(mikroklini), qarsebi: muskoviti da biotiti, rqatyuara, piroqseni (avgiti), magnetiti,
hematiti, agreTve danaleqi qanebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli minerali kalciti. amas
garda, metamorful qanebSi gavrcelebulia mxolod maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli
mineralebi: sericiti, qloriti, aqtinoliTi, talki, serpentini, granati, grafiti da
sxva.
metamorful qanebSi ori didi jgufi gamoiyofa: fiqlebrivi da arafiqlebrivi. fiqlebrivi metamorfuli qanebis warmomadgenelia: Tixafiqali (aspiduri fiqali),
filiti, kristaluri fiqali, gnaisi. metamorfizmi izrdeba Tixafiqalidan gnaisamde.
arafiqlebriv metamorful qanebs miekuTvneba: marmarilo, kvarciti, anTraciti da sxv.
4.3.4. qanebis wolis formebi
rogorc viciT qanebiT aris agebuli dedamiwis qerqi, an mTlianad liTosfero.
gasarkvevia erTi metad saintereso sakiTxi – qanebi uwesrigod aris ,,Cayrili”
liTosferoSi, Tu arsebobs raime kanonzomiereba maT ganlagebaSi. irkveva rom
qanebis sivrcobrivi ganlageba marTlac garkveuli kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba.
sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qanebs axasiaTebT maTTvis kuTvnili, specifikuri wolis
formebi. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom sakuTari wolis formebi gaaCniaT mxolod magmur
da danaleq qanebs. rac Seexeba metamorful qanebs, radganac isini magmuri da
danaleqi qanebisagan warmoiSobian, SeZlebisdagvarad inarCuneben im wolis formebs,
romlebic maT momcem dedaqanebs gaaCniaT.
magmuri qanebis wolis formebi.
magmuri qanebi warmoSobis pirobebis mixedviT iyofa intruziul da efuziur
magmur qanebad. Sesabamisad arCeven intruziuli da efuziuri magmuri qanebis wolis
formebsac. intruziuli qanebi yalibdebian miwis wiaRSi da zedapirze SiSvldebian
mxolod eroziulad Rrmad CaWril ubnebSi.
15
intruziuli qanebis wolis forma SeiZleba iyos:
uTanxmo - gamkveTi (intruziuli sxeulebi adnoben da meqanikurad kveTen Semcvel
qanebs);
TanxmobiTi (intruziuli qanebi TanxmobiT arian ganlagebuli Semcvel qanebTan).
intruziuli sxeulebis uTanxmo ganlagebis ZiriTad formebs ekuTvnis:
baToliTebi, Stokebi, daikebi da sxv. baToliTi (berZn. ,,baTos“ -siRrme) grandiozuli zomebis, did siRrmeebze
warmoSobili gamkveTi magmuri sxeulia. miwis zedapirze gaSiSvlebuli nawilis
farTobi aseuli da meti kvadratuli kilometrebiT ganisazRvreba. baToliTebi
ZiriTadad granitoidebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli da yvelaze farTod naoWa
sartylebSia gavrcelebuli.
Stoki (berZn. joxi, Rero) izodiametruli gamkveTi sxeulia, cicabo kedlebiT,
romlis farTobi miwis zedapirze 100 km2 -ze naklebia.
daiki (ingl. damba, qvis kedeli) SedarebiT mcire zomis viwro da wagrZelebuli
intruziuli sxeulia, romlis sigrZe aTeuli metrebidan aseul kilometrebamde,
xolo sigane aTeuli santimetridan 5-10 km-mde monacvleobs. daiki Semcveli qanebis
napralebSia SeWrili da amdenad tipur gamkveT sxeuls warmoadgens.
apofizi (berZn. ylorti) intruzividan gamomavali, Semcvel qanebSi SeWrili
patara gamkveTi ZarRvuli sxeulia.
intruziuli sxeulebis TanxmobiTi ganlagebis ZiriTad formebs ekuTvnis:
silebi da lakoliTebi. sili (ingl. zRurbli) anu SreZarRvi SreTaSoris moTavsebuli Sreebrivobis
paralelurad gawolili magmuri sxeulia. xSirad sili mravalsarTuliania.
lakoliTi (berZ. ormo) sokoseburi an linzismagvari intruziuli sxeulia,
romlis fuZe horizontaluria, xolo saxuravi - amoburculi. lakoliTis forma
migvaniSnebs imaze, rom qveda fenebidan magmam zeda Semcveli Sre ver gaglija,
Tumca amozniqa. lakoliTebi SigneTSi SedarebiT nakleb siRmeebze warmoiSobian
(sur.4.3.4).
efuziuri qanebis wolis formebi
efuziuri qanebi warmodgenilia vulkanuri zewrebis (vrceldeba did farTobze), lavuri nakadebisa (SedarebiT mcire farTobis sxeulebi) da vulkanuri gumbaTebis saxiT (sur.4..4).
danaleqi qanebis wolis formebi
danaleq qanebs gaaCniaT erTaderTi wolis forma. es aris Sre. Sre SemosazRvrulia
rogorc qvevidan, ise zevidan. Sesabamisad, mas gaaCnia qvedapiri, anu sagebi da
zedapiri, anu saxuravi. arsebobs mTeli rigi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebisa, romelTa
mixedviT SeiZleba sagebisa da saxuravis amocnoba. sagebsa da saxuravs Soris
gavlebuli marTobi xazi ki gvaZlevs Sris sisqes anu simZlavres. simZlavris
mixedviT gamoyofen Txel, saSualo, sqel da masiuri Sreeebrivobis mqone danaleq
qanebs.
danaleqi qanebis didi umetesoba wyalSi (zRvaSi, tbaSi da a.S.) warmoiSoba. amitom
maTi sawyisi ganlageba, anu Sreebrivoba horizontuli an TiTqmis horizontulia.
mxolod mdinareTa deltebSi, kontinenturi beqobis cicabo zedapirze an zog sxva
adgilSi Tu xdeba daxril SreTa warmoSoba.
rogorc wesi, Sreebi erTmaneTis paraleluria. Tumca daleqvis procesSi
Secvlili geologiuri pirobebis gamo SeiZleba e.w. xlarTuli Sreebrivoba miviRoT.
Sreebi garkveul farTzea gadaWimuli. amitom maT sawyisic aqvT da dasasrulic.
SreTa dasasruls gamosolva ewodeba. mcire ganzomilebisa da specifikuri formis
Sres linza hqvia.
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rogorc aRvniSneT, Sreebis pirvandeli ganlageba horizontulia. bunebaSi
marTlac arcTu iSviaTad SevxvdebiT horizontuli ganlagebis SreTa kompleqsebs.
magram kidev ufro xSirad naxavT Sreebs, romelTac teqtonikuri moZraobebis
gavleniT deformacia - danaoWeba an dawyveta da amgvarad gadaadgileba
(dislokacia) (,,dislokacio“ - gadaadgileba; laT.) ganucdiaT. SreTa dislokaciis
ori saxe arsebobs: naoWa (plikaturi) da wyvetiTi (dizunqtiuri).
SreTa dislokaciis SemTxvevaSi saWiro sdeba dislocirebuli Sreebis (naoWebis,
sxletvebis) orientaciaSi moyvana qveynis mxareebis mimarT. aseTi ram horizontuli
Sreebrivobis SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia, ramdenadac Sreebi yvela mimarTulebiT
erTnairadaa ganfenili.
daxrilad ganlagebul SreebSi Semdeg elementebs arCeven: mimarTebas, daqanebasa
da daqanebis kuTxes. mimarTebis xazi iqneba is xazi, romelsac miviRebT mimarTebis
horizontul sibrtyesTan gadakveTis SemTxvevaSi. daqanebis xazi daqanebis sibrtyeSi
mdebareobs da mimarTebis xazis marTobia. Sris daqanebis kuTxes qmnis daqanebis
xazi da misi proeqcia horizontalur sibrtyeze. aqve SevniSnavT, rom Sris
mimarTebas (an mimarTebis xazs) ori bolo aqvs, romelTa Soris sxvaoba 180°-s
Seadgens. amitom sakmarisia erTi bolos gazomva (sivrceSi orientaciaSi moyvana),
rom mimarTeba cnobili gaxdes. Sris daqaneba ki erTmimarTulebiania, Tanac es
mimarTuleba yovelTvis mimarTebis marTobulia. amitom Sris daqanebis gazomviT
vigebT ara marto daqanebis mimarTulebas, aramed mimarTebisasac (daqanebis
mimarTulebas plus an minus 90°). SreTa rogorc daqanebis, ise mimarTebis sivrceSi
orientaciaSi moyvana xdeba azimuturi kuTxeebis gazomviT, rac samTo kompasis
meSveobiT xerxdeba.
naoWa, anu plikaturi dislokaciebi (,,pliko“-vkecav; laT.).
naoWa dislokaciis dros Sreebis mTlianoba, uwyvetoba SenarCunebulia, Tumca
Sreebi deformirebulia. amgvarad naoWebi miiReba ara SreTa gawyvetiT, aramed
gaRunviT.
naoWSi ramdenime mniSvnelovani elementi gamoiyofa: frTebi, romlebic SreTa
gaRunvis Sedegad miiReba; guli - naoWis Siga nawili; TaRi an Ziri - SreTa gaRunvis
adgili; Sarniri - calkeuli Sris maqsimaluri gadaRunvis adgili; naoWis RerZi -
naoWis orad gamyofi sibrtye an mrude zedapiri; RerZis xazi - xazi, romelic
miiReba naoWis sibrtyis gadakveTisas horizontul sibrtyesTan.
naoWis ori ZiriTadi saxe arsebobs - antiklini da sinklini. antiklinis (,,anti“
winaaRmdeg da ,,klinos“ vxri; berZn.) SemTxvevaSi naoWis frTebi erTmaneTis
sawinaaRmdegodaa daxrili da rac mTavaria, mis gulSi yovelTvis ufro Zveli
qanebia ganlagebuli, vidre frTebSi. antiklini umetesad amozneqil, dadebiT
struqturas gulisxmobs. sinklinSi (,,sin“ -Tan; berZn.) naoWis frTebis amgebi Sreebi
erTmaneTiskenaa daxrili, guli ki yvelaze axalgazrda qanebiTaa amovsebuli.
sinklini umetesad Cazneqili, uaryofiTi struqturaa. antiklinisa da sinklinis
garda aris agreTve monoklini - calmxriv daqanebuli Sreebis ubnebi da fleqsura
(,,fleqsura“ - gaRunva; laT.) - SreTa safexuriseburi gaRunva, rodesac gaRunvis
adgilebSi Sreebi mkveTradaa daqanebuli, xolo gaRunvis orive mxares - naklebad.
naoWebis klasifikaciisas gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqceva maT formas
ganivkveTSi. am TvalsazrisiT sayuradReboa naoWebis danawileba RerZuli sibrtyis
mdebareobis mixedviT. gamoyofen amarTul(RerZuli sibrtye vertikaluria), daxril
(RerZuli sibrtye daxrilia), dawolil (naoWis RerZi horizontaluria) da
gadabrunebul( naoWis RerZi horizontis qveviTaa) naoWebs. kuTxe, romelic iqmneba
naoWis RerZsa da frTebs Soris, SeiZleba danaoWebis siZlieris maCveneblad
gamodges - rac ufro didia es kuTxe miT ufro sustia danaoWeba da piriqiT. Zlieri
danaoWebis SemTxvevaSi es kuTxe SeiZleba gaqres kidec - naoWis frTebi naoWis
17
RerZis paraleluri gaxdes. aseT naoWebs izoklinuri hqvia. kidev ufro Zlieri
danaoWebis SemTxvevaSi miiReba maraoseburi naoWi.
rogorc wesi, naoWebis TaRebi an Zirebi momrgvalebulia. Tumca aris SemTxvevebi,
roca isini kuTxedovani formisaa. rodesac gvaqvs TiTqmis Sveuli frTebis
monacvleoba farTo da brtyel (swor) naoWis TaRebTan da ZirebTan miiReba e.w.
kolofuri naoWebi.
plastiur qanebSi (qvamarili, TabaSiri, Tixa da sxva) gavrcelebulia e.w.
diapiriseburi da diapiruli naoWebi (antiklinebi). diapiriseburi naoWi Cndeba,
rodesac plastiuri qani iwyebs denas, qvevidan awveba mis Tavze mdebare wyebebs da
iwvevs maT amozneqas antiklinis saxiT. aseT naoWs axasiaTebs mZlavri guli da
TaRur nawilSi Zalian gaTxelebuli gulis momyoli wyebebi. zogjer plastiurma
wyebam SeiZleba momyoli wyebebi gaglijos kidec. maSin miiReba diapiruli naoWi
(antiklini).
Tu naoWebs gegmaSi anu horizontul kveTSi ganvixilavT, ramdenime saintereso
stuqturas miviRebT. zogjer naoWis sigrZe bevrad aWarbebs mis siganes. aseT naoWs
xazobrivi ewodeba. aris e.w. braqimorfuli naoWebi (an braqinaoWebi), roca ovaluri
naoWis sigrZe sul 2-3 jer aRemateba siganes. TaRiseburi - antiklinuri naoWi
TiTqmis Tanabari sigrZe-ganiT da mulda - sinklinuri naoWi, aseve Tanabari
ganzomilebebiT.
zogjer antiklinuri naoWis daboloebaze qanebi (centridan) sxvadasxva
mimarTulebiT aris daqanebuli. aseT SemTxvevaSi laparakoben antiklinuri naoWis
periklinur daboloebaze. msgavs daboloebas sinklinis SemTxvevaSi, roca qanebi
centrisken aris daqanebuli, centriklinuri hqvia.
bunebaSi arsebobs caledi naoWebi (antiklinebi, sinklinebi). ufro xSirad ki isini
urTierTgadabmuli gvxvdeba (SevniSnavT, rom erTmaneTis momyol antiklinsa da
sinklins, ,,SemaerTebeli“ frTa saerTo eqnebaT). antiklinebisa da sinklinebis
erTobliobas, romelsac saerTo sinklinuri moxazuloba (Cazneqili) aqvs,
sinklinoriumi ewodeba. Tu antiklinebisa da sinklinebis erToblioba saerTo
antiklinuri moxazulobiT (amozneqili) xasiaTdeba, miiReba antiklinoriumi. maT
zogjer Txzul naoWebsac uwodeben. kidev ufro rTul struqturebs
megantiklinoriumebi da megasinklinoriumebi hqvia (magaliTad, kavkasionis
megantiklinoriumi) (sur.4.13).
wyvetiTi anu dizunqtiuri dislokaciebi (,,dizunqtio“-gaTiSva; laT.).
qanebSi xSirad Cndeba sxvadasxva tipis naprali. magram wyvetiTi (sxletviTi)
dislokacia mxolod maSin daerqmeva movlenas, Tu napralebis gaswvriv qanebis
gadaadgileba gveqneba. am ukanasknelis SemTxvevaSi nasxleti miiReba. nasxleti
bevrnairi arsebobs da saxelic Sesabamisi aqvT. nasxletebSi ramdenime elements
arCeven. napralis im zedapirs, romlis gaswvrivac qanebis gadaadgileba xdeba,
sxletvis sibrtye ewodeba. sxletvis sibrtye SeiZleba marTlac sibrtye iyos, Tumca
ufro xSirad is mrude zedapirs warmoadgens. sxletvis sibrtye SeiZleba
vertikaluri iyos, an horizontaluri Tu daxrili. sxletvis sibrtyis aqeT-iqiT
mdebare qanebis blokebs bageebi ewodeba. daxrili sibrtyis SemTvevaSi gveqneba zeda
(sxletvis sibrtyis Tavze mdebare) da qveda (sxletvis sibrtyis qveS mdebare)
bageebi. vertikaluri nasxletis SemTxvevaSi laparakoben ara zeda da qveda, aramed
aweul da daweul bageebze, xolo horizontuli nasxletis dros - marjvena da
marcxena bageebze.
nasxletis elements warmoadgens agreTve sxletvis amplituda. arCeven samgvar
amplitudas: vertikalurs, horizontulsa da iribs. samive SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba
manZili erTi bagis romelime Sris sagebidan an saxuravidan meore bagis imave Sris
sagebamde an saxuravamde. advili misaxvedria, rom samive saxis amplituda gveqneba
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mxolod daxrili sibrtyis mqone sxletvis SemTxvevaSi. daxrili sibrtyis sxletvebi
ki sxvadasxva saxeliTaa cnobili. Tu zeda bage daweulia, xolo qveda aweuli,
gveqneba nasxleti. Tu zeda bage aweulia, xolo qveda daweuli da amave dros
sxletvis sibrtye daxrilia 90-45°-is farglebSi, gveqneba Sesxletva. msgavs
SemTxvevaSi, oRond sxletvis sibrtyis 45°-ze naklebi kuTxis daxriT miiReba
Secoceba. aRsaniSnavia, rom nasxletis dros dawyvetili blokebis sivrcobrivi
daSoreba xdeba urTierTisagan, Sesxletvisa da Secocebisas ki - daaxloeba (erTi
bloki ,,jdeba“ meoreze).
sxletvis sibrtyis amarTulad yofnis SemTxvevaSi miiReba vertikaluri
nasxletebi, xolo Tu blokebi gadaadgilebulia napralebis gaswvriv
horizontalurad (erTmaneTis sapirispirod), gveqneba nawevi(sur.4.14.g). gamoyofen
SariaJebsac - TiTqmis horizontuli sxletvis sibrtyis mqone grandiozuli zomis
struqturebs, romelTa gadaadgilebis amplituda aTeuli da aseuli kilometrebiT
izomeba. SariaJebSi ganarCeven aloqtons - sxletvis sibrtyis Tavze mdebare
gadaadgilebul bloks, da avtoqtons - sxletvis sibrtyis qveS mdebare
gadauadgilebel bloks. TviT aloqtonSi (teqtonikur zewarSi) ganasxvaveben
frontalur nawilsa da fesvs (adgils, saidanac daiwyo misi gadaadgileba). zogan
aloqtonis qanebi imdenadaa gadarecxili, rom zedapirze SiSvldeba avtoqtoni. aseT
adgilebs teqtonikuri sarkmlebi ewodeba. arcTu iSviaTad aloqtonebis warmoSoba
zRvaSi xdeba. moZraobisas misi frontaluri nawili imsxvreva da am namsxvrevi
masalis (xSirad didi lodebis) Secementebis Sedegad miiReba Taviseburi qanebi,
romelTac olistostromebi ewodeba. olistostromebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia is,
rom namsxvrevi masala ufro Zveli asakis qanebiT aris warmodgenili, vidre maTi
Semacementebeli masala.
sxletvis sibrtyeebi, qanebis gadaadgilebisas didi xaxunis gamo, arcTu iSviaTad
Zlier moprialebulia. aseT moprialebul zedapirebs sxletvis (dresvis) sarkeebs
uwodeben. isini xSirad daRarulia. Rarebis ganlagebis mixedviT SeiZleba
gamovicnoT blokebis gadaadgilebis mimarTuleba. xaxunis zolSi xSirad Cndeba
blokebis zedapirebidan momtvreuli masala, romlisganac xaxunis breqCia, anu
miloniti miiReba (,,milos“ - wisqvili; berZn.). amgvari tipis breqCiebs, warmoSobils
SariaJul zonebSi, teqtonikuri breqCia hqvia. is Seicavs rogorc aloqtons, ise
avtoqtonis namsxvrev masalas.
sxletvebi sxvadasxva zomisaa, albaT erTeuli santimetrebidan aTaseul
kilometrebamde. magaliTad, san-andreas (Crdilo amerika) teqtonikuri nawevi 2000
kilometrze vceldeba.
zemoT ganxiluli wyvetiTi struqturebi martivi formebiT iyo warmodgenili.
arsebobs ufro rTuli formis amgvari struqturebi, romlebic mTel sistemebs
qmnian. magaliTad, nasxletebi SeiZleba ganlagdes erTmaneTis gverdiT,
paralelurad, Tanac ise, rom yoveli momdevno bloki winasTan SedarebiT ufro
daweuli iyos. miiReba e.w. safexuriseburi nasxleti. SeiZleba ori paraleluri
nasxleti ise ganviTardes, rom maTi saerTo zeda bage daweuli aRmoCndeba, xolo
qveda bage - aweuli. miiReba uaryofiTi struqtura, romelsac grabeni ewodeba
(,,graben“ Txrili; germ.). aseve paraleluri nasxletebiT SeiZleba ganviTardes
dadebiTi struqtura- horsti (,,horsti“- arwivis bude; germ.). horstebi da grabenebi
farTodaa gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze da xSirad erTmaneTis miyolebiTac arian
ganlagebuli.
namdvil horstebs warmoadgenen vogezebi(safrangeTSi) da Svarcvaldi (germaniaSi),
romlebic erTmaneTisagan gamoyofilia md. rainis xeobis farTo grabeniT.
msoflioSi yvelaze didi grabeni baikalis tbis depresiaa, romlis siRrme 1713
metria. dedamiwaze cnobilia grabenebis mTeli kompleqsi, romelTac aTaseuli
19
kilometrebis gamweoba aqvT. aseT struqturebs rifts uwodeben (,,rifti“- naprali,
rRveva; ingl.). cnobilia Tanamedrove riftuli sistemebi: Suaokeanuri qedebis
RerZul zolSi, aRmosavleT afrikis rifti (romelic miCneulia spredingis
Tanamedrove zonad) da sxv. aRmosavleT afrikis rifti moicavs grabenebis serias,
romelTa erTi nawili dafarulia tbebiT(tanganika, niasa da sxv.) grabenebs
warmoadgenen wiTeli da mkvdari zRvis depresiebi.
20
nawili I I
geodinamiuri procesebi
dedamiwaze, misi warmoSobidan dRemde, uamravi geologiuri procesi
mimdinareobda da mimdinareobs amJamadac. es procesebi sabolood saxes ucvlian
dedamiwas. procesebis erTi nawili warimarTeba dedamiwis gareT arsebuli ZaliT.
aq, pirvel rigSi, mzis energia igulisxmeba. procesTa meore nawili ganpirobebulia
dedamiwis SigneTSi arsebuli siTburi energiiT. unda iTqvas, rom zogi geologiuri
procesi Zalzed swrafad mimdinareobs (miwisZvrebi, vulkanizmi), zogi ki, piriqiT,
uaRresad xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi midis (liTosferuli filebis moZraoba,
mTebis warmoSoba da sxva).
geologiur procesebs, romlebic garegani ZalebiT warimarTeba, egzogenuri
(garedinamiuri) procesebi ewodeba, xolo Sinagani, sakuTriv dedamiwiseuli energiiT
warmarTul procesebs ki endogenuri (Sigadinamiuri) procesebi.
egzogenuri (garedinamiuri) procesebi
Tavi 5. fitva
fitva metad saintereso garedinamiuri geologiuri procesia. is gulisxmobs
dedamiwis zedapirze gaSiSvlebuli qerqis amgebi qanebis daSla-gardaqmnas. ra unda
iyos fitvis mizezi? albaT is garemoeba, rom miwis SigneTSi an zedapirze, magram
wylian garemoSi warmoSobili sxvadasxva tipis qanebi xmeleTze sruliad
gansxvavebul garemoSi xvdebian da, bunebrivia, cdiloben Seeguon am axal garemos.
es Segueba ki maTi fizikuri formisa da qimiuri Sedgenilobis cvlaSi gamoixateba.
fitviTi procesebis or ZiriTad saxes arCeven - fizikur fitvasa da qimiur
fitvas. pirveli gulisxmobs qanebis meqanikur daSla-daqucmacebas Semadgeneli
masalis Secvlis gareSe. aseT process SeiZleba dezintegraciac vuwodoT. qimiuri
fitvis dros ki qanebis qimiur-mineraluri Sedgenilobis cvlasTan gvaqvs saqme. isic
aRsaniSnavia, rom es ori procesi erTmaneTisagan ganmxoloebulad ki ar
mimdinareobs, aramed faqtobrivad erTad da erTdroulad. mxolod isaa, rom
adgilze arsebuli fizikur-qimiuri pirobebis mixedviT an erTia ufro kargad
gamoxatuli, an meore. arc is unda daviviwyoT, rom fitviT procesebSi sakmaod
SesamCnev rols TamaSoben cocxali organizmebi, romelTa moqmedeba fitvis orive
saxeobaSi mJRavndeba.
fizikuri anu meqanikuri fitvis yvelaze mniSvnelovan saxes warmoadgens Termuli
fitva, romelic damyarebulia temperaturis dReRamur da sezonur cvalebadobaze.
temperaturis cvla iwvevs qanis gafarToeba (gaTbobisas) - SekumSvas. am procesis
mravaljer ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi qanSi arsebuli bzarebi Tu napralebi TandaTan
farTovdeba da sabolood qani calkeul lodebad an ufro patara zomis natexebad
daiSleba. igive daemarTeba unapralo, masiuri agebulebis qansac. gansakuTrebiT
maSin, Tu es qani polimineraluria, anu sxvadasxva mineralisagan Sedgeba. es, pirvel
rigSi, exeba magmur da metamorful qanebs (graniti, gnaisi da sxva), romlebic muqi
da Ria feris mineralebisagan Sedgebian. muqi feris mineralebi, rogoricaa,
magaliTad, biotiti an rqatyuara, siTbos iTviseben da gascemen kidec ufro iolad,
vidre Ria feris mineralebi (magaliTad, kvarci an plagioklazi). am mizeziT qanebis
garkveuli tipebi (igive granitebi) sakmaod advilad iSleba, ifiteba. amitom
gamoTqmam „granitiviT mtkice” geologiaSi ganswavlul kacs SeiZleba erTgvari
Rimilic ki mohgvaros. zogierTi minerali (magaliTad, kvarci, kalciti) sxvadasxva
kristaluri RerZis gaswvriv SekumSva-gafarToebis gansxvavebuli koeficientiT
21
xasiaTdeba, ris gamoc iseTi cnobili monomineraluri qanebi, rogoricaa kvarciti
da kvarcis qviSaqva (Sedgeba ZiriTadad kvarcisagan) Znelad, magram mainc ifitebian.
Termuli fitvis efeqti gansakuTrebiT didia udabnoebSi, sadac temperaturis did
dReRamur meryeobas (40-50°) erTvis mSrali, ariduli klimati da mcenareuli
safaris uqonloba. udabnoebSi aseve kargad aris ganviTarebuli qanebis aqercvla
anu desqvamacia (,,desqvamo”- aqercvla; laT.), rodesac didi temperaturuli
meryeobis gamo lodebs zedapiridan am ukanasknelis paraleluri calkeuli
qerclebi an ufro sqeli firfitebi scildeba. al. janeliZe amas eqsfoliacias (
,,eqsfolio”-furclebs vacli; laT.) uwodebs (al. janeliZe, 1972).
fizikuri fitvis erT-erTi saintereso saxea fitva yinvis meSveobiT. qanis porebsa
da bzarebSi moxvedrili wyali gayinvisas farTovdeba da Sesabamisad iwvevs qanis
msxvrevas. amgvari procesiT advilad iSleba is qanebi, romlebic Zlier gabzarul-
danapralebulia an maRalporiania. ukanasknelis magaliTad qviSaqva gamodgeba. yinvis
meSveobiT fitva gansakuTrebiT efeqturia maRal mTebSi da kidev ufro metad -
polarul mxareebSi.
fitvisas kuTxedi qanebi mrgvaldebian imis gmo, rom dakuTxuli zedapiris
farTobi metia da is ufro metad aris CaTreuli am procesSi. Sedegad viTardeba e.w.
sferuli gamofitva.
qimiuri fitva. fitvis es saxeoba gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs maRali
temperaturisa da maRali tenianobis pirobebSi. Tanac mniSvnelovani roli eniWeba
farTo mcenareuli safaris arsebobasac. yvela es piroba kargad aris daculi
ekvatorul da tropikul sartylebSi, sadac qimiuri fitva yvelaze efeqturia. amis
sapirispirod arqtikis civi da mSrali klimatis pirobebSi faqtobrivad mxolod
fizikuri fitviTi procesebia ganviTarebuli.
qimiuri fitvis mTavari agentebia: wyali, Jangbadi, naxSirorJangi da organuli
mJavebi. swored am ukanasknelTa momcem umTavres wyaros warmoadgens mcenareuli
safari. am faqtorTa gavleniT mniSvnelovnad icvleba qanebis amgebi mineralebis
qimiuri Sedgeniloba da struqtura, Cndeba axali mineralebi. qimiuri fitvis arsic
swored amaSi gamoixateba.
qimiuri fitvis procesi warmodgenilia oTxi ZiriTadi reaqciiT: daJangva,
hidratacia, gaxsna da hidrolizi.
daJangvis procesi, romelic mineralebSi Jangbadis mierTebas gulisxmobs,
rogorc wesi, intensiurad mimdinareobs pirvel rigSi rkinis Semcvel mineralebSi,
sadac orvalentiani rkinis samvalentianSi gadasvla xdeba. erT-erTi cnobili
magaliTia magnetitis (Fe3O4) gadasvla hematitSi (Fe2O3). hematiti miiReba agreTve
wylis, Jangbadisa da naxSirorJangis daxmarebiT olivinis, piroqsenebis an
amfibolebis daJangvis xarjze.
hidratacia mineralebSi wylis qimiuri mierTebaa, romlis Sedegadac axali
mineralebi Cndeba, ZiriTadad hidroJangebi da hidrosilikatebi. magaliTad, igive
hematitze wylis mierTebiT miiReba Zalze gavrcelebuli hipergenuli minerali
limoniti (Fe2O3.nH2O). aseve cnobilia anhidritis (CaSO4) mier wylis mierTebiT
TabaSirSi (CaSO4.2H2O) gadasvla CaSO4+2H2O CaSO4
.2H2O
unda aRiniSnos, rom wylis mierTeba qanebSi moculobis zrdas iwvevs, rac
meoradi teqtonikuri movlenebis (danaoWebis) sababi xdeba.
gaxsna xdeba wylis meSveobiT, Tanac am process didad uwyobs xels wyalSi
Jangbadis, organuli mJavebis da gansakuTrebiT naxSirorJangis garkveuli
raodenobiT arseboba. qimiuri naerTebidan xsnadobis maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian
qloridebi (magaliTad, saWmeli marili-haliti). Semdeg modian sulfatebi (vTqvaT,
TabaSiri, anhidriti). maTTan SedarebiT naklebad kargad ixsnebian karbonatebi
(kirqva, dolomiti). gaxsnis Sedegad mineralebidan (da Sesabamisad qanebidan) xdeba
22
zogi komponentis gamotana. amdenad es procesi qimiuri fitvis nairsaxeobas
warmoadgens.
hidrolizi SeiZleba iTqvas qimiuri fitvis yvelaze Sors wasuli, Rrma procesia,
romelic faqtobrivad mTlianad cvlis SedarebiT iseT mdgrad mineralebs, rogoric
silikatebia. kargad aris cnobili orToklazis (K[AlSi3O8]) hidrolizis gziT
gadasvla kaolinitSi(Al4(OH)8[Si4O10]). kaoliniti Tixis mineralia da process
SeiZleba gaTixebac vuwodoT. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom orToklazs sakmao
raodenobiT Seicaven granitebi (vardisferi granitebi). arcTu iSviaTad naxavT
vardisfer granitebs, romelTac erTi SexedviT Tavisi saxe TiTqos ar daukargavT,
Tumca Sexebisas xelSi granitis nacvlad Tixis masa agyvebaT.
organogenuli fitva am procesis (fitvis) Tavisebur saxeobas warmoadgens,
radganac masSi cocxali organizmebi monawileoben. Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom
organogenuli fitva vlindeba fizikuri an qimiuri fitvis saxiT. sayovelTaod
cnobilia, magaliTad, kldeSi anu qanebSi amosuli xeebi, romelTac zrdis procesSi
es qanebi gauglejiaT. aseve patar-patara mcenareebi Tavisi fesvebiT Slian
nebismieri simagris qanebs da sabolood afxviereben maT. kargad aris cnobili
mRrRnelebi an sxva cxovelebi, romlebic Slian qanebs da amdenad xels uwyoben maT
fizikur ngrevas. mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mier fizikuri fitvis sxva
magaliTebis moyvanac SeiZleba, Tumca albaT zemoT Tqmulic sakmarisi aris.
rac Seexeba organizmTa mier qimiur fitvas, aq, pirvel rigSi unda aRiniSnos is
garemoeba, rom organizmTa xrwnis dros gamoiyofa organuli mJavebi da
naxSirorJangi, romlebic aZliereben wylis agresiulobas qimiuri fitvis
TvalsazrisiT. amasTanave am procesSi mcenareebTan da cxovelebTan erTad didi
roli baqteriebsac eniWebaT.
fitviTi procesebis Sedegad reliefSi SeiZleba metad Taviseburi formebi
ganviTardes. cnobilia magaliTad, euli svetebi, romlebic vertikalurad napralSi
ganviTarebuli Zlieri gamofitvis gamo dedaqanisagan gancalkevebula. kidev ufro
farTod aris cnobili e.w. eroziuli svetebi(istukanebi), sadac qveSmdebare qanebs
saboloo daSlisagan icavs Tavze qudiviT mdebare SedarebiT magari qanebi. anda
SerCeviTi gamofitvis gamo qanebSi (kirqvebi, qviSaqvebi da sxv.) ganviTarebuli
kavernebi da bevri sxva. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom aseTi formebis warmoSoba Tumca
ZiriTadad fitviTi procesebiTaa ganpirobebuli, magram maT formirebaSi sxva
geologiuri agentebic monawileobs (qari, wvima, gravitaciuli denudacia).
fitviTi procesebis ganviTarebis Sedegad miRebuli masalis erTi nawili
gaitaneba, nawili ki adgilze rCeba. adgilze darCenil fitviT masalas eluvioni
ewodeba (,,eluvio”-gamovrecxav; laT.). gasagebia, rom eluvioni dedaqanis naSal
masalas warmoadgens da am ukanasknelis Tavze mdebareobs. eluvionis ganviTarebas
didad uwyobs xels met-naklebad mosworebuli reliefi. eluvionis fenebi gvaZlevs
gamofitvis qerqs anu regoliTs, romlis zeda nawils niadagi warmoadgens.
gamofitvis qerqi araerTgvarovani agebulebisaa. SeimCneva erTgvari zonaloba -
siRrmidan (dedaqanebidan) zedapirisaken fitviTi procesebis intensivobis zrda da
Sesabamisad zeda nawilebSi ufro intensiurad gamofituli masalis arseboba. es
bunebrivicaa, ramdenadac zedapirTan axlos metia sineste, CO2, organuli mJavebi,
rac xels uwyobs intensiurad fitvas (pirvel rigSi qimiurs). eluvionis sul zeda
nawili Tixamiwis (Al2O3) da rkinis Jangebisa da hidroJangebis Semcvelobis pirobebSi
simagriT da feriT(wiTeli) gamomwvar agurs emsgavseba. amitom aseTi tipis
gamofitvis qerqs laterituls (,,later” -aguri; laT.) uwodeben.
gamofitvis qerqis formireba rTulad mimdinareobs da damokidebulia iseT
bunebriv faqtorTa kompleqsebze, rogoricaa qanebis Sedgeniloba, reliefi, klimati,
miwisqveSa wylebi, organuli samyaros (biosis) xasiaTi da sxv. gamofitvis qerqis
23
sisqe ramdenime aTeuli metriT izomeba. Tumca zogjer miuTiTeben 200-250m da kidev
ufro meti sisqis qerqzec.
bunebaSi cnobilia Zveli gamofitvis qerqi kainozouri, mezozouri, paleozouri
da proterozouli asakisac ki. es uaRresad sainteresoa, ramdenadac miuTiTebs
mocemul drosa da sivrceSi dedamiwaze garkveuli geologiuri pirobebis
arsebobaze. es ki dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi misi calkeuli
epizodebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva.
Zvel gamofitvis qerqTan aris dakavSirebuli mravalferovani wiaRiseulis
sabadoebi-aluminis (boqsitebi), rkinis, manganumis, nikelis, kobaltis, volframis,
kalis, spilenZis, keramikuli da cecxlgamZle Tixebis da sxv.
eluvionur qviSrobebSi gvxvdeba platina, oqro, almasi, titani da a.S.
Tavi 6. gravitaciuli procesebi
egzogenuri procesebis ganviTarebaSi simZimis Zalas (gravitacia) arsebiTi
mniSvneloba aqvs. rom ara gravitacia, ar gveqneboda laparaki arc mdinaris, arc
myinvaris, arc Tu gnebavT qarisa da zRvis geologiur moqmedebaze. sakuTriv
gravitaciul procesebze laparaki xom sul zedmeti iqneboda.
gravitaciuli procesebi yvelaze aqtiurad mTian mxareebSi viTardeba, radganac am
procesebTan dakavSirebulia ZiriTadad masalis zevidan qveviT gadatana. am
procesebidan zogi TiTqmis uwyvetad mimdinareobs, zogi ki wyvetilad. sxadasxvaa
maTi siCqarec -- zogi Zalian swrafia, zogi ki, piriqiT, Zalian neli. ukiduresi
cifrebi rom aviRoT -- 100 m/sek - dan ramdenime metramde aswleulSi.
gravitaciuli procesebis erT nawilSi mxolod simZimis Zalaa wamyvani, sxvebSi ki
masTan erTad met - naklebad arsebiT rols, zogjer ki Zalian mniSvnelovansac,
wyalic TamaSobs. yvela SemTxvevaSi es aris masalis gadaadgileba ferdobze
(xmeleTze an wyals qveS) zevidan qveviT. imisaTvis, rom masala adgilidan daiZras,
ferdobis daqaneba xmeleTze xuTi an meti gradusi unda iyos, zRvaSi ki erTi-ori
gradusic sakmarisia. masalis gadaadgileba sxvadasxvanairad xdeba: vardniT
(lodebis cvena), dagorebiT (lodebis dagoreba), dacurebiT (mewyeri), plastikuri
dinebiT (kripi) an ubralod dinebiT(seli, laxari).
gravitaciuli procesebis gamomwvevi uSualo mizezebia: miwisZvra, wvima,
Camocvenili masalis dazvinva, wylis mier qanebis sayrdenis gamorecxva (erozia,
abrazia), anTropogenuli qmedeba da a.S.
gravitaciuli procesebis klasifikaciis gansxvavebuli sqemebi arsebobs.
gavecnoT gravitaciuli procesebis zogierT saxes. Caqcevebis gaCenas ganapirobebs
miwis SigneTSi siRruveebisa da sicarieleebis warmoSoba. procesi ki, romelic
Zalian swrafad mimdinareobs, warimarTeba mxolod simZimis Zalis gavleniT.
Caqcevebis gamomwvevi mizezi SeiZleba miwisZvra iyos an siRruveebis Tavze simZimis
gazrda. Zalian gavrcelebulia Caqcevebi samTo gamonamuSevrebSi, gansakuTrebiT maTi
Weris cudi gamagrebis SemTxvevaSi. karstul regionebSi cnobilia Caqceuli
polieebi. Caqcevebis Sedegad xSir SemTxvevaSi miwis zedapirze uaryofiTi reliefis
formebi Cndeba.
aseve mxolod simZimis Zalis gavleniT xdeba qvebis cvena - fitviTi procesebis
gavleniT kldovani qanebi napraliandeba an ukve arsebuli napralebi farTovdeba.
procesis gaRrmavebis Sedegad calkeuli didi Tu patara lodi wydeba dedaqans,
vardeba ferdobze da SesaZloa Zirs Camogordes kidec. es movlena ufro masStaburi
iqneba, Tu Camongreva, CamomzRvleva araTu calkeul lodebs, aramed did blokebs
Seexeba. Sedegad klde-zvavi(namzRvlevi) miiReba, xolo TviT process Camoqceva
(CamomzRvleva) SeiZleba ewodos.
24
zemoT dasaxelebuli gravitaciuli procesebi droSi swrafmavalia, Tanac
wyvetili. maT gverdiT cnobilia gamofituli da mongreuli masalis ferdobze
gadaadgileba, romelsac faqtobrivad droSi uwyveti xasiaTi aqvs da amave dros
Zalze nela mimdinareobs. mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad kvlav simZimis Zala rCeba,
Tumca ar aris gamoricxuli mcire, magram mainc wylis monawileobac. am process
kripi (,,krip”-cocva, RoRva;ingl.) ewodeba. kripi mimdinareobs rogorc mongreul
qanebSi, ise niadagSic. kripi gamoixateba mongreuli didi blokebis an ufro wvrili
masalis gadaadgilebiT daqanebis mimarTulebiT. SedarebiT advilad gadaadgildeba
is masala, romelic met-naklebad damuSavebulia. zogjer zedapirze gaSiSvlebulia
cicabo daqanebis mqone Sreebrivi qanebi, romelTa zeda nawili kripis ganviTarebis
gamo gaRunulia. es iqneba e.w.Tavwaxrili Sreebi.
kripis ganviTareba dakavSirebulia fitviTi qerqis fenis gafarToeba-SekumSvasTan.
fenis gafarToebisas(rac SeiZleba fitviTi qerqis gaTbobiT iyos gamowveuli) masSi
arsebuli calkeuli didi Tu patara natexebi aitaneba maRla ferdobis daqanebis
marTobulad. fenis SekumSvisas natexebi qveviT eSveba, oRond es daSveba ukve mis
pirvandel adgilze dabrunebas ki ara, aramed ufro qveviT ganlagebas gulisxmobs
(simZimis Zalis moqmedebidan gamomdinare). procesis araerTgzis ganmeorebiT masala
TandaTan qveviT gadaadgildeba. swored es aris kripi anu meRoRi (al.janeliZe,1972).
es procesi gansakuTrebiT efeqturad mimdinareobs polarul mxareebSi arsebul
maradmzral niadagebSi, sadac niadaguri fenis gafarToeba gamowveulia masSi
arsebuli wylis gayinviT. kripis am nairsaxeobas solifluqcia ewodeba.
rogorc vxedavT, kripis moZraobis danaxva SeuZlebelia. Tumca misi gamocnoba
SeiZleba imave Tavwaxrili Sreebis, wayiravebuli Robeebisa da boZebis, daxrili
xeebis (,,mTvrali tye’’) da sxva msgavsi formebis arsebobiT.
mewyeri gravitaciuli procesebis is saxea, sadac wyali (simZimis ZalasTan erTad)
ukve mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs. mewyeris dros xdeba qanebis erTi nawilis
dacureba mis qveS mdebare qanebze. rogorc wesi, dacureba Sreebrivobis gaswvriv
xdeba, Tumca SeiZleba igive procesi sxletvis zedapiris gaswvrivac ganviTardes.
mewyeris ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa SreTaSorisi (dasamewyr da mis qveS
mdebare Sreebs Soris) SeWidulobis Semcireba. es, rogorc wesi, xdeba im
SemTxvevaSi, roca sagebi Sre TixiTaa warmodgenili. Tixa xom praqtikulad
wyalgaumtaria. amitom mis zedapirze moxvedrili wyali SigniT veRar CaiJoneba,
Tixis Sris zedapiri wyliT ipoxeba da Cndeba saSualeba saTanado pirobebSi mis
Tavze mdebare Sreebis dacurebisa. saTanado pirobebi ki gulisxmobs SreTa
garkveuli kuTxiT daqanebas (Sreebis horizontuli ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi xom ver
moxdeba damewyvra?), dasamewyri SreebisaTvis sayrdenis gamoclas (winaaRmdeg
SemTxvevaSi procesi ver ganviTardeba) da im Zalas, romelic moZraobaSi moiyvans
dasamewyr Sreebs (magaliTad, miwisZvra).
daqanebis zedapiri, romlis gaswvrivac xdeba qanebis dacureba, rogorc wesi,
Cazneqilia. is mkveTrad aris daqanebuli zeda nawilSi, mewyeris sawyis ubanze da
swordeba mis boloSi. damewyvris Sedegad mis saTaveSi SeiZleba depresia gaCndes.
depresiis wyliT avsebis SemTxvevaSi gaCndeba tba (aseTi genezisisaa kus tba
TbilisSi). tba warmoiSoba im SemTxvevaSic, roca mewyeri mdinaris xeobas gadakveTs
da wyals daagubebs (magaliTad, riwis tba saqarTveloSi).
mewyrebis moZraoba metwilad arcTu maRali tempiT gamoirCeva. Tanac mewyruli
procesebi droSi wyvetilia da kripiviT permanentulad ar mimdinareobs. damewyruli
sxeulebis zomebi sxvadasxvaa -- umciresidan grandiozulamde. magaliTad, wina
saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi daRestanSi Camowolili erT-erTi mewyruli masivis
moculoba 200 milion kubur metrs Seadgenda.
25
selebis („sel“ -- mZvinvare nakadi, Rvari; arab.), igive Rvarcofebis SemTxvevaSi
wyali (ZiriTadad zedapiruli wyali) ukve gadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. seli
warmoadgens talaxisa da qvis (rogorc amboben -- qvatalaxovan) nakads, romelSic
sxvadasxva zomis qvieri masalaa CarTuli -- didi, erTmetriani da meti zomis
lodebidan umcires marcvlebamde. myari masalis Semcveloba selur nakadebSi 70-
90%-mde SeiZleba iyos.
selebis warmoSoba, rogorc wesi, mTian mxareebSi xdeba, sadac danawevrebuli
reliefisa da didi daqanebis mqone ferdobebis, aseve didZali gamofituli masalis
arsebobis pirobebSi, Tavsxma wvimebisa an damdnari Tovlis meSveobiT Cndeba
talaxis (farTo gagebiT) nakadebi. es nakadebi didi siCqariTa da saSineli ZaliT
moeqaneba dablobisaken da anadgurebs yvelafers. bevr aseT nakads daungrevia gzebi,
sacxovrebeli saxlebi, gaunadgurebia mravali heqtari sasoflo-sameurneo
savarguli.
selebis Tavisebur nairsaxeobas warmoadgenen e.w. laxarebi. es igive selebia
oRond maTi ganviTareba xdeba vulkanuri konusebis ferdobebze, Tanac nakadebis
Semadgeneli myari masa mxolod fxvieri vulkanuri masaliT, ZiriTadad ferfliTa
da mtvriT aris warmodgenili. Tumca vxvdebiT uxeS masalasac.
gravitaciuli procesebi wyalSic sakmaod intensiurad mimdinareobs. am mxriv
saukeTeso obieqtia okeane. okeaneebis fskerze daqanebuli reliefis SemTxvevaSi
xSiria aseTi procesebis ganviTareba. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
kontinenturi beqobi. kontinenturi beqobis Tavze dagrovebuli masala raime mizezis
gamo (vTqvaT, miwisZvra) daiZvreba kontinenturi beqobis Zirisaken, uSualod
ferdobze an am ferdobze arsebul kanionebSi. zogjer SeiZleba mTeli wyebebis
dacureba (damewyvra) moxdes. es wyebebi gzaSi daimsxvreva da met-naklebad
uwesrigod ganlagdeba beqobis ZirSi. ase unda iyos warmoSobili aTeuli milioni
wlebis win Tbilisis midamoebSi e.w. „areulSreebrivi konglomerati“. ufro xSirad
kontinentur beqobze seluri nakadebis msgavsad eSveba talaxis nakadebi an
simRvrivis nakadebi.
gravitaciuli procesebis Seswavlis mniSvneloba da maTTan brZolis RonisZiebebi.
gravitaciul procesebs, gansakuTrebiT ki mewyrebs, selebs (Rvarcofebs) da zvav-
namzRvlevebs udidesi ziani moaqvs adamianebisaTvis. amitom maTi bunebis Seswavlas,
rig SemTxvevaSi maT prognozirebas didi mniSvneloba eniWeba. cnobilia mravali
faqti imis Taobaze, Tu ama Tu im gravitaciulma procesma ra mZime Sedegebi moitana.
1921 wels q. alma-aTaSi movardnilma selma daangria da datbora qalaqis sakmaod
didi nawili. daiRupa ramdenime aseuli kaci. 1970 wels peruSi momxdari cnobili
miwisZvris Sedegad uaskaranis mTaze warmoiSva giganturi zvav-namzRvlevi, romelic
Sedgeboda lodebis, Tovlis, yinulis da Tixis grovisagan, saerTo moculobiT 100
mln m3. is saSineli siswrafiT (320 km/sT) daeSva qveviT da daangria qalaqebi iungai
da ranrairki. moZraoba imdenaad swrafi da Zlieri iyo, rom zvav-namzRvlevi
advilad sZlevda 140 metrian simaRleebs, xolo ramdenime tonian beltebs aqeT-iqiT
isroda aTaseul metrebze. iyo adamianTa msxverplic (Болт и дг.,1978)
XX saukunis ormocdaaTiani wlebis miwuruls italiaSi erT-erT mdinareze aages
kaSxali, romlis aRma gaCnda wyalsacavi. samiode wlis Semdeg wyalsacavis
teritoriaze ganviTarda didi mewyeri, romlis wyalobiTac wyalsacavSi CaeSva 250
milioni kuburi metri mongreuli masala. Sedegad gaCnda didi talRebi, romelTa
simaRlem 100 metriT gadaaWarba kaSxlis simaRles. kaSxlidan gadmoRvrili wyali
didi damangreveli ZaliT daeSva xeobaSi. daiRupa 3000-mde adamiani(Болт и дг.,1978). am
SemTxvevaSi uSualo damangrevel Zalad marTalia wyali mogvevlina, madram misTvis
Zalis mimcemi mewyeri aRmoCnda. TviT mewyrebs bevrjer daungreviaT dasaxlebuli
26
punqtebi, saavtomobilo Tu sarkinigzo gzebi. amis magaliTebi sxva qveynebTan erTad,
samwuxarod, saqarTveloSic bevri mogvepoveba.
mewyrebze ufro masStaburia wyalqveSa mewyrebisa da simRvrivis nakadebis
moqmedeba. 1929 wels momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad niufaundlendis (kanada)
maxloblad antlantis okeaneSi, kontinentur beqobze ganviTarda Zlieri mewyeri,
Semdeg ki simRvrivis nakadi, romlebmac saerTo jamSi 18 transatlanturi kabeli
gawyvites. simRvrivis nakadis maqsimalurma siCqarem 90km/sT Seadgina. is
maraoseburad gaiSala kontinenturi beqobis ZirSi daaxloebiT 350 km siganeze.
am mciredi magaliTebidanac ki kargad Cans gravitaciuli procesebis saSiSi
masStabebi, maT mier planeta dedamiwaze mcxovrebTaTvis miyenebuli zarali.
adamianebi karga xania aqtiurad ilaSqreben maTTvis zianis momtani procesebis
winaaRmdeg. am brZolas mravalnairi xasiaTi aqvs: ramdenadac ferdobze SemCneuli
swrafad mzardi napralebi CamoqceviT-mewyruli procesebis ganviTarebis
maCvenebelia, swrafad xdeba aseTi ferdobebis gamagreba, vTqvaT Zlieri fesvebis
mqone mcenareulobiT; ferdobis boloSi SeiZleba sabjeni kedlebis aSenebac;
mewyrebis ganviTarebis zonaSi xdeba zedapiruli da miwisqveSa wylebis sasurveli
mimarTulebiT warmarTva; zRvebis sanapiro zolebSi Sendeba napirdacviTi nagebobebi
(dambebi, talRasaWrelebi); dambebiT an kaSxlebiT xdeba agreTve im mdinareuli
kalapotebis gadaketva, sadac selis ganviTareebaa mosalodneli da sxv.
Tavi 7. qaris geologiuri moqmedeba
(eoluri procesebi)
qari Zalze mniSvnelovan geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs. am process xSirad
eolurs (,,eolos“-qaris RmerTi berZnul moTologiaSi, gadataniTi mniSvnelobiT-
qari) uwodeben. eoluri procesebis arsi mdgomareobs naSali masalis (umetes
SemTxvevaSi wvrilmarcvlovanis) ataceba-ganiavebaSi, qaris sakuTari Zalisa da am
masalis meSveobiT qanebis (kldeebis) dangrevaSi, da bolos mongreuli masalis
gadatanasa da daleqvaSi. Sesabamisad qaris geologiuri moqmedebis oTx ZiriTad
saxes ganarCeven - deflacias, korazias, gadatanasa da akumulacias(dagrovebas).
vidre qarismieri qmedebis am oTx process SevexebodeT, saWiroa yuradReba
gavamaxviloT erT metad mniSvnelovan momentze. viciT, rom qari mTel dedamiwis
zurgze, yvelgan moqmedebs, magram misi geologiuri qmedebis udidesi efeqti
faqtobrivad mxolod udabnoebSi mJRavndeba. udabno ki aris is adgili, sadac
atmosferuli naleqebi TiTqmis ar modis (maTi wliuri jami 100-200 mm-s Zlivs
aRwevs); uaRresad didia temperaturis dReRamuri meryeoba (50°-mdec ki adis);
faqtobrivad ar aris ganviTarebuli mcenareuli safari, ris gamoc dedamiwis qerqis
amgebi qanebi uSualod zedapirze SiSvldebian. yvela es garemoeba Zalian uwyobs
xels udabnoebSi fizikuri fitvis Zlier ganviTarebas da amave dros qmnis qaris
efeqturi moqmedebis winapirobas. qaris geologiuri moqmedebis maRali efeqti
udabnoebSi imiTac aris gamoxatuli, rom am ukanasknelT xmeleTis TiTqmis mexuTedi
ukaviaT.
udabnos ori tipi arsebobs-kldovani an qviani udabno, romelsac afrikaSi hamadas
uwodeben, da qviSiani udabno, romelsac afrikaSi ergi, xolo Sua aziaSi yumi hqvia
(gavixsenoT yizilyumi-wiTeli qviSis udabno, yarayumi- Savi qviSis udabno).
kldovani udabno met-naklebad danawevrebuli, dadebiTi reliefiT xasiaTdeba,
sadac zedapirze amoSverilia sxvadasxva formis Tu moyvanilobis kldeebi, romelTa
ZirSi yovelTvis aris lodebisa da RorRis grova. qanebi zedapirze muqi ferisaa,
27
garujulia rkinisa da manganumis marilebis Txeli wanacxebebiT, romlebic
siRrmidan kapilaruli amowovis Sedegad gadaekvreba zedapirs. aseT garujvas
udabnos namzeurs uwodeben. kldovan udabnoSi zogjer droebiTi nakadebis mier
gaWril xeobebs vxvdebiT, romelTac uadebi ewodeba. Tumca uadebis geneziss
sxvagvaradac varaudoben.
qviSiani udabno anu ergi faqtobrivad hamadis gverdiT mdebare depresias
warmoadgens, romelic sxvadasxva simsxos qviSiT aris amovsebuli. es qviSebi umetes
SemTxvevaSi kvarcisagan Sedgeba, ramdenadac kvarci fitviTi procesebisadmi yvelaze
mdgradi mineralia.
albaT advili misaxvedria, rom zemoT dasaxelebuli eoluri procesebis oTxi
saxidan kldovansa da qviSian udabnoebSi gansxvavebuli procesebi iqneba wamyvani.
kerZod, hamadaSi arsebiT rols TamaSobs deflacia da gansakuTrebiT ki korazia,
maSin roca ergisaTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba akumulaciur process eniWeba
(deflaciasTan erTad).
deflacia (,,deflacio“- Camoniaveba, gamoqarva; laT.) gulisxmobs ukve gamofituli
da daSlili masalis qaris mier atacebas da gafantva-ganiavebas. deflaciis Sedegad
ZiriTadad wvrili an wminda masala (wvrili qviSebi, alevritebi, pelitebi)
gaitaneba. qars magari, magram danapralianebuli qanebis napralebidanac gamoaqvs
gamofituli masala. deflaciis wyalobiT zogjer e.w.eoluri qvafenilebi Cndeba-
qars gaaqvs wvrili da wminda masala, adgilze ki RorRi, xreSi, kenWi da ufro
msxvili Seucementebeli masala rCeba mxolod. deflaciuri procesebiT SeiZleba
gaCndes depresiebi, e.w. deflaciuri qvabulebi, romelTa fskeri SesaZloa msoflio
okeanis doneze ramdenime aseuli metriT dablac ki iyos. deflaciuri qvabulebi
farTod aris gavrcelebuli Sua aziis, arabeTis da Crdilo afrikis udabnoebSi.
ramdenime aseTi qvabuli cnobilia gobis udabnoSi (centraluri azia), sadac
TiToeuli maTganis sigrZe daaxloebiT 50 km-ia, siRrme ki 30 m. ganzomilebebis
TvalsazrisiT ufro STambeWdavi suraTia libiis udabnos (Crdilo afrika)
qvabulebSi.
deflaciiT atacebul masalas qari xSirad iyenebs koraziuli procesebis
warmarTvisaTvis.
korazia (,,korado” - vfxek; laT.) ewodeba qaris mier atacebuli masaliT qanebis
(kldeebis) dangreva-mosworebas, an sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT qanebis meqanikur
damuSavebas. am procesis dros xdeba qanebis gaxexva-gafxeka, gaSlifva, moprialeba
da gaxvretac ki.
rogorc aRvniSneT, korazia kldovani udabnoebisaTvis aris Zalian
damaxasiaTebeli. swored amgvari procesebis qmedebiT kldovan udabnoebSi iqmneba
specifikuri reliefis formebi, romlebic, xatovnad rom vTqvaT, hamadis savizito
baraTs warmoadgenen.
qanebis simagre xSirad araerTgvarovania. am araerTgvarovnebas zogjer ubnobrivi
xasiaTi aqvs. zog SemTxvevaSi is gamoixateba Sreebriv qanebSi rbili da magari
fenebis monacvleobaSi. qaris koraziuli moqmedebiT, romelsac win, ra Tqma unda,
fitviTi procesebi uswrebda, rbili qanebi ufro advilad moingreva, vidre magari.
Sedegad pirvel SemTxvevaSi fiWiseburi formis reliefs miviRebT, xolo meoreSi --
zolebrivad daRaruls.
qaris koraziuli moqmedeba miwis zedapirTan axlos ufro Zlieria, vidre zeviT
(qaris mier atacebuli masala qveviT ufro uxeSia da Tanac meti). amitom qanebi
qveda nawilSi ufro metad ingreva. cvalebadi mimarTulebis qaris SemTxvevaSi qanis
qveda nawilSi raRac fexis magvari keTdeba, saerTo forma ki sokoseburi iqneba.
aris kidev sxva formebic.
28
udabnoSi, faqtobrivad mudmivi qaris pirobebSi, qviSaze mdebare calkeuli
lodebi waxnagovani xdeba. Tu qari mimarTulebas icvlis, miiReba mravalwaxnaga
qvebi, moprialebuli zedapirebiTa da SedarebiT mkveTri wiboebiT. aseT qvebs
facetiani an kantiani qvebi hqvia. germanelebi maT draikanterebsac uwodeben.
udabnoebSi cnobilia agreTve SedarebiT rbili qanebis arsebobiT ganpirobebuli
daRaruli reliefi. Rarebi erTmaneTisagan patara ,,qedebiT” aris gamoyofili. es
Rarebi, romelTa siRrme santimetrebidan erTeul metrebamde SeiZleba iyos,
orientirebulia gabatonebuli qaris mimarTulebiT. udabnos reliefis aseT formebs
iardangebi hqvia.
masalis gadatana. qaris mier masalis gadatana xdeba orgvarad - atacebul
mdgomareobaSi da saltaciiT (zedapirze xtunva-TreviT). atacebul mdgomareobaSi
qars SedarebiT wvrili masala gadaaqvs. es aris pelituri (Tixis), alevrituli
(mtveris) da psamituri (qviSis) zomis marcvlebi. gadatanis simaRlesa da manZils
gansazRvravs iseTi sidideebi, rogoricaa qaris simZlavre, marcvlis forma, zoma,
xvedriTi wona. SedarebiT msxvili qviSis marcvlebi zedapiridan ramdenime metr
simaRleze Tu gadaitaneba. aRsaniSnavia, rom transportirebisas qviSebi (an ufro
wminda masalac) erTmaneTTan Zlieri xaxunis gamo idealurad muSavdeba, mrgvaldeba.
aq es procesi ufro STambeWdavia, vidre wyalSi. alevrituli an pelituri masala
Zalian maRla (kilometrebze) aitaneba troposferoSi da sakmaod Sorsac
gadaitaneba. cnobilia, rom saharisa Tu afrikis sxva udabnoebis mtveri atlantur
okeaneSi 2500 km-is manZilze gadadis. a.alisonisa da d.palmeris monacemebiT saharis
udabnos mtveri mikvleulia Rrma zRvis naleqebSi karibis kunZulebis maxloblad,
sawyisi punqtidan 4500 km-is daSorebiT.
akumulacia („akumulacio” -- dagroveba; laT.). radganac mtveri da qviSa qaris
mier sxvadasxva simaRleebze gadaitaneba, maTi daleqvac gancalkevebulad,
sxvadasxva adgilebSi xdeba. qviSa, rogorc wesi, hamadis mezoblad arsebul
depresiebSi -- qviSian udabnoebSi an okeanis, zRvis, tbis da mdinaris sanapiroebze
grovdeba da gvaZlevs metad Tavisebur formebs -- barxanebsa da diunebs. mtveri
udabnos gare zolSi -- stepebSi ileqeba da sabolood misgan liosi warmoiSoba.
barxani udabnoebSi moZravi qviSis borcvia, asimetriuli formis, damreci qaraRma
da cicabo qarzurga ferdebiT. gegmaSi barxans naxevarmTvaris forma aqvs. qaraRma
ferdis daqanebis kuTxe 10-15°-ia, xolo qarzurgasi -- 32-35°. ferdebis
urTierTSexebis zolSi met-naklebad mkveTri qedi gamoiyofa. qaraRma ferdisaTvis
Zlier damaxasiaTebelia talRebrivi (ripelmarkebiani) zedapiri. barxanis gverdiTi
kideebi wawvetebulia, wagrZelebulia winisaken da qmnis e.w. „barxanis rqebs“.
barxanebis simaRle sxvadasxvaa -- ramdenime metridan 30, zogjer 100m-mdec ki.
gvxvdeba rogorc caledi (euli) barxanebi, ise barxanTa Zewkvebi.
barxanis warmoSobis aucilebeli pirobaa raime winaaRmdegobis arseboba, romlis
irgvlivac Tavs iyris qviSis masa, romlisganac sabolood barxanis formireba xdeba.
barxanebi moZraoben, isini win, gabatonebuli qaris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
gadaadgildeban -- qars gadaaqvs qviSis marcvlebi qaraRma ferdidan qedisaken,
saidanac marcvlebi qarzurga ferdze eSveba. amgvarad, xdeba qaraRma ferdis axveta,
xolo qarzurga ferdis win waweva. barxanic win iwevs. gadaadgilebis siCqare
sxvadasxvaa -- weliwadSi ramdenime metridan dRe-RameSi ramdenime aTeul metramde.
barxanebi, rogorc vTqviT, udabnoebSi, kerZod, qviSian udabnoebSi viTardeba. maTi
amgebi masala (ZiriTadad kvarcis qviSebi) ki kldovani udabnodan Semodis.
udabnoebSi cnobilia ara marto ganedurad (qaris mimarTulebis marTobulad)
gawolili barxanTa Zewkvebi, aramed e.w. gaswvrivi barxanebic.
diunas zogadad qaris mier motanil qviSis grovas uwodeben. aseTi ganmartebisas
aqcenti ar aris gakeTebuli arc mis formasa da, rac ufro arsebiTia, arc misi
29
warmoSobis adgilsa da amgeb masalaze (eoluri, zRviuri, tbiuri, mdinareuli,
myinvaruli). mTavaria, rom borcvis saxiT warmodgenili qviSis es grova qaris
moqmedebis Sedegia. aseT SemTxvevaSi barxanic diunis erT-erTi nairsaxeoba iqneba.
sxva mkvlevarTa azriT diunebis warmoSoba xdeba okeanispira, zRvispira, tbispira,
mdinarispira zolebSi qaris geologiuri moqmedebis Sedegad da maTi genezisi
sulac ar aris damokidebuli specialuri klimaturi pirobebis arsebobaze. erTi
kia, rom am SemTxvevaSi diunebis genezizisaTvis mxolod udabnos garemoa
uaryofili. gamodis, rom amgvari Sexedulebis avtorebi Sinaarsobrivad
ganasxvaveben barxanebsa da diunebs erTmaneTisagan. CvenTvis Zalian Znelia raimes
gadawyvetiT Tqma. Tumca aSkaraa, rom barxanebi mxolod udabnos formebs
warmoadgenen da am niSniT isini TiTqos emijnebian diunebs. Tumca sulac ar aris
miuRebeli is azri, rom eoluri akumulaciis yvela formas zogadad diunebi
ewodos. aseT SemTxvevaSi barxani udabnos diuna iqneba.
eoluri procesebis Seswavlis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
gravitaciuli procesebis msgavsad eolur procesebsac sakmao ziani moaqvT
adamianebisaTvis-qviSa nTqavs nayofier miwebs, angrevs satransporto komunikaciebs,
zogjer qalaqebsac anadgurebs. ramdenime aTaswleulis win libiis udabnos didi
nawili umSvenieresi adgili yofila, dRes ki udabnodaa qceuli. cnobili sfinqsi
qairos (egvipte) maxloblad qaris mier mTlianad daRarulia. saharis udabno
energiulad utevs afrikis kontinents da CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT afarToebs
Tavis sazRvrebs.
udabnos Semotevis SeCereba SeiZleba pirvel rigSi barxanebze, diunebsa Tu qviSis
sxva formebze fesvmagari mcenareuli safaris(xeebi, buCqebi) gaSenebiT. qviSis
moZraobis SeCerebis sxva gzebic arsebobs. Turme udabnos morwyvac ki SeiZleba (ra
Tqma unda, ara mTlianad).
Tavi 8. miwisqveSa wylebis geologiuri moqmedeba
wylis geologiuri moqmedeba metad mravalferovani da uaRresad efeqturia.
sakmarisia mxolod vaxsenoT okeane, zRva, tba an mdinare, rom CvenTvis naTeli
gaxdes maTi geologiuri moqmedebis masStabebi. am TvalsazrisiT gamonakliss arc
miwisqveSa wyali warmoadgens.
mainc ras vuwodoT miwisqveSa wyali? miwis SigneTSi -niadagsa Tu qanebis forebsa
da napralebSi an karstul gamoqvabulebSi arsebul wyals miwisqveSa wyali ewodeba.
aqve unda davsZinoT, rom miwisqveSa wyali dedamiwis wylis sferos - hidrosferos
erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. miwisqveSa wylebs da maT geologiur moqmedebas
swavlobs mecniereba, romelsac hidrogeologia ewodeba.
miwisqveSa wylebis formirebisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs forebsa da
napralebSi wylis gadaadgilebas, rac ZiriTadad gansazRvrulia qanebis saerTo
forianobiT. saerTo forianobaSi igulisxmeba yvela is sicariele, romelic qanSia -
napralebi, bzarebi, sicarieleebi, forebi. forianobis xarisxis gamosaxatavad
saerTo forianobis maCvenebels yofen qanis mTlian moculobaze (forianobis
CaTvliT). rogorc wesi, forianobis maCvenebels procentebSi uTiTeben. cxadia, rom
saerTo forianobis maRali procentis mqone qanebi wyalgamtarianobis maRali
unariTac xasiaTdebian. ramdenadme gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs sakuTriv
forianobaze (napralebis, bzarebisa da sicarieleebis gareSe) saubris dros.
gasagebia, rom sxvadasxva qans forianobis sxvadasxva xarisxi axasiaTebs. monacemTa
meryeoba did diapazonSia. magaliTad, gamoufitavi, unapralo granitis forianoba 1
%-ia, maSin roca cudad Secementebuli qviSaqvisa 40%-ze metia. cxadia, rom es
ukanaskneli pirvelTan SedarebiT wyalgamtarianobis gacilebiT maRali unariT
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gamoirCeva. magram maRali forianoba zog SemTxvevaSi sulac ar niSnavs karg
wyalgamtarianobas. amis saukeTeso magaliTia pemza da gansakuTrebiT ki Tixa.
Tixebis forianoba zogjer 50-60%-ia, e.i. Zalze maRali. sinamdvileSi ki Tixebi
wyalgaumtari qanebia. saqme isaa, rom forianoba ki maRalia, magram forebi
uwvrilesia, rac Zalian aferxebs an saerTod uSlis xels maTSi wylis miZraobas.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom arseboben wyalgamtari
(kargi, saSualo da a.S.) da praqtikulad wyalgaumtari qanebi.
warmoSobis mixedviT anu geneturad miwisqveSa wylebis sami tipi gamoiyofa:
1)infiltraciuli, 2)sedimentaciuri da 3)iuvenuri. am sami tipidan umTavresia
infiltraciuli, radganac masze modis mTeli miwisqveSa wylebis ,,lomis wili“,
maSin roca momdevno ori tipis roli Zalze umniSvneloa.
infiltraciul (,,infiltracia“-gawurva, CaJonva; laT.) miwisqveSa wyals
sxvagvarad vadozurs an meteoruls, zogjer atmosferulsac uwodeben. arsebiTi
ki isaa, rom aseTi wyali Cndeba SigneTSi - niadagsa da qanebSi forebisa da
napralebis meSveobiT atmosferuli naleqebis CaJonvis Sedegad.
iuvenuri (,,iuvenalis“ axalgazrda; laT.), anu magmuri miwisqveSa wylebis genezisi
dakavSirebulia magmur procesebTan. aseTi wylebis formireba xdeba SigneTSi wylis
orTqlis kondensaciis Sedegad, rodesac magmisagan gancalkevebuli wylis orTqli
napralebsa da forebs zeviT, dedamiwis zedapirisaken auyveba, gzadagza civdeba da
wylad formirebas iwyebs.
zogi avtoris azriT sufTa iuvenuri wyali arc arsebobs, ramdenadac zeviT
moZraobisas aseTi wyali sxvadasxva doneze ereva sxva tipis miwisqveSa wylebs da
zedapirze ukve narevis saxiT amodis.
sedimentaciuri (,,sedimentum“ - naleqi; laT.) miwisqveSa wylis warmoSoba xdeba
zRvaSi naleqdagrovebasTan erTad. aseTi wyali mimdinare geologiuri procesebis
(diagenezisi, teqtonikuri moZraoba) gavleniT mniSvnelovan cvlilebebs ganicdis.
sabolood es aris garkveul siRrmeebze qanebSi moqceuli, marilianobis
TvalsazrisiT sxvadasxva tipis wyali. aseT wylebs zogjer ganamarxebuls an
reliqturs (narCens) uwodeben, radganac isini qanebis daleqvis droidan aris
SemorCenili.
gamoyofen kidev kondensaciur miwisqveSa wylebs. aseTi tipis wylebis warmoSoba
umTavresad udabnoebSi xdeba, sadac mcire atmosferuli naleqebisa da didi
aorTqlebis pirobebSi qanebis forebsa da napralebSi haerSi arsebuli wylis
orTqlis kondensacia xdeba. ase SeiZleba gaCndes mtknari wylis mcire linzebi
udabnoSi.
SigneTSi ganlagebis mixedviT miwisqveSa wylebis ramdenime saxe gamoiyofa.
rogorc ukve viciT, dedamiwis qerqis sul zeda nawili (gamofitvis qerqis zeda
nawili) niadagiT aris warmodgenili. niadagSi CaJonil atmosferul naleqebs ufro
qveda nawilebisaken gavrcelebisas zogjer garkveuli winaaRmdegoba xvdeba, ramac
SeiZleba niadagSi wylis dagroveba gamoiwvios. es iqneba zogadad niadagis wylebi,
romlebic aeraciis zonaSi gvxvdeba.
niadagis wyali zedapirTan axlos mdebareobs. ufro Rrmad ki gruntis wyali
Cndeba. gruntis wyali is miwisqveSa wyalia, romelic mdebareobs pirveli
wyalgaumtari Sris Tavze. TviT gruntis wylis Semcvel Sres an Sreebs
wyalSemcveli horizonti hqvia. ganarCeven gruntis wylis fuZes anu sagebs, romelic
emTxveva pirveli wyalgaumtari Sris zedapirs da TviT gruntis wylis zedapirs anu
sarkes. gasagebia, rom vertikaluri manZili am or zedapirs Soris mogvcems gruntis
wylis Semcveli horizontis simZlavres.
cnobilia, rom gruntis wylis sarke sustad imeorebs reliefis formas -
amozneqilia mTebis TxemebTan da, piriqiT, daqanebulia ferdobebisaken. wylis
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moZraoba simZimis Zalis gavleniT xevebis, xeobebis, zRviuri Tu tbiuri
depresiebisaken midis, sadac reliefis mier wyalSemcveli horizontis gadakveTisas
wylis gareT gamosvla xdeba daRmavali wyaroebis saxiT. esaa e.w. gantvirTvis are.
wylis moZraobis siCqare sxvadasxvaa da dReRamis ganmavlobaSi erTeul metrebSi
meryeobs. maqsimaluri siCqare dafiqsirebulia Zlier dakarstul qanebSi (30m-mde
dReRameSi. zogi monacemiT 250m-mdec ki).
gruntis wylis kvebis are (anu are, saidanac xdeba atmosferuli naleqebis
CaJonva) emTxveva wyalSemcveli horizontis gavrcelebis ares.
gruntis wylis kveba ZiriTadad atmosferuli naleqebiT xdeba. amitom swored
zedapiridan CanaJoni wyali gansazRvravs gruntis wylis dones an sxvagvarad
gruntis wylis sarkis mdebareobas. es ukanaskneli ki cvalebadia - kvebis reJimis
mixedviT xan zeviT iwevs (uxvi atmosferuli naleqebis SemTxvevaSi), xan qveviT
(mwiri atmosferuli naleqebis SemTxvevaSi). zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT
gruntis wylebis gavrcelebis areSi ramdenime zonaa gamoyofili; aeraciis zona -
sivrce miwis zedapirsa da gruntis wylis sarkis maqsimalur mdebareobas Soris,
perioduli gajerebis zona -sivrce gruntis wylis maqsimalur da minimalur
mdebareobas Soris, mudmivi gajerebis zona - sivrce gruntis wylis minimalur
mdebareobasa da gruntis wylis sagebs Soris. mudmivi gajerebis zona is zonaa,
sadac gruntis wyali yovelTvis aris. amitom am zonamde gaWril WaSi an
WaburRilSi wyali mudmivad iqneba. perioduli gajerebis zonaSi ki wyali
drodadro daSreba.
rogorc wesi, gruntis wylebiT ikvebebian mdinareebi, Tumca zogjer
(wyaldidobisas), piriqiT, mdinare kvebavs gruntis wyals.
niadagisa da gruntis wylebi miekuTvneba uwnevo wylebs. amave kategorias
ganekuTvneba SreTaSorisi uwnevo wylebi. aseTi wyali, marTalia or wyalgaumtar
Sres Soris aris moqceuli, ris gamoc TiTqos wneviani unda iyos, magram mas aqvs
Tavisufali gantvirTvis are, ris gamoc wyalSemcveli horizonti mTlianad ver
ivseba wyliT, romelic am ukanasknelis fuZes ikavebs mxolod.
wneviani anu arteziuli wylebi. wneviani an sxvagvarad arteziuli ewodeba wyals,
rodesac wyalSemcveli horizonti moqceulia or wyalgaumtar Sres Soris da
bolomde gajerebulia wyliT. saxelwodeba safrangeTis erT-erTi provinciis,
artuas saxelidan modis, romelsac Zvelad artezia erqva. rogorc wesi, arteziuli
wylebi kontinentur platformazea umetesad gavrcelebuli, did siRrmeebze
gvxvdeba da xSir SemTxvevaSi ar gaaCnia gantvirTvis are. struqturebis
TvalsazrisiT aseTi wylebi sinklinebsa da monoklinebSi gvxvdeba.
rodesac wnevian wyals gantvirTvis are gaaCnia, arteziul auzSi mis garda kidev
ori are gamoiyofa: kvebisa da wnevis. kvebis areSi zedapirze gaSiSvlebulia
wyalSemcveli horizonti, rac misi atmosferuli wylebiT gavsebis saSualebas
iZleva. es erTaderTi area, saidanac xdeba wyalSemcveli horizontis kveba. wnevis
are is vrceli adgilia, sadac wyalSemcveli horizonti mTlianad gadafarulia
wyalgaumtari SreebiT. swored es aris wneviani wylis gaCenis mTavari mizezi.
gantvirTvis areSi wneviani wylis zedapirze amosvla anu drenaJi xdeba. cxadia, rom
kvebis are hifsometriulad ufro maRla unda iyos, vidre drenaJis are. rac ufro
didia sxvaoba am ori aris simaRleTa Soris, miT ufro Zlieri iqneba wylis wneva.
kvebisa da gantvirTvis aris SemaerTebeli xazi gansazRvravs wneviani wylis
piezometrul (,,piezo“- vawvebi, vkumSav; berZn.) dones anu gviCvenebs imas, Tu wnevis
aris farglebSi konkretul wertilSi gaWril Wasa Tu WaburRilSi ra donemde
amova wyali. Tu wnevian wyals gantvirTvis are ara aqvs, maSin misi piezometruli
donis maCvenebeli iqneba horizontaluri xazi, romelic kvebis aris doneze gaivlis.
Sesabamisad wyali wnevis aris yvela wertilSi Tanabar simaRles daikavebs. im
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SemTxvevaSi, rodesac piezometruli done reliefis zedapirs zeviT adis, wyali
SadrevaniviT amoCqebs (e.w. aRmavali wyaro).
arteziuli wylebi mxolod calkeul wyalSemcvel horizontebSi rodi gvxvdeba.
ufro xSirad arteziul auzebTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac ramdenime wyalSemcveli
horizontia erTmaneTis miyolebiT warmodgenili. cnobili arteziuli auzebia
parizis, moskovis da sxv. arteziuli auzebi saqarTveloSic aris.
miwisqveSa wylebis qimizmi.
rodesac miwisqveSa wylebis geologiur moqmedebazea laparaki, ZiriTadad
igulisxmeba im qanebis gamofitva, daSla da ngreva, romlebSic es wylebi moZraobs.
am cirkulaciis wyalobiT miwisqveSa wyali mravalferovan gaxsnil masalas iZens da
Sesabamisad misi qimiur-mineraluri Sedgenilobac garkveuli xasiaTisa xdeba.
dadgenilia, rom mravalferovani Sedgenilobis miuxedavad, miwisqveSa wylebSi
wamyvani roli eniWebaT kalcium-magnium-natriumian hidrokarbonatebs, sulfatebsa
da qloridebs. Sesabamisad, qimiuri Sedgenilobis mixedviT gamoyofilia miwisqveSa
wylebis sami tipi: hidrokarbonatuli, sulfaturi da qloriduli. meore mxriv,
miwisqveSa wylebi mineralizaciiTac gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan. am TvalsazrisiT
cnobilia mTeli gama mtknari miwisqveSa wylebidan(marilianoba 1 g/l-mdea) zemaRali
marilianobis mqone marilxsnarebamde(>50 g/l).
mineraluri wylebi. mineraluri wylebi warmoadgens miwisqveSa wylebis saxeobas,
romelic biologiurad aqtiuri TvisebebiT xasiaTdeba da adamianis mier gamoiyeneba
samkurnalod. mineralur wylebs samkurnalo Tvisebebs sZens fizikur-qimiur
TvisebaTa mTeli kompleqsi, rogoricaa: temperatura, mineralizaciis xarisxi,
radioaqtiuroba, mikroelementebisa da organuli naerTebis Semcveloba, wyalSi
gaxsnili airebi da sxv.
temperaturis mixedviT gamoyofen civ (20°С-mde), Tbil an subTermul (20-37°С),
Termul (37-42°С )da cxel an hiperTermul (>42 °С) mineralur wylebs.
Sedgenilobis, samkurnalo Tu sxva TvisebaTa mixedviT mineraluri wylebis sami
mTavari tipi gamoiyofa; 1) naxSirorJangiani - borjomi, sairme da saqarTvelos
sxva mineraluri wylebi, Crdilo kavkasiis civi narzanebi, safrangeTis viSis wylebi,
karlovi-varis(CexeTi) Termuli wylebi da a.S; 2)gogirdwyalbadiani anu sulfiduri
-Tbilisis Termuli wylebi (saqarTvelo), macestis (ruseTi) da sxv; 3) radioaqtiuri-
wyaltubos (saqarTvelo), belokurixas (ruseTi) da sxva.
8.1. karsti.
yvelaze efeqturad miwisqveSa wylis geologiuri moqmedeba karstul procesebSi
vlindeba. Tumca amTaviTve unda SevniSnoT, rom karstul procesebSi miwiszeda
(zedapiruli) wylebic monawileobs. am procesebis Sedegad miiReba reliefis metad
specifikuri formebi, romelTac erToblivad karsti ewodeba. es saxelwodeba
adriatikis zRvis sanapiro zolSi arsebuli kirqvis masivis saxelidan modis.
imisaTvis, rom karstuli procesebi aqtiurad warimarTos ramdenime pirobaa
saWiro, romelTagan erT-erTi, SeiZleba iTqvas yvelaze arsebiTi, aris met-naklebad
kargad xsnadi qanebis arseboba. yvelaze kargad ixsnebian marilebi, pirvel rigSi,
natriumis qloridi anu haliti, TabaSiri da kirqvebi an zogadad rom vTqvaT
qloridebi, sulfatebi da karbonatebi. zemoT dasaxelebulTagan yvelaze kargad
haliti ixsneba, Semdeg TabaSiri da bolos kirqva, Tumca yvelaze farTod kirqvis
karstebia cnobili. saqme imaSia, rom kirqvebi dedamiwis qerqSi erT-erTi
ugavrcelebulesi qania, Tanac xSirad gvxvdeba mZlavri dastebiT, sakmaod
dabzarul-danapralianebuli. es yvelaferi ki Zalze xelsayrelia karstuli
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procesis warmarTvisaTvis. karstuli procesebi ufro intensiurad mimdinareobs e.w.
Ria karstis pirobebSi, roca karstvadi qanebi uSualod zedapirzea gaSiSvlebuli.
karstuli procesebis saboloo Sedegi karstuli formebis ganviTarebaa. radganac
es procesebi mimdinareobs rogorc miwis zedapirze, ise SigneTSi, karstuli
formebic orgvari saxisaa -- miwiszeda (zedapiruli) da miwisqveSa (Siga).
karstis zedapiruli formebidan aRsaniSnavia: karebi, ponorebi, karstuli Zabrebi
(dolinebi), polieebi.
karebi (umjobesia albaT karrebi) martivad rom vTqvaT miwis zedapiris
„nakawrebs“ warmoadgens, romelic kirqvis (an sxva karstvadi qanis) zedapiruli
wylebiT gaxsnis Sedegad Cndeba. es aris sxvadasxva siRrmis (santimetrebidan 1-2 m-
mde) ormoebi da Rarebi, romlebic garkveuli mimarTulebiT an ufro xSirad
uwesrigod arian ganlagebulni. ponorebi vertikaluri an daxrili napralebia
(xvrelebi), romlebic zedapiridan sakmaod Rrmad vrceldebian da STanTqaven
zedapirul wylebs. karstuli Zabrebi anu dolinebi (igive karstuli sasuleebi)
zedapiruli formebidan yvelaze gavrcelebulia. isini warmoadgenen wriuli formis
konusisebur (gadabrunebuli konusi) sxeulebs, romlebic periferiebidan centrisken
TandaTan Rrmavdebian. konusis wvers siRrmeSi naprali (ponori) agrZelebs. Zabris
diametri 1-50m-is farglebSia. iSviaTad ufro metic; siRrme ki 15-20 m-ia. SeiZleba
ramdenime karstuli Zabri SeerTdes an miwisqveSa karstuli gamoqvabulis Weri
Caiqces. orive SemTxvevaSi miiReba didi zomis karstuli depresia, romelsac polie
ewodeba. polieebis farTobi zogjer aseuli kvadratuli kilometrebiT izomeba.
karstis miwisqveSa formebia karstuli gvirabebi, Saxtebi da Webi da, ra Tqma
unda, karstuli mRvimeebi.
karstuli mRvimeebi yvelaze popularulia karstis Siga reliefis formebs Soris,
rig SemTxvevaSi maTi STambeWdavi ganzomilebebis gamo. am popularobas isic uwyobs
xels, rom xSirad karstuli mRvimeebi mopirkeTebulia ulamazesi nadeni formebiT,
romlebic efeqturad aZliereben maT xibls. karstuli mRvimeebi sxvadasxva zomisaa.
yvelaze didi mRvime dReisaTvis cnobilia karlsbadis nacionalur parkSi (niu-
meqsikos Stati, aSS), romlis ganzomilebebia 1200mx190mx90m. karstuli mRvimeebi
erTmaneTs ukavSirdebian gvirabebiTa da xvrelebiT da qmnian mRvimeTa erTian
sistemebs. cnobilia mravalsarTuliani mRvimeTa sistemebic.
karstuli mRvimis warmoSoba upirvelesad gruntis wylis moqmedebiT aris
ganpirobebuli. dedamiwis SigneTSi karstvadi qanebis yvelaze aqtiuri gaxsna xdeba
gruntis wylis sarkis siaxloveSi. sxvadasxva mizezis gamo gruntis wylis sarkis
TandaTan dawevis SemTxvevaSi am sarkis zeviT rCeba sicarieleebi, romlebic
saboloo saxiT karstul mRvimeebad mogvevlinebian. karstul mRvimeebSi zogjer
tbebic aris, zogjer nakaduli an mdinarec ki miedineba. Sesabamisad mRvimeebSi
Cndeba tbiuri da mdinareuli naleqebi. maT SeiZleba davumatoT Weris Camoqcevis
Sedegad miRebuli naleqebi, an karstvadi qanis gaxsnis Sedegad darCenili uxsnadi
naSTi, e.w. terra-rossa (wiTeli miwa). Zalze gavrcelebulia miwisqveSa wyaroebis
siaxloveSi porovani qanis -kirqvis tufis anu travertinis warmoSoba. yvela
CamoTvlili danaleqi qanis formireba karstuli mRvimis fskerTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
da mainc karstuli mRvimeebis mSvenebas nadeni formebi warmoadgens. es formebi
mravalnairia, Tumca kirqvis karsti ZiriTadad stalaqtitebiTa da stalagmitebiT
aris cnobili. maTi warmoSoba ki Semdegnairad xdeba-zedapiridan CanaJoni wyali,
romelic naxSirorJangiT aris gamdidrebuli, aqtiurad xsnis karstvad karbonatul
qanebs da kalciumis bikarbonatiT mdidrdeba. reaqcia midis cnobili formuliT-
CaCO3+H2O+CO2Ca(HCO3)2. karstuli mRvimis Werze gamosuli aseTi wylis wveTi umal
kargavs naxSirorJangs, ris gamoc wveTis periferiebze kirqva gamoileqeba- reaqcias
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zemoT naCvenebis sapirispiro xasiaTi aqvs. wveTs meore wveTi Seenacvleba, meores
mesame da a.S. gamoleqvac grZeldeba Weridan qveviT, ris Sedegadac miiReba yinulis
lolos formis warmonaqmni (SuagulSi nasvretiT)-stalaqtiti.
igive wveTebi mRvimis fskerze dacemisas kvlav kirqvas gamoleqaven. aqac nadeni
forma Cndeba, oRond is zevidan qveviT ki ara, piriqiT, qvevidan zeviT izrdeba. es
iqneba stalagmiti. stalagmitebi unasvretoa! zogjer stalaqtiti uerTeba
stalagmits da viRebT svets.
dasasrul unda aRvniSnoT, rom karstuli procesebis codnas aqvs uaRresad didi
mniSvneloba rogorc mecnierul, ise praqtikul RirebulebaTa TvalsazrisiT.
qalaqTmSeneblobis (binaTmSeneblobis) dros yovelTvis unda gvqondes mxedvelobaSi
is garemoeba, rom karstvad qanebSi xSirad mosalodnelia fundamentis Caqcevebi.
amave mizeziT karstuli reliefi saSiSia sarkinigzo Tu saavtomobilo gzebis
mSeneblobaSi. wyalsacavebis mSeneblobisas karstul ubnebze mosalodnelia (da
amdenad angariSgasawevia) wylis danakargi. aucilebelia agreTve wiaRiseulis
mopovebis dros samTo gamonamuSevrebSi karstul wylebis movardnisagan Tavis
dazRveva da sxv.
amave dros karstma SeiZleba bevri sikeTe moutanos adamians. sxvas rom Tavi
davaneboT, karstuli mRvimeebi saukeTeso turistuli obieqtebia da amdenad
qveyanaSi turizmis ganviTarebis saukeTeso saSualebaa. es sakiTxi Zalze
mniSvnelovania bevri qveynisaTvis, maT Soris saqarTvelosaTvisac, sadac mravali
SesaniSnavi karstuli mRvimea gamovlenili (afxazeTi, imereTi da sxv.) da axal
mRvimeTa gamovlenis saukeTeso perspeqtivebia. igive mRvimeebis gadaqceva SeiZleba
bunebriv sanatoriumebad sxvadasxva daavadebaTa gankurnebis TvalsazrisiT.
miwisqveSa wylebis praqtikuli mniSvneloba; miwisqveSa wylebis dacva.
miwisqveSa wyals uaRresad didi praqtikuli Rirebuleba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT
mtknari sasmeli wyalic ki kmara. sasmeli wylis maragebi dReisaTvis msoflioSi
katastrofulad mcirdeba. aseT viTarebaSi miwisqveSa wyali umniSvnelovanesi
wiaRiseulis statuss iZens. Tu mtknar sasmel wyals mineralursac davumatebT,
romlis samkurnalo Tvisebebic sayovelTaod aRiarebulia, es statusi kidev ufro
gaizrdeba. sasmelis garda miwisqveSa wyali gamoiyeneba samelioracio
samuSaoebisaTvis (e.w.teqnikuri wyali). Termuli wylebi farTod gamoiyeneba mTel
rig qveynebSi (aSS, iaponia, ruseTi da sxv.) rogorc eleqtroenergiis wyaro, binebis
gasaTbobad, saTburebisaTvis. fiqroben, rom geoTermuli energia SeiZleba ufro
iafi aRmoCndes, vidre energiis Tanamedrove wyaroebi; Tanac ekologiurad ufro
sufTaa.
amave dros unda gaviTvaliswinoT miwisqveSa wylebis saSiSroeba hidroteqnikuri
Tu sxva tipis nagebobebis daproeqtebisas, wiaRiseuli sabadoebis damuSavebisas da
sxv.
aqve unda gvaxsovdes, rom miwisqveSa wylis maragi ulevi ar aris. amitom
sasurvelia (da aucilebelic) misi momWirneobiT xarjva. yuradReba unda mieqces
imasac, rom miwisqveSa wylis auzi ar daicalos da SeZlebisdagvarad xeli
SevuSaloT am procesis ganviTarebas.
Tavi 9. mdinari wylis geologiuri moqmedeba
mdinari wyali farTo masStabis geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs. am mxriv
gansakuTrebuli roli mdinareebs eniWebaT. Tumca unda SevniSnoT, rom mdinari
wylis geologiur moqmedebaSi sakuTriv mdinareebis garda sxvaTa muSaobac
igulisxmeba.
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mdinari wyali mxolod da mxolod dedamiwis zedapirze Camonadeni wyalia,
romelic ZiriTadad wvimisa da gamdnari Tovlis saxiT mogvevlineba. es wyali
simZimis Zalis gavleniT eSveba mTebis ferdobebze an erTiani, uwyveti afskis, an
calkeul kalapotSi moqceuli nakadulebis saxiT.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gveqneba wylis e.w. zewruli Camonadeni. advili misaxvedria,
rom ferdobze Camonaden wyals Tan moaqvs gamofituli masala, riTac garkveulad
recxavs ferdobs da erTgvarad ,,angrevs“ mas. zewruli Camonadenis amgvar qmedebas
farTobuli erozia (,,erozio“ -amoWma, mocveTa; laT.) ewodeba. sainteresoa
aRiniSnos, rom am gziT ferdobze naxevari heqtari farTobidan erozia exeba
mxolod SedarebiT wminda masalas(ZiriTadad alevriti, Tixa). ufro uxeSi masalis
qveviT gadaadgileba ki CvenTvis ukve cnobili gravitaciuli procesebiT
(gravitaciuli denudaciiT) xdeba. cxadia, farTobuli erozia miT ufro Zlieri
iqneba, rac ufro didi iqneba ferdobis daqaneba da uxvi atmosferuli naleqebi.
kargad ganviTarebuli farTobuli erozia iwvevs ferdobis mosworebas. Camotanili
masala ki Sleifis saxiT ileqeba ferdobis ZirSi da rig SemTxvevaSi cvalebadi
simZlavreebis (maqsimum aTeuli metrebi) sakmaod gamwe zols iZleva. amgvar naleqebs
deluvions (,,deluo“-Camovrecxav; laT.)uwodeben.
farTobuli eroziis gverdiT, uswormasworo reliefis SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs e.w.
xazobrivi erozia, romelic garkveul kalapotSi momdinare wylis damangrevel
moqmedebas gulisxmobs. aq imwamsve mdinaris moqmedeba Cndeba Cvens cnobierebaSi. da
es asecaa. magram mdinareTa gverdiT, romlebic mudmiv nakadebs warmoadgenen,
droebiTi nakadebic ewevian eroziul moqmedebas. droebiTi nakadebis moqmedebis
Sedegad xevebis an xramebis formireba xdeba. reliefis es formebi yvelaze kargad
viTardeba rbili qanebiT agebul ferdobebze. maRalmTiani reliefis SemTxvevaSi
droebiT nakadebs didZali masala gamoaqvT. zogjer aseTi nakadiT Seqmnili xevi
mdinaris SesarTavTan qmnis e.w. gamozidvis konusebs - konusiseburi formis (wveriT
xevaRma da fuZiT mdinaris xeobisaken) maraoseburad gaSlili naleqebis grovas,
romelsac xevis droebiTi nakadebi iZleva. aseTi forma gamotanis konusebs
miRebuli aqvs imis gamo, rom viwro da didi daqanebis mqone xevidan gamosvlisas,
mdinaris SesarTavTan axlos xevi farTovdeba, misi daqanebac ufro damreci xdeba
da Sedegad Camotanili masala maraoseburad iSleba da grovdeba. gamozidvis
konusebs mdinareebic qmnian. nakadebis mier Seqmnil gamozidvis konusebis amgeb
naleqebs, romlebic warmodgenilia faqtobrivad dauxarisxebeli klasturi
(namsxvrevi) masaliT, proluvioni (,,proluvium“ -Carecxva;laT) ewodeba.
ganviTarebis procesSi xevma (xramma) Tu gruntis wylis Semcveli horizonti
gadakveTa, maSin iq wylis modena mudmivi iqneba da Sesabamisad mdinareuli
procesebi ganviTardeba, xolo xevi(xrami) xeobad iqceva.
mdinaris geologiuri moqmedeba.
mdinare udides geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs: angrevs mTebsa da miwis reliefis
sxva dadebiT formebs, gadaaqvs mongreuli masala da Sesabamis adgilebSi leqavs
mas. amgvarad mdinare awarmoebs samgvar geologiur samuSaos: ngrevas (erozia),
gadatanasa (transporti) da daleqvas (akumulacia). rogorc cnobilia, mdinareSi
sami nawili gamoiyofa: zemo, Sua da qvemo weli. marTalia ramdenadme pirobiTad,
magram miRebulia, rom zemo welSi wamyvani procesi eroziaa(siRrmiTi, Tanac zeviT,
wyalgamyofisaken mimarTuli), Sua welSi-gadatana, xolo qvemo welSi-daleqva.
erozia. mdinaris damangrevel, eroziul moqmedebas energia sWirdeba. es energia ki
ganpirobebulia mdinareSi wylis masis odenobiT da siCqariT. sxvagvarad rom
vTqvaT, mdinaris energia wylis masisa da siCqaris funqcias warmoadgens - rac metia
masa da siCqare, miT ufro meti energiiT awarmoebs mdinare damangrevel moqmedebas.
36
ngreva warmoebs mdinariseuli ZaliTa da mis mier atacebuli Tu aTreuli
mongreuli masaliT. mdinaris agresiulobas zrdis is garemoebac, rom mdinareuli
wyali iSviaTi gamonaklisis garda moZraobs ara sworxazobrivad,
mowesrigebulad(laminarulad), aramed mouwesrigeblad (turbulentulad), rac
pirvel rigSi napirebTan da fskerTan wylis xaxuniT aris gamowveuli. wylis
turbulenturi moZraoba ki mdinaris kalapotis intensiur ngrevas iwvevs.
eroziis ori saxe arsebobs: siRrmiTi da gverdiTi. ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze
mdinare intensiurad angrevs kalapots, cdilobs mospos kalapotSi arsebuli
uswormasworobani, raTa gamoimuSaos e.w. wonasworobis profili. siRrmiTi eroziis
da saerTod mdinaris moqmedebis xasiaTs gansazRvravs eroziis bazisi anu im auzis
done, romelsac uerTdeba mdinare (mag, md. veres eroziis bazisi iqneba md. mtkvari
md. veres SesarTavTan, xolo TviT md. mtkvrisa- kaspiis zRva). eroziis bazisi aris
mdinaris mier kalapotis ngrevis umdablesi done. mdinaris mier wonasworobis
profilis gamomuSaveba xdeba ukusvliTi eroziiT. igulisxmeba, rom wonasworobis
profilis gamomuSavebiT mdinare amTavrebs Tavis eroziul moqmedebas (Tumca ara
sabolood).
ukusvliT eroziasTan dakavSirebulia metad saintereso movlena, romelsac
mdinaris motaceba ewodeba. ukusvliTi eroziis gamo mdinareebi miiweven zeviT,
wyalgamyofisaken. is mdinare, romlis eroziis bazisic ufro dablaa da kalapotis
daqanebac ufro didi, SedarebiT male miaRwevs wyalgamyofs, gadakveTs (Camoangrevs)
mas da SeierTebs wyalgamyofis meore mxares arsebul da sawinaaRmdego
mimarTulebiT moZrav meore mdinares. swored es aris mdinarismieri motaceba. Tumca
arsebobs motacebis sxva formac, e.w. gverdiTi motaceba.
wonasworobis profilis gamomuSavebisas mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto mTavar
eroziis baziss(romelzec zemoT gvqonda saubari), aramed adgilobrivsac. am
ukanasknels aCens mdinaris kalapotSi sxvadasxva adgilze arsebuli safexurebi,
Woromebi, tbebi. adgilobrivi eroziis bazisebi warmoadgenen eroziis sawyis punqts
mis zemoT (saTavisaken) mdebare mdinareuli xeobis nawilisaTvis. mdinaris
kalapotSi sxvadasxva tipis safexuris arseboba ganpirobebulia amgeb qanebSi magari
da rbili saxeobebis monacvleobiT. rogorc wesi, magari qanebi eroziis mimarT
mdgradobis gamo mdinaris kalapotSi safexurebs qmnian. amgvari safexurebis
ganviTareba zogjer CanCqeris warmoSobasac uwyobs xels-magari qanebiT agebuli
safexuridan vardnili wyali qveviT didi ZaliT angrevs kalapots. Tanac
warmoqmnili morevi Zirs uTxris magar safexurs, romelic bolos da bolos
Camoiqceva. CanCqeri amgvarad ukan daixevs da ngrevis procesi kvlav ganaxldeba.
saukeTeso magaliTs warmoadgens niagaris CanCqeri (aSS-sa da kanadis sazRvarze)
romelic mtkice dolomitebsa da maT qveS mdebare rbil Tixovan qanebSia
ganviTarebuli. rogorc varaudoben niagaris CanCqerma Tavisi arsebobis
ganmavlobaSi 12km-iT daixia ukan. daxevis tempi 1875 wlidan dRemde weliwadSi
saSualod 1-1,2 metrs Seadgens.
morevebis ganviTarebis adgilebSi, pirvel rigSi CanCqeris ZirSi wyali atacebuli
qanis namsxvrevebTan erTad kalapotSi Txris qvabulebs an Webismagvar ormoebs. aseT
ormoebs devis qvabebi an everziuli qvabebi ewodeba. devis qvabebi SeiZleba gaCndes
rogorc magar magmur (graniti, bazalti), ise SedarebiT rbil danaleq (kirqva,
Tixafiqali) qanebSi. maTi zomebi sxvadasxvaa, zogjer giganturic. magaliTad,
minesotis StatSi(aSS) teilorsfolsis CanCqerTan aris devis qvabi, romlis
diametri 6 m-ia, xolo siRrme 17 m. ganviTarebulia bazaltebSi.
gadatana(transporti). mdinaris mier masalis gadatana xdeba TreviT, ativtivebul,
an gaxsnil mdgomareobaSi. TreviT gadaitaneba msxvili qviSebi an sxvadasxva zomis
qvargvalebi, xolo ativtivebulad - SedarebiT wminda masala (wvrili qviSebi,
37
alevritebi, Tixebi), gaxsnili saxiT ki gadaitaneba karbonatebi, sulfatebi, kaJmiwa
da sxv. aRsaniSnavia, rom mTis mdinareebSi ativtivebuli masala gacilebiT aWarbebs
danarCens, Tumca TreviT didi lodebis transportirebac ki xdeba. baris mdinareebSi
yvelaze didi procenti gaxsnil masalaze modis, Tanac SedarebiT umniSvneloa
TreviT gadatanili masalis (ZiriTadad qviSebi) odenoba.
daleqva (akumulacia). daleqva mcire masStabiT mdinaris axalgazrdobis
stadiaSic ki xdeba, rodesac intensiuri siRrmiTi erozia mimdinareobs, Tumca es
procesi mniSvnelovnad Zlierdeba mdinaris mowifulobisa da gansakuTrebiT ki
siberis stadiaSi. akumulacia pirvel rigSi mdinaris qvemo welSi xdeba da yvelaze
intensiurad swored iq aris gamoxatuli. daleqili masala sxvadasxva zomisaa da
damuSavebis sxvadasxva xarisxiT xasiaTdeba. unda iTqvas, rom mdinare gansakuTrebiT
kargad amuSavebs TreviT gadatanil msxvil masalas.
mdinaris mier daleqil masalas aluviuri naleqebi an ubralod aluvioni
(,,aluvio“-monaleqi; laT.) ewodeba. mdinareuli naleqis mravali saxe arsebobs. mas
miekuTvneba mdinareuli Walis amgebi qanebi, gamotanis konusebi, terasuli naleqebi
da kidev sxva. mdinareuli naleqdagroveba gansakuTrebiT saintereso formebs iZleva
zRvasTan SesarTavSi. esaa sayovelTaod cnobili delta (saxelwodeba modis md.
nilosis SesarTavSi ganviTarebuli mdinareuli naleqebis formidan). deltis
gasaCenad ramdenime pirobaa saWiro: a)araRrma zRva, b)mdinaris mier didi
raodenobiT Semotanili masala, g)zRvis moqceva-ukuqcevisa da napirgaswvrivi
dinebebis ararseboba da d)zRvis fskeris daZirvis tempi ar unda aRematebodes
mdinareuli akumulaciis temps. deltis formireba iwyeba wyalqveSa (zRvisqveSa)
gamotanis konusebis gaCeniT, romelic zrdis procesSi TandaTan amodis xmeleTze.
deltebze SeiZleba gaCndes tbebi da Waobebi. drodadro delta SeiZleba zRvis
wyliTac daifaros. amitom delturi naleqebi uaRresad Wrelia SedgenilobiT.
wamyvani marTalia mdinareuli aluvionia, magram aq vxvdebiT agreTve zRviur, tbiur
da Waobis naleqebsac. es naleqebi erTmaneTs enacvlebian rogorc horizontulad,
ise vertikaluradac. warmoSobis pirobebis specifikurobis gamo delturi naleqe-
bisaTvis Zalze damaxasiaTebelia iribi Sreebrivoba.
deltebi sxvadasxva zomisaa. yvelaze didia mdinareebis xuanxesa da ianZis
(ianZiZiani) erToblivi delta, romlis sigrZe 1000 km-ia, xolo sigane 300-400 km.
daaxloebiT igive ganzomilebebi aqvs brahmaputrasa da gangis deltas, xolo md.
misisipis delturi naleqebis sisqe 600 m-s aWarbebs. mdinareuli deltebi umetesad
Siga zRvebis SesarTavebTan warmoiSoba. Tumca aris tbebTan dakavSirebuli deltebi.
mdinareuli xeobis ganviTareba. mdinaris xeoba faqtobrivad mxolod sakuTriv
mdinaris mier aris Seqmnili. amitom xeobis xasiaTi bevrs gveubneba TviT mdinarisa
da Sesabamisad mdinareuli procesebis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb. es ukanaskneli ki
garkveuli kanonzomierebebiT xasiaTdeba, rac adekvaturad aisaxeba mdinareuli
xeobis evoluciaSic.
mdinaris ganviTarebis sawyis stadiaze, Zlier danawevrebuli reliefis pirobebSi
Zalze didia mdinaris kalapotis daqaneba da Sesabamisad wylis siCqare. amitom am
etapze arsebiTad mxolod siRrmiT erozias aqvs adgili. xeoba ki ar ganierdeba,
aramed Rrmavdeba, misi gverdebi (ferdobebi) Zlier daqanebulia, xolo TviT xeoba
ganiv kveTSi iRebs laTinuri V-s formas. amitom aseT xeobebs vesmagvars uwodeben.
zogierTi mecnieris azriT es aris mdinaris xeobis morfologiuri axalgazrdobis
stadia.
mdinareuli xeobis ganviTarebis Semdgom etapze siRrmiT erozias cvlis gverdiTi
erozia. iwyeba xeobis gaganiereba. mdinare monacvleobiT intensiurad angrevs xan
erT, xan meore napirs da aseve monacvleobiT mongreuli napiris sapirispiro mxares
leqavs masalas. mdinaris amgvari moqmedebiT misi kalapoti iklakneba. amgvari
38
procesebis gaRrmaveba gvaZlevs meandrebs. am droisaTvis mdinares ukve kargad
ganviTarebuli Wala aqvs, xolo misi xeobis ganivi kveTi ganieri da brtyelZiraa.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mdinaris xeoba am momentSi morfologiuri simwifis stadiaSi
imyofeba. meandrirebisas mdinaris kalapotSi maryuJebi keTdeba. zogjer
wyaluxvobisas mdinarem SeiZleba meandris viwro yeli gaglijos da ufro mokle
gziT ganagrZos dineba. meandri mdinarisagan mowyvetili rCeba da mas staricas
(narionals, al. janeliZe, 1972)uwodeben.
naoWa sruqturebTan mimarTebaSi ganarCeven gamkveT da gaswvriv xeobebs. gamkveTad
iwodeba xeoba, romelic naoWis RerZis marTobulad an TiTqmis marTobulad (e.i.
gamkveTad) aris ganviTarebuli. gaswvrivi xeobis SemTxvevaSi am ukanasknelis
mimarTuleba naoWis RerZis paraleluria. arCeven antiklinur, sinklinur da
izoklinur gaswvriv xeobebs.
xeobis Zalian saintereso tips warmoadgens e.w. antecedenturi (,,antecedens“-
adrindeli; laT.) xeoba. mdinareTa xeobebi, rogorc wesi, ukve arsebul reliefze
viTardeba. antecedenturi xeoba ki gulisxmobs imas, rom mdinaris xeoba arsebobda
reliefis dadebiTi formis (naoWa struqturis an sxv.) warmoqmnamde. dadebiTi
struqturis formirebis procesSi dedamiwis qerqis azevebis tempi emTxveoda
mdinaris siRrmiTi eroziis te6mps. Sedegad ki is miviReT, rom mdinareuli xeoba
kveTs veeberTela mTas an platos, rac Cveulebrivi eroziis pirobebSi
warmoudgenelia.
mdinareTa xeobebi (yovel SemTxvevaSi xeobis didi nawili mainc) SeiZleba
riftul (grabenul) zolebSi ganviTardes. aseTia mag. md. iordanis xeoba, md. rainis
xeoba da sxv.
mdinareuli terasebis warmoSoba.
mdinaris geologiuri moqmedeba TiTqos mimarTulia reliefis mosworebisaken.
ciklis dasawyisSi siRrmuli, xolo cota mogvianebiT gverdiTi eroziis ganviTareba
iwvevs maRali reliefis ngrevas, SedarebiT dabal adgilebSi ki akumulacia, e.i.
reliefis amovseba mimdinareobs. sabolood ki reliefis TandaTan mosworeba,
peneplenizacia (,,penepleni“-TiTqmis vake; ingl.) xdeba (peneplenis ganviTarebas sxva
geodinamiuri procesebic -fitva, gravitaciuli denudacia da a.S. uwyobs xels).
peneplenizacia marTlac realuri movlenaa. Tumca mdinaris geologiuri
moqmedeba ise ar unda gavigoT, rom is kalapotis ngreviT gamoimuSavebs
wonasworobis profils da amiT amTavrebs eroziul moqmedebas. saqme isaa, rom es
procesi ganaxlebadia. SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom mdinaris mier wonasworobis
profilis gamomuSavebis Semdeg (an manamdec) eroziis bazisma qveviT daiwios, an
mdinaris saTavem zeviT aiwios. aseTi ram SeiZleba gamoiwvios miwis qerqis awev-
dawevam an wylis evstaziurma moZraobam. aseT SemTxvevaSi saTavesa da eroziis
baziss Soris simaRleTa sxvaoba da Sesabamisad mdinaris kalapotis daqaneba
gaizrdeba da mdinare ganaaxlebs (xelaxla iwyebs) eroziul moqmedebas, siRrmiTi
eroziis meSveobiT CaWris kalapots da ufro dabal hifsometriul doneze
agrZelebs ngrevas, gadatanas da daleqvas. Zveli kalapotis doneze ki rig
SemTxvevaSi met-naklebad mosworebuli adgilebi rCeba, romlebic zogjer
mdinareuli naleqebiT aris dafaruli, zigjer ki - ara. mdinaris reliefis aseT
formebs terasebi ewodeba. terasa SeiZleba erTi an ramdenime iyos. ukanasknel
SemTxvevaSi isini erTmaneTis Tavze, sxvadasxva hifsometriul doneze iqnebian
ganlagebuli. gasagebia, rom hifsometriulad yvelaze dabla mdebare terasa
asakobrivad yvelaze axalgazrda iqneba, xolo yvelaze maRla mdebare - uZvelesi.
terasebi sami geneturi tipis arsebobs: 1) eroziuli anu skulpturuli, 2)
akumulaciuri da 3) cokoluri anu eroziul-akumulaciuri.
39
eroziuli terasa faqtobrivad danaleqi aluvionis gareSea da mTeli terasa
(terasuli safexuric da beqic) dedamiwis qerqis amgebi ZiriTadi qanebiT aris
warmodgenili. mxolod alag-alag (isic terasul safexurze) Tu aRiniSneba
aluvionis arseboba. fiqroben, rom am tipis terasebis warmoSoba dakavSirebuli
unda iyos teqtonikuri moZraobiT gamowveul azevebasTan, romelic mdinareuli
xeobis ganviTarebis adreul stadias daemTxva.
akumulaciuri terasa mTlianad agebulia aluviuri naleqebiT, rac miuTiTebs
imaze, rom yoveli terasis warmoSobamde mdinareuli xeoba gadioda ganviTarebis
srul cikls mZlavri aluviuri naleqebis warmoSobamde.
cokoluri (eroziul-akumulaciuri) terasa rogorc saxelidan Cans gardamavalia
pirvel ors Soris. am tipis terasaSi terasuli safexuri da beqis zeda nawili
dafarulia aluvioniT, xolo beqis qveda nawilSi (aseve mdinaris Tanamedrove
kalapotSic) SiSvldeba ZiriTadi qanebi.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ufro meti raodenobis terasebi (7-10, zogjer metic)
mTis mdinareebs axasiaTebT, sadac ZiriTadad skulpturuli da cokoluri tipebia
ganviTarebuli. SedarebiT naklebi raodenobis (3-5) terasebi, isic umetesad
akumulaciuri, axasiaTebT baris mdinareebs. isic unda iTqvas, rom erTi da igive
mdinareuli xeobis sxvadasxva monakveTSi SeiZleba erTi asakis sxvadasxva tipis
terasa iyos ganviTarebuli.
mdinareul naleqebTan dakavSirebuli wiaRiseuli.
mdinareebi eroziuli moqmedebis Sedegad aqtiurad recxaven qanebs, arcTu iSviaTad
iseTebs, romlebic praqtikuli gamoyenebis TvalsazrisiT Zvirfas mineralebs
Seicaven. aseTi mineralebiT gamdidrebuli narecxi masaliT iqmneba aluviuri
qviSrobuli sabadoebi, pirvel rigSi iseTi mdgradi mineralebisa, rogoricaa: oqro,
platina, volframi, kasiteriti, magnetiti, granatebi, almasi da sxv. dReisaTvis
oqros msoflio mopovebis 25% qviSrobebze modis. Tanamedroves gverdiT aris Zveli,
ganamarxebuli qviSrobuli sabadoebic. saukeTeso magaliTad vitvatersrandis
(samxreT afrika) cnobili sabadoc gamodgeba, romelic am Zvirfasi metalis
mopovebis TvalsazrisiT udidesia msoflioSi.
moskovis cnobili mura naxSiris sabadoc mdinareul (deltur) naleqebTan aris
dakavSirebuli. delturi naleqebi monawileoben afSeronis naxevarkunZulis
(azerbaijani) gaz-navTob Semcvel qanebSic da sxv.
uaRresad didia TviT mdinaris geologiuri moqmedebis rogorc Teoriuli, ise
praqtikuli mniSvneloba. mdinaris moqmedebis eroziuli Tu akumulaciuri formebi
kargad migvaniSnebs ama Tu im regionis uaxles teqtonikaze. ganamarxebuli
mdinareuli naleqebis Seswavla ki naTels mohfens mocemuli regionis geologiuri
ganviTarebis istorias.
aseve didia mdinaris praqtikuli mniSvnelobac.
Tavi 10. myinvaris geologiuri moqmedeba
sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom myinvari Tovlisagan warmoiSoba. magram procesi
Tovlis yinulad, xolo am ukanasknelis myinvarad gadaqcevisa arc ise martivia.
imisaTvis, rom myinvaris yinuli miviRoT maradi Tovlia saWiro. es ukanaskneli ki
iseT adgilebSi gvxvdeba, sadac Tovlis mosvla sWarbobs mis dnobas. aseTi pirobebi
ki gulisxmobs dabal temperaturasa da uxv naleqebs (Tovlis saxiT).
teritoriulad aseTi adgilebi dakavSirebulia polarul sartylebTan da nebismier
klimatur sartyelSi arsebul maRal mTebTan.
aseT adgilebSi mosuli Tovli dasawyisSi Zalian poriani da msubuqia. SemdgomSi
mravaljeradi gaTboba-gayinviT is ,,gadakristaldeba“, marcvlovani gaxdeba da
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iqceva e.w.firnad. firnis Semdgomi gamkvrivebiT ki, rasac xels uwyobs am
ukanasknelis Tovlis axal-axali masebis qveS moqceva, myinvaris anu gletCeris
(,,gletCer“-myinvari; germ.) yinuli miiReba. yinuli moZraobas daiwyebs Tu ara,
myinvaric saxezea. moZraobis dawyebas ki xels uwyobs is garemoeba, rom didi
dawolis qveS myofi yinuli plastikuri da Sesabamisad denadi xdeba.
Tanamedrove myinvarebs xmeleTis 11% (16,2 mln km2) ukaviaT, xolo Sig daculi
yinulis masa Seadgens daaxloebiT 30 mln km3-s. myinvarebi cnobilia polarul
mxareebSi, calkeul materikebze Tu kunZulebze da TiTqmis yvela maRalmTian
zonaSi(tropikul sartyelSic ki).
Tanamedroveze ufro farTod myinvarebi gavrcelebuli iyo meoTxeul periodSi,
rodesac xmeleTis TiTqmis mesamedi yinuliT iyo dafaruli. didi meoTxeuli
gamyinvarebis saerTo farTi Seadgenda 45 mln km2-s. aRsaniSnavia, rom codna
myinvarebis geologiuri moqmedebis Sesaxeb umTavresad swored meoTxeul
gamyinvarebaze, ufro zustad ki mis Sedegebze dakvirvebiT aris miRebuli. mecnierTa
azriT meoTxeuli gamyinvareba 10 000 wlis win (pleistocenis miwuruls) dasrulda.
Tumca meoTxeuli periodi dResac grZeldeba da arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom am
gamyinvarebis Semdgomi (axali) etapi kvlav ganviTardes.
myinvarebis tipebi.
warmoSobis mixedviT myinvaris sam tips gamoyofen: 1)mTis myinvarebi, 2) zewruli
myinvarebi da 3) gardamavali(mTisZiris) myinvarebi.
mTis myinvarebs sxvanairad xeobis myinvarebs (igive alpurs) uwodeben. Tumca unda
iTqvas, rom zogi SexedulebiT xeobis myinvari karul da dakidebul myinvarebTan
erTad mTis myinvaris saxeobas warmoadgens mxolod. Cven mTisa da xeobis myinvarebs
erTmaneTis sinonimebad miviCnevT. mTis myinvarebisaTvis arsebiTia is, rom isini
gavrcelebulia maRalmTian mxareebSi (alpebi, kavkasia, pamiri, himalai da sxv.) da
rogorc wesi, mdinareul xeobebSi moedinebian. myinvari Sedgeba ori nawilisagan - 1)
kvebis are anu firnis auzi, sadac xdeba Tovlis dagroveba, Semdeg firnad da
myinvaris yinulad gadaqceva. firnis auzi mdebareobs Tovlis xazis (maradi Tovlis
qveda sazRvari) zeviT da umetes SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens tafobisebur depresias,
cicabo kldeebiT cirkiseburad SemosazRvruls sami mxridan. zogjer mas
myinvareul cirksac uwodeben. myinvaris gadineba xdeba firnis auzis Tavisufali
mxridan mdinaris xeobis mimarTulebiT; 2) sakuTriv myinvari anu myinvaris ena,
romelic firnis auzis qveviT xeobaSi arsebul yinulis masas (sxeuls) warmoadgens.
mTis myinvaris sigrZe sxvadasxvaa, zogjer aseuli kilometrebic ki. pamiris
mTebSi arsebuli fedCenkos myinvaris sigrZe 75 km-ia, yinulis maqsimaluri sisqe ki
700-800 metri.
zewruli myinvarebi Zalian did farTobzea gavrcelebuli da zogjer mTel
kontinentebsac ki moicavs (gavixsenoT antarqtida). amitom maT materikuls an
kontinentursac uwodeben. myinvarebis es tipic ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, Tumca
kvebis are aq firnis auzis saxiT ki ara, yinuliT dafaruli amaRlebuli farTo
moednis saxiTaa warmodgenili. yinulis gadineba aq TiTqmis yvela mimarTulebiT
xdeba, radialuria da ara calmxrivi, rogorc es mTis myinvarebs axasiaTebT. kvebis
are centrSia da gadinebac centridan periferiebisaken xdeba. yinulis masis didi
sisqeebic swored centrSia (xSirad aTasobiT metrebi) da TandaTan klebulobs
periferiebisaken. amiT ganpirobebulia TviT zewruli myinvaris fariseburi formac.
Tanamedrove zewruli myinvarebis klasikur tipebs warmoadgenen antarqtidisa da
grenlandiis myinvarebi.
antarqtidis yinulovani fari TiTqmis mTel kontinents moicavs. misi farTobi 13,2
mln.km2, yinulis maqsimaluri sisqe 4 km-mdea, xolo saSualo- 2 km. yinulis masebi
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okeanemde Camodis da qmnis Selfur yinuls, romelTa nawilobrivi msxvrevis Sedegad
okeaneebSi aisbergebi (yinulis mTebi) Cndeba. aisbergebi yinulis veeba mTebia,
farTobiT 50-100 km2-mde, simaRliT (wylis zeviT) 60m-mde. aisbergis sidide kargad
rom warmovidginoT ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom wylis qveS misi sxeulis daaxloebiT
7/8-ia daZiruli.
antarqtidis yinulovani safari mtknari wylis yvelaze didi rezervuaria
msoflioSi.
kunZul grenlandiis 4/5 (TiTqmis 2 mln. km2) yinuliT aris dafaruli. yinulis
forma aqac fariseburia, maqsimaluri sisqeebiT 3500 m-mde. myinvaruli faris
kideebze xSirad Cndeba ZiriTadi qanebis Sverilebi, romelTac nunatakebs uwodeben.
yinulis safarveli zRvamde ver aRwevs, amitom Selfuri yinuli ara gvaqvs. zogjer
zewruli myinvari periferiebze xeobis myinvarSi gadadis, romelTa nawili zRvamdec
aRwevs.
gardamavali tipis myinvarebi, rogorc saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs, pirvel or
dasaxelebul myinvars Soris Sualedurs gulisxmobs. myinvarebis es tipi aiRes
malaspinas myinvaridan, romelic alaskaze mdebareobs. aseTi tipis myinvaris
warmoSoba xdeba, rodesac mTis myinvarebi TiTqmis erTmaneTis paralelurad
xeobebidan mTiswina vakeze gamodian da iq erTiandebian zewruli myinvaris saxiT. aq
TiTqos saxezea xeobisa da zewruli myinvarebis kombinacia. aseT myinvarebs
mTisZiris myinvarebsac uwodeben. zogi mkvlevari gardamaval tips miakuTvnebs
agreTve myinvarebis e.w. skandinavur tips, sadac suraTi malaspinas myinvaris
sapirispiroa TiTqos - Zveli mTebis mosworebul, sustad danawevrebul
wyalgamyofze Cndeba yinulis safari, zogjer sakmaod didi farTobis (aTas
kvadratul kilometramde), saidanac yinuli gaedineba sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT ukve
calkeuli xeobis myinvarebis saxiT. skandinavuri tipis myinvarebi farTod
gavrcelebulia norvegiaSi (magaliTad myinvari iustedali) da Sua aziaSi.
skandinavuri tipisaa agreTve yinulis qudebad wodebuli formebi, romlebic
cnobilia Spicbergenze, islandiaSi da sxvagan.
myinvarebis geologiuri moqmedeba.
myinvari moZraobisas umniSvnelovanes geologiur moqmedebas awarmoebs. rogorc
zeviT aRvniSneT, myinvaris moZraoba ganpirobebulia imiT, rom maRali wnevis qveS
moqceuli yinuli plastiuri da denadi xdeba. amitom odnavi daqanebac ki sakmarisia,
rom simZimis Zalis gavleniT yinuli amoZravdes.
myinvarebis moZraobis siCqare sxvadasxvaa, iseve rogorc gansxvavebulia erTi da
imave myinvaris moZraobis siCqare droSi. saerTod ki myinvarebi dRe-RameSi erTeuli
metrebiT an kidev ufro nela gadaadgildebian. Tumca cnobilia faqtebi, rodesac es
cifrebi pirvel aseul metramde gazrdila.
cnobilia myinvarebis ukan daxevac, Tumca es ,,moZraoba“, ra Tqma unda, myinvaris
ukan svlas ki ara, frontalur nawilSi mis dnobas gulisxmobs. ufro zustad ki es
iqneba ablacia (,,ablacio“ -arTmeva; laT.)-myinvaris masis Semcireba dnobis,
aorTqlebis da meqanikuri ngrevis Sedegad. myinvarebis ukan daxevis procesic Zalze
nelia, Tumca man SeiZleba weliwadSi aseul metrebsac miaRwios.
myinvaris moZraoba gansxvavebulia mis sxvadasxva nawilSi. yvelaze swrafad
gadaadgildeba misi Sua nawili, xolo fskerTan axlos da kideebze xaxunis gamo
moZraoba ufro nelia. diferencirebuli moZraobis gamo myinvarSi Cndeba
diagonaluri napralebi. fskeris uswormasworobasTan dakavSirebiT, roca myinvari
raime zRurblze gadaivlis, Cndeba ganeduri napralebi, xolo viwro xeobidan
myinvaris SedarebiT farTo areze gamosvlisas radialur napralebs viRebT.
napralebSi cirkulirebs ablaciis Sedegad warmoSobili nakadebi, romlebic
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myinvaris SigniT Tu fskerTan axlos yinulSi xvrelebs akeTeben, cirkulireben
myinvaris zedapirze da mis qveSac da metad saintereso geologiur samuSaos
awarmoeben.
myinvaris geologiuri moqmedeba gamoixateba ngrevaSi, gadatanasa da daleqvaSi.
myinvaris damangrevel moqmedebas egzaracia (,,egzaracio“-gadaxvna; laT.) ewodeba.
SeiZleba am terminis nacvlad myinvaruli eroziac vixmaroT.
myinvari moZraobisas didi ZaliT angrevs rogorc fskers, ise gverdis qanebs.
amaSi mas didad uwyobs xels ngrevis Sedegad Setacebuli namsxvrevi masala.
egzaraciis procesSi xdeba magari qanebis zedapirebis moprialeba, dakawvra.
sayuradReboa, rom nakawrebi TiTqmis yovelTvis erTmaneTis paraleluria da
myinvaris moZraobis gaswvriv aris mimarTuli. amdenad isini myinvaris moZraobis
mimarTulebis maCveneblebic arian.
egzaraciis Sedegad xeobis myinvarebSi Zalian saintereso reliefuri formebi
Cndeba. upirveles yovlisa unda aRvniSnoT, rom egzaracia mimdinareobs myinvaris
mier dakavebul mdinareul V-s magvari ganivkveTis mqone xeobaSi, romelsac
myinvaruli erozia laTinuri U -s magvar xeobad aqcevs. amgvar myinvarul xeobas
trogi (,,trog“-varcli, gobi; laT.) ewodeba. trogi cicabo ferdebiT da TiTqmis
brtyeli ganieri fskeriT xasiaTdeba. magari da rbili qanebis morigeobis gamo
fskerze xSirad Cndeba safexurebi, romelTac rigelebi ewodeba. zeda nawilSi
cicabo ferdebs agrZelebs SedarebiT damreci, terasiseburi ferdebi, romlebic
aseve egzaraciis Sedegia da romelTac trogis mxrebi hqvia.
aseve saintereso reliefuri formebi iqmneba zewruli myinvarebis egzaraciis
drosac. myinvari moZraobisas angrevs rbil qanebs, romelTa adgilze patara
qvabulebi rCeba, xolo magar qanebs Tavze gadauvlis,moasworebs, moaprialebs, da
kawravs, ris Sedegadac viRebT e.w. verZis Sublebs. verZis Sublis myinvaris
moZraobisaken mimarTuli mxare damrecia, moprialebuli da dakawruli, meore, (wina)
mxare ki ufro mkveTrad daqanebuli, daumuSavebeli, nakawrebis gareSe. verZis
Sublebis erToblioba qmnis metad Tavisebur myinvarul landSafts - xuWuWa
kldeebs. verZis Sublebi mTis myinvarebis xeobebSic aRiniSneba.
materikuli myinvaruli eroziis dasamaxsovrebel efeqts iZleva gamofituli
masalis ,,amoxvna“ didi ubnebidan (aTasobiT kvadratuli kilometri), romlis
Sedegad gaCenil depresiebSi xSirad tbebi Cndeba.
masalis transporti da akumulacia. myinvaris mier mongreuli masala myinvaris
mierve gadaitaneba manam, vidre misi akumulacia ar moxdeba. gadatana xdeba myinvaris
zedapirzec, SigniTac da fskerzec. es masala mravalnairia, Tixis uwvrilesi
nawilakebidan udides lodebamde, daumuSavebeli da dauxarisxebelia. myinvaris mier
gadatanil da daleqil aseT masalas morenebi ewodeba. arCeven morenebis ramdenime
saxes.
xeobis myinvarebs axasiaTebs kidis anu gverdis morenebi, romlebic myinvars
gadaaqvs kideebs gaswvriv. am saxis morenebis masala trogis ferdobebze
ganviTarebuli fitviTi, gravitaciuli Tu zogi sxva procesis Sedegad Camodis
myinvaramde. myinvaris dnobis Semdeg is rCeba wagrZelebuli zvinulebis an
terasismagvari formebis saxiT. Sua moreni Cndeba ori mezobeli myinvaris
SeerTebisas maTi gverdiTi morenebis gaerTianebis Sedegad. Sua morenebsac
wagrZelebuli zvinulis saxe aqvs. Siga morenebi Cndeba myinvaris napralebSi
namsxvrevi masalis dagrovebis Sedegad. myinvaris mier fskeris ngreviT Cndeba
fskeris (fuZis) morenebi. myinvaris daboloebaze, romelsac Subls an frontsac
uwodeben, bolo (Sublis) morenebi warmoiqmneba. bolo morenis formireba
dakavSirebulia myinvaris „dgomasTan“, roca yinulis dnoba TanafardobaSia (udris)
myinvaris dinebiT motanil yinulTan. reliefSi es aris rkaliseburad win gaRunuli,
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zewruli gamyinvarebis SemTxvevaSi seriviT wagrZelebuli, formis sxeuli. sigrZeSi
SeiZleba asobiT kilometric iyos. bolo morenas gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs
myinvaris moZraobis xasaTis dasadgenad.
zewruli myinvarebisaTvis umetesad fskeris morenebia damaxasiaTebeli. aris
agreTve Siga da bolo morenebic. sxva saxis morenebi aq ar gvxvdeba. fskeris
morenebis gavrcelebis zolSi Cndeba reliefis Taviseburi formebi, romelTa Soris
drumlinebi gamoirCeva. drumlinebi warmoadgenen myinvaris moZraobis mimarTulebiT
wagrZelebul, met-naklebad mosworebul borcvis msgavs formebs, romlebic
mTlianad an nawilobriv morenuli masaliT aris agebuli. drumlinebis sigrZe
asobiT metridan 2-10km-mdea, sigane ki 100-200m-ia, xolo simaRle 25-30metri.
drumlinebi bevria baltiispireTsa da peterburgis mxareSi, romlebic meoTxeuli
gamyinvarebis gavrcelebis ares miekuTvnebian. fskeris morenebSi SeiZleba vnaxoT
qanebis veeba blokebi. zogjer aseTi blokebi gadaitaneba gamyinvarebis centridan
(magaliTad, skandinavia) asobiT kilometrze. esaa kargad cnobili moxetiale anu
eratuli lodebi (,,eratikus“ - moxetiale, gzaabneuli; laT.)
fluvioglacialuri naleqebi. zemoT ganxiluli naleqebi (morenebi da sxva)
miekuTvneba sakuTriv myinvarul anu glacialur warmonaqmnebs (,,glacialis“ -
yinulisa; laT.). maT gverdiT arsebobs naleqebi, romelTa warmoSoba myinvaruli
wyliT aris ganpirobebuli. aseT naleqebs fluvioglacialuri (,,fluvios“ -mdinare;
laT.) ewodeba. fluvioglacialuri naleqebis erTi nawili myinvaris uSualo
moqmedebis areSi warmoiSoba. es iqneba intraglacialuri naleqebi. meore nawili ki
myinvaris frontis win, mis gare zonaSi Cndeba. amas periglacialuri naleqebi hqvia.
am ori tipis naleqebs saerTo isa aqvT, rom orive maTganSi Sreebrivoba an
fenebrivoba SeimCneva. erTica da meorec iZleva metad saintereso formebs.
intraglacialuri naleqebi cnobilia ozebisa da kamebis saxiT.
ozebi mogvagoneben rkinigzis liandagis miwayrils, romlis gamweobac aTeuli
kilometrebiT izomeba, simaRle da sigane ki pirveli aTeuli metrebiT. ozebi
zogjer TiTqmis sworxazovania, zogjer ki iklakneba, ,,meandrirebs“; agebulia
umTavresad qviSiT, xvinWiTa da riyiT. ozebi materikul gamyinvarebasTanaa
dakavSirebuli. fiqroben, rom maTi genezisi myinvarul nakadebs ukavSirdeba -
nakadebis mier gadatanili masala myinvaris dnobis Semdeg zed edeba fskeris
ZiriTad qanebs an fskeris morenebs. gavrcelebulia SvedeTsa da fineTSi. cnobilia
agreTve baltiispireTSi da belorusiaSi.
kamebi aTiode metris simaRlis (zogjer metisac) cicaboferdebiani borcvebia,
met-naklebad mosworebuli TxemiT, agebulia qviSiT an ufro uxeSi masaliT, alag ki
furcela TixebiT. axasiaTebT horizontuli an diagonaluri Sreebrivoba. kamebis
genezisi TiTqos dakavSirebuli unda iyos myinvaris dnobisas formirebul tbebTan,
romlebic upiratesad bolo morenis gaswvriv Cndebian. myinvaris dnobisas tbiuri
masala Txemis saxiT Tavze edeba fskeris morenebs an ZiriTad qanebs. kamuri
reliefi gavrcelebulia kareliaSi, baltiispireTSi, dasavleT evropis Crdilo
regionebSi. rogorc fiqroben, ozebi da kamebi materikuli myinvaris dnobisas Cndeba.
myinvaris win wawevis SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, isini moispobian. ozebTan da kamebTan
erTad aRniSnaven kamur terasebsac.
periglacialuri naleqebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, myinvaris maxloblad, Sublis
morenis wina zolSi Cndeba myinvaruli wylebis moqmedebis Sedegad. myinvaridan
bevri nakaduli gamodis, romelTac myinvariswina zolSi didZali masala gamoaqvT.
masala gzadagza ileqeba- myinvaris bolo kidesTan axlos ufro uxeSi, xolo
moSorebiT ufro wminda. wminda masala, ZiriTadad qviSebi, myinvariswina kideze
sakmaod did farTze iSleba da qmnis qviSiT agebul sustad daqanebul vake
zedapirebs, romelTac zandrebi (,,zand“-qviSa; germ.) ewodeba. zandrebi upirvelesad
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zewrul gamyinvarebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, Tumca cnobilia agreTve xeobis
myinvarebis gavrcelebis zolSic. maT gansakuTrebiT didi farTobebi ekavaT
meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis dros.
periglacialur naleqebs miekuTvneba agreTve limnoglacialuri (,,limnos“- tba;
berZn.) naleqebic. myinvaris kidura zolSi, Sublis morenebis win Cndeba tbiuri
depresiebi da Semdgom tbebi metad specifikuri naleqdagrovebiT. aq sxvadasxva
zomis masalas SexvdebiT, Tumca wamyvani e.w. furcela Tixebia, romlebic
faqtobrivad warmoadgenen Ria feris wminda qviSebisa da muqi feris Tixebis Txeli
fenebis ritmul morigeobas. dadgenilia, rom qviSa-Tixis erTi ritmi (erTi wyvili)
erT astronomiul weliwads Seesabameba droSi- wminda qviSis fena ileqeba
zafxulSi, roca yinulis dnoba intensiuria da naleqdagroveba Zlieri, xolo
Tixebi ki- zamTarSi. amitom furcela Tixebs zogjer wliur Tixebsac uwodeben.
wliuri Tixebis meSveobiT SeiZleba gamoviangariSoT myinvaruli tbis absoluturi
asaki. ufro metic- myinvaris TandaTan ukandaxevisas tbiuri auzi farTovdeba
(daxevis mimarTulebiT). amas Sedegad is moyveba, rom daxevis mimarTulebiT
fenebrivi Tixebis ritmebis raodenoba TandaTan mcirdeba. es ki iZleva saSualebas
gaviangariSoT myinvaris ukandaxevis saSualowliuri tempi. amgvari gaangariSebiT
dadgenilia, rom meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis dros SvedeTSi myinvaris ukandaxevis tempi
Seadgenda 325m/wel., xolo fineTSi 260m/wel.-s.
meoTxeuli da ufro Zveli gamyinvarebebi.
Cven xSirad vaxsenebT meoTxeul gamyinvarebas, romelic arc Tu ise didi xnis win
moxda, xolo geologiuri TvalsazrisiT es sulac axali ambavia. is daaxloebiT
erTi milioni wlis win daiwyo (SeiZleba ufro adrec) da 10 000 wlis win
dasrulda. am gamyinvarebis gamocnoba arcTu ise Znelia, radganac, swored misi
siaxalgazrdavis gamo jer kidev kargad aris SemorCenili myinvaruli reliefi da
myinvaruli naleqebi (verZis Sublebi, trogebi, morenebi, eratuli lodebi da a.S.).
meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis masStabebi Zalze STambeWdavia. im dros farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli rogorc zewruli myinvarebi (centrebiT skandinaviasa da
grenlandiaSi), ise mTis (xeobis) myinvarebi. swored xeobis myinvarebis masalaze
(Sublis morenebi) dakvirvebiT dadginda, rom meoTxeul periodSi evropaSi sul
cota oTxi gamyinvareba iyo, maT Sua gamyinvarebaTSorisi (daTbobis) periodebiT. am
oTx gamyinvarebas Zvelidan axlisaken ewodeba: giuncuri, mindeluri, risuli da
viurmuli, xolo gamyinvarebaTSoris epoqebs Sesabamisad: giunc-mindeluri,
mindelur-risuli da risul-viurmuli. viurmuli gamyinvarebis Semdgomi dro
(holoceni) meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis momdevno (postglacialuri) droa. magram kidev
erTxel davsvaT kiTxva - xom ar aris es dro didi meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis kidev
erTi, viurmulis Semdgomi gamyinvarebaTSorisi epoqa, romelsac meoTxeulis axali
gamyinvareba SeiZleba mohyves?
mkvlevarTa mier dadgenilia, rom meoTxeuli gamyinvareba erTaderTi rodia
dedamiwaze. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi did gamyinvarebebs Turme
araerTxel hqonia adgili. TviT meoTxeuli gamyinvareba faqtobrivad oligocenur-
meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis erTian ciklSi Sedis.
kargad aris cnobili meoTxeulze gacilebiT adre momxdari karbonuli drois
gamyinvareba (daaxl. 335-285 mln wlis win), romelic TiTqmis mTlianad moicavda im
dros samxreT naxevarsferoSi arsebul superkontinent gondvaniss (antarqtida,
avstralia, indostani, afrika da samxreTi amerika erTad).
ufro Zvelia gvianordoviciul-siluruli gamyinvareba (460-410 mln wlis win),
romelic moicavda dasavleT afrikas, amJamindel saharis udabnos teritorias,
argentinas, bolivias da sxv. es gamyinvareba daaxloebiT 50 milion wels
grZeldeboda.
45
kidev ufro Zvelia gvianrifeul-adrevenduri (680-620 mln wlis win) gamyinvareba,
romelic erTob masStaburi iyo da faqtobrivad mTel evropasa da Crdilo amerikas
moicavda (kanada, aSS, irlandia, Sotlandia, norvegia, Crdilo urali da sxv.). es
gamyinvarebac aTeuli milioni wlebi grZeldeboda, cxadia, gamyinvarebebisa da
gamyinvarebaTSorisi epoqebis monacvleobiT.
aris monacemebi, romlebic miuTiTebs, rom TiTqos didi gamyinvareba, faqtobrivad
upirvelesi dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi, moxda adreprotero-
zoulSi, daaxloebiT 2300-2000 milioni wlis win (kanada, cimbiri, samxreT afrika,
indostani, avstralia, Crdilo evropa).
mainc rogor gamovicnobT Zvel, geologiur warsulSi momxdar gamyinvarebebs?
myinvaruli reliefiT faqtobrivad vera, radganac mas Semdeg ara erTi aseuli
milioni weli gasula da Zveli myinvaruli reliefidan TiTqmis aRaraferi
darCenila. faqtobrivad erTaderTi sabuTi myinvaruli naleqebia, romlebic
SeiZleba iTqvas ganamarxebuli morenebis anu tilitebis saxiT SemorCenila
dedamiwis qerqSi. tilitebi aris gaqvavebuli (liTificirebuli), ,,Secementebuli“
morenebi dauxarisxebeli da daumuSavebeli masaliT, moprialebuli da dakawruli
didi Tu patara namsxvrevebis CanarTebiT, Sig arcTu iSviaTad civi havis moyvaruli
mcenareuli da cxoveluri namarxi organizmebiT.
gamyinvarebis mizezebi.
mecnierebam dRemde zustad ar icis Tu ra aris gamyinvarebis mizezi. amis Taobaze
araerTi hipoTeza arsebobs, Tumca gadamwyveti pasuxi jerjerobiT ar Cans. erTi ki
unda iTqvas, rom gamyinvarebas dedamiwaze, rogorc Cans, temperaturis daweva iwvevs,
e.i. gamyinvarebis ZiriTadi mizezi klimatia. dedamiwa is ciuri sxeulia, romelic
garedan, mzis siTboTi ,,ikvebeba“. aqedan gamomdinare, gamyinvarebis nebismieri
hipoteza albaT, ZiriTadad, mzis siTbosTan unda iyos dakavSirebuli.
erT-erTi aseTi hipotezis Tanaxmad mzis radiacia icvleba (mcirdeba) mis
nislovanedebSi gavlisas, ramac SeiZleba dedamiwaze aciveba da gamyinvareba
gamoiwvios. sxva mizezi SeiZleba iyos mzesa da dedamiwas Soris manZilis
perioduli cvla da a.S.
SeiZleba sxva hipoTezac davasaxeloT, romelsac pirobiTad ,,siTburi efeqtis
hipoTeza“ vuwodoT - cnobilia, rom atmosferoSi dagrovili naxSirorJangis fena
mzidan mosul sxivebs atarebs dedamiwaze, magram dedamiwidan areklil am sxivebs
kosmosSi aRar uSvebs da ukanve dedamiwaze abrunebs. amdenad atmosferoSi CO2-is
raodenobis gazrdam dedamiwaze daTboba unda gamoiwvios da Semcirebam ki aciveba
da amgvarad SesaZloa gamyinvarebac, atmosferoSi CO2-is zrdas zogi vulkanebis
aqtivobas ukavSirebs. magram aq erT winaaRmdegobas vawydebiT - zogi mosazrebiT
vulkanuri aqtivobiT atmosferoSi asuli vulkanuri ferfli ,,aWuWyianebs“ mas, ris
gamoc mzis sxivebis didi raodenoba, romelic airekleba ferflis nawilakTa mier,
ver aRwevs dedamiwamde. gamodis, rom vulkanurma aqtivobam daTboba ki ara, aciveba
unda gamoiwvios.
Zalze sainteresoa hipoteza, romelic gamyinvarebebs mTaTa warmoSobas
ukavSirebs. mTebis warmoSoba gulisxmobs kontinentis, kerZod ki xmeleTis zrdas
okeanis xarjze. amave dros icvleba okeanuri dinebebisa da notio haeris
cirkulacia. maRal mTebSi Cndeba myinvarebi, rac garkveul gavlenas barzec axdens.
gamodis, rom mTiani sistemebis Seqmna mkveTrad cvlis reliefs, rac Tavis mxriv
acivebas iwvevs da qmnis gamyinvarebis winapirobas. sxvaTa Soris zemoT CamoTvlili
gamyinvarebebi drois TvalsazrisiT faqtobrivad pirdapir kavSirSia orogenetul
(mTaTa warmoSobis) ciklebTan-venduri baikalur ciklTan, gvianordoviciul-
siluruli - kaledonurTan, xolo karbonuli - hercinulTan. aseve mWidro kavSiria
oligocenur- meoTxeul gamyinvarebasa da alpur orogeneziss Soris.
46
Tavi 11. okeaneebis da zRvebis geologiuri moqmedeba
okeaneebsa da zRvebs Tanamedrove dedamiwis zedapiris TiTqmis 71% ukavia.
gacilebiT ufro farTo iyo maTi gavrceleba geologiur warsulSi. Tundac es
faqti migvaniSnebs imaze, Tu raoden didi unda iyos dRes da miT ufro Zvel
geologiur epoqebSi okeaneebisa da zRvebis roli Cveni planetis geologiur
ganviTarebaSi. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoria xom faqtobrivad
zRviuri danaleqi qanebiT ikiTxeba ZiriTadad.
uaRresad mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda okeaneebis fskeris Seswavlac, rac
gansakuTrebiT intensiurad mimdinareobs meoce saukunis samociani wlebidan da
romelmac faqtobrivad dasabami misca geologiur mecnierebaSi dReisaTvis
erTaderTi Teoriis - ,,filebis teqtonikis“ Seqmnas.
okeaneebis fskeris Seswavlam pirvel rigSi gviCvena is, rom es fskeri
erTgvarovani ki ar aris, rogorc adre egonaT, aramed Zalze mravalnairia da,
Sesabamisad, sakmaod rTuli morfologiiT xasiaTdeba. yuradReba mivaqcioT im
garemoebas, rom okeaniT(wyliT) dafarulia dedamiwis kontinenturi qerqis
(kontinentis) erTi nawili da mTeli okeanuri qerqi (an okeane). amgvarad, rodesac
okeanezea laparaki, unda vicodeT, rom erT SemTxvevaSi okeanuri wyali
igulisxmeba, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi dedamiwis qerqis nawili. sazRvari kontinentsa
da okeanes Soris (kontinentur da okeanur qerqs Soris) okeanis fskerze gadis.
magram sad? am kiTxvaze pasuxs mogvianebiT gavcemT. jerjerobiT ki ganvixiloT
okeanis fskeris morfologiuri erTeulebi.
11.1. okeanis fskeris reliefis formebi.
okeanur reliefSi gamoiyofa Semdegi formebi: Selfi, kontinenturi beqobi,
kontinenturi beqobis Ziri, ganapira zRvis qvabulebi, kunZulTa rkalebi, okeanuri
Rrmaobebi, abisaluri vakeebi da Suaokeanuri qedebi.
Selfi warmoadgens xmeleTis uSualo gagrZelebas okeaneSi (zRvaSi). is
faqtobrivad sustad daqanebuli (1°-is farglebSi) vakea, romlis siganec aTeuli
kilometrebidan 1000-1500 km-mde meryeobs. igi dafarulia Txeli (marCxi) zRviT,
romlis siRrme 0-dan 200m-mdea (zogjer SeiZleba 300-500 m-mdec). Selfze mdebare
zRvebs (Crdilo yinulovani okeanis zRvebi da sxv.) epikontinenturi ewodeba. Selfi
Zalzed mgrZnobiarea teqtonikuri moZraobebisadmi, amitom Selfur (epikontinentur)
zRvebSi warmoSobili qanebis Seswavla bevr mniSvnelovan cnobas gvawvdis
geologiur warsulSi am moZraobaTa Sesaxeb.
kontinenturi beqobi Selfisagan gamoyofilia Selfis kidiT, romlis qveviTac
daqaneba mkveTrad izrdeba (Cveulebriv 3-7°, zogjer 10-17°- dan, iSviaTad 20-30° –
mdec kida metic). kontinenturi beqobi mdebareobs siRrmeSi 200 m-dan 2500 m-mde, ar
aris ganieri (15-30 km), zogjer safexuriseburi reliefiT xasiaTdeba. kontinenturi
beqobis yvelaze damaxasiaTebel morfologiur elements wyalqveSa kanionebi
warmoadgens. es aris Rrma (1200 m-mde) V-s magvari xeobis msgavsi depresiebi,
romelTa warmoSoba, rogorc fiqroben simRvrivis nakadebTan unda iyos
dakavSirebuli. wyalqveS momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad Selfis kididan daiZvreba
wylis da masSi ativtivebuli wmindamarcvlovani masis narevi (simRvrivis anu
turbidituli nakadi), romelic simZimis ZaliT mieqaneba beqobze da gzadagza
awarmoebs Zlier eroziul moqmedebas. Sedegad Cndeba wyalqveSa kanioni, romelic,
rogorc wesi, Selfis kididan iwyeba da mTeli kontinenturi beqobis gavliT mis
Ziramde vrceldeba. wyalqveSa kanionebi Selfzec gvxvdeba. maTi genezisi mdinareul
eroziasTan aris dakavSirebuli.
kontinenturi beqobis Ziri warmoadgens damrec vakes, sustad talRovani
reliefiT, romelic mdebareobs 2500 -3000 metr siRrmeze zRvis zedapiridan. mas
47
gardamavali adgili ukavia kontinentur beqobsa da sakuTriv okeanis fskers
(abisaluri vake) Soris. ZiriTadad agebulia simRvrivis nakadebis (turbidituli)
naleqebiT. aris agreTve wyalqveSa mewyerebis Sedegad warmoSobili naleqebic.
naleqTa simZlavreebi zogjer kilometrebiT izomeba. kontinenturi beqobis Ziri
yvelgan ar gvxvdeba. ganviTarebulia mxolod kontinentis pasiur kideze.
Selfi, kontinenturi beqobi da misi Ziri erTad Seadgenen kontinentis wyalqveSa
(zRvisqveSa) nawils, romelsac xSir SemTxvevaSi uSualod agrZelebs sakuTriv
okeanuri fskeri. es ukanaskneli zRvis donidan 3-6 km-is siRrmeze mdebareobs da
mxolod okeanuri qerqisagan Sedgeba. masSi ori mTavari morfologiuri erTeuli
gamoiyofa: abisaluri vakeebi da Suaokeanuri qedebi.
abisaluri vakeebi. es aris okeanis fskeris yvelaze mosworebuli ubnebi, Tumca
aseTi gamoTqma ramdenadme pirobiTia, radganac maTi reliefi sakmaod
danawevrebulia. mis farglebSi gamoiyofa qvabulebi (5-6 km siRrmeebze), qedebi,
vulkanuri nagebobebi (mag., havais kunZulebi) da a.S. aqvea gaiotebi - brtyelTxemiani
vulkanuri konusebi, romelTa wverebi, rogorc fiqroben, zRviuri abraziiT aris
gadarecxili. zogi gaiotis sigane 65 km-mdea, sigrZe 280 km-mde. gaiotebi
mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdian dedamiwis qerqis moZraobis Sesaxeb _ dRes maTi
Txemebi 1000 m-dan 2000 m-mde siRrmeebze mdebareoben. zogierTi maTganis zedapirze
napovnia talRebiT damuSavebuli riynari da, rac ufro sayuradReboa, Txeli(marCxi)
zRvis moyvaruli marjnebisa da moluskebis namarxi warmomadgenlebi. es ki imaze
miuTiTebs, rom gaiotebis warmoSobis Semdeg okeanis fskeri mniSvnelovnad
daZirula. ufro metic, mopovebuli namarxi organizmebis didi nawili mianiSnebs
imaze, rom es organizmebi cxovrobdnen ekvatorTan axlo mdebare zRvebSi. dRes ki
gaiotebi am zonidan sakmaod moSorebiT aris. aq ukve TiTqos aSkaraa okeanis
fskeris horizontuli gadaadgilebac, rac Zalian kargad aixsneba liTosferuli
filebis teqtonikuri moZraobiT. okeanis fskeris daZirvis (vertikaluri
gadaadgilebis) kargi maCvenebelia agreTve atolebis arsebobac.
Suaokeanuri qedebi okeanis fskeris mniSvnelovan erTeuls warmoadgenen.
morfologiurad isini namdvil mTaTa sistemebs hgvanan, Tumca absoluturad
gansxvavdebian maTgan rogorc genezisiT, ise agebulebiT.
Suaokeanuri qedebi yvela okeaneSia cnobili. isini TiTqos qmnian erTian sistemas,
romlis saerTo sigrZe 60 aTasi kilometria. yvelaze kargad Seswavlilia
Suaatlanturi qedi, romelic laTinuri S-is magvari moxazulobisaa da
meridionalurad aris gadaWimuli daaxloebiT 11 aTas km-ze. sigane araerTi aseuli
kilometria, xolo saSualo simaRle 2000m-mde. qedis gaswvriv mis centralur
nawilSi mTel sigrZeze gasdevs grabeniseburi riftuli depresia, romlis siRrme
ramdenime kilometria, xolo sigane 25-50 km. rifti cnobilia indoeTis Suaokeanur
qedzec. Suaokeanuri qedebi gakveTilia ganeduri e.w. transformuli rRvevebiT,
romlebic qeds calkeul blokebad yofen.
Suaokeanuri qedebis zoli gamoirCeva sakmaod intensiuri miwisZvrebiTa da
vulkanizmiT, agreTve dedamiwis SigneTidan zedapirisaken momdinare maRali
siTburi nakadebiT. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom am qedebis zolSi miwis qerqis sisqe
TiTqmis nulamdea dasuli.
Suaokeanuri qedebis genezisi napralur vulkanizmTan aris dakavSirebuli.
okeanuri Rrmaobebi Suaokeanuri qedebis sapirispiro, uaryofiT struqturebs
warmoadgenen. isini ganviTarebulia okeanis da kontinentis kideze. esaa didi
siRrmis grabeniseburi depresia, romelic daaxloebiT 6000-7000 m siRrmeze iwyeba da
11000 m-mde vrceldeba (maqsimaluria 11034 m); SedarebiT viwroa (100-150km siganis),
asimetriuli-kontinentiskena cicbo (10-15°) da okeaniskena damreci (2-3°) ferdobebiT.
aRsaniSnavia is, rom okeaniskena ferdobi okeanuri qerqiTaa agebuli, xolo
48
kontinentiskena - kontinenturi da subkontinenturiT. es garemoebac migvaniSnebs
imaze, rom okeanuri Rrmaobebi kontinentisa da okeanis sazRvarzea. isic
sainteresoa, rom okeanuri Rrmaobebi yvelgan ar gvxvdeba. isini ZiriTadad wynari
okeanisa da nawilobriv indoeTis okeanisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
im zols, sadac gadasvla kontinentsa da okeanes Soris okeanuri Rrmaobebis
meSveobiT xdeba, kontinentis aqtiur kides uwodeben. kontinentis aqtiuri kidis ori
tipi arsebobs: dasavleT wynarokeanuri da aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri anu anduri.
dasavleT wynarokeanur tipSi okeanur Rrmaobs kontinentis mxridan uSualod jer
kunZulTa rkali esazRvreba, Semdeg ganapira zRvis qvabuli da bolos TviT
kontinenti (magaliTad, saxalini -oxotis zRvis qvabuli-kurilis kunZulTa rkali -
kurilia -kamCatkis Rrmaobi-wynari okeane). aRmosavleT wynarokeanur tipSi kunZulTa
rkalebi da ganapira zRvis qvabulebi ar aris da okeanuri Rrmaobi uSualo
kontaqtSia kontinentTan (magaliTad, wynari okeane - peru-Ciles okeanuri Rrmaobi -
andebis axalgazrda naoWa mTebi).
sadac okeanuri Rrmaobebi ara gvaqvs, kontinentis gadasvla okeaneSi uSualoa da
Semdegi saxe aqvs - kontinenturi beqobi-kontinenturi beqobis Ziri - okeanis fskeri
(abisaluri vake). aseTs kontinentis pasiur kides uwodeben. ramdenadac aseTi suraTi
faqtobrivad mTeli atlanturi okeanisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, mas sxvagvarad
atlanturi tipi hqvia. aqtiuri kideebi gamoirCevian intensiuri miwisZvrebiT,
vulkanizmiT, liTosferuli filebis urTierTSejaxebiT, romlis msgavsic araferi
gvaqvs pasiur kideebze.
kontinentebis aqtiuri (gansakuTrebiT) da pasiuri kideebis arseboba Zalian bevrs
gveubneba dedamiwis qerqis moZraobisa da mTebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. amitom maT
gansakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmoben.
kunZulTa rkalebi zRvidan kunZulebis saxiT amozidul mTaTa sistemebs
warmoadgenen. isini gansakuTrebiT farTod gavrcelebulia wynari okeanis dasavleT
sanapiroze (komandor-aleutis, kurilis, iaponiis da sxv.); cnobilia agreTve
indoeTis (zondis kunZulTa rkali) da atlantis (antiliisa da samxreTi antiliis)
okeaneebSi.
ganapira zRvebis qvabulebi umetesad aseve dasavleT wynarokeanur tips
ukavSirdebian (beringis, oxotis, iaponiis zRvebis qvabulebi da sxv.). am
qvabulebisaTvis formis garda, razec TviT saxelwodebac migvaniSnebs,
damaxasiaTebelia didi siRrmeebi (3-5 km), riTac isini emsgavsebian Sigakontineturi
zRvebis (xmelTaSua zRva, Savi zRva da a.S.) depresiebs da piriqiT, mkveTrad
gansxvavdebian epikontinenturi zRvebis (barencis, karis, TeTri da sxv.)
depresiebisagan.
rac Seexeba zemoT dasmul kiTxvas kontinentsa da okeanes Soris sazRvris
Taobaze, masze erTniSna pasuxis gacema arcTu iolia. savaraudod es sazRvari
kontinentis pasiuri kidis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi kontinentur beqobsa da okeanis
fskers (abisalur vakes) Soris gaivlis, xolo kontinentis aqtiuri kidis
SemTxvevaSi - okeanur Rrmaobebze.
11.2. okeanis (zRvis) wyali.
okeanis, rogorc geologiuri agentis normaluri funqcionirebisaTvis udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvs iseT faqtorebs, rogoricaa wylis marilianoba, temperatura,
gazuri reJimi, wylis moZraoba da sicocxle okeaneSi.
wylis marilianoba niSnavs masSi gaxsnili marilebis raodenobas, romelic
promileebSi izomeba (promile aris raRac nawili aTasidan, iseve, rogorc procenti
nawili asidan). okeanis, ganapira da epikontinenturi zRvebis saSualo marilianoba
Seadgens 35‰ 0/00 (promiles), rac imas niSnavs, rom 1000 gr (1 litr) wyalSi 35 gr
49
marilia gaxsnili. procentebSi es 3,5 % iqneba. es daaxloebiT 100 metri siRrmidan
aRebuli wylis monacemebia. zedapirze wyali ramdenadme gamtknarebulia
atmosferuli naleqebis, mtknari mdinareuli wylis Serevis Tu sxva mizezTa gamo.
Siga kontinentur zRvebSi marilianoba, rogorc wesi, anormulia, saSualo
okeanurze maRali an dabali. magaliTad, Sav zRvaSi (zedapirze) is 180/00‰, wiTel
zRvaSi -41-430/00 ‰. yaraboRaz golSi (kaspiis zRvis ube) – 200-300‰0/00.
okeanis (zRvis) wyali mdidaria gazebiT, romelTagan arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs
Jangbadsa da naxSirorJangs. Jangbadi zRvaSi Sedis atmosferodan; miiReba agreTve
wyalmcenareebis fotosinTezis Sedegad. garkveuli raodenobiT Jangbadi ekvatoruli
zolisaken SeaqvT polusebidan siRrmeSi gadaadgilebul civ wylebs.
naxSirorJangi Sedis atmosferodan, gamoiyofa mcenareebis sunTqvis dros, wyalSi
organuli nivTierebebis xrwnisas, wyalqveSa vulkanuri amofrqvevebis dros.
sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom naxSirorJangi kargad ixsneba civ wyalSi, amitom is
didi raodenobiTaa polarul wylebSi da nebismier ganedze arsebuli zRvebis
fskerispira wylebSi.
okeanis (zRvis) wyalSi kargad aris gamoxatuli temperaturuli zonaloba -
temperatura umaRlesia ekvatoruli wylebis zedapirze da klebulobs rogorc
polusebisaken, ise siRrmeSi. ekvatorul da tropikul sartyelebSi is Seadgens +
36-28°-s zedapirze da +2°-s fskerze, xolo maRal ganedebSi 0 - -2°-s zedapirze da -
2°-s fskerze.
11.3. sicocxle okeaneSi (zRvaSi).
okeaneebsa da zRvebSi erTob mravalferovani sicocxlea. sicocxlis es mraval-
ferovneba damokidebulia mraval faqtorze, gansakuTrebiT ki wylis temperaturasa
da marilianobaze. zogadad ufro mravalferovania sicocxle normulmarilian
(saSualomarilian) Tbil wylebSi.
cxovrebis niris mixedviT zRviur organizmebSi sami didi jgufi gamoiyofa:
neqtoni, planqtoni da benTosi. neqtoni (,,nekton“ - mcuravi, berZ.) gulisxmobs
wyalSi sxvadasxva siRrmeze aqtiurad moZrav (mcurav) organizmebs (Tevzebi, veSapebi,
Tavfexianebi da sxv.). planqtoni (,,planqton“ - moxetiale; berZ.) aseve wylis masaSi
(gansakuTrebiT zedapirTan axlo wylebSi) mcxovrebi, pasiurad moZravi, motivtive
organizmebia. ganarCeven mcenareul (fitoplanqtoni) da cxovelur (zooplanqtoni)
planqtonur organizmebs. fitoplanqtonidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT diatomeebi -
kaJis skeletis mqone erTujrediani wyalmcenareebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT kargad
xaroben SedarebiT civ wylebSi, an kidev erTujrediani, kirqvis skeletiani
mikroskopuli zomis wyalmcenareebi - kokoliToforidebi, romlebic
diatomeebisagan gansxvavebiT sacxovreblad Tbil zRvebs amjobineben. zooplanqtons
miekuTvneba erTujrediani, kirqvis skeletiani planqtonuri foraminiferebi - aseve
Tbili wylis moyvaruli, da radiolariebi - kaJis skeletiani, erTujrediani,
ZiriTadad ekvatorul zRvebSi mcxovrebi cxovelebi. zooplanqtons warmoadgens
agreTve erTob popularuli meduza.
rac Seexeba benTosur (,,benTos“ -siRrme; berZn.) organizmebs, isini cxovroben ara
wylis masaSi, aramed okeanis (zRvis) fskerze - fskeris zedapirze, an Slamian
gruntSi Cafluli Tu kldovan gruntSi ,,Camjdari“. benTosur organizmebs Soris
ganarCeven mimagrebul (marjnebi, kirqviani wyalmcenareebi, xavscxovelebi da sxv.) da
moarul (zRvis zRarbebi, zRvis varskvlavebi, moluskebi, braqiopodebi da a.S.)
formebs.
zRvis organizmebSi gamoiyofa jgufebi, romlebic met-naklebad advilad itanen
cxovrebis pirobebis (marilianoba, temperatura, siRrme da sxv.) cvalebadobas, da
jgufebi, romlebic aseT cvalebadobas ver itanen. pirvels evribionturi, xolo
50
meores stenobionturi ewodebaT (,,eurus“ - farTo, ,,steno“ viwro, ,,bios“, biontos“ -
sicocxle; berZ.).
sicocxleSi zRviuri organizmebi faqtobrivad okeanis mTel akvatorias ikaveben
sanapiro zolidan did siRrmeebamde da wylis zedapiridan fskeramde. Sesabamisad
amisa, SeiZleba gamoiyos zRvis sxvadasxva zonebi. amgvari zonaluri danawilebis
gansxvavebuli variantebi arsebobs, qvemoT moyvanilis safuZvlad ki aRebulia
a.konstantinovis mier mowodebuli sqema.
kontinentur Selfze fskers Seesabameba ori zona: litoraluri (,,litoralis“ -
napiri; laT.) anu sanapiro, romelic moicavs zvirTcemisa da moqceva-ukuqcevis
zols, da sublitoraluri, romelic litolarulidan Selfis kidemde grZeldeba.
kontinenturi beqobisa da misi Ziris farglebSi fskers Seesabameba baTialuri zona.
okeanis fskerze, abisuri vakeebis farglebSi gveqneba abisaluri zona, xolo
okeanuri Rrmaobebis fskerze - ultraabisaluri. rac Seexeba wylis masas, is
litoraluri da sublitoraluri zonebis Tavze qmnis neritul zonas (saxelwodeba
zRvis moluskis Nerita-dan modis. siRrme 0-200m). nerituli zonis gareT mdebareobs
pelaguri (,,pelagos“ - zRva; berZn.) anu gaSlili zRvis zona siRrmeebis mixedviT
Sesabamisi saxelwodebebiT: epipelaguri (siRrme 0-200m), baTipelaguri (200-3000m),
abisopelaguri (3000-6000m) da ultraabisopelaguri (>6000m-ze). zRvis saTanado
zonaSi mcxovreb cocxal organizmebsac Sesatyvisi saxeli aqvT, magaliTad,
nerituli, baTialuri, baTipelaguri formebi da a.S. ramdenadac naleqdagroveba
mxolod fskerze xdeba, am TvalsazrisiT gveqneba litoraluri, sublitoraluri,
baTialuri, abisaluri da ultraabisaluri naleqebi.
sicocxle gansakuTrebiT mdidari da mravalferovania sublitoralur da
neritul zonebSi. sxvagan es mravalferovneba klebulobs cxovrebis pirobebis
gauaresebis gamo. es gansakuTrebiT did siRmeebze SeimCneva, sadac faqtobrivad
usinaTlo garemoa Jangbadis deficitsa da dabal temperaturasTan erTad.
gamonakliss warmoadgens did siRmeebze (2000-3000m) riftul (rRvevis) zolebSi
arsebuli fskeris monakveTebi, sadac riftebidan gamomavali maRaltemperaturuli
(200-300°C) Termebis gavleniT mravalferovani fauna binadrobs (moluskebi, kiboebi,
aqtiniebi, Rrublebi da sxv.).
11.4. okeanis (zRvis) dinamika da geologiuri moqmedeba
zRvis wylis dinamikis ramdenime saxe arsebobs. esenia: zvirTcema, moqceva-ukuqceva,
atmosferuli naleqebis modenis aorTqlebasTan TanafardobiT gamowveuli moZraoba,
zedapiruli da siRrmuli dinebebi, cunami. amaTgan geologiuri procesebis
warmarTvis TvalsazrisiT wamyvani roli talRebis moqmedebaa.
zRva, msgavsad mdinaris, myinvarisa da a.S., asrulebs samgvar moqmedebas - ngrevas,
gadatanas da daleqvas.
zRvis damangrevel moqmedebas abrazia (,,abrazio“ - mofxeka, Camofxeka; laT.)
ewodeba. abrazia umTavresad talRebis meSveobiT mimdinareobs. talRebis siswrafe,
rasac abraziisTvis didi mniSvneloba aqvs, sxvadasxvaa, SeiZleba sT-Si 100 km-ic ki.
Zalze Zlieria talRis dartymis Zalac. magaliTad, Sotlandiis erT-erT qalaqSi
talRas mouglejia betonis bloki, romelic 2350 tonas iwonida. imave SotlandiaSi
Stormis dros talRam atacebuli lodebiT Suquris fanjrebi Caamtvria, romelic
100m-is simaRleze iyo. SerburSi (safrangeTi) 3m-iani, woniT 3.2 tona lodi talRam
6m-iani simaRlis kedels iqiT gadaagdo(Аллисон, Палмер, 1984).
abraziis efeqturoba pirdapir kavSirSia zvirTebis siZlieresa da sanapiro
zolis amgebi qanebis simagresTan. arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs talRebis
mimarTulebas. abraziis efeqti Zalze didia napirisadmi marTobi an TiTqmis marTobi
51
talRebis SemTxvevaSi da TiTqmis nulmde dadis iribi talRebis SemTxvevaSi,
rodesac arsebiTad mongreuli masalis gadatana da daleqva xdeba.
abraziis tempi weliwadSi aTeuli sm-dan erTeul m-mde ganisazRvreba. talRebi
advilad angrevs rbil da napralovani qanebiT agebul napirs. ngrevis procesSi
talRaTcemis ubanze qanebSi xSirad Cndeba niSa, romelic TandaTan farTovdeba.
bolos ki niSis Tavze mdebare sayrdengamoclili qanebi simZimis ZaliT Camoingreva,
napiri ki ukan ixevs. magari qanebiT agebuli cicabo napiris SemTxvevaSi amgvari
procesiT klifi warmoiqmneba. napiris ukan daxevisas win Cndeba zRvisken odnav
daqanebuli, met-naklebad mosworebuli ubani, romelsac abraziuli terasa hqvia. is
TiTqmis yovelTvis wyliT aris dafaruli. abraziuli terasis gagrZelebaze (zRvaSi)
mongreuli masalis daleqviT SeiZleba gaCndes akumulaciuri terasa. abraziuli
terasebis warmoSoba TandaTanobiT xdeba. aseve TandaTan mcirdeba talRebis
abraziuli Zalac, maTi ukve mosworebul zedapirze ,,asrialebis“ gamo. bolos,
abraziuli terasis sruli Camoyalibebis Semdeg, abrazia Sewydeba kidec. amboben,
rom zRvam am droisTvis (msgavsad mdinarisa) ukve gamoimuSava wonasworobis
profili. Tumca es sruliadac ar niSnavs imas, rom abrazia saerTod damTavrda.
SeiZleba moxdes ise, rom zRvis donem daiwios, an xmeleTma aiwios, rac Cveulebriv
ambavs warmoadgens. maSin mosworebuli, terasuli zedapiri moxvdeba zvirTcemis
aris zeviT, xolo mis qveviT kvlav ganaxldeba abraziuli moqmedeba, romelic axali
terasis warmoqmniT dagvirgvindeba. ase Cndeba zRviuri terasebi. gasagebia, rom
hifsometriulad yvelaze maRla mdebare terasa asakiT yvelaze Zveli iqneba, xolo
yvelaze dabla mdebare -yvelaze axalgazrda (aseve iyo mdinaris eroziuli
moqmedebis drosac). Tu zRvis donem, piriqiT zeviT aiwia, an xmeleTma qveviT daiwia,
maSin abraziuli terasa wyalqveS moxvdeba, xolo talRaTcemis zolSi abrazia
ganaxldeba axali terasis ganviTarebiT.
gadatana da daleqva. talRebi ki ar angreven mxolod, aramed gadaaqvT kidec
mongreuli masala. marTobi talRebis SemTxvevaSi masala jer aitaneba napirisaken,
Semdeg ki zRvisken brundeba. procesi iqamde meordeba, vidre masala ar daileqeba
sanapiro zolSi an zRvaSi. procesis mravaljeradi ganmeorebiT mongreuli masala
kargad muSavdeba, mrgvaldeba. amitomac aris, rom zRvis sanapiro zolSi TiTqmis
ver SexvdebiT daumuSavebel, kuTxed masalas. masalis gadatana zRvaSi did manZilze
xdeba. gadatanisas masalis daxarisxebac mimdinareobs - napirTan axlos ufro
msxvili da mZime masala daileqeba, napiridan moSorebiT ki - wvrili da msubuqi.
masalis napiris gaswvrivi transportireba xdeba iribi talRebis an sanapiro
gaswvrivi dinebebis meSveobiT. aseT SemTxvevaSi masala SeiZleba aseul
kilometrebze iqnes gadatanili.
roca masalis gadatanazea laparaki ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom garda TviT zRvisa,
masala sxva gziTac gadaitaneba, ufro zustad ki - Seitaneba zRvaSi. Zalian didi
raodenobis masala SeaqvT mdinareebs, agreTve myinvarebs, qars, wyalqveSa vulkanebs
(piroklastoliTebi, ZiriTadad vulkanuri ferfli). kosmosidanac ki Semodis
masala.
napiris moxazuloba araerTgvarovania. erTgvarovani da SedarebiT rbili qanebiT
agebul napirze abrazia TiTqmis Tanabrad viTardeba, ris gamoc napiri erTianad
ixevs ukan da misi moxazuloba met-naklebad sworxazovania. sxva SemTxvevaSi napiris
moxazuloba ar aris sworxazovani, alag Cndeba zRvisken waweuli Sverilebi
(koncxebi), romelTa Soris napiris Sezneqili ubnebi (ubeebi) morigeobs. koncxebi
Semdgomi abraziis obieqtia, maSin roca ubeebSi ZiriTadad masalis dagroveba midis.
zRviuri akumulaciis Sedegad mravalnairi forma warmoiqmneba. SevexoT zogierT
maTgans.
52
zRvis mier masalis marTobulad gadatanisas napirze Cndeba uxeSi masaliT
(riynari, xvinWa, qviSa) agebuli sanapiro burcobi, romelic gaswvriv miuyveba napirs.
msgavsi formisa da moxazulobis nageboba SeiZleba gaCndes napirTan axlos
zRvaSic. mas bari ewodeba. barebi agebulia xvinWiTa da qviSiT, Tumca SeiZleba sxva
masalac iyos, magaliTad, lumaSeli. baris sigrZe zogjer aseul kilometrebs
aRwevs, sigane 20-30 km-s, simaRle ramdenime aTeul metrs. baris warmoSobis
SemTxvevaSi barsa da napirs Soris Cndeba laguna (baris mier zRvas mowyvetili
nawili).
masalis napirsgaswvrivi gadatanisas, Tu is dagrovebas iwyebs koncxis an
ubralod napiris Sverilis kidesa da ubis dasawyiss Soris, koncxis kidesTan
zRvaSi Cndeba akumulaciuri forma, romelsac cela ewodeba. celebi SeiZleba ubiT
gayofili ori mezobeli koncxidan erTmaneTis mimarTulebiT ganviTardes. maTi
SeerTebis SemTxvevaSi zRvis ube gadaiketeba da kvlav laguna gaCndeba. sxva
SemTxvevaSi masalis gaswvrivi gadaadgilebis dros is SeiZleba daileqos napirsa da
mis win mdebare kunZuls Soris. sabolood miiReba akumulaciuri forma - tombolo,
romelic kunZuls aerTebs napirTan.
rogorc vxedavT, gadatana-daleqvis procesi masalis saboloo dabinavebiTa da
akumulaciuri formebis warmoSobiT mTavrdeba. magram es ar aris masalis
dabinavebis erTaderTi gza. ufro masStaburia zRvis sxvadasxva zonaSi
(litoraluridan ultraabisaluramde) ara marto abraziuli, aramed nebismieri sxva
saxis (mdinareuli, myinvaruli, vulkanuri, eoluri, kosmosuri, organogenuli,
qemogenuri) masalis daleqvac, romlis Sedegadac sabolood Sreebrivi danaleqi
qanebi warmoiSoba - klasturi, organogenuli, qemogenuri da vulkanogenuri.
davsZenT, rom danaleqi qanebis didi umetesoba swored zRvebsa da okeaneebSi Cndeba.
yovelwliurad kontinentidan okeaneSi Sedis 25 mlrd.t. masala, wyalqveSa
vulkanebidan 2 mlrd. t. am 27 mlrd.t. masalidan 80% klasturia. amas emateba kidev
biogenuri (1.8 mlrd.t). rogorc vxedavT wamyvani roli klastur qanebs ekuTvnis,
romelic abisalur zonaSic ki gvxvdeba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT baTialur da
gansakuTrebiT litoralur-sublitoralur zonebze. amave dros am masalis
zonalur ganawilebaSi garkveuli kanonzomiereba SeimCneva - litoraluridan
abisalurisaken masala sul ufro wvrilmarcvlovani xdeba da riye-kenWianidan
pelitur fraqciamde icvleba.
saerTod danaleqi qanebis didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva sublitoraluri
zona. aq gansakuTrebiT mravladaa terigenuli (klasturi) qanebi. es savsebiT
bunebrivia, radgan xmeleTi axlosaa da namsxvrevi masalac advilad aRwevs am
zonamde. bevria organogenuli (biogenuri) qanebic. esec savsebiT kanonzomieria Tu
gavixsenebT, rom zRvis am nawilSi (nerituli zona), sadac sinaTle TiTqmis yvelgan
fskeramde aRwevs, uxvad aris wyalmcenareebi (planqtonurica da benTosuric) da is
cxovelebi, romlebic am wyalmcenareebiT ikvebebian, agreTve isinic, romlebic TviT
am cxovelebs iyeneben sakvebad. mcenareTa da cxovelTa naSTebisagan ki, rogoroc
ukve viciT, SemdgomSi organogenuli (biogenuri) qanebi warmoiSoba, iseTebi,
rogoricaa qvanaxSiri, saweri carci, lumaSeli, marjniani kirqva da bevri sxva.
biogenur warmonaqmnebs miekuTvneba marjnis rifebic. rodesac marjnis rifebzea
laparaki unda gvaxsovdes, rom maT SenebaSi rifismSenebeli marjnebis garda
monawileoben kirqviani wyalmcenareebi, xavscxovelebi, krinoideebi da sxv. Tumca
umetes SemTxvevaSi wamyvani maT Soris majnebi an wyalmcenareebia. imisTvis, rom
marjnis rifebi ganviTardes, garkveuli pirobebia saWiro - Tbili wyali (+18-35°C-s
farglebSi), araRrma zRva (60-90 m-mde), normulmariliani, sufTa, JangbadiT mdidari
wyali. es umetesad sayuradReboa Tundac imitom, rom, rodesac dedamiwis qerqis
amgeb qanebSi rifogenulsac SevxvdebiT, maTi geologiuri asakis Sesabamisad
53
SesaZlebelia aRvadginoT im dros arsebuli fizikur-geografiuli garemo (Tbili,
araRrma zRva da a.S.).
marjnis rifebis sami tipi arsebobs: sanapiro, barieruli da atoli. sanapiro
rifi, rogorc saxelwodebidan Cans, napirze miuyveba xmeleTs an kunZuls.
barieruli rifi xmeleTisagan garkveuli manZiliT aris daSorebuli. maT Soris ki
lagunaa gaCenili. saukeTeso magaliTia avstraliis didi barieruli rifi, romelic
avstraliis kontinents Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT miuyveba. atoli warmoadgens marjnian
an wyalmcenareebian wriuli formis riful nagebobas, romlis SigniTac laguna
mdebareobs.
barieruli rifisa da atolis genezisis Sesaxeb metad saintereso Sexeduleba
arsebobs, romelic Carlz darvins ekuTvnis - zRvis fskeris TandaTan daZirvisas (im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu daZirvis tempi emTxveva rifis mSenebeli organizmebis zrdis temps)
sanapiro rifi TandaTan ,,Sordeba“ napirs, maT Soris Cndeba laguna da nacvlad
sanapirosi, viRebT barierul rifs. Tu es procesi kunZuls exeba, am ukanasknelis
TandaTan daZirvisas sanapiro rifidan jer barieruli rifi Cndeba, xolo procesis
gaRrmavebiT - kunZulis mTliani daZirviT - barieruli rifi atolSi gadaizrdeba.
rifuli kirqvebi sxva mxrivac aris saintereso - maRali porianobis gamo, isini
warmoadgenen navTobisa da gazis erTgvar ,,sawyobebs“, anu koleqtorebs.
baTialur zonaSi wamyvani kvlav terigenuli naleqebia, Tumca ufro wvril-
marcvlovani, vidre sublitoralurSi gvqonda. ZiriTadad esaa alevritebi, alevrit-
pelitebi da pelitebi. amaT gverdiT sakmaod farTodaa gavrcelebuli planqtonuri
erTujrediani mcenareebisa da cxovelebis niJarebiT (kirqvis, kaJis) agebuli
Slamebi. aris vulkanogenuri naleqebic. imave baTialur zonaSi, kontinenturi
beqobis ZirSi simRvrivis nakadebidan ileqeba turbiditebi. es axarisxebuli masaliT
(qveviT msxvili, xolo zeviT TandaTan ufro wvrili) agebuli fenebrivi wyebebia,
romelTa erToblioba gvaZlevs metad saintereso qans, fliSs (,,flisen“ - dineba,
germ.). gamodis rom fliSi warmoadgens turbidituli wyebebis ritmul morigeobas.
fliSi Zalze saintereso naleqTa kompleqsia im mxriv, rom is dedamiwis qerqis
ganviTarebis garkveul etapze, Tanac garkveul ubnebSi (geoteqtonikur zonebSi)
warmoiSoba. sxvadasxva geologiuri asakis fliSuri qanebi farTod aris
gavrclebuli kavkasiaSi, kerZod, saqarTveloSi.
abisalur zonaSi terigenuli masalis simciris gamo wamyvani roli organogenul
da poligenur naleqebs eniWebaT. organogenulidan baTialuri zonis msgavsad
kirqvisa da kaJis skeletiani organizmebiT (kokoliToforidebi, foraminiferebi,
diatomeebi, radiolariebi) agebuli Slamebi gvxvdeba. unda SevniSnoT, rom
kalciumis karbonati siRrmeSi mxolod 4000-4500m-mde gvxvdeba. ufro Rrmad is
ixsneba, amitom did siRrmeebze ZiriTadad kaJiani Slamebia gavrcelebuli
poligenurTan erTad.
poligenur naleqebs sxvagvarad wiTel okeanur Tixebsac uwodeben. es aris did
siRmeebze (4000-6500m) gavrcelebuli naleqebi - rTuli Sedgenilobis yavisferi
(sxvadasxva tonalobis) Tixebi, romlis masalac moicavs terigenul, organogenul,
eolur, vulkanur, kosmosur da sxva warmoSobis nawilakebs. arcTu iSviaTad masSi
zvigenis kbilebs an veSapis smenis organoebis nawilebsac pouloben. mravladaa
rkinisa da manganumis konkreciebi.
daleqvis tempi abisalur zonaSi Zalian nelia - saSualod 1 mm 1000 welSi. zRvis
fskerze naleqebis dagroveba aris danaleqi qanebis warmoSobis sawyisi stadia
(sedimentogenezisi). Semdgom stadiebze (diagenezisi, katagenezisi) xdeba masalis
Secementeba, gamtkiceba, Sreebad ganTavseba. sabolood ki namdvili danaleqi qani
Camoyalibdeba.
54
danaleqi qanebis Seswavlas uaRresad didi mniSvneloba aqvs, radganac isini
(maTSi dacul namarx organizmebTan erTad) yvelaze kargad asaxaven maTi genezisis
dros arsebul garemo pirobebs da amgvarad saSualebas gvaZleven kargad gavadevnoT
Tvali dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom danaleq
qanebTan dakavSirebulia mravalferovani wiaRiseulis umdidresi sabadoebi
(qvanaxSiri, navTobi, aluminisa da rkinis madnebi, marilebi, fosforitebi, Tixebi da
sxva.).
napirdacvis problemebi. zRvis geologiur moqmedebas rig SemTxvevaSi didi ziani
moaqvs adamianisaTvis. es pirvel rigSi sanapiro zolis mdgomareobas exeba. araerTi
SemTxvevaa cnobili, rodesac zRviur abrazias mTeli sanapiro zoli waulekavs.
arcTu iSviaTad adamianisaTvis zRvis mavne moqmedebas xels TviT adamiani uwyobs.
cnobili faqtia, rom koktebelis (yirimi) ulamazesi plaJebi TiTqmis mTlianad
gairecxa zRviuri eroziis gamo im mizeziT, rom inertuli masalis mopovebis mizniT
plaJebis maxlobeli napiridan daiwyes riynaris gatana, ris gamoc zRvas ,,sakvebi“
moaklda da daiwyo aqtiuri moqmedeba plaJebis teritoriaze. md. engurze kaSxalis
agebam gamoiwvia mdinaris mier Sav zRvaSi myari masalis Setanis mkveTri Semcireba.
amis sapasuxod zRvam SesarTavTan axlo sanapiro zolis intensiuri garecxva
daiwyo.
napirebis dacvis mizniT zogjer xelovnuri naleqdagrovebis gamowvevaa saWiro.
magaliTad, imisaTvis rom plaJi ar gairecxos napiris marTobulad zRvaSi ageben
dambebs, romlebic plaJis erT nawilSi naleqdagrovebas iwvevs. xSirad napiris
dasacavad zRvis sanapiro zolSi talRaTmWrelebs ageben. Tumca aqac swori
gaTvlaa saWiro. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba piruku efeqti miviRoT. saintereso
magaliTi -1929 wels santa-barbaras portis (kaliforniis Stati, aSS) dasacavad
talRaTmWreli aages, ramac mis win didi raodenobis qviSis dagroveba gamoiwvia.
weliwadSi saSualod 600000t ileqeboda da 1934 wlisaTvis daiwyo TviT portis
midamoebis mosilvac. portis gadarCenis mizniT xelisufleba iZulebuli gaxda
zedmeti silis gamotana daewyo.
dacviTi nagebobebis SenebiT xSirad irRveva bunebrivi naleqdagrovebis reJimi,
ris gamoc manamde mdgradi napiri iwyebs aragegmiur garecxvas, sxvagan ki
arasasurveli naleqdagroveba mimdinareobs. amitom napirdacviTi nagebobebi ise unda
aSendes, rom mas uaryofiTi Sedegebi ar mohyves.
napirdacvis problemebi mTeli seriozulobiT dgas SavizRvispira qveynebis, maT
Soris saqarTvelos winaSec.
55
endogenuri (Sigadinamiuri) procesebi
rogorc erT-erT wina TavSi aRvniSneT, endogenuri ewodeba iseT geologiur
procesebs, romelTa mamoZravebeli Zala dedamiwis SigniTaa, sakuTriv dedami-
wiseulia. aq igulisxmeba SigneTSi arsebuli energia, romlis momcemi wyaroc
SeiZleba iyos dedamiwis planetad Camoyalibebis procesSi warmoSobili, geosfe-
roebis formirebis procesSi gamoyofili, an radioaqtiuri nivTierebis daSlis
Sedegad miRebuli siTbo.
endogenur procesebs ganekuTvneba: magmatizmi, metamorfizmi, miwisZvrebi da
liTosferos teqtonikuri moZraoba.
Tavi 12. liTosferos mTavari struqturuli erTeulebi
gairkva, rom liTosfero warmoadgens geosferos im erTeuls, romelic moicavs
dedamiwis qerqsa da mantiis sul zeda nawils, anu is geosferoa, romelic
asTenosferos Tavze Zevs. iseve rogorc dedamiwis qerqi, is mTlianad (mTel
farTobze) ekvris dedamiwis Siga sferoebs. Tavisi agebulebiT liTosfero ar aris
erTgvarovani da ramdenadac es araerTgvarovneba umTavresad mis “qerqul” nawilSi
(e.i. dedamiwis qerqis farglebSi) mJRavndeba, qvemoT gamoyofili struqturuli
erTeulebi erTdroulad liTosferosic iqneba da dedamiwis qerqisac.
liTosfero (iseve rogorc dedamiwis qerqi) ori mTavari struqturuli
elementisagan SedgebAAAAAAAaA – esenia kontinentebi da okeaneebi. am or erTeuls
Soris gansxvaveba gamoixateba ara idenad morfologiur sxvaobaSi, ramdenadac
agebulebaSi, sisqesa da SedgenilobaSi. aqve, davsZenT, rom liTosferos sisqe
kontinentebze 150-200 km-ia (zogjer 400 km-ic ki), xolo okeaneebSi – 80-100 km.
12.1 okeanuri qerqi.
okeanuri qerqi, romelsac dedamiwis qerqis mTeli farTobis 56% uWiravs, Txelia
(saSualo sisqis 5-6 km-mde) da sami fenisagan Sedgeba. zevidan pirveli aris danaleqi
fena, romelic warmodgenilia Rrma zRvis naleqebiT (ZiriTadad karbonatuli da
kaJiani Slamebi, poligenuri Tixebi) da romlis simZlavre 0-dan (Suaokeanur qedebze)
10-15 km-mde (okeanis periferiebi) meryeobs.
danaleq fenas qveS uZevs bazalturi fena, romelic sxvadasxva tipis bazaltebiT
aris daxasiaTebuli. umetesi maTgani warmodgenilia baliSa lavebis (“pilou-
lavebi”) saxiT. simZlavre 1,5 km-ia.
da bolos, mesame fena, romelic okeanuri qerqis fuZes warmoadgens, ZiriTadad
daxasiaTebulia zeda nawilSi gabros tipis fuZe intruziuli qanebiT, xolo qvedaSi
– gabrosa da ultrafuZe qanebis (ultramafitebi) morigeobiT. simZlavre 5 km-ia.
okeanuri fskeris geologiuri asaki 180 milion wels ar aRemateba. yovel
SemTxvevaSi ase isazRvreba danaleqi fenis asaki. rac Seexeba momdevno or fenas,
mecnierTa azriT isinic danaleqi fenis Tanadroulni an TiTqmis Tanadroulni unda
iyvnen. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom arsebobs sxvadasxva geologiuri asakis Zveli
okeanuri qerqic, romelic fragmentulad aris SemorCenili ama Tu im regionSi da
romelTac ofiolitebs uwodeben.
okeanuri qerqi ganviTarebulia Suaokeanur qedebsa da abisalur vakeebze.
12.2. kontinenturi qerqi.
kontinenturi qerqi SedarebiT naklebi gavrcelebiT sargeblobs, ukavia miwis
zedapiris 41%. misi saSualo sisqe 35-40 km-ia., xolo maqsimaluri –75-80 km. msgavsad
okeanisa, isic sami fenisagan Sedgeba, Tumca misi samive fena mniSvnelovnad
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gansxvavdeba okeanuri qerqis Sesabamisi fenebisagan. zeda, yvelaze axalgazrda fena
aqac danaleqia, oRond ara okeanuris identuri. misi sisqe 0-dan (kontinenturi
farebi da zogi sxva struqtura) 10-20, zogjer 25 km-mde (kontinenturi platformebis
periferiebi, naoWa sistemebis mTiswina da mTaTaSua rofebi) meryeobs. am fenis amgeb
qanebSi wamyvani roli Txeli zRvis epikontinentur danaleq wyebebs ekuTvnis, Tumca
aris agreTve lagunuri, kontinenturi da zogjer baTialuri zonis naleqebic ki.
alag aRniSnaven fuZe vulkanuri qanebis ganfenebsac. danaleqi fenis amgebi qanebis
asaki farTo diapazonSi meryeobs, Tumca umetes wilad 540 milioni wlidan
meoTxeulis CaTvliT isazRvreba.
danaleq fenas qveviT (siRrmeSi) agrZelebs granit-metamorfuli fena, romelic
zedapirze kontinentur farebsa da masivebze, agreTve naoWa sistemebis RerZul
nawilebSi SiSvldeba. es fena ZiriTadad daxasiaTebulia kristaluri fiqlebiT,
gneisebiT, amfibolitebiT, granitebiT, anu magmuri da metamorfuli qanebiT
(saxelwodebac aqedan modis). am fenis sisqe maqsimaluria naoWa sistemebSi (25-30 km),
SedarebiT naklebia platformebze (15-20 km).
kontinenturi qerqis yvelaze qveS mdebare fenas Seadgens granulit-bazituri
fena. es fena Znelad misawvdomia damkvirveblebisaTvis, amitom sakmaod sustad aris
Seswavlili. rogorc fiqroben, am fenis amgebi qanebi zeda fenis qanebTan SedarebiT
ufro fuZe Sedgenilobisaa da ufro metad metamorfulic. fenis simZlavre 10-30 km-
is farglebSia.
rac Seexeba kontinenturi qerqis qveda ori fenis geologiur asaks, isic Zalian
did diapazonSi meryeobs da misi qveda sazRvari SeiZleba 4000 milion wlamdec ki
davides.
kontinenturi qerqi gavrcelebulia xmeleTze, Selfsa da kontinentur beqobze.
dedamiwis qerqis am ori umTavresi saxeobis gverdiT gamoyofen kidev maT Soris
gardamavals – subokeanur da subkontinentur qerqs. subokeanuri qerqi ZiriTadad
gvxvdeba ganapira da Siga zRvebis qvabulebSi. subkontinenturi qerqi
damaxasiaTebelia kunZulTa rkalebisaTvis da okeanuri Rrmaobebis Siga
(kontinentiskena) mxareebisaTvis.
kontinentebi da okeaneebi Tavis mxriv kidev ufro mcire erTeulebad iyofa.
kontinentebze es iqneba naoWa sartylebi anu orogenebi da kratonebi, okeaneebSi –
Suaokeanuri qedebi da abisaluri vakeebi (Talasokratonebi).
okeaneebisa da zRvebis geologiuri moqmedebis ganxilvisas (Tavi II) mokled
gvqonda saubari Suaokeanur qedebsa da abisaluri vakeebis Sesaxeb. aq davumatebT
mxolod imas, rom Tu Suaokeanuri qedebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia sakmaod aqtiuri
vulkanizmi (rogorc napraluri, ise centruli), miwisZvrebi da SigneTidan siTburi
nakadebis didi modeni, msgavsi araferi SeimCneva abisalur vakeebze, romlebic yvela
CamoTvlil movlenaTa TvalsazrisiT liTosferos uaRresad mSvidi ubnebia.
SeiZleba paraleli gavataroT kontinentis struqturebTan da vTqvaT, rom iq
aseTsave (abisaluri vakeebis msgavs) wynar ubnebs kontinenturi platfrmebi qmnian,
maSin roca naoWa sartylebi aqtiurni arian. radganac aqtiurobazea laparaki, aqve
aRvniSnoT, rom dReisaTvis teqtonikurad yvelaze aqtiur ubnebs seismurobis,
vulkanizmisa da qerqis moZraobis TvalsazrisiT kontinentebsa da okeaneebs Soris
gardamavali ubnebi – okeanuri Rrmaobebi, kunZulTa rkalebi da ganapira zRvebis
qvabulebi warmoadgenen.
kratonebi kontinentis didi struqturebia (magaliTad, aRmosavleT evropis
kratoni), romelTa agebuleba orsarTuliania – qveda struqturuli sarTuli,
romelsac kristalur fundaments uwodeben, Camoyalibebulia Zalian adre,
gvianarqeul-proterozoulSi (1650-540 mln. wlebis win). is agebulia danaoWebuli,
57
Zlier metamorfuli wyebebiT, romlebic gakveTilia magmuri intruzivebiT,
umTavresad granitebiT.
kristaluri fundamentis gadarecxil zedapirze uTanxmod devs zeda
struqturuli sarTuli, romelsac danaleq safars uwodeben. es aris horizontuli
an subhorizontuli Sreebrivobis mqone, ZiriTadad Txeli (marCxi) zRvis qanebiT
agebul wyebaTa kompleqsi, Tumca masSi arcTu iSviaTia lagunuri da kontinenturi
qanebic. gamonaklisis saxiT gvxvdeba vulkanuri warmonaqmnebic (trapebi). danaleqi
safaris asaki ZiriTadad fanerozoulia.
kratoni ori nawilisagan Sedgeba, erT nawils, romelic mxolod qveda
struqturuli sarTuliT, anu kristaluri fundamentiT aris warmodgenili, fari
ewodeba. xolo meore wils, orsarTulians, anu iseTs, romelic zemoT aRvwereT,
baqani hqvia. aqedan gamomdinare kratonis formula aseTi iqneba – kratoni = fari +
baqani (sur. 12.1). amis konkretuli magaliTia aRmosavleT evropis kratoni, romelic
baltiis da ukrainis farebisa da ruseTis baqnisagan Sedgeba.
axla ramdenime sityva im struqturis sxva saxelwodebebis Sesaxeb, romelsac
kratoni vuwodeT. yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi Semaval qvenebSi kratonis nacvlad
dResac platforma ixmareba. Cveni azriT, termini “platforma” zustad ver asaxavs
mis kratoniseul Sinaarss. es termini frangulidan modis da sityvasityviT brtyel,
mosworebul zedapirs gulisxmobs, anu Sinaarsobrivad baqans. baqani ki, rogorc
viciT, kratonis erTi nawilia mxolod. Tanac is nawili, romelic marTla
,,brtyelia”, radganac baqnebi, rogorc wesi, vake reliefiT xasiaTdebian (ruseTis
baqans, magaliTad, geomorfologiuri terminologiiT aRmosavleT evropis vake
hqvia). rac Seexeba farebs, isini sulac ar gamoirCevian vake reliefiT.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare mizanSewonilad migvaCnia, rom ,,platformis” nacvlad
vixmaroT termini ,,kratoni”, rogorc amas yofil ssrk-Si Semavali qveynebis garda,
ucxoeTis yvela qveanaSi xmaroben (magaliTisaTvis ara ,,aRmosavleT evropis
platforma, aramed ,,aRmosavleT evropis kratoni”). es termini (,,krato” – Zala,
simagre, berZn.) SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs mis Sinaarssac, ramdenadac kratonebi
kontinentebis geologiur warsulSi gamtkicebul ubnebs warmoadgenen (igulisxmeba
kristaluri fundamenti). am termins kargad exmianeba okeanis analogiuri
struqturis – abisaluri vakis meorenairi saxelwodeba – Talasokratoni (,,Talasa”
– zRva, berZn.). imave ucxouri terminologiiT savsebiT samarTlianad ,,platforma”
baqnad xsenebul struqturas hqvia.
qarTvel mkvlevarTa erTi nawili ,,platformis” nacvlad “baqans” xmarobs Semdegi
formuliT – baqani = fari (an Txemi) + filaqani. aqac aSkaraa, rom baqani Tavis
adgilze ar zis (sxvaTa Soris arc ,,filaqani”).
qarTul samecniero literaturaSi terminebi “fari” da “baqani” al.janeliZem
Semoitana da maT savsebiT swori adgili miuCina (al.janeliZe, 1963). magram
al.janeliZe TviTon ar iyo kmayofili am ori terminis gamaerTianebeli saerTo
saxeliT – “kontinenturi fari” (farTo gagebiT), Tumca misi Semcvleli sxva termini
samwuxarod ar moucia.
yvelaferi zemoTqmulis gaTvaliswinebiT “formula” sabolood aseTi iqneba –
kratoni = fari + baqani (platforma).
rogorc davinaxeT, kratoni iseTi struqturaa, romlis kristaluri fundamentis
asaki arqeul-proterozoulia. aris sxva struqturebi, e.w. “axalgazrda
platformebi”, romelTa kristaluri fundamentis asakic proterozoulze
gacilebiT ufro axalgazrdaa. am struqturebs kratonisagan asakis garda kidev ori
Tviseba gamoarCevs – jer erTi, maT TiTqmis arasodes aqvT farebi da mxolod
baqnuri nawiliT arian warmodgenili. da meorec, es struqturebi yovelTvis naoWa
sartylebis farglebSia ganviTarebuli. da kidev, isini kristaluri fundamentis
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susti metamorfizmiT xasiaTdebian. sxvagvarad maT SeiZleba ,,axalgazrda baqnebi”
ewodoT. aseTi iqneba, vTqvaT, skviTuri baqani (platforma) yirim-kavkasiaSi.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, farebis gavrcelebis zolSi zedapirze kristaluri
fundamentia gaSiSvlebuli, xolo baqnebis zolSi is daZirulia sxvadasxva siRrmeze
da zevidan danaleqi safariT aris gadafaruli. safaris sisqe 0-dan 20-25 km-mde
meryeobs. danaleq safarSi sxvadasxva saxis struqturebia ganviTarebuli,
romelTagan rangiT umaRlesi sineklizebi da anteklizebia. sinekliza didi, TiTqmis
brtyeli izometruli an wagrZelebuli formis depresiaa, romlis qveSac
kristaluri fundamenti Rrmad, 2000 m-ze metad aris daZiruli, xolo Sreebis
daqaneba centriskenulia (centriklinuri). antekliza aseve didi, izometrul-
wagrZelebuli formis TaRiseburi struqturaa, qanebis periklinuri daqanebiT,
SedarebiT amoweuli kristaluri fundamentiT da Sesabamisad Txeli danaleqi
safariT (0-dan 2000 m-mde). SevniSnavT, rom SreTa daqanebas sineklizebsa da
anteklizebSi ramdenadme pirobiTi xasiaTi aqvs, radganac is (zogi momentis
gamoricxviT) sul raRac 1°-is farglebSia.
dReisaTvis cnobili kratonebia: Crdilo amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, cimbiris,
CineT-koreis, samxreT amerikis, afrikis (an afrika-arabeTis), indoeTis, avstraliis
da antarqtidis (sur. 12.2).
naoWa sartylebi anu orogenebi. naoWa sartylebi kontinentis is nawilebia, sadac
fanerozoulSi mTebis warmoSoba momxdara. swored amitom maT meore saxelic aqvT –
,,orogenebi”. es aris kratonebs Soris gamavali, mraval aTas kilometrze
gadaWimuli sakmaod didi siganis (1000 km-mde) struqturebi, romlebic zogan
erTmaneTs uerTdebian kidec. dReisaTvis cnobilia xuTi naoWa sartyeli:
wynarokeanuri, Crdilo atlanturi, ural-oxotis, xmelTaSuazRviuri, arqtikuli. am
struqturebidan oTxi kontinentTSorisia, xolo wynarokeanuri ki kiduraa, gadis
wynari okeanisa da kontinentebis kideebze. mas Cveulebriv or nawilad yofen:
dasavleT wynarokeanuri, romelic evraziis aRmosavleT sanapiros miuyveba, da
aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri, romelic Crdilo da samxreT amerikis kontinentebis
dasavleT kides gasdevs (sur. 12.2.).
naoWa sartlebi rTuli, araerTgvarovani agebulebisaa, xasiaTdeba maRalmTiani
reliefiT da es arc aris gasakviri, radganac isini ZiriTadad axalgazrda naoWa
sistemebis erTianobas warmoadgenen. magaliTad, xmelTaSuazRviur naoWa sartyelSi,
romelic karibis zRvidan samxreT CineTis zRvamde vrceldeba, Sedis pireneebi,
alpebi, karpatebi, kavkasia, himalai da sxv. aqvea axalgazrda baqnebic – dasavleTi
evropis, skviTuri, Turanis.
naoWa sartylebSi gamoyofen ufro mcire erTeulebs, naoWa sistemebs. isini
erTmaneTisagan mTaTaSua olqebiT aris ganmxoloebuli (magaliTad, kavkasionis da
mcire kavkasionis naoWa sistemebi erTmaneTisagan amierkavkasiis mTaTaSueTiT an
mikrokontinentiT aris gamoyofili).
naoWa sartylebi xasiaTdeba qerqis maqsimaluri sisqeebiT (50-85 km), danaleqi
safaris Zlieri dislokaciiT (naoWa, wyvetiTi), naoWa sistemaTa centralur
nawilebSi magmuri da metamorfuli qanebis farTo gavrcelebiT, Zlier
danawevrebuli reliefiT.
Tanamedrove SexedulebebiT naoWa sartylebis CamoYyalibeba-ganviTareba
kontinentebis aqtiur kideebze xdeba.
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Tavi 13. liTosferos teqtonikuri moZraoba
teqtonikuri moZraoba liTosferos struqturis Secvlas gulisxmobs. am moZraobis
erT-erTi, Tumca ara erTaderTi Sedegi axalgazrda mTaTa sistemebis, ufro vrclad
ki kontinentebis erT-erTi umTavresi elementis - naoWa sartylebis - Camoyalibebaa.
rogor warmoiSoba mTebi? es problema yovelTvis did interess iwvevda. amitomac
ar aris gasakviri, rom dReisTvis mTebis warmoSobis araerTi hipoTezaa cnobili,
romlebic faqtobrivad XVIII-XX saukuneebSi gaCnda. davasaxeloT zogierTi maTgani
- vulkanuri, igive azevebis (a.humboldti, l.fon buxi), kontraqciuli (e. debomoni),
pulsaciuri anu oscilaciuri (haarmani), qerqsqveSa dinebebis (o.ampfereri),
materikebis dreifis (a.vegeneri). yvela orogenetul (,,oros“ mTa, ,,genezis“ -
warmoSoba; berZn.) hipoTezas sxva naklTan erTad erTi saerTo nakli gaaCndaT -
isini damakmayofileblad ver xsnidnen mTebis warmoSobis uaRresad rTul sakiTxs.
13.1.filebis tetqonika.
me-20 saukunis samociani wlebis miwuruls sxvadasxva qveynis mecnierTa (geologTa
da geofizikosTa) rudunebiT Camoyalibda metad saitereso koncefcia, romelic
imdenad dasabuTebulad da damajereblad xsnis liTosferos moZraobis metad rTul
sakiTxebs, rom geologiuri Teoriis rangi daimsaxura. am Teorias dasawyisSi ,,axali
globaluri teqtonika“, cota mogvianebiT ki ,,filebis teqtonika“ ewoda.
vidre ,,filebis teqtonikis“ arss SevexebodeT, mokled gavecnoT a.vegeneris
,,materikebis dreifis“ hipoTezas, romelic safuZvlad daedo axal Teorias.
aRsaniSnavia, rom yvela sxva hipoTeza liTosferos an miwis qerqis Semadgeneli
nawilebis umniSvnelo gadaadgilebas Tu aRiarebda. maSin rodesac vegeneris
hipoTezis dedaarsi, rogorc amas saxelwodebac gviCvenebs, dedamiwis qerqis msxvili
struqturuli erTeulebis masStabur moZraobaze miuTiTebs, amitomac vegeneris es
Sexeduleba mobilizmis (,,mobil“ moZravi; frang.) saxeliTaa cnobili, winaaRmdeg
yvela sxva danarCen avtorTa fiqsizmisa (,,fiqsus“-myari, ucvleli; laT.).
a.vegeneris hipoTeza ramdenime mniSvnelovan faqts eyrdnoboda: 1) kontinetebis
moxazulobis msgavseba. es pirvel rigSi exeboda samxreT amerikasa da afrikas.
marTlac imdenad didia msgavseba samxreT amerikis aRmosavleTi da afrikis
dasavleTi kideebis moxazulobaSi, rom miaxlovebisas es ori kontinenti erTmaneTSi
kargad ,,jdeba“. aseve kargad “jdeba” erTmaneTSi Crdilo amerika, grelandia da
Crdilo-dasavleTi evropa da a.S. gamodis rom geologiur warsulSi
(gvianpaleozursa da triasulSi) dedamiwaze yofila erTiani kontinenti, romelsac
a.vegenerma pangea uwoda da romelic misive azriT iurul periodSi calkeul
kontinentebad daiyo (sur. 13.1); 2) pangeas arsebobaze miuTiTebda is faqtic, rom
samxreT naxevarsferos materikebze (samxreTi amerika, afrika, avstralia,
antarqtida) da indoeTSi napovni iyo gvianpaleozouri asakis faqtobrivad erTnairi
xmeleTis fauna da flora (mtknari wylis Tevzebi, amfibiebi, qvewarmavlebi da
gansakuTrebiT e.w. ,,glosopterisis flora“), cxadia namarxebis saxiT. xmeleTis
organizmebis amgvari gavrceleba erTiani kontinentis pirobebSi iqneboda mxolod
SesaZlebeli, dRevandelobis msgavs pirobebSi maT migracias kontinentidan
kontinentze sxva rom ara, ori okeane (atlantis da indoeTis) aRudgeboda win; 3)
samxreT amerikaSi, afrikaSi, indoeTsa da avstraliaSi napovni iyo myinvaruli
warmoSobis qanebi gvianpaleozour-triasuli asakisa, rac samxreT naxevarsferoSi im
60
periodSi arsebul Zlier zewrul gamyinvarebaze miuTiTebda (zewruli gamyinvareba
ki swored did kontinentebze viTardeba. antarqtidisa da grelandiis dRevandeli
zewruli myinvarebi didi meoTxeuli gamyinvarebis narCenebia mxolod). aqedan
gamomdinare es zewruli gamyinvarebac erTian kontinentze unda momxdariyo;
4)kontinentebis qveS granituli fenaa, okeaneebis qveS ki bazalturi. ra mouvida
okeaneebis qveS arsebul granitul fenas? is ver CaiZireboda okeanur qerqSi
(fenaSi), radganac ufro msubuqia. gamodis, rom gadaadgilda. saboloo daskvna ki
aseTi iyo -- gvianpaleozourSi arsebobda erTiani kontinenti pangea, romelic
Semdgom calkeul kontinentebad daiyo. kontinentTa erTi nawili (Crdilo da
samxreT amerika) ,,gacurda“ simatur (bazaltur) qerqze dasavleTi mimarTulebiT.
moZraobisas maT wina (frontalur) nawilSi, granitul da bazaltur qerqs Soris
warmoSobili didi winaaRmdegobis gamo, gaCnda naoWa mTebi kordilierebisa da
andebis saxiT. radganac aseTi winaaRmdegoba ar iyo kontinentis ,,gaxleCvis“ zolSi
(atlanturi okeanis orive sanapiro), iq mTebi ar warmoSobila.
amgvarad gaCnda erTob gonebamaxviluri Sexeduleba kontinentebis dreifis
Sesaxeb.
a.vegeneris metad saintereso hipoTezis naklovan mxareebze arafers vityviT.
mxolod aRvniSnavT, rom Znelia moiZebnos is Zala, romelic SeZlebda dedamiwis
myari sialuri (granituli) qerqis aseve myar simatur (bazaltur) qerqze aTaseul
kilometrebze gadaadgilebas.
,,filebis teqtonikis“ avtorebma SesaniSnavad gamoiyenes vegeneriseuli monacemebi.
magram es xom sakmarisi ar iyo. amitom maT am vegeneriseul faqtebs sxva axali da
amave dros mniSvnelovani monacemebi daumates, romlebmac ganapirobes kidec axali
Teoriis Seqmna.
ras gulisxmobs es axali monacemebi? rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, me-20 saukunis
ormocdaaTiani wlebis miwurulsa da samociani wlebis dasawyisSi daiwyo okeanis
fskeris intensiuri Seswavla, romelmac bevri axali codna SesZina mecnierebas. am
codnas sxva monacemebic daemata. sabolood ki vegeneriseuli hipoTezis saZirkvelze
axali Teoria dafuZnda. SevexoT am axali monacemebidan umTavress - 1) Cven
liTosferos aRviqvamdiT rogorc erTian sxeuls. sinamdvileSi ki is calkeuli
nawilebis, filebisagan agebuli aRmoCnda. dReisaTvis cnobilia Svidi didi da
daaxloebiT amdenive mcire fila. davasaxelebT mxolod did filebs: Crdilo
amerikis, evraziis, samxreT amerikis, afrikis (zogjer amboben afrika-arabeTis),
avstraliis (indostan-avstraliis), antarqtikis da wynari okeanis. filaTa umetesoba
erTdroulad moicavs rogorc okeanur, ise kontinentur qerqs (magaliTad, evraziis,
afrikis), zogi ki – mxolod okeanur qerqs (magaliTad, wynari okeanis) (sur. 12.2).
filebs Soris sazRvari dgindeba miwisZvrebis intensivobis mixedviT. gairkva, rom
miwisZvris epicentrebi didi raodenobiT swored filaTa sazRvarze iyris Tavs,
maSin roca filebis Siga nawilebi faqtobrivad aseismurni arian. filebs Soris sami
tipis sazRvars gamoyofen: divergentuls, konvergentulsa da transformuls.
divergentuli (,,divergencia“ - dacileba; laT.) sazRvari gulisxmobs filebis
erTmaneTis sapirispirod gadaadgilebas, konvergentuli (,,konvergere“ - miaxloeba,
erTmaneTTan Seyra; laT.), piriqiT, erTmaneTisaken, xolo transformuli - erTi
filis meoris gaswvriv gadaadgilebas vertikaluri rRvevis zolSi; 2) aRmoCenil
iqna Suaokeanuri qedebi, romlebic filebis divergentuli sazRvrebis zolSia
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ganviTarebuli, da maTi marTobulad mkveTi transformuli rRvevebi. amasTanave
oTxive okeanis Suaokeanuri qedebi faqtobrivad erTian sistemas qmnian (sur. 13.2); 3)
okeanuri qerqi rogorc SedgenilobiT, ise sisqiT mkveTrad gansxvavdeba
kontinenturisagan. Tanac uaRresad sagulisxmoa isic, rom okeanuri qerqis danaleqi
safaris sisqeebi matulobs Suaokeanuri qedebidan (sadac nulis tolia) okeanis
periferiebisaken. da rac mTavaria, amave mimarTulebiT izrdeba (Zveldeba) misi
geologiuri asakic, romelic Tanamedrovedan 180 milion wlamde midis; 4) uaRresad
mniSnelovani iyo asTenosferos aRmoCena. asTenosfero xom plastiur sferos
warmoadgens. amdenad SedarebiT advili xdeba imis warmodgena, rom garkveuli
Zlebis arsebobis SemTxvavaSi myari liTosfero SesaZlebelia gadaadgildes mis
qveS mdebare plastiur asTenosferoze; 5)aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo
paleomagnetizmis aRmoCenac. saqme imaSiaa, rom dedamiwis qerqis amgebi mineral
magnetitis Semcveli zogierTi qani (magaliTad, bazalti) warmoSobisas damagnitebas
ganicdis ise, rom misi magnituri velis mimarTuleba im dros arsebuli magnituri
meridianis paraleluria. qani aseT damagnitebas arsebobis bolomde inarCunebs. aseT
qanSi paleomagneturi meTodebiT isazRvreba rogorc misi warmoSobis adgili
(geografiuli ganedi), ise misi pirvandeli ganlageba. amgvarad SeiZleba gavigoT
qanis paleoganedi da gavzomoT kuTxe, romliTac Sebrunda droTa ganmavlobaSi
damagnitebuli qaniT agebuli kontinenti (liTosferuli fila). da ai, armoCnda, rom
sxvadasxva kontinentze arsebuli erTi da imave asakis amgvari qanebi gansxvavebuli
mimarTulebis magnitur velebs aCveneben, rac warmoudgenelia, radgan gamodis, rom
yvela kontinentis qans sakuTari magnituri polusi hqonia. dedamiwa ki am
TvalsazrisiT bipolarulia. xolo paleomagnituri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT
kontinentebis gadaadgilebisa da maTi saTanado kuTxiT Sebrunebis SemTxvevaSi
damagnitebul qanTa velebi erTmaneTs daemTxveva. sruliad aSkaraa, rom
paleomagnetizmi calsaxad miuTiTebs kontinentebis, an rac am SemTxvevaSi igivea,
liTosferuli filebis moZraobaze. amgvari gaangariSebiT cnobili gaxda, rom
indostani, romelic gvian paleozourSi afrikis samxreTi nawilis aRmosavleTiT
mdebareobda, CrdiloeTisaken daaxloebiT 8000 km-ze gadaadgilda.
amgvarad, liTosferuli filebis, an SeiZleba vTqvaT, kontinentebis moZraoba eWvs
ar unda iwvevdes. sxvaTa Soris, superkontinentis daSlasa da misi calkeuli
nawilebis dreifze (am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad zemoT xsenebuli samxreT
naxevarsferos kontinentebi igulisxmeba) miuTiTebs is faqtic, rom iuruli
periodidan moyolebuli maTi xmeleTis fauna da flora erTmaneTisagan ukve
aSkarad gansxvavebulia. vfiqrobT, rom filebis moZraobas adasturebs kidev erTi
uaRresad saintereso faqti - rogorc cnobilia rifis mSenebeli marjnebi Tbili
zRvis moyvaruli formebia. dReisaTvis isini Crdilo da samxreTi ganedebis 30° -mde
vrceldebian mxolod, ufro maRal ganedebSi ki aRar gvxvdebian. Zveli geologiuri
asakis marjnis rifebi ki cnobilia gacilebiT ufro maRal ganedebze, polaruli
wris iqiTac ki (kanadis Crdilo raionebsa da grenlandiaSi). Tu ara kontinentebis
dreifi, cota Znelia rifis mSenebeli marjnebis ,,civ qveynebSi“ gansaxlebis
warmodgena. liTosferuli filebis moZraoba kosmosuri geodeziiTac dasabuTda.
da bolos, saTqmeli darCa umTavresi - Tu rogor esmiT axali Teoriis avtorebs
liTosferuli filebis moZraoba.
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axali TeoriiT kontinentur qerqze xdeba riftis Casaxva, romelic sabolood
kontinents orad gayofs. riftul zolSi mantiidan zedapirze amodis magmuri
masala, romlis gacivebiTac Suaokeanuri qedebis saxiT axali (axalgazrda)
okeanuri qerqis formireba xdeba. iwyeba spredingi (,,spredingi“ - gaWimva, gafarToeba;
ingl.), romlis meSveobiTac okeanuri qerqi Suaokeanuri qedebis zolidan okeanis
periferiebisaken erTmaneTis sapirispiro mimarTulebiT gadaadgildeba (gavixsenoT,
rom riftis gaCenisa da spredingis dawyebis Semdeg es aris liTosferul
filaTaSorisi divergentuli sazRvari Tu zoli). okeanuri qerqi periferiebisaken
miiwevs, Suaokeanuri qedis zolSi ki sul axali da axali qerqi Cndeba. okeanuri
qerqis gadaadgilebis tempi sxvadasxvaa da zogadad ganisazRvreba erTeuli
santimetrebiT weliwadSi.
Semxvedri moZraobis mqone filasTan Sejaxebisas, filaTa konvergentul
sazrvarze, romelic yovelTvis okeanuri RrmaobiT aris gamoxatuli, okeanuri qerqi,
rogorc ufro mZime, Semxvedri kontinenturi qerqis qveS iZireba. es xdeba e.w.
subduqciis zonaSi (sur. 13.3). rogorc vxedavT, okeanuri qerqi mudmiv ganaxlebas
ganicdis - warmoiSoba Suaokeanuri qedebis (spredingis) zolSi da ispoba okeanuri
Rrmaobebis (subduqciis) zonaSi. swored amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom okeaneTa
Soris uZvelesis - wynari okeanis fskeris amgebi qanebis geologiuri asaki iurulze
Zveli (daaxl. 180 mln.w.) ar aris. Sejaxebisas okeanuri qerqis zeda nawili SeiZleba
Tavze gadaevlos kontinentur qerqs. aseT movlenas obduqcias uwodeben. Tu
erTmaneTs ori kontinenturi fila Seejaxa, gveqneba kolizia. yvela SemTxvevaSi
Sejaxebis Sedegad Zlieri danaoWeba xdeba, Tanmyoli Zlieri metamorfizmiTa da
magmatizmiT. Sedegad ki axalgazrda mTaTa sistemebi warmoiqmneba.
ra warmoadgens liTosferuli filebis gadaadgilebisaTvis saWiro energiis
wyaros? unda iTqvas, rom es sakiTxi filebis teqtonikis Teoriis yvelaze susti
adgilia. TiTqos dadgenilia, rom mTel mantiaSi (asTenosferos CaTvliT)
konveqciuri dinebebia. maTi meSveobiT aRmavali siTburi nakadi Suaokeanuri qedebis
riftul zonebSi asTenosferos zeda sazRvarze adis, Semdeg horizontalurad
gaedineba filebis konvergentul sazRvaramde da gacivebuli da damZimebuli
subduqciis zonis qveviT, SigneTisaken eSveba. amgvari moZraobisas siTburi nakadi
Suaokeanuri qedis zonidan Tan waitacebs liTosferos (konveieris lentis msgavsad),
romelsac CaZiravs kidec subduqciis zonaSi.
rogorc fiqroben dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi liTosferuli
filebis teqtonikuri moZraoba gvianproterozoulidan (daaxloebiT 1500 mln.
wlidan) iwyeba.
,,cxeli laqebi“. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom liTosferuli filebis Siga ubnebi
aseismuria. es marTlac asea, Tumca sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom sxva geologiuri
procesebis mimarT (rogoricaa dislokaciebi, magmatizmi) es ubnebi absoluturad
inertuli iyos. amasTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba davasaxeloT centruli vulkanizmis
kerebi, romlebic farTod aris gavrcelebuli mTel dedamiwaze ZiriTadad swored
filebis Siga zonebSi. maT ,,cxeli laqebi“ (,,hoT spoTebi“) ewodeba. sainteresoa
,,cxeli laqebis“ warmoSobis hipoTeza, romelic wynar okeaneSi mdebare havaisa da
mis mezobel wyalqveSa, imperatoris qedze dakvirvebiT Seiqmna (sur. 13.4) - havais
qedi warmoadgens vulkanur kunZulTa erTobliobas, romelic aRmosavleT - samxreT-
aRmosavleTidan dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT aris gadaWimuli.
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qedi iwyeba samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi mdebare havais kunZuliT, romelzec dRes
moqmedi cnobili vulkanebi mauna-loa, kilauea da mauna-keaa ganlagebuli. qedis
amgebi yvela momdevno kunZuli warmodgenilia Camqrali vulkanebiT. Tanac
sayuradReboa, rom am vulkanebis geologiuri asaki Crdilo-dasavleTi
mimarTulebiT TandaTan izrdeba (Zveldeba) da qedis dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleT
daboloebaze eocenamde (daaxl. 42 mln.w) midis. havais qeds Crdilo-dasavleTiT
agrZelebs mTlianad Camqrali vulkanebiT agebuli wyalqveSa imperatoris qedi,
romlis vulkanur nagebobaTa asaki zogadad samxreTidan Crdilo mimarTulebiT
eocenidan gvian carculamde (daaxl. 78 mln.w) izrdeba.
aSkaraa, rom aq saqme gvaqvs vulkanebis asakis Tanmimdevrul zrdasTan
Tanamedrovedan gvian carculamde. TiTqos xdeboda vulkanuri kerebis gadaadgileba
zogadad Crdilo-dasavleTidan samxreT-aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT. cota
sxvagvarad fiqroben j.vilsoni da j.morgani, romlebmac metad moxdenili hipoTeza
SemogvTavazes. maTi azriT vulkanuri kera erTi iyo da dResac erTi aris. is
mdebareobs havais kunZulebis qveS, Rmad mantiaSi. iqidan amosuli magmiT gamowveuli
vulkanuri procesebi mimdinareobs mTeli 78 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi. vulkanuri
kera uZravia. magram moZraobs wynarokeanuri fila, Tanac zogadad Crdilo-
dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. swored amiT aris gamowveuli, rom filasTan erTad
vulkanuri konusic gadaadgildeba imave mimarTulebiT, xolo mis adgilze
(vulkanuri keris Tavze) axali konusi Cndeba. da ase meordeba uwyvetliv 78 milioni
wlis ganmavlobaSi. amgvarad warmoiSva havais da imperatoris vulkanuri qedebi,
romlebzec yvelaze axalgazrda vulkanebi (Tanamedrove) ukidures samxreT -
aRmosavleT nawilSi, havais kunZulze gvaqvs, xolo yvelaze Zveli (78 mln.w. asakisa)
- imperatoris qedis ukidures Crdilo-dasavleT daboloebaze. amasTanave vulkanur
konusTa Tu warmonaqmnTa asaki TandaTan izrdeba (Zveldeba) samxreT-aRmosavleTidan
Crdilo-dasavleTis mimarTulebiT. Tu ,,cxeli laqebis“ hipoTeza simarTles
emyareba, maSin SegviZlia gavarkvioT filebis moZraobis ara marto mimarTuleba,
aramed moZraobis tempic.
13.2. orogenezisi.
rogorc ukve iTqva, orogenezisi mTebis warmoSobas niSnavs. es procesi ki
mimdinareobs liTosferuli filebis konvergentul, an sxvagvarad kontinentebis
aqtiuri kideebis zonebSi, romelTac adre dReisaTvis ukve moZvelebuli saxeli -
geosinklini erqva, dRes ki moZravi sartyeli hqvia. mTebis warmoSoba metad
xangrZlivi procesia, romelic aTeuli milioni wlebis ganmavlobaSi grZeldeba.
amave dros, es procesi ar aris droSi uwyveti. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis
istoriaSi gamoiyofa periodebi mTaTa warmoSobisa (e.w. geokratuli periodebi) da
periodebi simSvidisa (Talasokratuli periodebi). geokratul periodSi mTebis
warmoSoba mimdinareobda orogenetuli ciklebis ganviTarebiT. am SinaarsiT
cnobilia baikaluri (gvianproterozouri asakis), kaledonuri (siluruli),
hercinuli (gvianpaleozouri), kimeriuli (iuruli) da alpuri (kainozouri)
orogenetuli ciklebi an ubralod orogenezisi. am orogenetuli ciklebis Sedegad
Camoyalibebul mTaTa sistemebs Sesabamisad baikalidebi, kaledonidebi, hercinidebi,
kimeridebi da alpidebi ewodeba. SevniSnavT, rom mTebis warmoSoba
gvianproterozoulze adrec momxdara.
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12.3. epeirogenezisi.
liTosferuli filebis moZraoba Tavisi xasiaTiT ZiriTadad horizontaluria,
Tumca zogan is vertikalurSic gadadis (subduqciis zonaSi liTosferuli filis
mantiaSi Casvla, an filaTa Sejaxebisas danaoWebis Sedegad struqturebis zeviT
amozidva).
magram cnobilia liTosferuli filebis meore saxis moZraobac, romelic mxolod
vertikaluria. esaa epeirogenezisi (,,epeiros“ -xmeleTi; berZ.), romelic sityva-
sityviT xmeleTis warmoSobas niSnavs. amdenad es termini TiTqos srulad ver
asaxavs movlenis Sinaars, radganac filebis vertikaluri moZraoba gulisxmobs
rogorc maT azevebas da Sesabamisad xmeleTis warmoSobas, ise, piriqiT, daZirvasac
da am SemTxvevaSi xmeleTis nacvlad zRvis gaCenas. miuxedavad amisa, es termini
SemorCa geologiur literaturas Tavisi farTo (awev-daweva) SinaarsiT.
epeirogenezisi orogenezisisagan gansxvavebiT ki ar cvlis dedamiwis qerqis
(liTosferos) Sinagan struqturas, aramed mxolod mis deformacias (gaRunvas)
iwvevs.
ra aris epeirogenezisis mizezi da ra iwvevs mas? myari liTosfero devs
plastikur asTenosferoze da nawilobriv Caflulic aris masSi. maT Soris
damyarebulia izostaziuri wonasworoba (,,izos“ -Tanabari, ,,stazis“ -mdgomareoba;
berZn.). raime mizeziT am wonasworobis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi liTosfero iwyebs
aRmaval an daRmaval moZraobas, vidre kvlav ar damyardeba izostaziuri
wonasworoba. mizezi ki bevrnairi SeiZleba iyos. am procesis amsaxveli Tanamedrove
da geologiuri warsulis kargi magaliTebic arsebobs. cnobilia, rom skandinaviis
teritoria dRes zeviT miiwevs, Tanac centralur nawilSi ufro didi tempiT,
periferiebze ki - naklebiT. es namdvilad izostaziiT gamowveuli moZraobaa. is rom
xmeleTis aweviT ki ara, zRvis (okeanis) donis daweviT iyos ganpirobebuli, maSin
arc xmeleTis diferencirebuli azeveba gveqneboda iq da arc mezobel holandiaSi
imave xmeleTis daZirva, aramed yvelgan Tanabar azevebas eqneboda adgili.
mkvlevarTa azriT es azeveba gamowveulia am regionis yinulis safarisagan
ganTavisuflebiT. rogorc cnobilia meoTxeul periodSi Crdilo evropaSi Zlieri
gamyinvareba iyo. ramdenime kilometri sisqis yinulma dafara skandinaviac da
mezobeli regionebic. bunebrivia vifiqroT, rom yinulis sqeli safariT gamowveuli
simZimiT liTosferuli fila am regionSi Caizniqeboda da ufro Rrmad Caefloboda
asTenosferoSi. xolo gamyinvarebis periodis damTavrebis Semdeg yinuli gadna,
liTosferos am nawils ,,tvirTi“ moexsna da azevebac daiwyo. sadac datvirTva meti
iyo, aseve meti iqneboda gantvirTvac. aqedan-azevebis diferencirebuli xasiaTi.
cnobilia istoriul xanaSi momxdari erTi magaliTic. italiaSi qalaq neapolis
maxloblad aris naqalaqari pocuoli, sadac Zvel romaelebs elinisturi egviptis
erT-erTi wamyvani RvTaebis - serapisis taZari augiaT. dRes am taZris nangrevebia
mxolod SemorCenili. saintereso ki is aris, rom taZris SemorCenil svetebze
(kolonebze), Ziridan eqvs metr simaRleze, mcire zomis zRviur uxerxemlo
cxovelebs, e.w. mburRav moluskebs daudiaT bina. aSkaraa, rom es svetebi sul cota
6m-mde mainc erT dros zRviT yofila dafaruli. isic aSkaraa, rom zRviT
dafarvamde isini zedapirze iqnebodnen (zRvaSi xom ar aagebdnen romaelebi taZars!).
gamodis, rom aq orgvar epeirogenetul moZraobas hqonia adgili - jer iyo daZirva,
xolo Semdeg azeveba.
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Tavi 14. magmatizmi
magmatizmi uaRresad rTul da mravalferovan geologiur procesTa erTobliobaa,
romelic, rogorc viciT, dedamiwis SigneTSi da zedapirze mimdinareobs. Sesabamisad
ganarCeven intruziul da efuziur magmatizms. SigneTSi mimdinare magmuri
procesebis Sesaxeb informacias mxolod zedapirze moxvedrili intruziuli
magmuri qanebi gvawvdian, ramdenadac maTze uSualo dakvirveba SeuZlebelia.
magma ar qmnis raime erTian fenas, romelic geosferoebis msgavsad irgvliv ekvris
SigneTs. is dedamiwis SigneTSi sxvadsxva doneze calkeuli kerebis saxiT aris
warmodgenili. rogorc fiqroben, magmuri kerebis formireba ZiriTadad
asTenosferoSi xdeba. Tumca miCneulia, rom magmis erTi nawili liTosferoSic
(sxvadasxva doneze) warmoiqmneba.
saerTod ki magmis warmoSoba SigneTis amgebi qanebis maRali temperaturis
pirobebSi dnobiT aris ganpirobebuli. masalis dnoba moculobaSi gazrdas niSnavs.
amitom axlad warmoqmnili magma Semcveli qanebis hidrostatikuri (liTostatikuri)
wnevis gamo amoiwbereba zeviT, napralebSi. amgvarad is iWreba Semcvel qanebSi,
civdeba da TandaTan kristaldeba. sabolood ki xdeba intruziuli magmuri qanebis
formireba. did siRrmeebze warmoiSoba magmuri baToliTebi, Stokebi, xolo Sedare-
biT mcireze, daaxloebiT 1-1,5km siRrmeze–daikebi, SreZarRvebi, lakoliTebi da sxv.
zeviT gadaadgilebisas magmaSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi xdeba, rac gamowveulia,
erTi mxriv, masSi mimdinare diferenciaciiT, xolo, meore mxriv, mis mier Semcveli
qanebis gadamuSavebiT. diferenciacia gulisxmobs magmis Sedgenilobis cvlas masSi
sxvadasxva mineraluri asociaciis gamoyofis meSveobiT. magma xom mineralur mdnars
warmoadgens. amitom misi TandaTan gacivebisas mineralTa gamokristaleba xdeba. jer
gamokristaldebian maRaltemperaturuli mineralebi, Semdeg saSualotemperaturuli
da bolos dabaltemperaturuli. maRaltemperaturuli mineralebi (olovini, fuZe
plagioklazi) xasiaTdebian Mg da Ca-is didi SemcvelobiT, dabaltemperaturulSi ki
(orToklazi, mJave plagioklazi) am elementTa mkveTri Semcireba xdeba Na, Si, Al-is
zrdis fonze. saerTod ki maRaltemperaturuli mineraluri asociacia iZleva fuZe
magmasa da Semdgom fuZe qanebs, saSualotemperaturuli – saSualo qanebs, xolo
dabaltemperaturuli – mJave qanebs.
amJamad miRebulia, rom pirvelad magmas warmoadgens fuZe Tu kidevac ultrafuZe
Sedgenilobis piroliTi, romlis Semdgomi diferenciaciiT sxvadasxva magma miiReba.
rac Seexeba asimilacias, is gulisxmobs magmuri intruzivis mier misi Semcveli
(irgvliv myofi) qanebis STanTqma-gadamuSavebas. es procesi zogjer mniSvnelovnad
cvlis magmis Sedgenilobas. zogan magma verc ki axerxebs Semcveli qanis mTlianad
gadamuSavebas da es ukanaskneli qsenoliTis (ucxo sxeulis) saxiT SemorCeba
intruziul magmur qanSi. asimilaciiT TiTqos advilad ixsneba magmis mier
Tavisufali sivrcis mopovebis problema. ara da es metad mniSvnelovani sakiTxia
pirvel rigSi iseTi uzarmazari intruziuli magmuri sxeulebisaTvis, rogoric
baToliTebia.
Semcvel qanebTan kontaqtSi magmis TandaTani gaciveba mimdinareobs. es procesi
metad xangrZlivia da SeiZleba erTeuli an aTeuli milioni welic ki gagrZeldes.
mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi magmidan gadaxurebuli wylis xsnarebi da gazebi
gamoiyofa, romlebic Semcveli qanebis kontaqtis zolSi warmoSoben mineralur
sabadoebs, rogoricaa magaliTad, volframis, kalis, berilis, molibdenis da sxvaTa
sabadoebi da romelTac pnevmatolizuri hqvia. Tu mxolod cxeli xsnarebi moqmedebs
Semcvel qanebze, maSin hidroTermuli sabadoebi Cndeba (magaliTad, spilenZis,
TuTiis, tyviis).
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14.1. efuziuri magmatizmi anu vulkanizmi.
vulkanizmis saxelwodeba liparis kunZulebis erT-erTi patara kunZulis –
vulkanos saxelwodebidan modis. TiTqos aq iyo ZvelromaelTa cecxlisa da
mWedlobis mfarveli RvTaebis – vulkanis samWedlo (sxva versiiT vulkanis
samWedlo etnis ZirSi iyo da samWedlos kvamlic swored am vulkanidan amodioda).
vulkanebi imTaviTve ipyrobda adamianTa yuradRebas, pirvel rigSi albaT imis
gamo, rom vulkanis amofrqvevas maTTvis didi ubedureba mohqonda. gavixsenod
Tundac vulkan vezuvis amofrqveva Cveni welTaRricxvis 1 saukuneSi (79 wels),
romlis Sedegadac sami romauli qalaqi pompei, herkulanumi da stabia mTlianad
daifara vulkanuri ferfliT da aTasobiTadamianis sicocxle Seiwira, an krakataus
aseve cnobili amofrqveva 1883 wels. krakatau iyo sumatrasa da iavas (zondis
arqipelagis kunZulebi) Soris mdebare erT-erTi patara kunZuli. vulkanuri
amofrqvevebi am kunZulZe 1883 wels ramdenime Tvis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda.
yvelaze Zlieri amofrqveva agvistos miwuruls moxda. afeTqeba imdenad Zlieri iyo,
rom misi xma 5000 km-ze avstraliaSic ki ismoda. amoityorcna daaxloebiT 18 kuburi
kilometri masala, umetesad ferfli da pemza. vulkanuri ferfli atmosferoSi 80
km simaRleze avida da ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi irgvliv uvlida dedamiwas.
ferflis sakmaod sqeli feniT daifara 750000 km2 farTobi. gaCnda daaxloebiT 40 m
simaRlis cunami, romlisganac maxlobel kunZulebze (TviT kunZuli krakatau
ukacrieli iyo), ZiriTadad iavasa da sumatraze 36000 kaci daiRupa. kunZulis didi
nawili haerSi aityorcna.
aseve saSineli iyo kunZul martinikaze (karibis zRvis auzi) mdebare vulkan mon-
peles amofrqveva 1902 wels. amofrqveva uZlieresi afeTqebiT moxda, rac vulkanis
yelSi gazebis didi raodenobiT dagrovebam gamoiwvia. afeTqebis talRa imdenad
Zlieri iyo, rom man TiTqmis mTlianad daangria vulkanidan 6 km-ze mdebare qalaqi
san-pieri – saxlebi, romelTa qvisagan nagebi kedlebi 1 m sisqisa iyo, namsxvrevebad
aqcia; xeebi, didi Tu patara, fesvebianad amoglija; samtoniani qandakeba
postamentidan oTx metrze isrola. portSi ramdenime gemi gadabrunda da CaiZira.
afeTqebis Sedegad warmoiSva sqeli Rrubeli – gavarvarebuli vulkanuri mtvris,
wylis orTqlisa da gazebis narevi daaxloebiT 700-1000°½ temperaturis, romelic
didi siCqariT (160 km/sT) daeSva vulkanidan q. san-pierisaken da mTlianad mosra iq
mcxovrebi 30000 kaci. amboben, rom gadarCa erTaderTi adamiani, patimari, romelic
miwisqveSa dilegSi iyo Camwyvdeuli.
vulkanizmTan dakavSirebiT bevri sxva amgvari faqtis moyvana SeiZleba. miuxedavad
amisa, adamianebi Zalian xSirad sacxovreblad vulkanebis ferdobebs irCevdnen
pirvel rigSi iq ganviTarebuli noYyieri niadagis gamo. bunebrivia isic, rom
adamiani imTaviTve aqcevda vulkanebis moqmedebas yuradRebas da cdilobda
Cawvdomoda mis arss.
13.1.1. vulkanebis amofrqvevis produqtebi.
vulkanebis mier zedapirze amotanili masala samgvaria: Txevadi, myari da gazebrivi.
vulkanis mier amofrqveul Txevad masalas lava ewodeba. lava igive magmaa, oRond
im gansxvavebiT, rom gazebi TiTqmis mTlianad aqvs dakarguli. e.i. lava ugazo magmaa.
lavis ramdenime saxe arsebobs, romelTa forma maTi qimiuri SedgenilobiT aris
ganpirobebuli. rogorc cnobilia, fuZe magma ufro Txelia, nalkebad blanti.
amitom zedapirze gadmosuli fuZe lava (SeiZleba mas bazalturi lavac vuwodoT)
kargad moZravia da sakmaod didi siCqariT vrceldeba aTeul kilometrze. SeiZleba
siCqarem 60 km-sac miaRwios saaTSi. am tipis lava maRaltemperaturulia (daaxloebiT
1100-1200°). gacivebisas mas qerqi uCndeba, Tumca lava qerqis qveS kvlav ganagrZobs
moZraobas, ris gamoc misi zedapiri talRovani xdeba, TiTqos dagrexili bawariao.
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amitom mas dabawrul lavas uwodeben. sxvagvarad ki mas pahoehoe lava hqvia. aseTi
lava xelSemwyobi reliefis pirobebSi did farTobze iSleba da vulkanur zewrebs
gvaZlevs. zogjer SeiZleba “lavuri mdinare” an “CanCqeric” ki miviRoT meore tipis
lava, e.w. aa-lava, ufro blantia, axasiaTebs lodebrivi zedapiri, romelic
gamomwvari aguris dakuTxul namsxvrevebs mogvagonebs, mis qveS ki lavis masaa
moTavsebuli. es lava naklebad moZravia, saaTSi sul ramdenime kilometrs gadis,
SedarebiT dabaltemperaturulia; gacivebisas vulkanur gumbaTebs qmnis. wyalqveSa
amofrqvevebis Sedegad warmoSobili lava, romelic, rogorc wesi, bazalturi
Sedgenilobisaa, iZleva baliSa lavebs (“pilou-lava”). calkeuli baliSa lavebis
sigrZe erTeuli metrebia.
rogorc viciT, nebismieri saxis lavis gacivebis Sedegad efuziuri magmuri qanebi
miiReba.
vulkanis mier amotyorcnil myar masalas zogadad piroklastebs (“piros” –
cecxli; berZn. da “klastos”) uwodeben. am terminiT xazi aqvs gasmuli im garemoebas,
rom es masala gavarvarebuli qanis namsxvrevebs warmoadgens. sityva “myari” SeiZleba
erTgvarad pirobiTad naTqvamic ki iyos, radganac umetesad magmuri masalis
amofrqveva xdeba. haerSi atyorcnili lavis sxvadasxva zomis naglejebi zedapirze
dacemamde an Semdeg TandaTan civdebian da sabolood viRebT piroklastebs an
tefras. tefris mcire nawili SeiZleba sxva qanebis namsxvrevi masalac iyos.
simsxos mixedviT piroklastebis ramdenime saxe gamoiyofa: lodebi (beltebi)
vulkanuri bombebi lapilebi vulkanuri qviSa vulkanuri mtveri.
vulkanuri lodebi (beltebi), rogorc wesi, myari qanebis dakuTxul namsxvrevebs
warmoadgens. zomebiT didia, zogjer giganturic ki. cnobilia, rom vulkanos
(italia) amofrqvevisas amoutyorcnia 25 m3 moculobis 68 toniani lodi. vulkanuri
bombebic sakmaod didi moculobisaa (minimum 5 sm-mde sigrZis). isini warmoadgenen
lavis naglejebs, romelTac haerSi trialis gamo ragbis burTismagvari forma
miuRiaT. lapilebi Txilis zomis piroklastebia. kidev ufro mcire zomisaa
vulkanuri qviSis marcvlebi (1 mm-is rigis), xolo uwvrilesia vulkanuri ferfli da
mtveri. am ukanasknelis simsxo mikronebSi izomeba. xSirad vxvdebiT vulkanuri
bombis an lapilis odena arawesieri formis forian namsxvrevebs, romelTac
vulkanuri wida ewodeba. aris Zalze maRalforiani vulkanuri wida, romelic am
Tvisebis gamo wyalze msubuqia. mas pemza hqvia. vulkanur widasac da pemzasac
gamkvrivebul magmur ,,qafs”uwodeben.
gazebi udides rols TamaSoben vulkanebis moqmedebaSi. maTi gamoyofa xdeba ara
marto vulkanuri aqtivobis periodSi, aramed maSinac, roca vulkanis moqmedeba ukve
Sewyvetilia. gazebis gamoyofis postvulkanuri (vulkanis aqtiuri moqmedebis
Semdgomi) periodi SeiZleba gagrZeldes erTeuli, aTeuli da meti wlebic ki.
magaliTad, vulkani solfatari amoifrqva XII saukuneSi, magram dResac gamoyofs
gogirdian gazebs.
gazebis gamoyofa xdeba rogorc TviT vulkanuri konusidan (amomyvani yeli,
parazituli vulkanebi), ise lavuri nakadebidan.
gazebs Soris wamyvani adgili wylis orTqls ukavia (daaxl. 90%), Semdeg
naxSirorJangs (CO2), naxSirJangs (mxuTav gazs CO), azots (N2), gogirdis Jangebs (SO2,
SO3), gogirdwyalbads (H2S). gazisebr gogirds (S), wyalbads (H2), amiaks (NH3), meTans
(CH4) da sxv. bevri maTgani, mcire raodenobiTac ki Zalian saSiSia cocxali
organizmebisaTvis.
rogorc aRvniSneT, vulkanur konusze gazebi sxvadasxva adgilebidan gamoiyofa.
Tanac aris adgilebi, saidanac mxolod gazi amodis da sxva araferi. aseT adgilebs
fumarolebi (“fumo” – boli; ital.), ewodeba, xolo gazebis gamoyofis
postvulkanur stadias – fumaroluri. fumarolebs Soris ganarCeven iseTebs,
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saidanac yvelaze maRaltemperaturuli (500°-ze meti) da mravalferovani gazebi
amodis (e.w. mSrali fumarolebi). fumarolebi, saidanac gogirdiT mdidari gazebi
gamoiyofa, pirvel rigSi gogirdwyalbadi, solfatarebis saxeliTaa cnobili. aqauri
gazebis temperatura 300-100°-is farglebSia. im fumarolebs ki, romlebic yvelaze
dabaltemperaturul (100°-ze naklebi), naxSirorJangiT mdidar gazebs Seicaven,
mofetebi ewodeba. zogjer samecniero literaturaSi samive tipis fumarolebs
saerTod vulkanuri gazebis sinonimebad xmaroben.
14.1.2. vulkanuri aparati (agebuleba da tipebi).
vulkanuri procesis dawyebis Semdeg amofrqvevis centris irgvliv grovdeba
piroklasturi da lavuri masala, romlis Sedegadac iqmneba vulkanuri mTa anu
vulkanuri konusi. konusis centrSi zevidan vulkanis Ziramde gadis vertikaluri
mili, romelsac vulkanis yeli an amomyvani yeli hqvia. swored aqedan amoitaneba
SigneTis masala. vulkanis yeli zeviT Tasiseburi an Zabriseburi CaRrmavebiT –
krateriT (“krates” – Tasi; berZn.) bolovdeba (sur. 14.1, 14.2). Zlieri afeTqebiT
vulkanuri konusi SeiZleba mTlianad moiglijos, moingres. maSin mis adgilze
gaCndeba wriuli depresia, romelsac kaldera (“kaldera” – qvabi; port.) ewodeba,
xolo kalderis SigniT axali konusi Camoyalibdeba. Zveli konusis kideebze ki
wriuli seri an misi nawilebi SemorCeba. es iqneba soma – vezuvis Zveli vulkanuri
konusis monte-somas saxelidan gamomdinare (sur. 14.2). fiqroben, rom vezuvis Zveli
konusi 79 wlis amofrqvevisas daingra Zlieri afeTqebis Sedegad, xolo axali
konusi daaxloebiT 100 wlis Semdeg gaCnda. Tumca aris sxva Sexedulebac –
amofrqvevam konusi ki ar daangria, aramed krateridan amovida didZali lava, ris
gamoc SigneTSi (vulkanuri konusis qveS) sicariele gaCnda da swored am adgilSi
Caiqca vulkanuri konusi. sulac ar aris gamoricxuli, rom kalderas gaCena am gziT
xdebodes.
vulkanuri konusi anu vulkanuri aparati SeiZleba agebuli iyos lavisa da
piroklasturi masalis morigeobiT. aseT konuss stratovulkani hqvia. gasagebia, rom
stratovulkani axasiaTebs iseT vulkanebs, romlebic moqmedebisas tefrasTan erTad
lavasac iZlevian (vezuvi, etna, vulkano). SeiZleba konusi agebuli iyos mxolod
tefriT (umetesad widiTa da lapilebiT). aseTi konusebi aqvT vulkanebs, romelTa
amofrqveva faqtobrivad lavis gareSe xdeba (monpele, krakatau). aris mxolod laviT
agebuli vulkanuri konusebi. aseT formebs iZleva ZiriTadad fuZe, e.i. SedarebiT
kargad moZravi naklebad blanti lava. esaa vulkanuri farebi – did farTobze
gaSlili, centrSi mcired amozneqili formebi (axasiaTebs e.w. “havais tipis”
vulkanebs – mauna-loa da sxv.).
14.1.3. vulkanebis tipebi.
vulkanebis amofrqveva Zalian mravalferovania. is ganpirobebulia Semdegi
faqtorebiT: magmis qimizmiT, temperaturiT, siblantiT da gansakuTrebiT gazianobiT.
magmaSi gazi an gaxsnilia, an Tavisufal mdgomareobaSia (buStebis saxiT). swored es
ukanasknelia Zlieri afeTqebis wyaro.
amofrqvevis xasiaTis mixedviT vulkanebis, ufro zustad ki vulkanizmis sami
ZiriTadi tipi SeiZleba gamoiyos: 1) efuziuri (wyalqveSa da xmeleTis), 2)
piroklasturi da 3)eqsploziuri.
efuziuri tipis vulkanizmi ukavSirdeba fuZe, bazaltur magmas, mimdinareobs
Zalian mSvidi afeTqebebiT da iZleva vulkanur farebs (havaisa da islandiis
vulkanebi da sxv.). piroklasturi tipi xasiaTdeba Zlieri gazuri afeTqebebiT, didi
raodenobiT iZleva lavasa da piroklastur masalas, aqvs stratovulkani (vezuvi,
etna, stromboli da a.S.). eqsploziuri tipi uZlieresi gazuri afeTqebebiT
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xasiaTdeba, didi raodenobiT Cndeba piroklasturi masala da TiTqmis ar aris lava
(romelic vulkanuri procesis dasasruls SeiZleba amoizidos obeliskiviT. sur.
14.3). amofrqveva ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba saSualo da mJave qanebs (mon-pele, krakatau,
bandai da sxv.).
vulkanizms, rogorc process, SeiZleba sxva kuTxiTac SevxedoT da gamovyoT misi
ori saxe – napraluri da centruli vulkanizmi. napraluri vulkanizmis dros,
saxelwodebidan gamomdinare, amofrqveva ara vulkanuri centridan, aramed
napralidan xdeba. es napralebi SeiZleba xazobrivad aTasobiT kilometrzec ki iyos
gadaWimuli. am tipis vulkanizmi damaxasiaTebelia Suaokeanuri qedebisaTvis da sxva
riftuli zolebisaTvis. vulkanizmi bazalturia, fuZea. rac Seexeba centrul
vulkanizms, mis Sesaxeb zeviT gvqonda saubari. davsZenT mxolod, rom centruli
vulkanebis didi nawili poligenuria, anu maTi moqmedeba droSi ganaxlebadia. maT
gverdiT arseboben monogenuri vulkanebic. es aris erTjeradi afeTqebis vulkanebi,
romlebic lavas ar iZlevian da arc vulkanur konuss qmnian. afeTqebis Sedegad
Cndeba aseuli metris an zogjer erTeuli kilometri diametris krateri, romlis
irgvliv piroklasturi masaliT agebuli dabali zvinulia ganviTarebuli. krateris
ZirSi SigneTidan Semodis vulkanuri arxi, e.w. afeTqebis mili anu diatrema,
romelic ZiriTadad ultrafuZe qanebiT agebuli vulkanuri breqCiiT aris
amovsebuli. mas kimberliti ewodeba (saxelwodeba samxreT afrikidan modis).
kimberlitebi Zalze Rirebul qanebad iTvleba, radganac maTTan almasis umdidresi
sabadoebia dakavSirebuli (samxreTi afrika, ruseTi). kimberlitebi gviCveneben, rom
maTi warmoSoba moxda maRali wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi, Tanac masala didi
siRrmidan, mantiidan modioda.
monogenuri vulkanebi gavrcelebulia germaniaSic, sadac mas maari hqvia. zogjer
maarebSi tbac aris Camdgari (sur. 14.4).
13.1.4. postvulkanuri procesebi.
dadgeba dro, roca vulkani wyvets Tavis aqtiur moqmedebas. magram misi “sicocxle”
erTgvarad grZeldeba, rac vulkanuri gazebis gamoyofaSi gamoixateba. am
postvulkanur process zeviT fumaroluri stadia vuwodeT.
gazebis gverdiT postvulkanur procesebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli cxeli
wyaroebi anu Termebi, romlebic dRes farTod aris gavrcelebuli Tanamedrove an
uaxlesi (pliocen-meoTxeuli) vulkanizmis regionebSi, rogoricaa magaliTad,
islandia, kamCatka, axali zelandia, italia, kavkasia da sxv. Termuli wyaroebidan
xSirad xdeba sxvadasxva nivTierebis gamoleqva, magaliTad, kaJis an kirqvis tufis.
Termebis Tavisebur saxeobas warmoadgens geizeri (sur. 14.5). es Tavisebureba imaSi
gamoixateba, rom geizeri mudmivad ki ar gadmosCqefs zedapirze, aramed wyali (ufro
zustad ki wylisa da orTqlis narevi) drodadro asxams zeviT Sadrevanis msgavsad.
Sadrevnebs Soris siwynaris periodebia, romelic erTeuli wuTidan ramdenime
dRemde grZeldeba. wylis temperatura zedapirze amosvlisas 75-100°-is farglebSi
meryeobs. geizeris maxloblad ileqeba kaJis tufi anu geizeriti, romelic ulamazes
naden formebs qmnis (sur. 14.6).
ratom aris geizeris moqmedeba wyvetili, denaperioduli? am sakiTxze arsebobs
metad saintereso Sexeduleba – zedapiridan siRrmeSi Cadis milisebri arxi,
romelic wyliT aris savse. siRrmeSi wyali TandaTan cxeldeba, radganac ierTebs
maRaltemperaturul gazebs da exeba gaxurebul qanebs. is siTxed rCeba manamde,
vidre misi temperatura arsebuli wnevis pirobebSi duRilis temperaturas ar
gadaaWarbebs. bolos dgeba momenti, roca wyali iqceva orTqlad da es ukanaskneli
miawveba zeviT mdebare wylis svets. amis Sedegad wylis erTi nawili zedapirze
gadmoiRvreba. amas ki mosdevs wnevis swrafi Semcireba da Sesabamisad duRilis
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temperaturis mkveTri dacema. axla ukve wyali, romlis temperatura duRilis axal
temperaturaze gacilebiT ufro maRalia, swrafad iqceva orTqlad da wylisa da
orTqlis saxiT amoinTxeva. Cndeba Sadrevani. garkveuli drois Semdeg situacia
ganimuxteba, wylisa da orTqlis mTeli masa amova zeviT da Sadrevanic Sewydeba.
Semdeg, simSvidis periodSi, wyali kvlav iwyebs dagrovebas da zemoT aRwerili
procesi ganmeordeba.
postvulkanur procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli talaxis vulkanebis garkveuli
tipis warmoSobac.
13.1.5. Tanamedrove vulkanebis geografiuli gavrceleba.
Tanamedrove vulkanebi mTels dedamiwazea gavrcelebuli, rogorc xmeleTze, ise
okeaneebSi. Tumca maT ganawilebaSi aSkara kanonzomiereba SeimCneva (sur. 14.7).
gamoyofen sam did sartyels, sadac Tanamedrve vulkanTa didi umetesobaa
Tavmoyrili. pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT wynarokeanuri sartyeli, romelic
irgvliv uvlis wynari okeanis orive (dasavleT da aRmosavleT) sanapiros. am
sartyels cirkumwynarokeanursac uwodeben, zogjer ki cecxlovan rgols.
wynarokeanuri sartylis “aziuri nawili” iwyeba kamCatkis vulkanebiT da kurilis
kunZulebis, iaponiis da sxvaTa gavliT axali zelandiis vulkanebamde midis. rac
Seexeba sartylis “amerikul” nawils, is aleutis kunZulebidan samxreT sandviCebis
rkalamde vrceldeba.
wynarokeanuri sartylis vulkanebze dRes moqmed vulkanTa 3/4 (500-dan 370) modis.
metad sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom wynarokeanuri sartylis vulkanebi
ganlagebulia kontinenturi da okeanuri liTosferuli filebis urTierTSexebis
zolSi, anu im zolSi, sadac Sejaxebisas erTi fila (wynarokeanuri) iZireba meoris
(kontinenturis) qveS. es aris CvenTvis ukve cnobili subduqciis zona, romelic
warmoadgens aqtiuri vulkanizmis (da agreTve Zlieri miwisZvrebis) keras. rogorc
fiqroben, subduqciis zonaSi, daaxloebiT 90-150 km siRrmeze xdeba vulkanuri
kerebis formireba. magma SedgenilobiT kir-tute, andezituria.
xmelTaSuazRviur sartyelSi Tanamedrove vulkanebi ganviTarebulia sartylis
dasavlur da samxreT-aRmosavlur daboloebebze (italia, saberZneTi, malais
arqipelagi). maT Sua ki cnobilia axalgazrda, pliocen-meoTxeuli asakis vulkanebi
(kavkasia, TurqeTi, irani). es sartyelic, msgavsad pirvelisa, liTosferuli filebis
konvergentul sazRvarzea ganviTarebuli. Tumca aq kontinenturi filebis
SejaxebasTan, koliziasTan gvaqvs saqme da ara kontinenturi da okeanuri filebis
kontaqtTan. magma mravalferovania, ZiriTadad mJave da tute.
aRsaniSnavia is faqtic, rom orive sartylis vulkanebi faqtobrivad axalgazrda
naoWa mTebis zolebs ukavSirdebian.
mesame sartyels Suaokeanuri qedebis gaswvriv arsebuli riftuli zonebi qmnian.
aseT riftul zonebTan aris dakavSirebuli, magaliTad, islandiis, azoris
kunZulebis, asunsionis, tristan da kunias vulkanebi atlantur okeaneSi. aqac,
msgavsad pirveli da meore sartylebisa, vulkanebi ganlagebulia liTosferuli
filebis kideebze, Tumca ara konvergentuli sazRvrebis, aramed, piriqiT,
divergentuli sazRvrebis zolSi. es xom is sazRvrebia, sadac filebis Sejaxebis
nacvlad maTi urTierTdaSoreba xdeba (e.w. spredingis zona). magma aq bazalturia da
rogorc Cans mantiis Rrma nawilebidan modis. vulkanuri sartylebis kidev erTi
tipi dakavSirebulia afrikis (ZiriTadad aRmosavleT afrikis) kontinentur
riftebTan (kilimanjaro, niragongo da sxv.).
did yuradRebas iqcevs agreTve Tanamedrove vulkanebis gavrcelebis is ubnebi,
romlebic liTosferuli filebis Siga regionebTan aris dakavSirebuli. aseTebia:
kanaris, mwvane koncxis kunZulebi atlantur okeaneSi; komoris kunZulebi, reunioni,
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kergeleni indoeTis okeaneSi; galapagosi da havais kunZulebi wynar okeaneSi. am
vulkanTa erTi nawili “cxel laqebs” ukavSirdeba.
13.2. magmatizmis praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
magmatizmi uaRresad mniSvnelovani procesia ara marto Teoriuli, aramed
praqtikuli TvalsazrisiTac. magmatizmTan dakavSirebulia sxvadasxva tipis iseTi
Zvirfasi madneuli sabadoebis formireba, rogoricaa spilenZis, nikelis, tyviis,
TuTiis, rkinis, oqros, vercxlis, uranis, dariSxanis da sxva mravali elementis Tu
mineralis sabadoebi; agreTve Zvirfasi da naxevradZvirfasi qvebis genezisi (almasi,
granatebi, topazi, turmalini, berili, lali da a.S.). fumarolebs zedapirze
gamoaqvT: spilenZi, gogirdi, bori, vercxlis wyali da sxv. didi praqtikuli
mniSvneloba aqvs vulkanuri areebis Termuli energiis gamoyenebas. mraval qveyanaSi
(italia, islandia, meqsika, axali zelandia, aSS, iaponia, ruseTi) muSaoben
geoTermuli eleqtrosadgurebi. Termul wylebs iyeneben saTburebisaTvis, binebis
gasaTbobad, samkurnalod. vulkanuri ferfli, romelic mdidaria kaliumiT,
fosforiT da sxva elementebiT, qmnis noyier niadags, romelic weliwadSi ramdenime
mosavals iZleva.
magmuri procesebis, rogorc intruziulis, ise efuziuris Sedegad warmoSobili
TiTqmis yvela qani saukeTeso samSeneblo masalas warmoadgens. saukeTeso
mosapirkeTebeli qanebia: graniti, labradoriti, gabro, bazalti, dioriti, teSeniti
da bevri sxva.
Tavi 15. metamorfizmi
xSirad dedamiwis qerqSi an mantiaSi mimdinare geologiuri procesebis gamo
zedapirze arsebuli qanebi SigneTSi iZireba. iq ki maRali wnevisa da temperaturis
pirobebSi da kidev imis gamo, rom qanebze did gavlenas axdens napralebSi moZravi
airebiT gajerebuli cxeli xsnarebi _ fluidebi (,,fluidus“ - denadi; laT.), qanebi
saxes icvlian, gardaiqmnebian, Sedegad ki metamorfuli qanebi miiReba. metamorfuli
qanebi miiReba im SemTxvevaSic, roca SigneTSi arsebul qanebTan kontaqtSi modis
ufro Rrma fenebidan SemoWrili maRaltemperaturuli magma, romelic kontaqtis
zolSi daxvedrili qanebis safuZvlian Secvlas iwvevs.
amgvarad metamorfizmi ukve arsebuli magmuri an danaleqi qanebis saxecvlaa da
maT adgilze sxva axali qanebis warmoSobaa.
metamorfuli procesebis Sedegad xdeba qanebis gadakristaleba, mineraluri da
rig SemTxvevaSi qimiuri Sedgenilobis Secvlac. Sesabamisad icvleba qanis
struqturaca da teqsturac. es procesi sxvadasxva intensivobiT mimdinareobs.
amitom arsebobs metamorfuli qanebis uwyveti rigi sustad metamorfulidan Zlier
metamorfulamde. pirvel SemTxvevaSi cvlileba umniSvneloa da qani faqtobrivad
inarCunebs pirvandel struqturas, teqsturas da Sedgenilobas. bolo SemTxvevaSi
cvlileba imdenad didia, rom dedaqanis amocnoba SeuZlebeli xdeba.
zemoT ukve aRiniSna, rom metamorfizmis wamyvani faqtorebia wneva, maRali
temperatura da fluidebi.
wneva orgvaria: yovelmxrivi anu hidrostatikuri (liTostatikuri), romelic
ganpirobebulia zeviT mdebare qanebis dawoliT, da stresuli an calmxrivi (zogjer
orientirebulsac uwodeben), romelic teqtonikur procesebTan aris dakavSirebuli
da yvelaze mkveTrad liTosferuli filebis koliziis zonaSi mJRavndeba.
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maRali temperatura SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dedamiwis saerTo Sinagani
siTboTi, an SeiZleba lokaluri warmoSobis iyos, vTqvaT rRvevis zolSi magmuri
intruziiT an cxeli fluidebiT motanili. miCneulia, rom metamorfizmisaTvis
saWiro temperatura 300°C -ze naklebi ar unda iyos.
fluidebs, romelTa did nawils wylis orTqli da naxSirorJangi Seadgens,
moaqvT siTbo, xsnian qanebis amgeb mineralebs, gadaaqvT qimiuri elementebi da
amgvarad monawileoben ra qimiur procesebSi, saxes ucvlian liTosferos amgeb
qanebs.
metamorfizmis ZiriTadi tipebi.
Tavisi bunebis mixedviT metamorfizmis sxvadasxva tipi arsebobs, romelTagan
mxolod ramdenimes ganvixilavT. erT-erTi maTgani kontaqturi metamorfizmia. misi
warmoSoba SigneTidan zeda fenebSi magmuri intruziis SemoWrasTan aris
dakavSirebuli. maRaltemperaturiani magmuri intruzia Termul zemoqmedebas axdens
im qanebze, romelSic iWreba da gardaqmnis maT. sabolood magmuri intruziis
irgvliv Cndeba Semcveli qanebis metamorfulad saxecvlili zona, anu zona
metamorfuli qanebisa. imisda mixedviT, Tu rogoria SemoWrili intruziis sidide,
kontaqturi metamorfizmis zona ganisazRvreba erTeuli metridan kilometrebamde.
metamorfizmis efeqti gansakuTrebiT maRalia intruziisa da Semcveli (damxvedri)
qanis uSualo kontaqtis zonaSi da TandaTan ecema periferiebisaken, anu uSualo
kontaqtis zonidan daSorebiT. radganac kontaqturi metamorfizmi met-naklebad
adgilobrivi xasiaTisaa da didi sivrcobrivi masStabebiT ar gamoirCeva, mas
sxvanairad lokalursac uwodeben. zogjer Termul zemoqmedebas emateba agreTve
intruziidan gamoyofili fluidebis moqmedebac, rac Semcveli qanebis qimiur-
mineralur cvlasac iwvevs. aseT SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs kontaqt-metasomatur
metamorfizmTan.
Tu kontaqturi metamorfizmi lokaluri xasiaTisaa, Tavisi grandiozuli
masStabebiT gamoirCeva regionuli metamorfizmi, romelic liTosferuli filebis
moZraobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. subduqciis zonaSi filis daZirvisas, am
ukanasknels Tan miaqvs zRvaSi daleqili qanebis mZlavri wyebebi, romlebic did
siRrmeebze (20-30 km) moxvedrisas, maRali wnevisa da temperaturis pirobebSi da
agreTve fluidebis intensiuri zemoqmedebiT, Zlier metamorfizms ganicdian. Sors
wasuli metamorfuli procesebis SemTxvevaSi ultrametamorfizms viRebT.
bolo xanebSi saubaria e.w. dartymiT metamorfizmze (anu impaqtur metamorfizmze),
romelic Cndeba dedamiwaze didi meteoritebis vardnis Sedegad. meteoritis
Camovardnisas dartymis Sedegad warmoSobili didi energiis wyalobiT meteorituli
kraterebis (astroblemebis) zolSi qerqis amgebi qanebis metamorfuli saxecvla
xdeba (didi meteoritebis vardna dedamiwaze periodulad xdeboda. dReisaTvis
cnobilia 200-ze meti astroblema, romlebic sxvadasxva dros aris gaCenili. maT
Soris yvelaze didi Ciskulubis (iukatani, meqsika) krateria 180 km-iani diametriT,
romelic daaxloebiT 65 mln.wlis win gaCnda.).
regionuli metamorfizmi sxvadasxva intensivobisaa. gamoyofen dabal, saSualo da
maRalsafexurian metamorfizms. xazi unda gaesvas im garemoebas, rom metamorfizmis
TiToeul am safexurs Seesabameba qanebis da maTi amgebi mineralebis garkveuli
kompleqsi, romelTa mixedviTac xdeba zemoT xsenebuli safexurebis amocnoba.
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dabalsafexurian metamorfizms gansazRvravs mwvane fiqlebis faciesi, romlis
damaxasiaTebeli qani mwvane fiqlebia, xolo wamyvani mineralebi: qloriti, epidoti,
mwvane rqatyuara da sxv. saSualosafexurian metamorfizms warmoadgens
amfibolituri faciesi, romelsac qmnian kristaluri fiqlebi, gneisebi da
amfibolitebi, wamyvani mineralebidan ki - qarsebi ( biotiti, muskoviti), amfibolebi
da sxv. maRalsafexurian metamorfizms gviCvenebs granulituri faciesi. wamyvani
qanebia granuliti da eklogiti, xolo mineralebidan - kvarci, mindvris Spatebi,
granatebi.
faciesuri zonaloba aRiniSneba kontaqturi metamorfizmis drosac.
Tavi 16. miwisZvrebi
1964 wlis 27 marts alaskaSi, q. ankorijis maxloblad moxda Zlieri miwisZvra,
romlis Sesaxeb metad saintereso cnobebi am miwisZvris uSualo Semswrem, gazeT
“ankorij deili Taimsis” redaqtorma robert istvudma mogvawoda – “ucbad naTeli
gaxda, rom es ar iyo saxumaro miwisZvra... raRac Zalian Zlier qanaobda WaRi,
romelic gemis saWevarisagan iyo gakeTebuli. yvelaferi Zirs cvioda... ezoSi
gamosvlisTanave davinaxe, Tu rogor “ikrunCxeboda da kvnesoda” Cemi saxli. Zirs
enarcxebodnen didi xeebi... miwaSi gaCnda napralebi. gaurkveveli formis miwis
naglejebi zeviT-qveviT moZraobdnen... mindoda Robeze gadaxtomiT mezoblis ezoSi
gadasvla, rom uceb Robe miwaSi STainTqa... Cem win didi naprali gaCnda, romelmac
mezoblis saxli mTlianad STainTqa” (Болт и др., 1978). am miwisZvris siZlieris
ramdenadme kargad warmosadgenad, unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom im momentSi r. istvudi
q. ankorijSi imyofeboda, romelic miwisZvris epicentridan 130 km-iT iyo
daSorebuli.
ankorijis miwisZvra Tavisi ZaliT erT-erTi uZlieresi iyo cnobil miwisZvraTa
Soris. xolo mis mier miyenebulma materialurma zaralma 310 milioni amerikuli
dolari Seadgina. cnobilia miwisZvrebi, romelTac qalaqebi mTlianad daungreviaT
an sagrZnoblad mouoxrebiaT. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, miwisZvrebi: san-franciskos
(1906w.), AaSxabadis (1948 w.), skoples (1963 w.), taSkentis (1966 w.), buqarestis (1977 w.),
spitakis (1988 w.) da sxv.
ufro saSineli ki is aris, rom miwisZvraTa Sedegad uamravi adamiani iRupeba.
daRupulTa ricxvi yovelwliurad saSualod 10 000 kacs Seadgens. iuneskos-s
monacemebiT 1926-1950 wlebSi miwisZvris Sedegad 310 000 kaci daiRupa, xolo
materialurma zaralma 10 mlrd. dolari Seadgina. adamianTa msxverplis
TvalsazrisiT Semzaravia CineTSi momxdari miwisZvrebi. 1556 wels momxdari
miwisZvris Sedegad iq daiRupa 830 000 kaci, xolo 1976 wels – 650 000. am
TvalsazrisiT aranakleb saSineli iyo tokios (1923 w., daiRupa 160 000 kaci) da
lisabonis (1775 w., daiRupa 60 000 kaci) miwisZvrebi.
zemoT moyvanili magaliTebidan kargad Cans, Tu ra damRupvel stiqions
warmoadgens miwisZvra. bunebrivia, rom adamiani mas imTaviTve SiSiT aRiqvamda da es
SiSi ar gamqrala dResac.
magram SiSTan erTad gaCnda am stiqionis Secnobis interesic. ra aris miwisZvra?
aq moviSvelioT al. janeliZis (1972) lakonuri ganmarteba, rom miwisZvra aris
dedamiwis uecari Seryeva, romlis mizezic miwis SigneTSi mdebareobs.
uaRresad sainteresoa imis codna, Tu rogor Cndeba miwisZvra, ra iwvevs mas.
cnobilia, rom dedamiwis qerqisa da mantiis amgebi qanebi drekad deformaciebs
ganicdian, ris gamoc qanebi “daZabul” mdgomareobaSi imyofebian. rodesac drekadi
deformaciis gamomwvevi Zala gadaaWarbebs qanebis misdami gamZleobis unars,
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ganviTardeba wyvetiTi deformaciebi, rac gamoaTavisuflebs didZal energias da
Sesabamisad miwisZvrebs iwvevs. es SigneTSi xdeba. zedapiramde ki miwisZvra seismuri
gaswvrivi da ganivi talRebis meSveobiT vrceldeba. swored isini, vertikaluri da
horizontuli biZgebiT gvamcnoben miwisZvras da iwveven ngrevas. gamodis, rom
miwisZvris mizezi teqtonikuri deformaciebi yofila. es marTlac asea –
miwisZvrebis mTavari mizezi teqtonikuri deformaciebia. Tumca mis gverdiT sxva
mizezebic unda davasaxeloT: 1) vulkanizmi (vulkanur afeTqebasa da magmis
moZraobasTan dakavSirebuli miwisZvrebi), b) teqnogenuri faqtori (birTvul
afeTqebebTan, wyalsacavebis avsebasTan, navTobisa da gazis sabadoebis
damuSavebasTan da sxva amgvarTan dakavSirebuli miwisZvrebi). wylalsacavebiT
gamowveuli miwisZvrebis magaliTebi sakmaod bevria (aSS, indoeTi, tajikeTi,
yirgizeTi, uzbekeTi, daRestani). unda SevniSnoT, rom vulkanizmiTa da teqnogenuri
faqtorebiT gamowveuli miwisZvrebi ar aris Zlieri, maSin roca teqtonikuri
miwisZvrebi xSirad katastrofulia.
didi mniSvneloba aqvs miwisZvris intensivobis anu Zalis gansazRvras, rac balebSi
gamoixateba. intensivoba ganisazRvreba gruntis dazianebisa da nagebobaTa ngrevis
xarisxiT, agreTve adamianis reaqciiT miwis Seryevaze. amis mixedviT dgeba miwisZvris
Zalis maCvenebeli skala. pirveli aseTi, aTbaliani, skala Seiqmna evropeli
mecnierebis mier mecxramete saukunis oTxmocian wlebSi. XX saukunis dasawyisSi,
1902 wels italielma seismologma merkalim mogvca 12 baliani skala, romelic
modernizebuli saxiT dResac ZalaSia. aris aseve 7 baliani iaponuri skalac. yofil
sabWoTa kavSirSi funqcionirebda merkalis skalis msgavsi 12 – baliani skala “MSK
- 64”, romlis mixedviTac aSxabadis 1948 wlis miwisZvra 10 baliT, xolo spitakis
(1988 w.) 7-10 baliT ganisazRvra.
rogorc vxedavT, miwisZvris Zalis gazomva subieqturia. amis paralelurad,
instrumentulad SeiZleba miwisZvris energiis gazomvac. miwisZvris talRebis Camwer
instruments seismografi ewodeba, romelic SigneTidan mosul talRebs seismogramis
saxiT aRnusxavs. seismogramebiT ganisazRvreba is energia, romelic gamoiyofa
miwisZvris keraSi. es gansazRvra ki xdeba rixteris skalis mixedviT da magnitudebSi
izomeba. rixteris skala icvleba 0-dan 9-mde. dRemde cnobil miwisZvraTagan yvelaze
maRali magnitudis (8.9) miwisZvra iaponiaSi 1933 wels aRiniSna. miwisZvris
intensiurobasa da magnitudas Soris pirdapiri kavSiri ar aris, magram Cveulebriv,
rac ufro Zlieria miwisZvra, miT ufro didia misi magnituda.
adgils sadac miwisZvris Casaxva xdeba miwisZvris kera, hipocentri an fokusi ewodeba.
hipocentris maqsimaluri siRrme 720 km-ia. ufro didi siRmidan wamosuli miwisZvrebis
dafiqsireba zedapirze ver xerxdeba. hipocentridan umoklesi manZiliT dakavSirebul
wertils dedamiwis zedapirze epicentri ewodeba. sxvagvarad epicentri aris
hipocentris proeqcia miwis zedapirze. epicentris irgvliv gamoiyofa intensiuri
ngrevis farTobi – pleistoseisturi are. epicentridan preistoseisturi farTobis
gavliT periferiebisaken miwisZvris intensiuroba TandaTan mcirdeba. Tanabari
siZlieris miwisZvris wertilebis SeerTebiT viRebT koncentrul xazebs – izoseistebs.
hipocentris mdebareobis mixedviT miwisZvris sami tipi gamoiyofa: 1. mcire-
fokusiani miwisZvrebi, romelTa hipocentrebi 60 km-mde siRrmeSi mdebareoben. maTze
modis mTeli miwisZvrebis 75-80%. aqaa yvelaze saSiSi miwisZvrebic; 2.
saSualofokusiani – 60-300 km siRrmeze; 3. Rrmafokusiani – 300-720 km siRrmeze. am
tipis TiTqmis yvela miwisZvra subduqciis zonebTan aris dakavSirebuli.
dedamiwis zedapirze miwisZvris Zalas gansazRvravs hipocentris siRrme,
miwisZvris keraSi warmoSobili kinetikuri energia da qanebis mier seismuri
75
talRebis gamtarunarianoba. rac ufro Rrmad mdebareobs hipocentri, miT ufro
naklebi iqneba miwisZvris Zala zedapirze, Tumca, amave mizeziT is ufro farTod
gaiSleba da met teritoriebs moicavs.
miwisZvras uamravi mZime Sedegi mosdevs: 1. ryeviTi moZraobis gamo miwaSi Cndeba
napralebi (rRvevebi), romelTa gaswvriv calkeuli blokebis urTierTgadaadgileba
xdeba; 2. okeaneSi momxdari miwisZvris Sedegad Cndeba cunami es aris didi sigrZis talRa
(100km-mde), romelic okeanis siRrmeSi warmoiSoba, iq misi simaRle Zalian mcirea (1 m-
mde), amitom Sua okeaneSi cunami ar SeimCneva. napirTan moaxloebisas, zRvis siRrmis
Semcirebis gamo cunamis siCqare klebulobs, katastrofulad mcirdeba misi sigrZec.
samagierod izrdeba simaRle, romelic rig SemTxvevaSi aTeul metrs aRwevs. Cndeba
saSineli Zalis giganturi talRa, romelic yvelafers anadgurebs. ZiriTadad
cunamis “damsaxurebaa” adamianTa is didi msxverpli (60 000 kaci), rac lisabonis 1775
wlis miwisZvras mohyva, xolo 1883 wels krakataus amofrqvevisas swored cunamma
Seiwira 36 000 kacis sicocxle; 3. miwisZvra iwvevs ngrevebs (rogorc xmeleTze, ise
zRvaSi), zvavebs, namzRvlevebs da a.S. zogjer aseTi zvavebi giganturi zomisaa.
peruSi 1970 wels momxdari miwisZvris dros mTidan mowyda 100 mln m3 yinulis,
gruntisa da qanebis masa; gadaevlo dabalmTian qedebsa da mdinareTa xeobebs, ise,
rom mcenareul-niadaguri safari masze arc ki darRveula (rogorc fiqroben,
mewyeri moZraobda SekumSuli haeris ,,baliSze”, ramac Zalian Seamcira xaxunis
Zala); 4. Zlieri miwisZvrebis dros xSirad xdeba kaSxlebis da dambebis gagleja,
rac wyaldidobis sababi xdeba; 5. miwisZvris dros zogjer qalaqebSi Zlieri xanZari
Cndeba. amgvarma xanZarma udidesi zarali miayena q. san-franciskos (1906 w.) da q.
tokios (1923 w.). xanZriT aranakleb dazaralda 1963 wels q. skople (makedonia).
miwisZvrebis geografiuli ganawileba.
vulkanebis mgavsad, miwisZvrebis geografiuli gavrceleba dakavSirebulia
wynarokeanur da xmelTaSuazRviur zonebTan, Suaokeanuri qedebis zolTan da
aRmosavleT afrikis riftul zolTan. Zlieri, damangreveli, miwisZvrebi ZiriTadad
kontinentebis aqtiur kideebTan aris dakavSirebuli, an im zonebTan, romlebic sul
axlo geologiur warsulSi aseT kideebs warmoadgendnen. aq Tavmoyrilia
miwisZvrebis 80-90%. miwisZvrebis kerebis koncentraciis zonebs seismofokaluri
zonebi (“seismos” – miwisZvra; berZn. “fokaluri” – kerasTan dakavSirebuli) hqvia.
aseismuria kratonebi, okeanuri filebis Siga ubnebi, axalgazrda platformebi.
Tumca gamonaklisis saxiT miwisZvrebi aqac aris cnobili (sur. 13.7.).
miwisZvrebis prognozireba.
es sakiTxi metad aqtualuria, ramdenadac masze aris damokidebuli araTu calkeuli
qalaqebis da iq mcxovrebTa, aramed garkveulwilad calkeuli qveynebis bedic ki.
Tumca sulac ver vityviT, rom miwisZvrebis prognozirebis sakiTxi dRes mTlianad,
an mniSvnelovnad mainc iyos gadaWrili.
miwisZvrebis prognozi gulisxmobs adgilis, drois da intensivobis (Zalis)
winaswar ganWvretas. am samidan SedarebiT ioli gasarkvevia da amdenad ufro realuri
momavali miwisZvris adgilis garkveva. ukve cnobilia, rom miwisZvrebi umetesad
teqtonikurad aqtiur regionebSi xdeba. amdenad adgili TiTqos miTiTebulia. rac
Seexeba dros, aq saqme ufro rTuladaa, Tumca prognozisaTvis zogi momennti
cnobilia. kerZod, Tu mocemul regionSi miwisZvrebi garkveuli periodulobiT
xdeba, es momenti SeiZleba gaxdes drois prognozis – erT-erTi sayrdeni. sxva
SemTxvevaSi, Tu miwisZvra didxans ar yofila misi ganviTarebis albaToba didad
izrdeba.
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zemoT dasaxelebuli orive momenti miwisZvris Soreul prognozs gulisxmobs.
rac Seexeba axlo prognozs uaRresad mniSvnelovania imis codna, rom mosalodnel
miwisZvris win SesamCnevad izrdeba magnituri veli, garemos akustikuri Tvisebebi,
atmosferos eleqtruli pontenciali, wylebis hidrogeoqimiuri reJimi. anomalurad
iqcevian cxovelebi.
drois prognozi zogjer marTldeba. amis saukeTeso magaliTia CineTSi 1975 wels
momxdari miwisZvra (7.3-iani magnitudiT) winaswari ganWvreta, ramac aTaseulobiT
adamiani sikvdils gadaarCina.
Zalze Zneli Cans miwisZvris intensivobis prognozireba. miwisZvris prognozirebas
erTgvarad aadvilebs calkeuli regionebisaTvis arsebuli sxvadasxva masStabis
seismuri daraionebis rukebis arseboba.
mTeli rigi RonisZiebebiT SeiZleba momavali miwisZvris Sedegebisagan winaswari
Tavdacva. aseTebia: mSeneblobis akrZalva teqtonikuri rRvevebis zolSi,
seismomedegi Senobebis ageba, xanZarsawinaaRmdego zomebis miReba da a.S.
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nawili III
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoria
geologiuri mecnierebis erT-erT saintereso mimarTulebas, SeiZleba iTqvas,
umTavressac, dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriis Seswavla warmoadgens. es
istoria ki daaxloebiT oTxi miliardi wlis win daiwyo, roca civ kosmosSi
„moxetiale“ dedamiwas qerqi gadaekra, e.i. Camoyalibeba daiwyo erT-erTma
mniSvnelovanma geosferom - dedamiwis qerqma.
magram ra iyo manamde? sayovelTaod cnobilia, rom dedamiwa mzis sistemis
rvaTagan erT-erTi planetaa. mzis sistema ki Cveni galaqtikis Semadgeneli nawilia.
rogorc fiqroben, samyaro 100 miliardi galaqtikisagan Sedgeba, xolo TiToeul
galaqtikaSi aseve 100 miliardi varskvlavia. amdenad, dedamiwis, rogorc ciuri
sxeulis formireba unda ganvixiloT mTeli samyaros, upirvelesad ki mzis sistemis
formirebis fonze.
samyaros gaCena uaRresad rTul da problemur sakiTxs warmoadgens da adamianis
codnac mis Sesaxeb hipoTezebis doneze Tua. am hipoTezebis Tanaxmad ki samyaro
gaCnda udidesi, maRaltemperaturuli (miliardi gradusebi) cecxlovani sferos
afeTqebiT, romlis Sedegadac sivrceSi yvela mimarTulebiT gaifanta uwvrilesi
nawilakebi. SemdgomSi temperaturis TandaTani dacemiT moxerxda am nawilakebis
SeerTeba-dajgufeba gaz-mtveris calkeuli nislovanedebis saxiT, romlebmac
sabolood varskvlavebi, planetebi da maTi erTobliobiT warmoqmnili galaqtikebi
mogvces. varaudoben, rom samyaro 13-14 miliardi wlis win Seiqmna. Tumca umjobesia
vTqvaT, rom am periodSi daiwyo samyaros formirebis procesi, radganac es procesi
SemdgomSic grZeldeboda Tundac dRevandeli dRis CaTvliT.
fiqroben, rom samyaros msgavsad moxda mzis sistemis Camoyalibebac, romelic
dakavSirebuli unda iyos uaxlesi varskvlavis afeTqebasTan. am afeTqebas unda
gamoewvia gravitaciuli talRa, romelmac xeli Seuwyo kosmosSi gafantuli gazisa
da mtvris nawilakebis SekumSvas da amgvarad masalis kondensacias. Sedegad ki mzis
sistema miviReT, romlis formirebac (cxadia, dedamiwis CaTvliT) daaxloebiT 4,6
miliardi wlis win unda momxdariyo.
mecnierTa azriT planeta dedamiwis formireba rkiniTa da nikeliT agebuli
birTvisagan (yovel SemTxvevaSi Siga birTvisagan) unda dawyebuliyo. cota
mogvianebiT unda gaCeniliyo mantia da dedamiwis qerqi. pirvandeli qerqi, romelic
dRemde arsad napovni ar aris, albaT bazalturi iyo.
amave dros unda iyos Seqmnili dedamiwiseuli atmosfero, romlis formirebac
mantiis degazaciiT unda momxdariyo (intensiuri vulkanizmis wyalobiT). SigneTidan
(mantiidan) amotyorcnili msubuqi gazebi (wyalbadi, heliumi) kosmosSi ifanteboda,
xolo SedarebiT mZime gazebma, iseTebma rogoricaa wylis orTqli (H2O),
naxSirorJangi (CO2), meTani (CH4), naxSirJangi(CO), gogirdwyalbadi(H2S) da sxva,
Seqmnes albaT pirveli dedamiwiseuli atmosfero. odnav mogvianebiT, atmosferodan
wylis orTqlis kondensaciiT dedamiwaze pirveli zRvebic unda gaCeniliyo.
aseTi suraTi iyo dedamiwaze 4 miliardi wlis win. dedamiwis qerqis amgebi
yvelaze Zveli qanebis asakic daaxloebiT 4 miliardi wlisaa. swored aman
ganapiroba is garemoeba, rom dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias 4
miliardi wlidan viwyebT.
78
mecnierebas, romelic dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istorias swavlobs,
istoriuli geologia ewodeba. istoriuli geologiis mraval mimarTulebaTa Soris
ori umTavresi unda gamoiyos. erTi iqneba dedamiwaze (SigneTSi Tu zedapirze)
geologiur warsulSi mimdinare procesebis dadgena-amocnoba da misi meSveobiT
dedamiwis zedapiris ama Tu im droindeli suraTis Seqmna (igulixmeba zRvisa da
xmeleTis ganawilebis dadgena), anu paleogeografia. cota sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT,
paleogeografia aRadgens geologiur warsulSi arsebul fizikur-geografiul
garemos, romelic gamoxateba kontinentebisa da okeaneebis ganawilebaSi, xmeleTis
reliefisa da okeanis fskeris morfologiaSi, klimatSi da sxv. da rac ufro
mTavaria _yvelaferi amis droSi cvalebadobis gaTvaliswinebiT. meore mimarTuleba
gulisxmobs zemoxsenebuli geologiuri procesebis asakebis gansazRvras, anu im
drois amocnobas, roca es procesebi mimdinareobda. es iqneba geoqronologia.
Tavi 17. sicocxle dedamiwaze
rogorc paleogeografiul, ise geoqronologiur kvlevaSi fasdaudebeli samsaxuri
SeiZleba gagviwios dedamiwaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis Seswavlam.
dedamiwaze sicocxlis arseboba-ganviTareba erT-erT fenomenalur movlenas
warmoadgens da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom is mkvlevarTa udides yuradRebas
imsaxurebda da imsaxurebs dResac. dReisaTvis cnobilia, rom dedamiwaze sicocxle
daaxloebiT 3700 milioni wlis win gaCnda. Tumca amgvar gancxadebas garkveuli
ganmarteba sWirdeba - sicocxle dedamiwaze Caisaxa-ganviTarda da amdenad dedamiwa
warmoadgens erTaderT unikalur planetas am fenomenis arsebobis TvalsazrisiT,
Tu is sxva planetidan mogvevlina. SeiZleba isic vifiqroT, rom sicocxle pirvelad
dedamiwaze gaCnda da Semdeg gavrcelda sxva planetaze.
yovel SemTxvevaSi dReisaTvis ZalaSia orgvari Sexeduleba. erTis mixedviT
sicocxle dedamiwiseulia, e.i. gaCnda da ganviTarda dedamiwaze. am Sexedulebis
erT-erTi fuZemdebelia cnobili rusi mecnieri al. oparini, romelmac es mosazreba
gasuli saukunis ocian wlebSi Camoayaliba (Опарин, 1924). Tumca al. oparini
bolomde mainc ar gamoricxavda dedamiwaze sicocxlis kosmosidan Semosvlis
SesaZleblobas.
meore Sexedulebas zogadad „panspermiis Teoria“ hqvia, romlis avtoria me-19
saukunis germaneli mecnieri h. rixteri. panspermia kosmosSi sayovelTaod arsebul
sicocxles aRiarebs. es Teoria, ufro sworad ki hipoTeza, romelic kosmosidan
dedamiwaze sicocxlis Semotanas gulisxmobs, erTgvari miviwyebis Semdeg dRes
kvlav ganaxlebas iwyebs. TiTqos gaCnda utyuari sabuTebi imisa, rom kosmosidan
SemoWril meteoritebsa da kometebs anabiozis mdgomareobaSi myofi baqteriebi
SemoaqvT („anabiozis“ - gamococxldeba, berZn. - organizmis unari srulad
aRidginos sasicocxlo funqciebi, romlebic mTlianad an nawilobriv dakarga
araxelsayreli cxovrebis pirobebis ganviTarebis gamo). aseT baqteriebs TiTqos
SeswevT unari anabiozis mdgomareobaSi darCnen erTi an ramodenime milioni wlis
ganmavlobaSic ki. aris cnoba imis Taobaze, rom ruseTis mikrobiologiis
institutis TanamSromlebs antarqtidis yinulebSi aRmouCeniaT anabiozSi myofi
baqteriebi, romlebic erTi milioni wlis „Zilis“ Semdeg yinulis galxobis Sedegad
gacocxlebulan. Tu am monacemebs davumatebT imasac, rom avstraliaSi napovn 4500-
79
4600 milioni wlis winandeli asakis meteoritebSi baqteriebis kvalia mikvleuli,
maSin panspermiis hipoTeza aSkarad realur saxes iRebs.
da mainc, dedamiwaze sicocxlis gaCenis sakiTxi bolomde gadawyvetili ar aris.
miuxedavad amisa, erTi ram mainc udavoa - sicocxle dedamiwaze wyalSi, ufro
zustad ki zRvaSi gaCnda. swored zRva iyo is garemo, sadac sicocxlis Casaxvas, an
Casaxvas Tu ara, ganviTarebis dasawyiss mainc hqonda adgili. ara mxolod aTeuli
da aseuli milioni wlebi, aramed miliardi wlebic ki gaxda saWiro imisaTvis, rom
sicocxle zRvidan xmeleTze damkvidrebuliyo. yovelive amis damadasturebeli
utyuari sabuTebi Semonaxulia dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi.
17.1. ras Seiswavlis paleontologia.
rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, sicocxle dedamiwaze gaCnda daaxloebiT 3700 milioni
wlis win. is arsebobs dResac, Tanac gacilebiT ufro maRali organizaciiT, vidre
iyo adre, geologiur warsulSi. aSkaraa, rom sicocxlem dedamiwaze mTeli am
TiTqmis 4 miliardi wlis ganmavlobaSi didi aRmavloba, evolucia ganicada.
rogorc cnobilia, Tanamedrove sicocxles biologia Seiswavlis. rac Seexeba
geologiur warsulSi arsebul sicocxles, mas sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebis metad
saintereso dargi - paleontologia ikvlevs. termini „paleontologia“ niSnavs
moZRvrebas Zveli arsebis (Sinaarsobrivad - Zveli sicocxlis) Sesaxeb. „Zveli
sococxle“ ki is sicocxlea, romelic geologiur warsulSi an sxvagvarad
geologiur xanaSi arsebobda. aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom sakmaod Znelia uSualo
sazRvris gatareba geologiur xanasa da istoriul xanas (Tanamedroveobas) Soris
da amdenad geologiur warsulSi arsebuli sicocxlis Tanamedrovisagan gamijvna.
magram gamosavali mainc aris, ramdenadac geologiur warsulSi arsebuli sicocxle
bunebaSi dRes namarxi organizmebis an mokled namarxebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
aqedan gamomdinare, paleontologia SeiZleba ganvmartoT rogorc mecniereba namarxi
organizmebis Sesaxeb. zogjer namarx organizmebs gadaSenebulebsac uwodeben, rac
mTlad zusti ar aris.
ra aris namarxi? namarxi aris sicocxlis yvela is naSTi, romelic ama Tu im
saxiTaa SemorCenili dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi. aseTi SeiZleba iyos cxovelis
mTliani skeleti (ConCxi) an misi fragmenti ( magaliTad, dinozavris ConCxi an
xerxemlis erTi mala, uxerxemlo cxovelebis niJarebi da sxv.); mcenaris foTlebis
an meduzebis da sxva cxovelTa anabeWdebi; Siga da gare kalapotebi (gansakuTrebiT
gavrcelebulia uxerxemlo cxovelebSi); nakvalevi, romelic rCeba cxovelTa
siarulis, gruntze xoxvis, gruntSi Caflobis Tu moZraobis Sedegad (magaliTad,
dinozavris nakvalevi quTaisis midamoebSi saTaflias karstuli mRvimis maxloblad);
cxovelTa sasicocxlo moqmedebis Sedegad darCenili produqtebi, e.w. koproliTebi
da sxv.
ganamarxeba, romelsac sxvagvarad fosilizaciasac uwodeben, metad rTuli da
xangrZlivi procesia. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom organizmTa mxolod 10-
20% Tu namarxdeba, danarCeni ki mTlianad nadgurdeba. dRes cocxal organizmTa 2
300 000 saxeobaa cnobili. mecnierTa azriT axali saxeebis aRmoCeniT es cifri
SeiZleba 30 molionamde avides. saxeobaTa arsebobis saSualo asaki 2-20 milion
wels Seadgens. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT dedamiwaze sicocxlis arsebobis
xangrZlivobas (3700 mln weli), maSin ganamarxebul saxeobaTa ricxvi erTob
80
STambeWdavi iqneba. d. simpsonis (Симпсон, 1948) monacemebiT gadaSenebul saxeobaTa
maqsimaluri ricxvi SeiZleba oTxi miliardic ki iyos. dReisaTvis ki namarxi
organizmebis sul raRac 130 000 saxea cnobili. marTalia namarx saxeobaTa sakmaod
didi nawili jer kidev dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSia damarxuli da amdenad
mkvlevarTaTvis ucnobia, magram miuxedavad amisa, zemoT dasaxelebuli cifri Zalian
mcirea da bevri sxva momentis gaTvaliswinebiT aSkarad miuTiTebs ganamarxebis
erTob dabal procentze. am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
gansakuTrebiT kargad namarxdebian is organizmebi, romlebic mineralur skelets
ikeTeben (sxvadasxvagvari moluskebi an marjnebi an sxv.), xolo Zalze cudad -
uskeleto an TiTqmis uskeleto organizmebi (meduzebi, Wiebi, mwerebi da a.S.).
paleontologia namarxi organizmebis calkeuli jgufebis uSualo Seswavlis
paralelurad ikvlevs maTi cxovrebis pirobebs (paleoekologia), maTi geografiuli
(sivrcobrivi) ganawilebis kanonzomierebebs (paleobiogeografia), xolo sicocxlis
evoluciuri ganviTarebis safuZvelze dayrdnobiT sazRvravs dedamiwis qerqis amgebi
qanebis calkeuli wyebebis geologiur asaks (biostratigrafia). aqedan gamomdinare
fasdaudebelia is wvlili, romelic paleontologias Seaqvs dedamiwis geologiuri
ganviTarebis kvlevis saqmeSi. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom sicocxlis evolucia
dedamiwaze am ukanasknelis ganviTarebis istoriis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi
nawilia.
paleoekologia warmodgeba terminidan „ekologia“ („oikos“ - saxli,
sacxovrebeli, berZn.), xolo es ukanaskneli Seiswavlis organizmisa da garemos
urTierTobas.
garemos nebismieri ubani iq mcxovrebi organizmebiT anu biosiT warmoadgens
ekosistemas, romelic ori ZiriTadi komponentisagan - biocenozisa da biotopisagan
Sedgeba. biotopi („bios“ + „topos“ - adgili; berZn.) gulisxmobs daaxloebiT
erTnairi pirobebis mqone garemos, romelSic organizmTa garkveuli kompleqsi
binadrobs, xolo biocenozi („bios“ + „cenozi“ - saerTo; berZn.) mocemul konkretul
biotopSi mcxovreb organizmTa erTobliobaa. ekosistema iqneba, magaliTd, okeane an
Tundac biosfero mTeli Tavisi biotopuri Tu biocenozuri mravalferovnebiT da
aseve ekosistemaa wylis patara gubec ki masSi mobinadre baqteriebisa da
mikroorganizmebis TiTo-orola saxeobiT. aSkaraa, rom biocenozi da biotopi
mWidro urTierTkavSirSia da gansazRvraven urTierTs. aqedan gamomdinare
paleoekosistemebis (geologiuri warsulis ekosistemebis) Seswavlisas Zveli
biocenozebis meSveobiT, romelTac oriqtocenozi („oriqtos“ - namarxi, berZn.)
SeiZleba vuwodoT, SegviZlia aRvadginoT is fizikur-geografiuli garemo, romelic
arsebobda dedamiwaze misi geologiuri ganviTarebis ama Tu im periodSi, epoqasa Tu
saukuneSi.
msgavsad paleoekologiurisa, paleobiogeografiuli kvlevis meSveobiTac sakmao
sizustiT SegviZlia aRvadginoT Zveli fizikur-geografiuli garemo, gavigoT
mocemul adgilze adre zRva iyo Tu xmeleTi, zRvis fskeris siRrme, wylis
temperatura da marilianoba, adgilis klimaturi pirobebi da mravali sxva. da rac
mTavaria movxazoT dedamiwis imdroindeli zedapiris paleogeografiuli suraTi.
rac Seexeba biostratigrafias, mas Semdeg SevexebiT. aseve mogvianebiT
ganvixilavT paleontologiuri kvlevis erT-erT problemur, magram uaRresad
saintereso sakiTxs, romelic organizmTa gadaSenebas exeba.
81
17.1.1. organuli samyaros klasifikacia
namarxTa mravalferovani saxeobebis Sesaswavlad maTi sistemaSi moyvana anu
klasifikaciaa saWiro. paleontologia, rogorc biologiuri mecnierebis erT-erTi
dargi, am ukanasknelSi miRebul klasifikacias eyrdnoba, rac savsebiT bunebrivia.
organul samyaroSi gamoiyofa didi erTeulebi (taqsonebi), romelTac samefos
(laT. Regnum) uwodeben (SevniSnavT, rom paleontologiaSi, iseve rogorc saerTod
biologiaSi, nebismieri taqsonis saxelwodeba laTinurad iwereba). samefoebi
nawildebian ufro mcire erTeulebad - tipebad (Phylum). tipi aerTianebs klasebs
(Classis), romelic Tavis mxriv rigebisagan (Ordo) Sedgeba. rigi moicavs ojaxebs
(Familia). ojaxi gvarebs (Genus), xolo gvari saxeebs (Species). es aris organuli
samyaros mTavari taqsonomiuri erTeulebi. maT gverdiT arsebobs aramTavari,
SeiZleba iTqvas gardamavali erTeulebic, rogoricaa, vTqvaT, zesamefo, zetipi,
qvetipi, zeojaxi, qvegvari da sxv.
dReisaTvis organul samyaroSi xuTi samefoa gamoyofili, romlebic or
zesamefoSi erTiandebian:
sqemidan Cans, rom dReisaTvis xuTi samefoa cnobili: baqteriebi, cianobiontebi
(cianobaqteriebi), mcenareebi, sokoebi da cxovelebi. namarxebis saxiT xuTive
samefos warmomadgenlebi gvxvdeba, Tumca paleontologiuri TvalsazrisiT udidesi
mniSvneloba aqvT cxovelebs, Semdeg mcenareebs, naklebad - cianobiontebs da kidev
ufro naklebad - baqteriebsa da sokoebs.
17.1.2 samefo Bacteria _ baqteriebi
baqteriebi mikroskopuli erTujrediani organizmebia, romelTa sxeuli measedi,
meaTedi an erTeuli milimikronebiT izomeba. farTod gavrcelebuli jgufia da
gvxvdeba biosferos yvela ubanze qanebidan dawyebuli sxva organizmebis Sinagan
organoebamde. maTi kveba qemosinTeziT mimdinareobs (qemosinTezi _ organuli
nivTierebis warmoqmna araorganulidan am ukanasknelis daJangvis xarjze).
baqteriebi geologiurad uaRresad sayuradRebo jgufia, radganac warmoadgenen
qanTSemqmnel organizmebs. maT qmedebasTanaa dakavSirebuli rkinis, gogirdis, piritis,
fosforitis, navTobis, gazisa da bevri sxva wiaRiseuli sabados formireba.
paleontologiuri TvalsazrisiT uaRresad sainteresoa is garemoeba, rom pirveli
organizmebi, romlebic dedamiwaze gaCndnen 3700 milioni wlis win, rogorc fiqroben,
swored baqteriebi unda yofiliyvnen.
baqteriebi arqeulidan dRemde modian.
zesamefo
Procaryota – ubirTvoni Eucaryota– birTvianebi
Bacteria baqteriebi
(3900)
Cyanobionta cianobiontebi
(2000)
Phyta (Plantae)
mcenareebi
(360 000)
Fungi sokoebi
(100 000)
Zoa (Animalia) cxovelebi
(1 700 000)
82
17.1.3. samefo Cyanobionta _cianobiontebi
cianobiontebi erTujrediani caledi an koloniuri formebia (albaT pirveli
koloniuri organizmebi dedamiwaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis istoriaSi), romlebic
fotosinTezis meSveobiT ikvebebian. adre maT lurj-mwvane wyalmcenareebs
uwodebdnen da Sesabamisad mcenareebs akuTvnebdnen. magram rogorc gairkva, isini
wyalmcenareebisagan gansxvavebuli jgufia, ris gamoc calke erTeulad gamoiyo.
cianobiontebi arqeulSi gaCndnen,daaxloebiT 3500 milioni wlis win. aRsaniSnavia,
rom maTi meSveobiT iqmneba Tavisufali biogenuri Jangbadi, romlis didi
raodenobiT dagroveba arqeulsa da proterozoulSi swored ZiriTadad
cianobiontebis meSveobiT moxda.
Zveli cianobiontebi Txeli (marCxi) zRvis mcxovrebni iyvnen. dRes isini
xmeleTzec gvxvdebian. cianobiontebi qmnian kalciumis karbonatis warmonaqmnebs,
romelTa Zvel formebs stromatoliTebi hqvia. stromatoliTebi gansakuTrebiT
mravladaa proterozoul naleqebSi, sadac isini rifebis saxiTaa warmodgenili.
gamodis, rom pirveli rifismSenebeli organizmebi cianobiontebi yofilan. Tumca
aris Sexeduleba, rom stromatoliTebis formirebaSi cianobiontebTan erTad
baqteriebic monawileobdnen.
stromatoliTebs didi roli eniWebaT proterozouli (gansakuTrebiT rifeuli)
naleqebis stratigrafiaSi. cianobiontebi cnobilia arqeulidan dRemde.
17.1.4. samefo Fungi _ sokoebi.
imdenad mcirea sokoebis rogorc geologiuri, ise paleontologiuri mniSvneloba,
rom maT arc ki SevexebiT. aRvniSnavT mxolod, rom sokoebi xasiaTdebian, rogorc
mcenareTa, ise cxovelTa TvisebebiT. mecnierebi ar gamoricxaven im faqts, rom
sokoebi SeiZleba organizmTa erT-erTi uZvelesi jgufi iyos, Tumca yvelaze Zveli
namarxi sokoebis asaki devonuria. erTi kia, rom xmeleTis pirveli binadarni
baqteriebTan erTad sokoebic iyvnen.
17.1.5 samefo Phyta (Plantae) _ mcenareebi.
mcenareebi organuli samyaros erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgenlebia.
udidesia maTi rogorc geologiuri, ise paleontologiuri Rirebuleba. SegviZlia
davasaxeloT sakmaod bevri qani da madani, romlebic mTlianad an mniSvnelovnad
mcenareuli naSTebiTaa agebuli. aseTebia: saweri carci, diatomiti, qvanaxSiri, sawvavi
fiqlebi, trepelebi, opokebi, wyalmcenareebiani rifebi da a.S. Zalze mniSvnelovania
mcenareebis roli biostratigrafiaSi.
mcenareebSi or did jgufs (qvesamefoebs) gamoyofen: umdables da umaRles
mcenareebs. pirvel jgufs zogadad wyalmcenareebs uwodeben. saxelidan gamomdinare,
wyalmcenareTa udidesi nawili wyalSi (zRvebSi, lagunebSi, tbebSi) cxovrobs, Tumca
arseboben niadagSic da sxva garemoSic (magaliTad, xeebze, Senobis kedlebze).
wyalmcenareebi erT an mravalujredianebi arian, caledi an koloniuri formebia.
wyalSi mcxovrebni ewevian benTosur an planqtonur cxovrebas. arasodes did
siRrmeebze ar gvxvdebian, vrceldebian sinaTlis sxivis CaRwevis zonamde (saSualod
200 m-ze). es bunebrivicaa, radgan wyalmcenareebi fotosinTezis meSveobiT arseboben.
maTi zomebi sxvadasxvaa _ erTeuli mikronebidan aTeul metramde. zogi maTgani
ikeTebs mineralur skelets.
rogorc varaudoben, wyalmcenareebi gaCndnen proterozoul eonSi daaxloebiT
2000 milioni wlis win. movidnen dRemde.
qvemoT sqematurad SevexebiT wyalmcenareTa im jgufebs, romlebic mniSvnelovania
geologiuri TvalsazrisiT.
83
oqrosferi wyalmcenareebi (tipi Chrysophyta) ZiriTadad erTujrediani,
mikroskopuli formebia, romlebic zogjer koloniebs qmnian; cxovroben mtknar
wylebSi, iSviaTad zRvebSi. ganamarxebuli qrizofitebidan yvelaze cnobilia
kokoliToforidebi – Zalze patara zomis (miekuTvnebian nanoplanqtons (,,nanos” –
juja; berZ.), erTujrediani, ZiriTadad zRvaSi mcxovrebi mcenareebi, romlebic kirqvis
(CaCO3) skelets ikeTeben. swored kokoliToforidebia saweri carcis erT-erTi
ZiriTadi Semadgeneli nawili. sayuradReboa, rom kokoliToforidebi Tbili wylis
moyvaruli formebia. amdenad namarxi kokoliToforidebis meSveobiT SegviZlia
amovicnoT im drois zRvis wylis temperatura da Sesabamisad visaubroT Zveli, anu
paleoklimatis Sesaxebac.
kokoliToforidebi triasulidan dRemdea cnobili. maTi aYyvavebis xanad ki
gviancarculi epoqa iTvleba (daaxloebiT 95-65 milioni wlis win);
qrizofitebis meore wamyvani jgufia silikoflagelatebi, romlebic
kokoliToforidebisagan gansxvavebiT kaJis (SiO2) skelets ikeTeben. msgavsad
kokoliToforidebisa, isinic zRviuri planqtonuri organizmebia, romelTa Soris
cnobilia, rogorc Tbili, ise civi wlis moyvaruli formebi.
geologiuri asaki _ carculidan dRemde.
diatomeebi (tipi Diatomeae) kaJiani wyalmcenareebia, mikroskopuli zomis,
erTujrediani, caledi an iSviaTad koloniuri. ZiriTadad planqtonuri formebia,
vxvdebiT benTosis saxiTac; cxovroben zRvebsa da mtknar wylebSi, diatomeebi
ZiriTadad civi wylis moyvaruli organizmebia.
diatomeebs uviTardebaT mcire zomis ori nawilisagan Semdgari kaJiani niJara,
romelTa dagrovebis Sedegad warmoiqmneba cnobili kaJovani qanebi _ diatomiti,
trepeli, opoka (saqarTveloSi q. axalcixis maxloblad sof. uravelTan aris
diatomitis cnobili sabado). namarxi diatomeebi biostratigrafiaSi detaluri
(zonaluri) danawilebisTvisac ki gamoiyeneba.
geologiuri asaki – carculidan dRemde.
wiTeli da Zoweuli wyalmcenareebi (tipi Rhodohphyta) erT-erTi uZvelesi jgufia
wyalmcenareebisa, arseboben kambriulidan dRemde. zogi maTgani monawileobs marjnis
rifebis SenebaSi.
yviTel-mwvane wyalmcenareebi (tipi Phacophyta) yvelaze rTulad agebuli
mravalujrediani wyalmcenareebia. zogi maTgani gigantur zomebsac aRwevs.
magaliTad, Tanamedrove zRvebSi mcxovrebi laminariebi 60m-mde izrdebian. bevri
maTgani saukeTeso sakveb produqts warmoadgens. laminariebis jgufis erT-erTi
warmomadgeneliT (gvari Sargassum) ,,amovsebulia” sargasis zRva, romelmac
saxelwodeba swored am wyalmcenaris saxelidan miiRo.
umaRlesi mcenareebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTebels Seadgens is, rom mcenaris
sxeuli sami ZiriTadi nawilisagan Sedgeba: fesvi, Rero da foToli.
umaRlesi mcenareebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi silurulSi gaCndnen, daaxloebiT
420-415 milioni wlis win. esenia e.w. riniofitebi (tipi Rhyniophyta), 70 sm-mde simaRlis
balaxismagvari mcenareebi, romelTac adre fsilofitebs uwodebdnen. riniofitebi
pirveli mcenareebi iyvnen, romelTac daiwyes zRvidan xmeleTze amosvla. es moxda
daaxloebiT 410 milioni wlis win, siluruli da devonuri periodebis sazRvarze.
riniofitebi gadaSendnen devonur periodSi (Sua devonurSi).
likopodiumismagvarni (tipi LLLLycopodiophyta) Tanamedrove floraSi balaxismagvari
mcenareebiTaa warmodgenili. geologiur warsulSi ki xeebisa da buCqebis saxiT iyo
gavrcelebuli. xeTa ganivkveTi 2 m-s, xolo simaRle 40 m-sac ki aRwevda.
likopodiumismagvarni silurulis bolos an devonuris dasawyisSi gaCndnen da
movidnen dRemde. Tumca maTSi aris gadaSenebuli jgufebi, romelTagan pirvel rigSi
aRsaniSnavia lepidodendronisebrTa ojaxi. es ojaxi arsebobda gviandevonuridan
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adre triasulamde. swored am ojaxs miekuTvneba zemoT xsenebuli giganturi
formebi. ojaxis yvelaze cnobili warmomadgenlebia lepidodendronebi (karbonul-
qveda permuli) da sigilariebi(Sua karbonul – qveda permuli) (sur. --). rogorc
vxedavT orive gvari paleozouris bolos (adrepermulSi) gadaSenda.
lepidodendronisebrni monawileobdnen paleozouri asakis qvanaxSiris sabadoebis
genezisSi.
Svitismagvarni (tipi EEquisctophyta) balaxovan da xe-mcenareebs warmoadgenen. maTi
pirveli warmomadgenlebi gviandevonurSi gaCndnen. modian dRemde. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa kalamitisnairni (,,kalamus” – lerwami; laT) – didtaniani (20 m-mde)
xeebi, romlebic garda imisa, rom ulamazes tyeebs qmnidnen, qvanaxSiris mdidari
sabadoebic mogvces lepidodendronebTan erTad. garda amisa didia maTi
biostratigrafiuli roli zeda paleozouris kontinenturi wyebebisaTvis.
kalamitisnairni gadaSenebuli jgufia, romelic dedamiwaze gviandevonuridan
permulamde arsebobda.
gvimrismagvarni (tipi Polypodiophyta) cnobilia rogorc balaxisebri, ise didtaniani
xe-mcenareebiT. dRevandel floraSi isini saxeobaTa raodenobiT mxolod xavsebsa
da farulTeslianebs Tu CamorCebian.
gadaSenebuli gvimranairebidan aRsaniSnavia gvari Archaeopteris, romlis warmomad-
genelTa ganamarxebuli foTlebi ise mravlad gvxvdeba gviandevonur naleqebSi, rom
gviandevonur floras ,,arqeopterisis floris” saxeliTac ixsenieben.
umaRlesi mcenareebis zemoT xsenebuli yvela tipi sporebiT mravldeba. maTze
ufro ganviTarebul jgufebs qmnian SiSvelTeslianebi da farulTeslianebi,
romlebic, rogorc amaze maTi saxelebic migvaniSnebs, TesliT mravldebian.
SiSvelTeslianebi (tipi Gymnospermae an Pinophyta) mravalferovani jgufia, romelic
ZiriTadad xe-mcenareebisa da buCqnarebis saxiT gvxvdeba. Tanamedrove floraSi
umTavresad wiwvovanebiTaa warmodgenili. gavrcelebulia faqtobrivad yvela
klimatur zonaSi.
SiSvelTeslianebis istoria gviandevonuridan iwyeba. maTi aYyvavebis xanad ki
mezozouri eraa miCneuli. cikadofsidebi anu sagovanebi triasulidan dRemde
gvxvdebian. benetitisnairni (gviantriasul-carculi), glosofterisebi (karbonul-
triasuli), kordaitebi (karbonul-adre triasuli) aerTianeben SiSvelTeslianebis
mezozour eraSi gadaSenebul jgufebs.
glosofterisis flora arsebobda zomieri da civi klimatis pirobebSi.
gavixsenoT, rom am floris arseboba samxreTi amerikis, afrikis, avstraliis,
antarqtidis da gansakuTrebiT indoeTis gvianpaleozour naleqebSi erT-erTi
mniSvnelovani sabuTia imisa, rom im dros samxreT naxevarsferoSi arsebobda erTiani
superkontinenti gondvanisi, romelic zemoT dasaxelebuli kontinentebis erTianobas
warmoadgenda. amave dros, glosofterisis flora gamyinvarebis arsebobis erT-erTi
maCvenebelicaa. kordaitebi, piriqiT, tropikul sartyelSi cxovrobdnen. isini
qvanaxSiris sabadoebis warmoSobaSi monawileoben. wiwvovanebi gavrcelebulia
tropikulidan polarul sartylamde, Tumca amjobineben zomier klimatSi arsebobas.
ZiriTadad gvxvdebian xe-mcenareebis saxiT, zogjer giganturi zomebiT. magaliTad,
sekvoia 110 m-mde izrdeba, misi tanis ganivkveTi ki 5-8 m-s Seadgens; cocxlobs 2000
welze mets. saerTod wiwvianebi 4-6 aTas wlamde cocxloben.
farulTeslianebi (tipi Angiospermae an Magnoliophyta) yvelaze maRalganviTarebul
mcenareebs warmoadgenen. amave dros yvelaze ufro farTod gavrcelebulebs _
gvxvdebian yvela klimatur zonaSi. warmodgenili arian sxvadasxva ekologiuri
tipiT _ xe-mcenareebi, buCqnari, balaxeuli, wylis mcenareTa saxiTac ki. zogi
maTganis simaRle (evkalipti) 150 m-s aRwevs.
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farulTeslianebi or klasad iyofa: orlebnianebi da erTlebnianebi. ufro
adreuli warmoSobis da Tanac mravalferovania orlebnianebis klasi. maTSi
gaerTianebulia balaxeuli mravalZarRva, agreTve Wadari, wabli, muxa da sxv.
erTlebnianebSi Sedis balaxovani mcenareebi, maT Soris wylisa da Waobis formebi,
xe mcenareebi (palma) da sxv.
farulTeslianebis arseboba carculi periodidan daiwyo. kainozouri era
(dRevandelobis CaTvliT) maTi aYyvavebis xanaa.
saerTod unda iTqvas, rom gvianproterozoulSi farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli
cianobiontebi, paleozourSi _ sporianebi (pirvel rigSi gvimranairebi), mezozourSi
_SiSvelTeslianebi, xolo kainozourSi _farulTeslianebi. Sesabamisad xsenebuli
jgufebis geologiuri mniSvneloba miTiTebul droSi gansakuTrebiT Rirebulia.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT,mcenareebs didi wvlili miuZRviT qanebis warmoSobaSi, xolo
maTi roli qvanaxSiris, torfisa da sawvavi fiqlebis formirebaSi unikaluria.
17.1.6. samefo Zoa (Animalia) _ cxovelebi
erTob mravalferovania cxovelTa samyaro – arian erTujrediani da
mravalujrediani, caledi da koloniuri formebi, aqtiurad moZravni da zRvis
fskerze mimagrebulebi, SlamSi Caflulni Tu kldeSi Camjdarni. maT dapyrobili
aqvT zRva da xmeleTi, haeric ki.
pirveli cxovelebi daaxloebiT 1500 milioni wlis win, gvianproterozoulSi
gaCndnen. isini erTujredianebi iyvnen. mogvianebiT, venduris dasawyisSi, 680 milioni
wlis win maT SeuerTdnen mravalujredianebi.
sicocxlis ganviTarebis xangrZlivsa da rTul gzaze cxovelebis mravali axali
jgufi gaCnda, gzadagza bevric gadaSenda.
cxovelTa samefo or qvesamefod iyofa: Protozoa – erTujredianebi da Metazoa –
mravalujredianebi. orive qvesamefoSi calkeuli tipebia gamoyofili. erTujredi-
anebidan mxolod erT tips davasaxelebT – Sarcodina (sarkodinebi),
mravalujredianebSi ki Semdegi tipebia cnobili: Spongia (Rrublebi), Archaeocyatha
(arqeociaTebi), Coelenterata (nawlavRruianebi), Vermes (Wiebi), BBryozoa (xavscxovelebi),
Conodonta (konodontebi), Arthropoda (fexsaxsrianebi), Mollusca (moluskebi), Brachiopoda
(mxarfexianebi), EEchinodermata (kaneklianebi), Hemichortada (naxevradqordianebi), Chordata
(qordianebi).
mokled ganvixiloT mxolod im tipebis warmomadgenlebi, romelTac kargad
ganviTarebuli skeleti aqvT, Sesabamisad kargad namarxdebian, amave dros evoluciis
maRali xarisxiT gamoirCevian da amdenad geologiur-paleontologiuri
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWebaT.
erTujredianebidan Zalze mniSvnelovania foraminiferebisa da radiolariebis
klasebi.
foraminiferebi ZiriTadad zRviuri cxovelebia, romelTa umetesoba fskerze
cxovrebas (benTosi) amjobinebs, nawili ki planqtons warmoadgens. isini ikeTeben
kirqvis (CaCO3) niJaras, romlis zomebi milimetris measedi nawilidan 10-15 sm-mde
meryeobs.
foraminiferebi gaCndnen kambriulSi. daaxloebiT 540 milioni wlis win da
movidnen dRemde. maT didi mniSvneloba aqvT biostratigrafiaSi (fuzulinidebi,
globigerinidebi, numulitidebi) (sur. 17.2.a). numulitidebi imdenad damaxasiaTebelia
paleogenisaTvis, rom am periods ,,numulitebis epoqadac” ki moixseniebdnen.
didi mniSvneloba aqvT foraminiferebs paleobiogeografiaSi da Sesabamisad,
paleogeografiuli suraTis aRdgenaSi; agreTve paleoklimatebis dadgenaSi, qanT-
mSeneblobaSi (saweri carci, kirqvebi) da sxv.
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radiolariebi mikroskopuli formis (1 mm-mde) planqtonuri zRviuri cxovelebia,
romlebic ikeTeben kaJis (SiO2) skelets. maTi umetesoba Tbil zRvebSi cxovrobs.
amdenad namarxebis saxiT radiolariebis povna Zveli klimaturi pirobebis aRdgenis
karg saSualebas iZleva.
radiolariebiT agebulia bevri qani (radiolaritebi, iaSmebi, opokebi).
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia isini Rrma okeanuri ,,wiTeli TixebisaTvis”. zemoT
aRvniSneT, rom okeanis Rrma nawilebSi (4000m-ze Rrmad) kirqviT agebuli niJarebi
ixsneba wyalSi, kaJiani ki ara. aqedan gamomdinare, kaJis Semcveli qanebi (vTqvaT
kaJiani fiqlebi) zRviuri auzis did siRrmeebze miuTiTeben.
bolo xanebSi radiolariebma didi gamoyeneba poves paleozouri, paleogenuri da
meoTxeuli naleqebis biostratigrafiaSi.
radiolariebis geologiuri asaki kambriulidan dRemdea.
tipi Archaeocyatha (arqeociaTebi) erTaderTi tipia cxovelTa samyaroSi, romelic
mTlianad gadaSenebulia – isini gaCndnen, ganviTardnen da amowydnen kambriuli
periodis ganmavlobaSi. Tundac am erTi niSniT maT didi roli eniWebaT kambriuli
naleqebis (gansakuTrebiT qveda kambriulis) biostratigrafiaSi.
arqeociaTebi zRvis cxovelebi iyvnen, romlebic ikeTebdnen kirqvis skelets.
cxovrobdnen Txel da Tbil zRvebSi rogorc caledi, ise koloniuri formebis
saxiT. miekuTvnebodnen mimagrebul benToss (sur. 17.2.b).
koloniuri formebiq mnidnen rifebs. am TvalsazrisiT arqeociaTebi pirveli
rifismSenebeli cxovelebia.
tipi Coelenterata (nawlavRruianebi) mravalujrediani cxovelebis Zalze
mravalferovani tipia, romelSic Sedis hidroiduli polipebi, meduzebi da marjnebi.
maTi pirveli warmomadgenlebi ukve vendurSi gvxvdeba.
geologiur – paleontologiuri TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
marjnebi (klasi Anthozoa) imsaxurebs. es aris caledi an koloniuri cxovelebis
jgufi, romelTa umetesoba kirqvis skelets ikeTebs. marjnebi zRviuri cxovelebia,
gansakuTrebiT farTod arian gavrcelebuli tropikuli da subtropikuli
sartylebis zRvebSi, umetesad Selfur zolSi. benTosuri cxovelebia (sur. 17.3.a).
marjnebi kambriulidan gvxvdeba. koloniuri marjnebi erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili
rifismSenebeli cxovelebia. amitomac bunebaSi farTodaa gavrcelebuli rogorc
Tanamedrove, ise sxvadasxva geologiuri drois marjnis rifebi.
marjnebSi oTxi qveklasi gamoiyofa, romelTagan tabulatebi (Tabulata) da
oTxqimiani marjnebi (Tetracoralla) paleozourSi mcxovrebi da paleozouris bolos
gadaSenebuli jgufebia, xolo eqvsqimiani (Hexacoralla) da rvaqimiani (OOctocoralla)
marjnebi triasulis dasawyisidan dRemde modian.
tipi AAAArthropoda (fexsaxsrianebi) uxerxemlo cxovelTa Soris yvelaze
mravalricxovani jgufia. es gansakuTrebiT mwerebze iTqmis, romlebzec Tanamedrove
faunis daaxloebiT 70% modis. fexsaxsrianebi amave dros maRali ganviTarebis
organizmebs warmoadgenen. albaT amiT aris ganpirobebuli maT mier faqtobrivad
yvela tipis biotopis ,,dapyroba” (wyali, haeri, niadagi, xmeleTi).
fexsaxsrianebi caledi formebia, ar qmnian koloniebs, maTi sxeuli, gansakuTrebiT
ki kidurebi, mTlianad dasaxsrulia. aqedan warmodgeba maTi saxelwodebac. isini
ikeTeben sxvadasxva formis qitinovan skelets, zogjer orsagduliani niJaris
saxiTac ki. gvxvdebian venduridan dRemde.
miuxedavad dRevandeli mravalferovnebisa, mwerebs Zalian iSviaTad vxvdebiT Zvel
wyebebSi imis gamo, rom isini Zalze cudad namarxdebian.
samagierod aris jgufebi, romelTa ganamarxebuli formebi farTodaa
warmodgenili sxvadasxva asakis qanebSi. am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze mniSvnelovania
trilobitebi, romlebic mTeli paleozouris ganmavlobaSi, gansakuTrebiT ki
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kambriul-ordoviciul-silurulSi didi ganviTarebiTa da mravalferovnebiT
gamoirCeodnen (sur.17.3. b).
trilobitebi zRvis cxovelebi ivnen, ZiriTadad moZrav benToss miekuTvnebodnen,
cxovrobdnen sxvadasxva siRrmeze. magram umetesad sublitoralur zonaSi.
trilobitebi paleozouris bolos gadaSendnen. maTi biostratigrafiuli
mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT didia kambriul-ordoviciuli naleqebisTvis.
trilobitebis gverdiT unda davasaxeloT ordoviciul-permuli asakis
evripteridebi (qveklasi EEurypteroidea), romlebic yuradRebas pirvel rigSi imiT
iqceven, rom zogi maTgani gigantur zomebs aRwevda (2m-de) (sur. 17.3.g G).
evripteridebi binadrobdnen zRvis araRrma zonebSi, lagunebSi da mtknari wylis
auzebSic. savaraudoa, rom maT sicocxlis zRvidan xmeleTze amosvlis erTgvari
xidi gasdes.
tipi Mollusca (rbiltanianebi anu moluskebi) – fexsaxsrianebis Semdeg yvelaze
gavrcelebuli jgufia uxerxemlo cxovelebSi. savaraudod isini vendurSi gaCndnen,
Tumca namarxebis saxiT mxolod kambriulidan gvxvdebian.
moluskebi cxovroben wyalSi (umetesad zRvebSi) da xmeleTzec. zRvaSi mcxovrebi
formebi sanapiro zonidan dawyebuli 7000 m siRrmezec ki gvxvdeba. moluskebs Soris
arian rogorc benTosuri, ise neqtonuri da planqtonuri formebi. cxovelTa zomebi
meryeobs 1-2 mm-dan (planqtonuri gastropodebi) TiTqmis 20 m-mde (giganturi
kalmarebi).
geologiuri TvalsazrisiT moluskebi arqimniSvnelovani jgufia, gansakuTrebiT
Tavfexianebi, orsagdulianebi da mucelfexianebi.
klasi Gastropoda (gastropodebi anu mucelfexianebi). am klasis warmomadgenlebi
cxovroben wyalsa da xmeleTze, yvelaze mravlad ki – zRvebSi. moluskebs Soris
yvelaze mravalricxovani jgufia. cxoveli ,,iSenebs” kirqvis niJaras, romlis
SigniTac TviT aris moTavsebuli. iSviaTadaa uniJaro gastropodebic. niJaris zomebi
milimetris meaTedidan aTeul santimetramdea. niJara, rogorc wesi, asimetriulia,
daxveulia spiralurad (helikoidurad) (sur.17.4.a.).
zRvaSi mcxovrebi gastropodebi 5000m. siRrmemde vrceldebian, Tumca amjobineben
zRvis SedarebiT araRrma zonebs, gansakuTrebiT tropikuli da subtropikuli
sartylebis zRvebis. ZiriTadad benTosur cxovrebas ewevian, Tumca vxvdebiT
planqtonsac.
gastropodebi kambriulidan modian. maTi ayvavebis xanad ki yvelaze axali,
kainozouri era iTvleba. isini mravladaa dResac.
klasi Bivalvia (orsagdulianebi). maT zogjer firfitlayuCianebis da kidev sxva
saxeliTac moixsenieben. mxolod wylis cxovelebia, zRvebis garda, lagunebSi,
tbebsa da mdinareebSic gvxvdebian.
orsagdulianebi mxolod caledi formebia, arasodes ar qmnian koloniebs.
cxovelis sxeuli ori nawilisagan (sagdulebisagan) Semdgar niJaraSia moTavsebuli.
niJara umetesad bilateraluria (ormxrivsimetriuli). misi zoma erTeulidan aTeul
santimetrebSi meryeobs (sur. 17.4.b). avstraliis barieruli rifis zolSi cnobilia
bivalviebis warmomadgenlebi, romlebic gigantur zomebs (1.5 m.) aRweven da 300 kg-s
iwonian.
orsagdulianebi cxovroben sxvadasxva marilianobisa da temperaturis wyalSi,
xolo zRvebSi litoraluri zonidan abisuramde da ultraabisaluramdec ki (7000
m.). cxovrebis niriT isini tipur benToss warmoadgenen; cxovroben gruntis
zedapirze an eflobian gruntSi, zogjer burRaven fskeris amgeb magar qanebs da
Zvrebian Sig (e.w. “mburRavi moluskebi”); arian xeTa mburRavebic ki. swored
orsagdulianebis erT-or warmomadgenels aqvs margalitis warmoqmnis unari –
cxovelis rbili sxeulis zedapirze, mantiasa da niJaras Soris SemTxveviT
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moxvedrili raime namceci aRizianebs cxovels, romelic amis gamo namcecis irgvliv
gamoyofs kalciumis karbonats, e.w. sadafis fenas, romelic sabolood ulamazesi
samkaulis – margalitis saxes Rebulobs.
klasi Cephalopoda (Tavfexianebi).
Tavfexianebi uxerxemlo cxovelTa Soris yvelaze maRalganviTarebul
organizmebad iTvlebian. maT xatovnad ,,zRvis primatebsac” ki uwodeben. isini
mxolod zRvebSi cxovroben da Tanac mxolod normulmarilianSi. Tundac am erTi
TvisebiT SeiZleba CavTvaloT, rom namarxi cefalopodebi paleozRvebSi arsebuli
fizikuri garemos saukeTeso indikatorebia. Tavfexianebi neqtons, anu aqtiurad
mcurav organizmebs miekuTvnebian.
cefalopodebi ordoviciulSi gaCndnen da miuxedavad Zlieri gadaSenebisa
mezozourisa da kainozouris sazRvarze, dRemde movidnen. isini or ZiriTad
qveklasad iyofian: Ectocochlia (gareniJarianebi) da Endocochlia (SiganiJarianebi).
gareniJarianebis Tanamedrove warmomadgenelia nautilusi, xolo SiganiJarianebis –
kalmarebi, sepia (melanTevza), rvafexa. qveklasebis saxelwodebidan kargad Cans, rom
Tavfexianebi ikeTeben niJaras, romlis mdebareobac gansazRvravs qveklasis Sinaarss.
gareniJarianebSi cxovelis rbili sxeuli niJaris SigniTaa moTavsebuli (sur. 17.5).
niJara kirqvisaa. igi umetes SemTxvevaSi erT sibrtyeSia spiralurad daxveuli, ris
gamoc ormxrivsimetriulia (bilateraluria). Tumca cnobilia paleozouri asakis
gareniJarianebi, romelTac swori, amarTuli skeleti aqvT.
gareniJarianebidan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia amonitebi – spiralurad daxveuli
niJaris mqone formebi, romlebic devonuridan carculis bolomde arsebobdnen da
sami evoluciuri jgufi mogvces: goniatitebi – devonur-permuli, ceratitebi-
ZiriTadad triasuli da e.w. namdvili amonitebi, iurul-carculi. carculis bolos
amonitebi amowydnen. sxvaTaSoris, amonitebis niJaris diametri aTeul santimetrebs
aRwevda, Tumca cnobilia giganturi zomis (2-m-ni diametris) amonitebic. unda
vivaraudoT, rom amonitebi kargi mcuravebi iyvnen.
ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom biostratigrafiuli TvalsazrisiT amonitebi erT-
erTi umniSvnelovanesi jgufia, gansakuTrebiT iuruli da carculi naleqebisaTvis.
SiganiJarianebSi niJara rbili sxeulis SigniTaa moTavsebuli. cxovelebi
ormxrivsimetriulia, umetesad kargad mcuravi; sxvadasxva zomisaa. cnobilia
giganturi kalmarebi, romelTa sigrZe sacecebis CaTvliT 18m-s aRwevs. gamodis, rom
isini yvelaze didi zomis uxerxemlo cxovelebi yofila.
SiganiJarianebis erTaderTi ganamarxebuli jgufia cnobili.
es aris belemnitebi, romlebic devonurSi gaCndnen da carculis bolomde
arsebobdnen, Tumca aris cnoba imis Taobaze, rom belemnitebis erTi ojaxi eocenSic
cxovrobda.
belemnitebis biostratigrafiuli Rirebuleba, msgavsad amonitebisa, Zalze didia,
gansakuTrebiT iurul-carculi naleqebisaTvis (sur.17.6.b,g).
tipi Brachiopoda (mxarfexianebi) – caledi, ZiriTadad zRviuri cxovelebia,
romlebic fskerze binadroben, umetesad sublitoralur zonaSi, Tumca gvxvdebian
ufro Rrmadac. orsagdulianebis msgavsad mxarfexianebis rbili sxeuli
orsagdulian niJaraSia moTavsebuli, Tumca pirvelTagan gansxvavebiT simetriis
sibrtye gadis ara sagdulebs Soris, aramed sagdulebze. gamoyofen muclisa da
zurgis (sididiT muclisaze mcire) sagdulebs. niJara umetes SemTxvevaSi kirqvisaa.
mxarfexianebis umetesoba auzis fskers emagreba ,,fexiT”, zogi ubralod devs
fskerze, nawili ki gruntSi efloba. maTi niJarebi erTeuli mm-dan aTeul sm-mdea
(sur. 17.7).
mxarfexianebma gaiares evoluciis saintereso gza kambriulidan dRemde. maTi
ayvavebis xana iyo paleozouri era, romlis miwurulsac umetesoba amowyda. amitom
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mxarfexianebis geologiuri mniSvneloba ZiriTadad paleozouri droiT
Semoifargleba. am eraSi isini rifebis mSeneblebic ki iyvnen.
tipi Echinodermata (kaneklianebi) Tanamedrove zRvebSi farTod gavrcelebuli
jgufia. maTi istoria ki kambriulidan iwyeba. es erTob mravalferovani jgufia,
romlis warmomadgenlebi normulmarilian zRvebSi sxvAAADAadasxva siRrmeze
cxovroben, litoraluri zonidan 10000 m-mdec ki. tipuri benTosuri cxovelebia,
romelTa Soris aris rogorc fskerze mimagrebuli (krinoideebi), ise fskerze
moaruli (zRvis zRarbebi, zRvis varskvlavebi), an SlamSi Cafluli formebi (zRvis
zRarbebi). zogierTi klovan qanebsac ki burRavs (zRvis zRarbebi). kaneklianebi
ZiriTadad kirqvis skelets ikeTeben.
am tips miekuTvneba cistoideebi (zRvis buStebi), blastoideebi (zRvis kokrebi),
krinoideebi (zRvis SroSnebi), asteroideebi (zRvis varskvlavebi), ofiurebi (zRvis
gvelanebi), eqinoideebi (zRvis zRarbebi), holoTuriebi (sur. 17.8.).
geologiuri TvalsazrisiT didi mniSvneloba aqvT krinoideebsa da eqinoideebs.
krinoideebi kambriulidan dRemdea cnobili. maTi ayvaveba paleozourSi moxda,
amitom did interess swored paleozouri formebi iwvevs. rac Seexeba eqinoideebs,
evoluciuri piki maT ramdenjerme hqondaT, Tumca am TvalsazrisiT yvelaze
mniSvnelovani mainc gviancarculi epoqaa.
krinoideebsa da eqinoideebs didi gamoyeneba aqvT paleobiogeografiul da
biostratigrafiul kvlevaSi. krinoideebi zogjer aqtiuri rifismSeneblebic iyvnen.
tipi Hemichordata (naxevradqordianebi). am tipidan CvenTvis sainteresoa mxolod
gadaSenebuli klasi Graptolithina _ graptoliTebi, romlebic paleozour eraSi
cxovrobdnen. isini iyvnen zRviuri koloniuri cxovelebi, benTosuri da
planqtonuri cxovrebis niriT. isini wyalmcenareebs ufro waagavdnen, vidre
cxovelebs. ganviTarebuli hqondaT qitinovani skeleti.
glaptoliTebi arsebobdnen Sua kambriulidan adre karbonulamde. gansakuTrebiT
farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli ordoviciul-silurulSi, ris gamoc aRniSnuli
sistemebis detaluri(zonaluri) danawileba swored am cxovelTa mixedviT xdeba.
yvelaze xSirad graptoliTebs vxvdebiT Tixian fiqlebSi, zogjer imdenad
mniSvnelovani raodenobiT, rom aseT qanebs graptoliTebiani fiqlebis saxelic ki
Searqves.
tipi Chordata (qordianebi). am tipidan udides yuradRebas mxolod xerxemlianebi
imsaxurebs.
qvetipi Vertebrata (xerxemlianebi) wyalSi da xmeleTze mcxovrebi cxovelebia,
romlebmac organuli samyaros ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs miaRwies.
xerxemlianebSi 6 klasi gamoiyofa: Agnatha (uyboni), Pisccs (Tevzebi), Amphibia
(amfibiebi anu wyalxmeleTani), Reptilia (qvewarmavlebi), Aves (frinvelebi) da Mammalia
(ZuZumwovrebi). CamoTvlili klasebidan uyboni, Tevzebi da amfibiebi wyalSi
mcxovrebi formebia, xolo qvewarmavlebi, frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi zogi
gamonaklisis garda tipur xmeleTis faunas warmoadgenen.
xerxemlianebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi uybo Tevzebis saxiT ordoviciulSi
gaCndnen. SevniSnavT, rom bolo xanebSi uyboebs, Tevzebisagan gamoyofilad, calke
taqsonad ganixilaven. maTi Tanamedrove warmomadgenelia salamura. uyboebis
umetesoba silurul-devonurSi cxovrobda.
Nnamdvili Tevzebi silurulSi Cndeba. maT imTaviTve daiwyes swrafi ganviTareba,
daipyres wylis farTo areali zRvidan dawyebuli lagunebis, tbebisa da mdinareebis
CaTvliT.
Tevzebi Zalze mravalferovani jgufia. maT miekuTvneba zvigenebi, dipnoebi
(orgvarad msunTqavi Tevzebi, romlebic albaT zRvidan xmeleTze amosuli
cxovelebis erT-erT pirvel razmSi iyvnen da romlebic dRes reliqtis saxiTaa
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SemorCenili), latimeriebi da sxv. latimeria paleozour-mezozouri drois Tevzebis
erT-erTi gvaria. mecnierebs es gvari 100 milioni wlis win gadaSenebulad miaCndaT,
magram XX saukunis ocdaaTian wlebSi am gvaris warmomadgenlebi indoeTis okeaneSi,
samxreT afrikis maxloblad ipoves. cxovroben daaxloebiT 200-600 m. siRrmeze.
sainteresoa, rom maTi qviriTis zoma greifrutis odenaa. mecnierTa azriT, yvela
oTxfexiani xerxemlianebi – amfibiebi, reptiliebi, frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi
Tanamedrove latimeriebis Zvel winaparTa STamomavlebia (sur. 17.9).
klasi Amphibia (amfibiebi). cxovelebis zRvidan xmeleTze amosvlam da Sesabamisad
moZraobis xasiaTis mkveTrad Secvlam, pirvel rigSi ori wyvili kiduris Taviseburi
ganviTareba gamoiwvia. amitom amfibiebi, reptiliebi, frinvelebi da ZuZumwovrebi
erTiandebian zeklasSi Tetrapoda - oTxfexianebi. maTgan velaze ufro adreuli
warmoSobis (devonuri) da ufro primitiuli amfibiebia.
amfibiebi, msgavsad Tevzebisa, civsisxliani cxovelebia. isini gviandevonurSi
gaCndnen da dRemde moaRwies. uZvelesi amfibiebidan aRsaniSnavia stegocefalebi,
romlebic sakmaod gavrcelebul jgufs warmoadgenda. isini umTavresad WaobebSi,
daWaobebul tyeebsa da lagunebSi binadrobdnen, gviandevonuridan iurulis
miwurulamde (sur. 7.10).
Tanamedrove amfibiebs miekuTvnebian bayayebi, gombeSoebi, salamandrebi, tritonebi.
amfibiebma (stegocefalebma) maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies karbonulsa da
permulSi. biostratigrafiaSi isini swored karbonul-permuli da kidev triasuli
naleqebis asakebis gansasazRvravad gamoiyeneba.
klasi Reptilia (qvewarmavlebi). qvewarmavlebi is jgufia, romelmac xerxemlianTagan
pirvelma daipyro xmeleTi mTlianad, pirveli SeiWra sahaero sivrceSic (mfrinavi
qvewarmavlebi) da nawilobriv ganagrZobda zRvaSi cxovrebasac (iqTiozavrebi,
pleziozavrebi, mozazavrebi). qvewarmavlebis ayvavebis xanad mezozouri era iTvleba,
Tumca dResac mravladaa niangebi, xvlikebi, ku, gvelebi, agreTve qameleonebi,
tuatarebi (hateriebi) da sxv.
qvewarmavlebi karbonulSi gaCndnen da permulsa da Semdgom periodebSi iwyes
swrafi ganviTareba. amas SesaZlebelia xeli Seuwyo im garemoebamac, rom permulis
bolosaTvis dedamiwaze ukve arsebobda erTiani superkontinenti pangea, romelzedac
gabatoneba xerxemlianTa Soris erT-erT pirvel binadarT ar unda gasWirvebodaT.
rogorc Cans, asec moxda. mezozouris bolos qvewarmavlebis didi nawili,
mcenareebisa da cxovelebis mraval sxva jgufTan erTad gadaSenda.
geologiur warsulSi arsebul qvewarmavalTagan yvelaze koloritul jgufs, ra
Tqma unda, dinozavrebi warmoadgens. dozavris xsenebaze Tvalwin didi da saSineli
cxoveli warmogvidgeba da es asecaa. TviT saxelic xom saSinel cxovels niSnavs.
Tumca arsebobdnen ciyvisodena dinozavrebic. rac Seexeba didtanianebs, dinozavrebi
12 metrsac ki aRwevdnen simaRleSi, xolo sigrZeSi 40 m-s aWarbebdnen. marokoSi
napovnia breviparopusis nakvalevi, romlis mixedviTac gamoangariSebulia cxovelis
sigrZe – 48 metri. amgvari monacemebiT dinozavrebi dedamiwaze arsebuli yvelaze
didi cxovelebi yofilan (zRvaSic, xmeleTzec, xerxemlianebSic da uxerxemloebSic).
woniTac dinozavrebi aTeulobiT tonas iwonidnen, ultrazavri ki Turme 130 tonas
aRwevda (Tumca zemZime wonis TvalsazrisiT ginesis wignSi dinozavri ki ara,
Tanamedrove lurji veSapi Seva, romlis erTi warmomadgenlis saerTo wona 187 tona
yofila, marto ena 4200 kg-s iwonida, xolo guli 698 kg-s). aris eWvi imis Taobaze,
rom dinozavrebi SesaZloa, Tbilsisxlianebic iyvnen.
dinozavrebs Soris iyvnen rogorc saSineli mtaceblebi, ise ,,mSvidi”,
balaxismWameli formebi, magram yvelani – kvercxismdeblebi (sur. 17.11).
dinozavrebi gaCndnen triasulSi, daaxloebiT 240 mln wlis win da gadaSendnen
carculis bolos, 65 mln wlis win.
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mfrinavi xvlikebi pterozavrebis saxeliTaa cnobili. haerSi frenasTan
dakavSirebiT qvewarmavlis sxeulmac Sesaferisi forma miiRo da sxva cvlilebebTan
erTad misi sxeuli ,,bumbuliT” daifara, rac Tbilsisxlianobis maCvenebelia (sur.
17.12).
mfrinavi xvlikebis cnobili warmomadgenlebi iyvnen iuruli asakis
ramforinxusebi da carculi pterodaqtilusebi. romforinxusis gaSlili frTebis
sigrZe 13 m-s aRwevda.
namarxi reptiliebi gamoiyeneba permul-mezozouri kontinenturi wyebebis
biostratigrafiaSi.
klasi Aves (frinvelebi). am klasSi Semavali organizmebis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs
sxva niSnebTan erTad warmoadgens frTebad gadaqceuli wina kidurebis wyvili da
namdvili bumbuliT dafaruli sxeuli. frinvelebi Zalze mravalferovani jgufia,
Tumca geologiurad naklebad saintereso.
pirveli frinvelebi, arqeopteriqsebi, romlebic gvianiurulSi gaCndnen, rigi
niSniT (grZeli, 20-21 malisagan agebuli kudi, brWyalebi TiTebze, kbilebi)
qvewarmavlebs waagavdnen. naTelia, rom frinvelebi qvewarmavlebisagan gaCndnen (sur.
17.13).
klasi Mammalia (ZuZumwovrebi) Tanamedrove faunaSi erT-EerTi farTod
gavrcelebuli da mravalferovani jgufia. ZiriTadad xmeleTis cxovelebia, Tumca
gvxvdebian zRvebSic (veSapebi) da haerSic (Ramurebi). ZuZumwovrebis erT-erT ZiriTad
maxasiaTebels TbilsisxlianobasTan erTad cocxlad Sobadobac warmoadgens. Tumca
aris gamonaklisebic, magaliTad, Tanamedrove eqidnasa da ixvniskartas saxiT,
romlebic kvercxiT mravldebian.
ZuZumwovrebi triasul periodSi gaCndnen. pirveli ZuZumwovrebi Tagvisodenebi
iyvnen. Semdgomi ganviTarebiT ZuZumwovrebma ayvavebas kainozour eraSi miaRwies,
romlis wamyvan jgufsac warmoadgenen.
geologiuri mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT ZuZumwovrebis mravalferovani
jgufebidan SeiZleba davasaxeloT cxenismagvarTa ojaxi primitiuli hiparionidan
dawyebuli (eoceni) Tanamedrove cxenamde (Equus), martorqebis ojaxi, xorTumianTa
rigi neogenuri mastodontidan Tanamedrove spilomde da sxv.
ZuZumwovrebs miekuTvneba aseve primatebis rigi, romelSic Sedis adamianismagvari
maimunebi (giboni, oragutangi, Simpanze, gorila).
primatebsve miekuTvneba adamianic. pirveli adamiani Homo habilis daaxloebiT 2.5
milioni wlis win gaCnda afrikaSi, rudolfis tbis piras. rogorc qarTvelma
paleontologebma daadgines afrikaSi mcxovrebi pirveli adamianis uSualo
memkvidre yofila saqarTveloSi, patara dmanisis midamoebSi gansaxlebuli Homo
georgicus-i, romlis asakic 1.75 -1.80 milioni wliT isazRvreba. aSkaraa, rom
saqarTvelo adamianis evoluciis erT-erTi uZvelesi regioni yofila!
namarxi ZuZumwovrebi kainozouri kontinenturi naleqebis biostratigrafiaSi
gamoiyeneba.
msgavsad mcenareebisa, xerxemliani cxovelebis ganviTarebaSic garkveuli
kanonzomiereba SeimCneva – SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paleozouri iyo Tevzebisa da
amfibiebis era, mezozouri – qvewarmavlebis, xolo kainozouri – ZuZumwovrebis.
17.1.7. organizmTa gadaSeneba
paleontologiuri sakiTxebis ganxilva gvinda davasruloT uaRresad saintereso da
amave dros Zalze problemuri sakiTxiT, romelsac organizmTa gadaSeneba
(amowyveta) hqvia.
gadaSeneba gulisxmobs organizmTa calkeuli taqsonis (saxeobis, gvaris an ufro
maRali rangis erTeulis) amovardnas (gamoklebas) sicocxlis ganviTarebis
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istoriidan. Sesabamisad gadaSeneba sicocxlis ganviTarebis erT-erT etaps,
umjobesia vTqvaT, damagvirgvinebel etaps warmoadgens – taqsoni (saxeoba, gvari da
a.S.) warmoiSoba, ganviTardeba da bolos gadaSendeba. es aris sicocxlis evoluciis
bunebrivi procesi.
rogorc iTqva, sicocxle dedamiwaze daaxloebiT 3700 milioni wlisaa. am didi
drois ganmavlobaSi sicocxlis evoluciis calkeuli etapebis gaSifvra xelewifeba
erTaderT mecnierebas – paleontologias. igive paleontologia adgens calkeul
taqsonTa gadaSenebis momentebsac. gasagebia, rom rac ufro dabali rangisaa
taqsoni, miT ufro maRali iqneba gadaSenebis raodenobrivi maCvenebelica da tempic,
ubralod imis gamo, rom es taqsonebi zemdgomebTan SedarebiT raodenobrivad ufro
metia, xolo maTi arsebobis periodi – gacilebiT ufro xanmokle. ukve aRvniSneT,
rom gadaSenebul saxeobaTa ricxvi dReisaTvis 130000-s Seadgens, gacilebiT ufro
mcirea gadaSenebuli gvarebis raodenoba, xolo gadaSenebuli tipi mxolod
erTaderTia (arqeociaTebi).
ra iwvevs organizmTa gadaSenebas? martivi pasuxi iqneba – sicocxlis
ganviTarebis saerTo procesi. imisaTvis rom organizmma iarsebos, is valdebulia
maqsimalurad kargad moergos, Seeguos garemo pirobebs. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi misi
daRupva gardauvalia. garemo pirobebSi ki igulisxmeba rogorc fizikuri garemo,
ise organuli samyaro (e.i. sxva organizmebi). organizmi cdilobs Seeguos cvalebad
fizikur garemos, ufro ukeT moipovos sakvebi, gaafarToos sacxovrebeli areali,
dastovos ufro Zlieri memkvidreoba. yovelive amis gamo CaRdeba brZola
arsebobisaTvis calkeul saxeobebs Tu sxva taqsonTa Soris. arsebobisaTvis brZola
bunebis uZiriTadesi kanonia da swored is warmoadgens sicocxlis ganviTarebis
safuZvels. am kanonze dayrdnobiT Seqmna didma bunebismetyvelma Carlz darvinma
sayovelTaod cnobili bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT organizmTa ganviTarebis Teoria.
Zvel romaelebs hqondaT erTob saintereso gamoTqma – Homo homini Lepus est, romlis
pirdapiri Targmani niSnavs – ,,kaci kacisTvis mgeliao”, e.i. mteri. es gamoTqma, Cveni
azriT, zustad gadmoscems arsebobisaTvis brZolis Sinaarss – adamianebi, iseve
rogorc sxva organizmebi, erTmaneTis mtrebi ki ara, erTmaneTis konkurentebi arian
cxovrebaSi. da es sulac ar aris gasakviri, radganac adamianic, pirvel rigSi,
iseTive biologiuri arsebaa, rogorc nebismieri sxva organizmi. amitom Zveli
romaelebis xsenebuli gamonaTqvami marto adamianTa sazogadoebaze ki ara, aramed
mTel cocxal samyaroze SeiZleba gavrceldes. arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi xdeba
bunebrivi gadarCeva, ispoba (gadaSendeba) susti, anu naklebad Seguebuli taqsonebi,
Cndeba da rCeba ufro Zlieri, ukeT Seguebuli da ufro ganviTarebuli jgufebi. es
procesi uwyvetad midis, Sedegad ki sicocxlis evolucias viRebT.
rogorc vxedavT organizmTa gadaSeneba sicocxlis evoluciis Tanmxvedri
procesia, romelic bunebaSi sistematurad xdeba. Tanac sulac ar aris
savaldebulo, rom is sxvadasxva jgufSi erTdrouli iyos. Tumca dedamiwis
geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriam Semogvinaxa organizmTa mravali jgufis
erTdrouli gadaSenebis faqtebic, romelic sul cota orjer mainc moxda
dedamiwaze, paleozour-mezozouri da mezozour-kainozouri erebis mijnaze.
mezozourisa da kainozouris sazRvarze carculi periodis dasasrulsa
(maastrixtuli saukunis miwuruls) da paleogenuri periodis dasawyisSi (daniuri
saukune) moxda biosis erT-erTi uZlieresi gadaSeneba, romelsac faqtobrivad
sayovelTao xasiaTi hqonda. am gadaSenebis Sedegad dedamiwaze (zRvasa da xmeleTze)
moispo im dros arsebuli mcenareebisa da cxovelebis gvarebis naxevari da
saxeobaTa sami meoTxedi. es sazRvari ver gadakveTes mezozouri eris iseTma
maRalganviTarebulma jgufebma, rogorebic iyvnen: amonitebi, belemnitebi,
inoceramebi (orsagdulianebis klasi), dinozavrebi, pleziozavrebi, mozazavrebi,
93
pterozavrebi da sxv. aRniSnuli sazRvari didi danakargebiT gaiares planqtonurma
foraminiferebma, braqiopodebma, marjnebma, eqinoideebma, Zvlianma Tevzebma da sxva
organizmebma. Zalze Znelia moiZebnos amgvari gadaSenebis uSualo mizezi. es arcTu
ise ioli saqmea da unda iTqvas, rom dRes aseTi codna hipoTezebis doneze Tu aris.
erTi ram aSkaraa – es gadaSeneba unda gamoewvia cxovrebis pirobebis mkveTr
gauaresebas. cxovrebis pirobebis gauaresebis mizezebi SeiZleba iyos klimatis
globaluri Secvla, SeiZleba mTaTa warmoSoba masTan dakavSirebuli Zlieri
vulkanizmiT da a.S. aris kidev erTi, TiTqos yvelaze mimzidveli hipoTeza,
romelsac ,,impakturi hipoTeza” hqvia. am hipoTezis Tanaxmad dedamiwas daaxloebiT
65 milioni wlis win (carc-paleogenis sazRvari) giganturi meteoriti (asteroidi)
daejaxa. mecnierTa azriT ciuri sxeuli sul cota 10 km diametris unda yofiliyo.
meteoritis miwaze danarcxebis Sedegad, cxadia, unda gaCeniliyo krateri. aseTi
krateri, amJamad ukve damarxuli, marTlac naxes 1992 wels meqsikis (iukatanis
naxevarkunZuli) teritoriaze. misi diametri 180 km aRmoCnda, xolo gaCenis dro 65
milioni weli. asteroidis dajaxebas TiTqos adasturebs is faqtic, rom amgvari
katastrofis Sedegad dedamiwaze aramiwieri warmoSobis iridiumis didi raodenoba
unda gafantuliyo. da, marTlac, carculisa da paleogenis mosazRvre qanebSi
(ZiriTadad TixebSi) bevr qveyanaSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSic, aseTi ram marTlac
iqna mikvleuli.
eqspertTa daskvniT, asteroidis Sejaxebis Sedegad gamoyofili energia 100
trilioni tona trotilis ekvivalenturi iyo, rac daaxloebiT miliardjer da
ufro metad aRemateba hirosimasa da nagasakiSi Camogdebuli atomuri bombebis
simZlavres.
asteroidis Sejaxebas mkveTrad unda Seecvla klimati. SesaZlebelia man ,,mJave
wvimebi” da sicocxlis xelSemSleli kidev sxva movlenebi gamoiwvia (farTo
masStabis xanZrebi, Zlieri miwisZvrebi, mewyerebi, cunami da sxva). mecnierTa azriT,
am kataklizmis Sedegad dedamiwiseul atmosferoSi imdeni nivTiereba unda
dagrovebuliyo, rom mas planetis dabneleba mohyoloda, rasac Tavis mxriv
globaluri zamTari unda gamoewvia.
am kataklizmis Sedegad moispo dedamiwaze mcxovrebi cocxali arsebebis
naxevarze meti (sxva monacemebiT _ im dros arsebuli gvarebis 70%-ze meti).
gadaSenebul organizmTa Soris iyvnen yvela drois giganturi cxovelebi _
dinozavrebi, romelTa saboloo amowydomas zemoT xsenebul faqtorebTan erTad
albaT ZuZumwovrebis gamravlebamac Seuwyo xeli, romelTa erTi nawili, rogorc
Cans dinozavrebis kvercxebiTac ikvebeboda da Sesabamisad, STamomavlobas uspobda
am ukanasknelT.
asea Tu ise, aSkarad saxezea biosis erTdrouli masobrivi gadaSeneba, romelsac
sicocxlis evoluciis gverdiT sxva faqtorebic udevs safuZvlad.
Tavi 18. paleogeografia
ise Tamamad vsaubrobT warsulSi arsebul geologiur procesebze da xSirad maT
droSi monacvleobaze, rom TiTqos xelTa gvaqvs werilobiTi dokumenti am procesTa
mimdinareobisa da dedamiwis garegani da Sinagani ieris sistemuri cvlis Sesaxeb.
diax, aseTi werilobiTi dokumenti marTlac gvaqvs. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
dedamiwas aqvs sakuTari damwerloba, romelic adamianTa damwerlobaze ufro sando
da srulyofilia. mTavaria kacma SeZlos misi sworad wakiTxva. es damwerloba
dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebia! marTlac qerqis amgebi qanebi maTSi daculi namarxi
organizmebiTurT xom im geologiuri procesebis utyuari sabuTia, romlebic
garkveul (mocemul) sivrcesa da droSi mimdinareobda da romelTa Sedegadac
swored es qanebi gaCnda. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, qanebi da maTSi daculi namarxebi
94
warmoadgenen saxes im geologiuri procesebisa, romelTa meSveobiTac isini gaCndnen
dedamiwaze. amgvarad, dedamiwis ganviTarebis istoria mis amgeb qanebsa da namarx
organizmebSia dafiqsirebuli. j.beilisa da T.seddonis azriT, es istoria
arasrulia, fragmentulia, magram Tavisi xibliT tols ar udebs nebismier
deteqtiur romans.
zemoT aRniSnuli Tvisebebis gamo qanebs zogjer faciessac (,,faciesi” – iersaxe;
laT.) uwodeben. TanamedroveobaSi faciesi konkretuli fizikur-geografiuli garemo
iqneba. SeiZleba davasaxeloT zRviuri faciesi, kontinenturi, baTialuri da a.S.
qanebTan dakavSirebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT qviSaqvis faciesi, karbonatuli faciesi,
metamorfuli qanebis faciesi da sxv.
faciesuri analizi.
faciesuri analizis meSveobiT aRvadgenT Zvel fizikur-geografiul garemos masSi
arsebuli sicocxliTurT. radganac faciesuri analizi gulisxmobs rogorc qanebis,
ise maTSi daculi namarxebis monacemTa gaanalizebas, amdenad misi ori saxe
gamoiyofa _ liTofaciesuri analizi da biofaciesuri analizi. rogorc
liTofaciesuri, ise biofaciesuri analizis dros mecnierebi eyrdnobian
Tanamedrove monacemebs, romlebic gadaaqvT geologiur warsulSi. es aris cnobili
ingliseli bunebismetyvelis Carlz laielis mier geologiaSi Semotanili e.w.
,,aqtualisturi meTodi”, romelic gulisxmobs geologiur warsulSi
Tanamedroveobis msgavsi pirobebis arsebobas. magaliTad, Tu vTqvaT, kavkasiaSi
vipoveT 80 milioni wlis winandeli marjnebiT agebuli rifuli kirqva, SegviZlia
davaskvnaT, rom im dros kavkasiaSi iyo zRva, Tanac aucileblad Tbili zRva (radgan
kirqvebi mxolod Tbil zRvebSi ileqeba da rifis mSenebel marjnebsac Tbili zRva
uyvarT). amave dros es unda yofiliyo zRvis marCxi nawili (ramdenime aTeul
metramde siRrmis), sufTa da JangbadiT mdidari wyliT. mxolod aseT pirobebSi
SeuZliaT Tanamedrove rifis mSenebel marjnebs arseboba.
meTodi SesaniSnavia da geologiaSi mas farTo gamoyeneba aqvs. Tumca yovelTvis
unda gvaxsovdes, rom geologiuri warsulis pirobebi an Zvelad mimdinare
geologiuri procesebi dRevandelis absoluturad identuri ar iqneboda.
liTofaciesuri analizisas mniSvnelovan monacemebs gvaZlevs rogorc magmuri,
ise metamorfuli qanebi. magram am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT informatiulia
danaleqi qanebi. maTi meSveobiT sakmaod iolad SeiZleba gairkves zRviur
garemosTan gvaqvs saqme, Tu kontinenturTan (imisda mixedviT, zRviuri warmoSobisaa
mocemuli qani, Tu kontinenturis), SegviZlia davadginoT zRvis siRrme (qanebis
xasiaTis, masalis simsxos da sxva niSnebis mixedviT), wylis temperatura (magaliTad,
qanSi arsebuli minerali glaukoniti migvaniSnebs Tbil zRviur garemoze, radganac
dRevandel pirobebSi es minerali gavrcelebulia iseT zRvebSi, romelTa saSualo
wliuri temperatura +12 °C-s Seadgens), ganvsazRvroT auzis marilianoba
(magaliTad, gamarilianebuli lagunis maCvenebelia haliti, TabaSiri, anhidriti an
msgavsi sxva mineralebi da qanebi), gazuri reJimi, hidrodinamika da sxv. sabolood
liTofaciesuri analiziT SesaZlebeli xdeba geologiuri warsulis fizikur-
geografiuli garemosa da klimatis (paleoklimatis) aRdgena.
biofaciesuri analizi. Zveli geologiuri pirobebis aRdgenis TvalsazrisiT
ufro STambeWdav suraTs iZleva biofaciesuri analizi. es arc aris gasakviri,
radganac cocxali organizmebis arseboba-ganviTareba pirdapir kavSirSia maT
sacxovrebel garemosTan da iq arsebul pirobebTan. biofaciesuri analizi eyrdnoba
paleoekologiur monacemebs, romelic aSuqebs geologiur warsulSi organizmis
urTierTkavSirs gare samyarosTan. Cven ukve visaubreT rifismSenebeli marjnebis
Sesaxeb. ganamarxebuli zRviuri wyalmcenareebi migvaniSneben imaze, rom zRvis
95
siRrme 200m-is farglebSi unda yofiliyo, vinaidan wyalSi sinaTlis sxivis CaRwevis
maqsimumi daaxloebiT am siRrmeebiT Semoifargleba. sinaTle ki wyalmcenareebis
arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia (fotosinTezi). namarxi kaneklianebi pirdapir
miuTiTeben normulmarilian zRvaze, Tanac umetesad 200m-ze siRrmis (Tumca zogi
maTi warmomadgeneli 7000m-ze ufro Rrma zRvaSic ki gvxvdeba). namarxi dinozavrebi
ki aSkarad kontinentur garemoze migvaniSneben da a.S.
faciesuri analiziT sabolood geologiur warsulSi arsebuli fizikur-
geografiuli pirobebis da landSaftur-klimaturi viTarebis aRdgena xdeba.
Tavi 19. geoqronologia
(geologiuri welTaRricxva)
ukve viciT, rom dedamiwaze geologiuri procesebi mimdinareobs mas Semdeg, rac
mas qerqi gadaekra. albaT metad sainteresoa davadginoT am procesTa droSi
monacvleoba, anu ganvsazRvroT maTi geologiuri asaki. gavixsenoT, rom geologiuri
procesebis Sedegad dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebi warmoiSoba, an piruku, qanebi
warmoadgenen geologiuri procesebis saxes. aqedan gamomdinare, naTelia, rom Tu
ganvsazRvravT dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebis geologiur asaks, gvecodineba im
procesTa asakic, romlebmac Sesabamisi qanebi mogvces. amitom visaubrebT ara
geologiuri procesebis, aramed qanebis asakebze.
dedamiwis qerqi agebulia qanebiT, romlebic erTmaneTze arian ganlagebuli
uZvelesidan uaxlesamde (Tanamedrovemde). am qanebis asaki orgvarad SeiZleba
ganisazRvros. erTi mxriv, mocemuli (konkretuli) qani mis qveS mdebare qanze ufro
axalgazrdaa (rogorc ufro gvian gaCenili), xolo mis Tavze mdebareze ufro Zveli.
meore mxriv, mocemuli qani imdeni wlis aris, ramdeni droc gasula misi
warmoSobidan dRemde. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs qanebis SefardebiT asakTan
(romeliRacaze ufro axalgazrda, mavanze ufro Zveli), xolo meore SemTxvevaSi _
absolutur asakTan. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare arsebobs SefardebiTi da
absoluturi geoqronologia (,,qronos” _ dro; berZn.).
19.1. SefardebiTi geoqronologia
qanebis SefardebiTi asakis gansazRvris meTodi absoluturze ufro Zvelia. mas
safuZveli italiaSi moRvawe cnobilma danielma bunebismetyvelma nikolaus stenom
(XVII saukune) Cauyara. stenoseuli meTodi Zalian martivad gvamcnobs, rom
erTmaneTze ganlagebul SreTa Soris qveviT mdebare yvelaze Zvelia, xolo zeviT
mdebare _ yvelaze axalgazrda.
SefardebiT geoqronologias SeiZleba stratigrafiac (,,stratum” _ Sre; laT.)
vuwodoT. stratigrafia swavlobs Sreebisa da SreTa kompleqsebis (bunebrivi
geologiuri sxeulebis) vertikalur (droSi) da horizontalur (sivrcobriv)
ganlagebas da amgvarad adgens maT asakobriv urTierTdamokidebulebas.
SefardebiTi asakis gansazRvris sxvadasxva meTodi arsebobs, romlebic
geologiur, geofizikur da paleontologiur, anu biostratigrafiul meTodebSi
erTiandeba. amaTgan geologiur-geofizikur meTodebs erTi didi nakli aqvT _ maTi
meSveobiT Catarebuli stratigrafiuli danawileba mTel dedamiwaze ver vrceldeba
da amdenad met-naklebad viwro regionul xasiaTs atarebs, maSin rodesac
biostratigrafiul (paleontologiur) meTods faqtobrivad saerTo planetaruli
xasiaTi aqvs.
biostratigrafiuli (paleontologiuri) meTodi damyarebulia im faqtze, rom
sicocxlis evoluciur ganviTarebaSi, romelic Seuqcevadi xasiaTisaa, calkeul
etapebze xdeba saxeobebis, gvarebis an sxva taqsonebis gadaSeneba. swored es
gadaSenebuli taqsonebi (ZiriTadad saxeebi) warmoadgenen maTi Semcveli qanebis
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asakobriv maxasiaTeblebs. rac ufro farToa am taqsonebis geografiuli gavrceleba
da moklea maTi asakobrivi diapazoni (anu moklea maTi vertikaluri gavrceleba),
miT ufro detaluria stratigrafiuli danawileba da Sesabamisad ufro zustad
isazRvreba Semcveli qanebis (SefardebiTi) geologiuri asaki.
biostratigrafiuli meTodisaTvis organizmTa yvela Tu ara, bevri jgufi
gamodgeba. Tumca maT Soris arian am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani
jgufebi, romelTa Soris upirvelesad unda davasaxeloT graptoliTebi
(ordoviciul-siluruli wyebebisaTvis), amonitebi (iurul-carculi naleqebisaTvis),
numulitebi (paleogenuri wyebebisaTvis) da sxv.
biostratigrafiuli meTodi universaluria im TvalsazrisiTac, rom misi
meSveobiT SeiZleba ara marto danaleqi, aramed metamorfuli da magmuri qanebis
asakis gansazRvrac. marTalia magmuri qani namarxebs ar Seicavs, magram is xom
namarxebian danaleq qanebs Sorisaa moTavsebuli. romelTagan zogze axalgazrdaa,
xolo zogze _ Zveli. gamodis, rom is garkveul asakobriv diapazonSia moqceuli.
amitom magmur qanebSi dgindeba geologiuri asakis qveda da zeda sazRvari.
moviyvanoT magaliTi, romelic naTels mohfens zemoTqmuls.
davuSvaT, rom intruziuli magmuri sxeulis mier gakveTilia paleocenuri asakis
danaleqi qanebi da igive intruzivi zevidan (cxeli kontaqtis gareSe) gadafarulia
oligocenuri wyebebiT. es niSnavs, rom intruzivis SemoWrisas paleocenuri qanebi
ukve arsebobda, xolo oligocenuri wyebebi intruzivis SemoWrisa da gacivebis
Semdegaa daleqili. gamodis, rom intruzivis asaki paleocenurze ufro axalgazrdaa
(qveda asakobrivi sazRvari) da oligocenurze ufro Zveli (zeda asakobrivi
sazRvari), e.i. eocenuria.
ar SevudgebiT geologiur-geofizikuri meTodebis ganxilvas. davasaxelebT
mxolod zogierT maTgans. esenia: liTostratigrafiuli, teqtonostratigrafiuli,
seqvenstratigrafiuli, klimatostratigrafiuli, magnitostratigrafiuli, seismo-
stratigrafiuli meTodebi.
19.2. absoluturi geoqronologia.
rogorc aRvniSneT, absoluturi geoqronologiiT qanebis uSualo asaki isazRvreba,
vigebT Tu ra droa gasuli maTi warmoSobidan dRemde.
absoluturi geoqronologiis meTodi me-20 saukunis pirmSoa. misi Seqmna
radioaqtivobis aRmoCenasTanaa dakavSirebuli. meTodi Zalzed rTulia, Tumca misi
Sinaarsis gadmocema ramdenadme gamartivebuli saxiTa mainc SesaZlebelia –
zogierT mineralSi arseboben radioaqtiuri elementebi, romlebic am Tvisebebis
gamo bunebrivad iSlebian da mineralis struqturul meserSi (met-naklebad daxSuli
garemoa) stoveben daSlis produqtebs. magaliTad, minerali cirkoni Seicavs
radioaqtiur urans, romlis daSlis Sedegad miiReba tyvia da heliumi – U238U →
206Pb+84He. Tu daviangariSebT da davajamebT cirkonis kristalur meserSi dRes
arsebul 238U-is, amave dros daSlis Sedegad gaCenil tyviasa da heliumis
raodenobas, miviRebT 238U-is sawyis raodenobas, anu im raodenobas, romelic
iqneboda mineral cirkonis dakristalebis momentSi. radganac mecnierebisaTvis
cnobilia 238U-is naxevardaSlis periodi, Zalzed advili xdeba im drois gamoTvla,
roca cirkonis dakristaleba (warmoqmna) moxda. amave dros igulisxmeba, rom
daaxloebiT Tanadroulia cirkonisa da misi Semcveli qanis warmoSobac. aqedan
gamomdinare, saxeze gvaqvs qanis absoluturi asaki.
absolutur geoqronologias zogjer moixsenieben birTvuli geoqronologiis, radiogeoqronologiis an radiologiuri Tu kidev sxva saxelwodebiT. misi ZiriTadi meTodebia: uran-Torium-tyviis (an ubralod tyviis), kalium-argonis (an argonis),
97
rubidium-stronciumis, radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis (14C). aqve viZleviT zogi
radioaqtiuri elementis naxevardaSlis periodebs: 238U – 4510 mln.weli, 235U – 713
mln.w., 232Th – 15170 mln.w., 87Rb – 47000 mln.w., 40Ar – 1300 mln.w., 14C – 5750 w. unda SevniSnoT, rom es meTodi gamoiyeneba mxolod radioaqtiuri mineralebis
(elementebis) Semcveli qanebisaTvis. samagierod fasdaudebelia absoluturi geoqronologiis mniSvneloba, gansakuTrebiT im qanebisaTvis, romlebic namarxebs ar Seicaven da amdenad biostratigrafiuli meTodiT ver TariRdebian. aseTebs pirvel rigSi, arqeuli da proterozouri asakis magmuri da metamorfuli qanebis kompleqsebi warmoadgens. radioaqtiuri naxSirbadis meTodi gamoiyeneba mxolod
axalgazrda qanebisaTvis (ara uZveles 60-80 aTasi wlisa), radganac 14C-is naxevardaSlis periodi Zalzed mcirea, mxolod 5750 weli. samagierod sakmaod aqtiurad iyeneben am meTods arqeologebi.
19.3. geoqronologiuri skala.
dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebi uZvelesidan uaxlesis CaTvliT vertikalur WrilSi qmnian erTian, uwyvet kompleqss. Tumca es erTianoba erTgvarad moCvenebiTia, radganac is irRveva sxvadasxva asakobriv doneze qanTa kompleqsebis rig SemTxvevaSi uTanxmo ganlagebiT da rac mTavaria maTSi daculi namarxebis (mcenareebisa da cxovelebis) gansxvavebuli jgufebis SemcvelobiT. swored es niSnebi da maT Soris upirvelesad paleontologiuri monacemebia gamoyenebuli mecnierTa mier dedamiwis qerqis amgebi qanebis calkeul jgufebad dasanawileblad vertikalur WrilSi. Sesabamisad gamoyofilia ramdenime erTeuli, romelTagan udidess eonoTema ewodeba. eonoTema Sedgeba SedarebiT patara erTeulebisagan. es iqneba eraTema. eraTema iyofa sistemebad, sistema - seqciebad, seqcia – sarTulebad, sarTuli ki – zonebad. am ierarqiuli kibidan kargad Cans, rom zona yvelaze mcire erTeulia, eonoTema ki – udidesi. kidev erTxel xazs vusvamT im garemoebas, rom eonoTemidan dawyebuli zonis CaTvliT qanTa kompleqsebi igulisxmeba (cxadia sxvadasxva moculobis).
magram qanebis warmoSobisaTvis xom droa saWiro. amitom eonoTema → zonis Sesabamisad drois erTeulebic gamoiyofa – eonoTemas Seesabameba eoni, eraTemas – era, sistemas – periodi, seqcias – epoqa, sarTuls – saukune, zonas – faza. unda aRiniSnos, rom erTi da imave rangis qanebisa da drois maCvenebel erTeuls erTi (saerTo) saxeli aqvs. magaliTad, arsebobs arqeuli eonoTema da imav droulad arqeuli eonic. pirvel SemTxvevaSi arqeuli qanebi igulisxmeba, xolo meoreSi is dro, romelic am qanebis warmoSobas dasWirda. aseve erTi saxeli aqvT carcul sistemasa da periods, paleozour eraTemasa da eras da a.S.
dReisaTvis gamoyofilia sami eonoTema/eoni: arqeuli, proterozouli da fanerozouli (cxrili 19.1). geologiuri welTaRricxva iwyeba arqeuli eoniT da mTavrdeba fanerozouliT.
calkeuli eonoTemebis, erameTebis Tu sxva erTeulebis daxasiaTebas cota mogvi-anebiT SevudgebiT. aq ki gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom mocemuli cxrili (,,geoqrono-logiuri skala”) arasrulia, ramdenadac masSi sarTulebi da zonebi ar aris gamoyofili. es garkveulwilad SeuZlebelic aris, radganac sarTulebis didi simravle Zalian gadatvirTavda mocemul cxrils. rac Seexeba zonebs, maTi gamoyofa mTel rig sarTulebSi erTdroulad sxvadasxva faunisturi (da floristuri) jgufebis mixedviT xdeba amitom aseT cxrilSi zonebis Cveneba SeuZlebelia.
arqeuli da qveda proterozouli saerTod ar aris danawilebuli. amitomac cxrilSi isini arc aris saxeldebuli. arqeulsa da proterozouls erTad prekambriulsac (kambriulis winas) uwodeben. mkiTxvelTa yuradRebas mivaqcevT imasac, rom absoluturi asakebi eonebisa, erebisa da a.S. sxvadasxva avtorTa SromebSi gansxvavebulia, zogjer mniSvnelovnadac ki. cxrilSi mocemulia ramdenime avtoris monacemTa erTgvari Sejerebuli varianti, zogi cifris damrgvalebiT.
98
eoni (eonoTema)
era (eraTema)
periodi (sistema)
epoqa (seqcia)
geol.asaki (mln.wl)
faner
ozouli
PH
kainozouri KZ
meoTxeuli (anTropogenuli)
Q Q
holoceni Q _0.01 _ _1.75 _ _ 5 _ _ 25 _ _ 35 _ _ 55 _ _ 65 _ _ 145 _ _ 205 _ _ 250 _ _ 300 _ _ 360 _ _ 410 _ _ 440 _ _ 500 _ _ 540 _ _ 680 _ _ 1650_ _ 2500_ _ 3000_ _ 3500_ _ 4000_ _ 4600_
pleistoceni
Q
neogenuri N
plioceni
N2
mioceni N1
paleogenuri EE
oligoceniE3
eoceni E2
paleoceniE1
mezozouri MZ
carculi K
iuruli I
triasuli T
paleozouri PZ
permuli P P
karbonuli C
devonuri D
siluruli S
ordoviciuli O
kambriuli ϵ
proterozouli PR
gvianproterozouli PR2
venduri V
rifeuli R
adreproterozouli PR1
arqeuli AR
gvianarqeuli AR3
Suaarqeuli AR2
adrearqeuli AR1
katarqeuli
99
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoria arqeulidan dRemde
Tavi 20. arqeuli eoni
arqeuli uZvelesi droa dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi (,,arqeos”
_Zveli; berZn., eoni- drois borblis mabrunebeli, berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT).
mis dasawyisad daaxloebiT 4 miliardi wlis winandeli droa miCneuli, xolo
xangrZlivoba 1500 milion wels aRwevs. Sesabamisad, arqeulis zeda asakobrivi
sazRvari proterozoulTan 2500 milion welze gadis.
rogori iyo sicocxle arqeulSi? adre arqeuli usicocxlo drod iTvleboda.
swored amitom mis momdevno eons proterozouli (,,proteros” _ ufro adreuli,
,,zoe” _ sicocxle; berZn.) uwodes. magram aRmoCnda, rom sicocxle dedamiwaze ukve
arqeulSi yofila. uZvelesi sicocxlis niSnebi mikvleulia kunZul grenlandze
arsebul cnobil isuas kompleqsSi, romlis asaki 3700-3800 milioni welia. aseve
Zvelia (3500 mln.wlis) cianobiontebis cxovelmoqmedebis Sedegad warmoSobili
qanebi _stromatoliTebi, romlebic napovnia avstraliis erT-erT raionSi.
arqeulSi sicocxlis arsebobis dadasturebis gamo zogi mkvlevari am eons
arqeozoulsac uwodebs, rac savsebiT samarTliani Cans imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom
yvela danarCeni eonisa Tu eris saxelwodeba swored sicocxlesTanaa
dakavSirebuli (fanerozouli, paleozouri da sxv.).
arqeuli sicocxle ar iyo maRalganviTarebuli da samwuxarod ar SemorCenila
met-naklebad mdidari namarxi kompleqsebis saxiT, rom SeiZlebodes maTi
stratigrafiaSi (biostratigrafiaSi) gamoyeneba. amitom arqeuli qanebis geologiuri
asaki radioaqtiuri meTodebiT (absoluturi geoqronologia) isazRvreba mxolod.
arqeuls samad yofen: qveda (4000-3500 mln.w.), Sua (3500-3000 mln.w.) da zeda (3000-2500
mln.w.). zogjer qveda arqeuls katarqeulis saxeliTac gamoyofen.
roca arqeulzea laparaki, erT-erT pirvel sakiTxad dedamiwis qerqSi dRes
arsebul yvelaze Zveli qanebis sakiTxi dgeba. ra viciT maT Sesax an ras
warmoadgenen isini? es aris e.w. ,,ruxi gnaisebi”, romlebic pirvelad kanadis farze
(Crdilo amerikis kratoni) daadgines. dReisaTvis es qanebi yvela kratonzea cnobili
(Crdilo amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, cimbiris, indostanis, avstraliis,
antarqtidis, afrikis, samxreT amerikis). isini qmnidnen fundaments sxva, ufro
axalgazrda qanebisaTvis da amdenad warmoadgendnen dedamiwis pirvel
prokontinentur qerqs. ,,ruxi gnaisebi” aris narevi sxvadasxvagvari gnaisebisa,
kristaluri fiqlebis, rkiniani kvarcitebis da sxva CanarTebiT. fiqroben, rom am
qanebis momcemi dedaqanebi umTavresad magmuri (rogorc intruziuli, ise efuziuri)
saSualo simJavianobis wyebebi unda yofiliyo, romlebmac Semdgom Zlieri (albaT
araerTjeradi) metamorfizmi da granitizacia ganicades. ,,ruxi gnaisebis” asaki 4000-
3500 milioni welia. yvelaze Zveli asakis maT Soris dReisaTvis kanadis farze
mikvleuli 3960 milioni wlis akastas gnaisebia.
bevr adgilze ,,ruxi gnaisebi” naoWebis magvar rTul struqturebs da rac
mTavaria, granit-gnaisis gumbaTebs qmnian.
,,ruxi gnaisebi” zevidan dafarulia mZlavri (10-20 km sisqis) Zlier metamorfuli
da dislocirebuli qanebis kompleqsiT, romelTa Soris wamyvani adgili e.w. mwvane
qvebis sartylebs ukaviaT. es aris mravalferovani qanebis kompleqsi, romelTa
Soris granitebi da gnaisebi gamoiyofa, SedarebiT naklebad _ rkiniani kvarcitebi,
metakonglomeratebi, marmarilioebi da sxv. mwvane qvebis faciesTan dakavSirebulia
ultrafuZe, fuZe da saSualo simJavianobis vulkanitebi, kaJiani da qviSian-Tixiani
qanebi. mTel kompleqsSi xSirad intruziebia SeWrili, qveda nawilSi _ultrafuZe,
xolo zedaSi _granituli qanebisa. am ukanasknelTa asaki 2600 mln. welia.
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rogorc ,,ruxi gnaisebi”, ise mis zeviT mdebare mZlavri wyebebi yvela cnobili
kratonis centralur nawilebs ikaveben (sur. 20.1).
rogor esaxebaT mkvlevarebs dedamiwis ganviTarebis arqeuli etapi?
arqeulis dasawyisisaTvis dedamiwaze ukve iyo protookeanuri (bazalturi) qerqi,
romelic Cvenamde 4 miliard welze adre (daaxloebiT 4.6-4.5 mlr. wlis win) gaCnda
da dRes ukve aRar aris. arqeulis dasawyisSi es qerqi mis qveS mdebare cxeli
mantiis gavleniT gadamuSavda da TandaTan gadaiqca protokontinentur qerqad
(,,ruxi gnaisebi”). es ukanaskneli deformacias ganicdida, Tumca namdvili danaoWebis
nacvlad wina planze qanebis amowberva da gumbaTovani struqturebis formireba iyo
wamoweuli, radganac imave cxeli mantiis gavleniT masTan axlo myofi qanebi did
denadobas iZendnen. protokontinenturi qerqi albaT calkeuli kunZulebis saxiT
arsebobda (esaa momavali materikebis birTvi), romelTa Soris jer kidev unda
yofiliyo protookeanuri qerqi (Хаин и др., 1997).
Sua da gvian arqeulSi (3500-2500 mln.w) protokontinentur qerqze riftingis
ganviTarebiT, am qerqis alag gaxleCviT Camoyalibeba daiwyo mwvane qvebis sartyelma.
yvelaferma aman ki (,,ruxi gnaisebis” CaTviT) erT mTlianobaSi Seadgina arqeuli
asakis kontinenturi qerqi, romelic yvela kratonis safuZvels (fuZes) warmoadgens.
arqeulis bolos moxda Zlieri danaoWeba granitizaciiT. danaoWebis Sedegad
miRebul struqturebs umetesad gumbaTovani ieri hqondaT. es aris swored zemoT
xsenebuli qerqi, romlis savaraudo sisqe 30-40 km unda yofiliyo.
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis arqeuli drois istoriaSi realuri faqtebis
(masalis) simciris gamo bevri ram hipoTezuria. arc is viciT zustad arqeulis
bolos warmoSobili qerqi erTiani iyo, Tu calkeuli kunZulebis (an
mikrokontinentebis ) saxiT iyo gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze. mkvlevarTa varaudiT
ufro misaRebia is azri, rom im dros dedamiwaze iyo erTiani kontinenti pangea,
romelsac ,,upirispirdeboda” erTiani okeane panTalasa (Хаин и др., 1997).
Tavi 21 proterozouLli eoni
proterozouli moTavsebulia arqeulsa da fanerozouls Soris. es eoni daiwyo
2500 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 540 milioni wlis win. misi xangrZlivoba,
Sesabamisad, TiTqmis 2000 milion wels Seadgens.
saxelwodeba, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, upirveles sicocxles, anu sicocxlis
yvelaze adrindel xanas gulisxmobs. marTalia dRes ukve cnobilia, rom sicocxle
dedamiwaze gacilebiT ufro adre, arqeulSi gaCnda, magram proterozouls
tradiciuli saxeli mainc SemorCa.
21.1. sicocxle proterozoulSi.
sicocxlis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT proterozouli eoni did interess iwvevs.
Tumca unda iTqvas, rom faqtobrivad mTeli eonis ganmavlobaSi (2500-680 mln.wlebi)
mxolod prokariotebi Tu arsebobdnen _ baqteriebi da cianobiontebi. am
ukanasknelebma im dros iseT ganviTarebas miaRwies, rom proterozouli eoni
SeiZleba cianobiontebis xanadac ki CaiTvalos.
mecnierTa varaudiT adreproterozoulis Sua nawilSi, daaxloebiT 2000 mln.
wlis win, atmosferoSi mkveTrad gaizarda Jangbadis raodenoba, rasac
cianobiontebis aqtiur fotosinTezur moqmedebas miaweren. daaxloebiT am dros
gaCndnen mravalujrediani organizmebi, agreTve planqtonis pirveli
warmomadgenlebi.
sicocxlis ganviTarebaSi didi gardatexa xdeba vendurSi. am dros Cndeba
evkariotebis mravali warmomadgeneli wyalmcenareebis, sokoebisa da uxerxemlo
101
zRviuri cxovelebis saxiT. prokariotebic (cianobiontebi) ayvavebas ganicdian, rac
kargad dasturdeba stromatoliTebis farTo ganviTarebiT. evkariotuli
wyalmcenareebidan pirvel rigSi mwvane wyalmcenareebi (qlorofitebi) unda
davasaxeloT.
raRac evoluciuri afeTqebis msgavsi xdeba uxerxemlo cxovelebis ganviTarebaSi.
vendurSi Cndeba maTi sakmaod mravalferovani jgufebi. uaRresad sainteresoa is,
rom yvela forma absoluturad uskeleto iyo. es fenomenaluri movlena dResac ki
saTanadod kargad ar aris axsnili. organizmebis SemorCnen anabeWdebis, nakvalevis,
koproliTebis (namarxi eqskrementebi) saxiT.
venduri asakis uxerxemlo cxovelebis namarxebi bevr qveyanaSia napovni (samxreT
afrika, inglisi da sxv.) magram am mxriv gansakuTebulia samxreT avstraliis
,,ediakaris biota” da baltiispireTis faunisturi kompleqsi.
uskeleto, rbiltaniani organizmebi, romlebic ,,ediakaris biotis” saxeliTaa
cnobili (Ediacarien - saxelwodeba modis samxreT avstraliaSi arsebul ediakaris
borcvebidan da aborigenTa enaze niSnavs ,,aris wyali” (:dyakra)), rogorc Cans, zRvaSi
mcxovreb bilateraluri (ormxrivi) an radialuri simetriis mimagrebul benToss
miekuTvneboda. ramdenime aTeuli wlis win paleontologTa umetesoba ,,ediakaris
biotas” Rrunawlavianebis (umTavresad meduzebisa da polipebis), fexsaxsrianebis da
sxvaTa Soreul winaprad moiazrebda. Tumca bolo wlebSi amgvari Sexeduleba
mTlianad uaryofil iqna.
venduri periodis mSveneba _ ,,ediakaris biota” cxovelTa samefoSi warmodgenili
iyo ramdenime tipiT, romelTa sruli gadaSeneba (amowyveta) ,,kambriuli afeTqebis”
qveda sazRvarze, 540 milioni wlis win moxda.
sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom ,,ediakarelebi” formiTa da zomiT sakmaod
mravalferovanni iyvnen. magaliTad, e.w. proartikulatebi (sxvagvarad, ,,gaberili
matrasebi”) zomebSi 1-2 milimetridan 1,5 metramde aRwevdnen, xolo maTgan
gansxvavebuli, diskoseburi formis mqone organizmebis zomebi erTeuli
santimetrebidan 18 santimetramde meryeobda (sxvaTa Soris, meduzebad Tu
meduzoidebad ,,monaTluli” Cyclomedusa, Ediacaria da kidev sxva, swored diskosebur
organizmTa jgufs miekuTvneboda)(sur. 21.1).
21.2. dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis adreproterozouli etapi
proterozouli orad iyofa _qveda (2500-1650 mln. w. ) da zeda (rifeuli _1650-680
mln.w. da venduri 680-540 mln.w.). unda aRiniSnos, rom qveda da zeda proterozouli
sakmaod gansxvavdeba erTmeneTisgan, rogorc faciesurad, ise, rac mTavaria,
geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am TvalsazrisiT qveda
proterozouli ufro axlos aris arqeulTan, vidre zeda proterozoulTan. aqedan
gamomdinare, ufro mizanSewonilia qveda da zeda proterozoulis cal-calke
ganxilva.
qvedaproterozouli qanebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli, umetesad ki dRevandeli
kratonebis farebze da baqnebis (platformebis) kristalur fundamentSi gvxvdeba.
warmodgenilia Zalze mravalferovani wyebebiT, romlebSic mravladaa magmuri
(rogorc efuziuri, ise intruziuli), metamorfuli (sxvadasxva xarisxis
metamorfizmiT) da danaleqi qanebi. am ukanasknelSi vxvdebiT zRviur da
kontinentur naleqebs, myinvarulsac ki tilitebis saxiT.
qvedaproterozouli wyebebi ZiriTadad or geoteqtonikur erTeuls ukavSirdebian
_ a) kratonebs, sadac isini arqeuli asakis kristalur fundamentze sustad
dislocire bul, TiTqmis daunaoWebel wyebebs qmnian da b) naoWa sartylebs, sadac
Zvel wyebebTan erTad intensiurad dislocirebulni arian. sailustraciod erTi-ori
magaliTic gamogvadgeba:
102
samxreT afrikaSi, kratonze, romlis fundamentic arqeuli asakis ,,ruxi
gnaisebiT”, mwvane fiqlebis faciesiTa da sxva qanebiT aris agebuli da romelTa
zeda asakobrivi sazRvari 2700 mln. wliT isazRvreba (sxvaTa Soris wyebis zeda
nawilSi gamoereva oqrosSemcveli konglomeratebi, romlebic msoflioSi
saxelganTqmul vitvatersrandis oqros sabadoebs qmnian), gadarecxil zedapirze
uTanxmod ganlagebulia 12km sisqis qveda proterozouli (2350-2050 mln.weli)
transvaalis seria. seriis qveda nawili warmodgenilia Tixiani fiqlebiT,
kvarcitebiT, bazalturi da rioliTuri lavebiTa da tufebiT, romlebic zeviT
Txeli zRvis klasturi qanebiT icvlebian. am ukanasknelT vertikalur WrilSi
zeviT dolomituri kirqvebis, jespilitebis (romelTac rkinis madnebi ukavSirdeba)
mZlavri wyebebi anacvleben.
transvaalis seria gakveTilia mZlavri intruziuli magmuri sxeuliT, romlis
asakic daaxl. 2000 mln. wels Seadgens. ufro zeviT, gadarecxil zedapirze
ganlagebulia Wreli qviSaqvebis mZlavri (5 km) kontinenturi wyeba, romelSic
SuaSreebis saxiT konglomeratebi, Tixafiqlebi da sxva qanebi gamoereva (Хаин и др.,
1997).
transvaalis seriis da mis Tavze mdebare wyebis qanebi TiTqmis ar aris
danaoWebuli. es gvaZlevs uflebas davaskvnaT, rom aq saqme gvaqvs kratonTan, ufro
zustad ki kratonis platformul nawilTan, romlis kristaluri fundamenti
arqeuli qanebiT, xolo danaleqi safari qvedaproterozouli naleqebiT aris
agebuli(sur....).
sinamdvileSi ki saqme cota sxvagvaradaa _rogorc cnobilia, platformis
danaleqi safari wyebaTa horizontuli (an subhorizontuli) ganlagebis garda
xasiaTdeba am wyebaTa mcire simZlavreebiT, rac calkeuli sistemis (periodis)
farglebSi aTeuli an aseuli metrebiT Tu izomeba. garda amisa, ,,namdvil” danaleq
safarSi praqtikulad ver SevxvdebiT magmur sxeulebs. sul sxva suraTia Cven mier
zemoT mocemul WrilSi – aq intensiurad dislocirebuli arqeuli kompleqsis
gadarecxil zedapirze ganlagebulia saerTo jamSi 17 km(!) sisqis danaleqi qanebis
kompleqsi, romelic ,,daglejilia” intruziuli magmuri sxeulebiT da romelSic
arcTu iSviaTad vxvdebiT efuziur magmur warmonaqmnebsac. amave dros naoWa
sartylisagan gansxvavebiT am kompleqsSi zRviuri naleqebis gverdiT xSiria
kontinenturi naleqebic (mdinareuli, tbiuri, myinvaruli). amasTanave klastiur
masalas emCneva araerTjeradi gadarecxvis kvali, rac praqtikulad ucxoa(ufro
zustad _ Zalze iSviaTia) naoWa sartylis danaleqi safarisaTvis. aSkaraa, rom
zemoT aRweril WrilSi saqme gvaqvs kratonsa da naoWa sartyels Soris gardamaval
struqturasTan, romelic damaxasiaTebel TvisebaTa erTobliobiT aSkarad
gansxvavdeba rogorc erTis, ise meorisgan. amgvar struqturas avlakogeni hqvia.
sul sxva suraTia afrikis dasavleT nawilSi, gvineis ubis sanapirosTan. iq
grauvakuri fliSis, qviSaqvebis, tufogenuri naleqebis morigeobaa, romelsac Tavze
bazaltebisa da andezit-rioliTebis wyebaTa kompleqsi edeba. yvela am wyebis
jamuri simZlavre 7000 m-s aWarbebs. wyebaTa es kompleqsi mTlianad
dislocirebulia, Zlier danaoWebulia, qmnian rTul naoWebs SecocebebiTa da
SariaJebiT. aseve danaoWebulia am wyebebze uTanxmod ganlagebuli oqrosSemcveli
molasuri naleqebi (konglomeratebi, gravelitebi, qviSaqvebi, kvarcitebi, argilitebi
((Хаин и др., 1997). oqros sabadoebis gavrcelebis gamo am adgils ,,oqros napiri”
Searqves.
mTeli es kompleqsi, romlis asakic qvedaproterozoulia, udavod moZrav
sartyelSia formirebuli.
rogori iyo dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTareba adre proterozoulSi?
gavixsenoT, rom arqeulis bolos dedamiwaze erTiani kontinenti, pangea arsebobda
103
(yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi varaudi ufro misaRebia). proterozouli eonis dasawyisSi,
3500 milioni wlis win pangeam daSla daiwyo _ zogan kontinenturi qerqi
ixliCeboda da am adgilebSi xdeboda moZravi sartylebis formireba. qerqis
bolomde gaxleCis Sedegad miviReT calkeuli kratonebi (adre dasaxelebuli
Crdilo amerikis, armosavleT evropis, cimbirisa da sxv.) da maTi gamyofi moZravi
sartylebi _ aTaseuli kilometris sigrZisa da aseuli kilometris siganis mqone
depresiebi(sur. 20.1).
adre proterozoulis miwuruls, daaxloebiT 1650 milioni wlis win, qerqis
Zlieri SekumSvis Sedegad kratonebis kvlav gaerTianeba da superkontinent pangeas
Camoyalibeba moxda. am SekumSvis Sedegi iyo Zlieri orogenezisi, romelsac SeiZleba
kareluri vuwodoT. pangeas paralelurad unda warmoSobiliyo superokeane
panTalasa Tavisi okeanuri qerqiT.
iyo Tu ara spredingisa da subduqciis zonebi adreproterozoulSi da saerTod
moqmedebda Tu ara im dros liTosferuli filebis teqtonikis meqanizmi _ es
sakiTxebi jerjerobiT bolomde garkveuli ar aris.
21.3. gvianproterozouli (rifeul-venduri) etapi.
,,rifea” uralis Zveli saxelwodebaa, xolo vendebi Tu venedebi aRmosavleT
evropis Zvelad mobinadre tomi yofila.
gvian proterozoulis saerTo xangrZlivoba 1 miliard wels aWarbebs. am
droisaTvis ukve kargad ganviTarebuli cianobiontebis (igulisxmeba
stromatoliTebi) meSveobiT rifeulis, xolo ediakaris fauniT venduris
biostratigrafiuli danawileba xerxdeba, Tumca mis gverdiT absoluturi
geoqronologiis meTodic gamoiyeneba.
gvian proterozoulis miwuruls ukve mTlianad iyo Camoyalibebuli kratonebis
qveda struqturuli sarTuli _ kristaluri fundamenti, ramac ganapiroba
kratonebis zeda struqturuli sarTulis_danaleqi safaris ganviTareba.
faqtobrivad gvianproterozoulSi iwyeba kratonebis, rogorc srulyofili
struqturebis formireba.
kratonebis gverdiT gvian proterozoulSi ganviTarebas iwyebs axali moZravi
sartylebi, romlebic sabolood Zlier dislocirebul naoWa struqturebs iZlevian.
gvian proterozoulSi iwyeben formirebas agreTve mesame tipis geostruqturebi
e.w. avlakogenebi. avlakogenebi Tavisi bunebiT gardamavalia kratonebsa da moZrav
sartylebs Soris. isini teqtonikurad ufro mobilurni arian, vidre kratonebi da
naklebad mobilurni, vidre moZravi sartylebi. avlakogenebis formireba kratonebis
fundamentSi xdeba viwro (aseuli kilometrebi) da gamwe (aTaseuli kolometrebi)
grabenuli depresiebis saxiT.
mkvlevarTa xelT arsebul liTologiur-petrografiuli da paleontologiuri
masala saSualebas iZleva Tvali gavadevnoT xsenebul etapze dedamiwis geologiuri
ganviTarebis istorias. gavixsenoT, rom gvianp roterozouli etapis dawyebis win
Camoyalibda erTiani kontinenti pangea (SeiZleba vTqvaT pangea-2), rifeulSi iwyeba
pangea-2-is TandaTan daSla, Tumca am procesis ganviTarebas xels uSlis
grenviluri orogenezisi (daaxloebiT 1 miliardi wlis win), romlis wyalobiTac
pangeas danawevreba SeCerda. SevniSnoT, rom adre proterozoulis miwuruls (1650
mln. wlis win) momxdarma karelurma orogenezisma Seqmna Zveli kratonebis
kristaluri fundamentis ZiriTadi birTvi, grenviluri orogenezisis Sedegad ki
sabolood Camoyalibda Crdilo amerikis, aRmosavleTi evropis, indostanisa da
avstraliis kratonebis fundamenti. aqedan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
kratonis kristaluri fundamentis asaki zogadad arqeul-proterozoulia (anu
prekambriuli), rac Seexeba danaleq safars, is yovelTvis kristalur fundamentzea
104
ganlagebuli, e.i. masze gviandelia, ufro axalgazrdaa. amdenad kratonebis danaleqi
safaris asaki ZiriTadad fanerozouli iqneba.
gvian rifeulSi kvlav daiwyo pangeas destruqcia. superkontinentze jer Caisaxa
ganeduri moZravi sartyeli _xmelTaSuazRviuri (okeane teTisi), romelmac pangea
orad gayo _ Crdilo da samxreT kontinentebad (dRevandeli ganlagebiT). SemdgomSi
orive kontinenti ganicdida daSlas. magram vendurSi momxdari orogenezisis
wyalobiT ,,samxreTSi” kvlav erTiani kontinenti (gondvanisi) miviReT (am
orogeneziss ruseTSi baikaluri, Crdilo amerikaSi kadomuri, afrikaSi panafrikuli,
xolo samxreT amerikaSi braziliuri orogenezisi hqvia). rac Seexeba ,,Crdilo”
kontinents, misi daSliT paleozouris (kambriulis ) dasawyisSi ramdenime
kontinenti (kratoni) gaCnda, maT Sua moZravi sartylebis CasaxviT. Crdilo amerikis
kratonsa (lavrencia) da aRmosavleTi evropis kratons (fenoskandia) Soris gaCnda
Crdilo-atlanturi moZravi sartyeli (okeane iafeti), aRmosavleTi evropis kratonsa
erTi mxriv, xolo meore mxriv cimbirisa da CineTis (CineT-koreis) kratonebs Soris
_ ural-oxotis moZravi sartyeli (paleoaziuri okeane). amave droisaa wynari okeane,
romelic gars uvlida xuTive kontinents.
amrigad, paleozouris dasawyisisaTvis dedamiwaze xuTi didi kontinenti
lavrencia, fenoskandia, cimbiri, CineTi da gondvanisi arsebobda maTi gamyofi
okeaneebiT (teTisi, iafeti, paleoaziuri, wynari).
21.4. prekambriulis wiaRiseuli
prekambriuli naleqebi Zalian mdidaria wiaRiseuliT. maTSi gansakuTrebiT
mravladaa metalTa sabadoebi. aq aris rkinisa da titanis saerTo maragebis 90%,
xolo oqrosi, uranisa da nikelis _ 70%. davasaxeloT zogierTi metalis sabadoebi:
rkina _ qvedaproterozouli asakis_ruseTi (kurskis magnituri anomalia da sxv.),
afrika, brazilia, aSS, avstralia; zeda _proterozouli – ruseTi (urali), Crdilo
korea, afrika, avstralia, aSS.
spilenZi _ qveda proterozouli _fineTi, kanada, ruseTi (cimbiri); zeda
proterozouli _ avstralia, kanada, namibia, zairi, zambia, aSS.
tyvia-TuTia _zeda proterozouli _avstralia,aSS, kanada,zambia.
titani _ qveda proterozouli_samxreTi afrika.
oqro _ zeda arqeuli_ samxreTi afrika (vitvatersrandi), qveda proterozouli
_dasavleTi afrika; zeda proterozouli _avstralia,aSS,zambia.
urani _ zeda proterozouli _kanada, aSS, zairi(msoflioSi udidesi sabado
Sinkolobve).
nikeli _ qveda proterozouli _kanada; zeda proterozouli _kanada.
almasi _ qveda proterozouli _ gaiana,gana;zedaproterozouli _ indoeTi.
gaz-navTobi _ rifeuli _aRmosavleTi cimbiri (ruseTi).
Tavi 22. Ffanerozouli eoni
Ffanerozouli aSkara sicocxlis xanas niSnavs. Mmisgan sapirispirod arqeul da
proterozoul eonebs erTiani saxeli “kriptozouli” (faruli sicoxlis xana) aqvT.
Ffanerozouli uaxlesi eonia dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi. misi
xangrZlivoba am istoriis bolo 540 milion wels moicavs anu daiwyo 540 milioni
wlis win da grZeldeba dResac. niSandoblivia, rom arqeul-proterozoulTan (igive
prekambriulTan) SedarebiT Zalian mcire droSi, sul raRac 540-mde milioni wlis
ganmavlobaSi organulma samyarom arnaxuli evolucia ganicada. amasTanave uaRresad
mniSvnelovani iyo agreTve Zveli kontinentebis moZraoba da urTierTgadaadgileba,
rac drodadro sagZnoblad ucvlida iersaxes dedamiwas.
105
fanerozouli eoni moicavs sam eras: paleozours, mezozoursa da kainozours.
22.1. paleozouri era
paleozouri era (“Zveli sicocxlis xana”) daiwyo 540 milioni wlis win da
dasrulda 245 milioni wlis win. Sesabamisad misi xangrZlivoba 290 milion wels
Seadgens. Ppaleozouri era Sedgeba 6 periodisagan: kambriuli, ordoviciuli,
siluruli, devonuri, karbonuli da permuli. zogjer paleozours or nawilad
yofen _ qveda da zeda paleozourad. aseT SemTxvevaSi qveda paleozouri moicavs
kambriul, ordovociul da silurul sistemebs, xolo zeda _ devonur, karbonul da
permul sistemebs.
paleozours qvevidan sazRvravs proterozouli (kerZod, venduri sistema), xolo
zevidan _ mezozouri (kerZod, triasuli sistema).
22.1.1. sicocxlis ganviTareba paleozourSi
Ees uaRresad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi upirvelesad paleozouri skeleturi faunis
gaCenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Ppaleozouri eris da saerTod mTeli fanerozouli
eonis erT-erTi, faqtobrivad yvelaze mniSvnelovani ganmasxvavebeli niSani arqeul-
proterozoulis anu kriptozoulisagan (igive prekambriuli) aris
maRalganviTarebuli niJariani faunis arseboba, romlis msgavsic prekambriulSi
(kriptozoulSi) ara gvaqvs!P paleozouri eris dasawyisSive, kambriul periodSi
vxvdebiT maRali organizaciis mqone, myari niJariT warmodgenil uxerxemlo
cxovelebis yvela ZiriTad tips. Zalian Znelia im faqtis axsna, Tu ratom aris
kambriulSi niJariani cxovelebis taqsonTa aseTi siuxve, maSin, roca cota xniT
ufro adre, venduri periodis dasasruls niJariani organizmebi saerTod ar iyo
dedamiwaze.
kambriuli faunis organizaciis maRali done da amave dros am periodSi
uxerxemlo cxovelTa faqtobrivad yvela tipis arseboba migvaniSnebs imaze, rom
kambriuli periodis dasawyisisaTvis cxovelTa samefos evoluciis mniSvnelovani
gza unda gaevlo. Mmeore mxriv, amgvari evoluciisaTvis warmoudgenlad mcire droa
(gavixsenoT, rom kambriuli periodi droSi uSualod enacvleba vendur periods).
Ggamomdinare aqedan unda davaskvnaT,rom kambriulSi sicocxlis evoluciis tempi
Zalian maRali iyo, risTvisac xeli unda Seewyo garemo pirobebis mkveTr cvlas.
Aamas gvafiqrebinebs is garemoebac, rom ara Cans kambriuli faunis uSualo
winaprebi. Aadre am garemoebas xsnidnen prekambriuli naleqebis Zlieri
metamorfizmiT, rasac unda moespo qanebSi namarxebis saxiT daculi sicocxle.
amasTanave miuTiTebdnen drois did xarvezze prekambriulsa da paleozours Soris.
Mmagram gasuli saukunis meore naxevarSi yvela kontinentze mikvleul iqna
gvianproterozouli asakis arametamorfuli, Cveulebrivi danaleqi qanebi, romelTa
erTi nawili saerTod unamarxo aRmoCnda, xolo meore nawilSi, rogorc ukve viciT,
sakmaod mravalferovani uniJaro fauna iyo (magaliTisaTvis Tundac “ediakaris
biota” gamodgeba). Aamave dros es unamarxo Tu namarxiani qanebi droSi Zalian
swrafad inacvleba kambriuli asakis naleqebiT.Aamgvarad, zemoT xsenebuli
Sexeduleba dRis wesrigidan moixsna.
mecnierTa erTi nawilis azriT ,,kambriuli afeTqeba”, rac gamoixata niJariani
formebis swraf warmoqmnaSi, ganpirobebuli iyo mtacebeli cxovelebis gaCeniT.
Aamdenad, organul samyaroSi Seiqmna axali urTierToba _ mtacebeli-msxverpli!
Sedegad ki niJariani formebi miviReT.
niJariani formebis gaCenis erT-erT mizezad SeiZleba kambriul periodSi
zRvebSi marilianobis mkveTri gazrda migveCnia. zRvis gamarilianeba (iseve rogorc
ganmarilianeba) fanerozouli eonis sxvadasxva periodsa Tu epoqaSi cnobili
106
faqtia. Mmagram am process yovelTvis lokaluri (da ara globaluri) xasiaTi
hqonda. Tanac,rogorc cnobilia, wylis gamarilianeba ZiriTadad lagunebSi xdeba.
xolo imis daSveba,rom vendurSi lagunebi ar arsebobda, ubralod absurduli Cans!
sxva mosazrebiT ediakar-belomoruli uniJaro fauna cxovrobda erTiani kontinentis
irgvliv arsebul zRvebSi, maRali temperaturisa da Raribi sakvebi resursebis
pirobebSi. kambriuli organizmebi ki gaCndnen superkontinentis daSlis dros, roca
mniSvnelovnad gaizarda sanapiro zoli, Tanac misi udidesi nawili ganTavsebuli
iyo arsebobisaTvis Zalian xelsayrel tropikuli klimatis zonaSi. Ggamwe da
ganieri Selfis sazRvrebSi intensiuri karbonatuli naleqdagroveba mimdinareobda
(rogorc cnobilia, karbonatuli qanebis warmoqmna yvelaze intensiurad zRvis
Selfur nawilSi, 100-200 metr siRrmeze xdeba).swored aseTi adgilebi iyo
cxovelTaTvis sacxovreblad idealuri, ramdenadac isini sakvebis siuxviTa da
mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeodnen.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, venduri asakis ,,ediakaris biotis” Semcvel Sreebs
uSualod agrZelebs adrekambriuli organizmebis Semcveli wyebebi. es faqti udavod
miuTiTebs skeletiani formebis gaCenis swraf tempze, SeiZleba uswrafeszec ki,
radganac skeletiani faunis gaCena erTi-ori milioni, an SeiZleba sulac ramdenime
aseuli aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSi unda momxdariyo. TiTqos udavoa,rom swored
evoluciuri ganviTarebis tempis aCqarebaa skeletiani organizmebis gaCenis mizezi.
magram oranizmTa swrafi evoluciisaTvis xom mastimulirebeli faqtoria saWiro.
AaseT faqtorad zogi mecnieri kosmosur gamosxivebas miiCnevs. dadgenilia, rom mzis
ultraiisferi an maionizirebeli kosmosuri gamosxiveba Zalian Zlierad moqmedebs
cocxal organizmTa genur da qromosomul struqturebze da, Sesabamisad, mkveTrad
zrdis maTi mutaciis unars. Mmutaciis Sedegad SeZenil axal TvisebaTa erTi nawili
dabla swevs organizmTa sicocxlisunarianobas da Sesabamisad iwvevs am organizmTa
gadaSenebas. sxvani, romlebic arsebul sacxovrebel garemos kargad esadagebian,
piriqiT, organizmTa gaZlierebas (progress,evolucias) ganapirobeben. xsenebuli
orive saxis gamosxiveba (mzis, kosmosuri) sistematur xasiaTs atarebs. Tumca maTi
gaaqtivebis periodi TiTqos ukavSirdeba mzis sistemis romelime zeaxali
varskvlavis afeTqebas. ar aris gamoricxuli, rom amgvar SemTxvevasTan gvqonda saqme
vendur-kambriulis sazRvarze an, praqtikulad rac igivea, kambriulis dasawyisSi.
ram gamoiwvia organuli samyaros kambiulis Semdgomi evolucia? Mmizezi unda
veZeboT albaT erTi mxriv organizmebis sacxovrebel garemosa, xolo meore mxriv
TviT organizmTa genetikur cvlaSi.
kambriuli periodi - C
saxelwodeba modis uelsis Zvelromauli saxelidan _ Cambria, sadac es sistema
pirvelad iqna gamoyofili ingliseli mecnieris a. sejvikis mier 1835 wels.
sazRvrebi. qveda sazRvari vendurTan 540 milioni wliT isazRvreba, xolo zeda
sazRvari ordoviciulTan _ 500 milioni wliT. Sesabamisad kambriuli periodis
xangrZlivoba 40 milion wels moicavs. Kkambriuli sistema sam seqciad iyofa: C1–
qveda, C2-Sua,C3-zeda.
cocxali buneba. kambriul periodSi iwyebs formirebas Tanamedrove zRvebsa da
okeaneebSi arsebuli sicocxle, pirvel rigSi sxvadasxvagvari wyalmcenareebiTa da
uxerxemlo cxovelebiT, romlebic niJaris matareblebi iyvnen. zRvebSi batonobdnen
uxerxemloTa arqauli jgufebi. rac Seexeba xmeleTs, is praqtikulad dausaxlebeli
iyo.
kambriuli periodis cxovelebi TandaTan daxelovndnen myari qitinovan-
fosfaturi an kirqvis niJaris SenebaSi. maTgan pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT
arqeociaTebis saxeliT cnobili metad Taviseburi jgufi, romelic kambriulis
107
dasawyisSi gaCnda, ganviTarebis maqsimums adrekambriulSi miaRwia da kambriulis
bolos gadaSenda. arqeociaTebi mimagrebuli benTosuri organizmebi iyvnen,
romlebic Tbil, wyalmarCx zRvebSi cxovrobdnen. wyalmcenareebTan erTad isini
rifis mSeneblebic iyvnen.
Kkambriuli periodi aris trilobitebis gaCenisa da ayvavebis xana. trilobitebi
warmoadgenen fexsaxsrianTa tipis paleozouris bolos gadaSenebul jgufs. isini
zRviuri organizmebi iyo. maTi didi nawili benTosur (SlamSi Cafluli,fskerze
mRoRavi) cxovrebas eweoda, SedarebiT mcire nawili planqtons miekuTvneboda, zogi
SesaZloa neqtonsac. SevniSnavT,rom trilobitebis meSveobiT xdeba kambriulis sam
seqciad danawileba: qveda (gvari Olenellus), Sua (gvari Paradoxides),zeda (gvariOlenus).
trilobitebTan erTad kambriulSi sxva fexsaxsrianebic gvxvdeba, pirvel rigSi
ostrakodebi.
Kkambriul faunaSi did rols TamaSoben braqiopodebi, pirvel rigSi uklitoni _
Obolus, Kutorgina da sxv. am droidan iwyeben ganviTarebas klitianebic.
kambriulis dasawyisSi Cndebian marjnebi. Aaqtiurad viTardebian moluskebi,
romelTagan gastropodebi gaCndnen adre kambriulSi, bivalviebi _ Sua kambriulSi,
xolo cefalopodebi _ gvian kambriulSi.
kaneklianebidan vxvdebiT helmatozoebis primitiul jgufebs (cistoideebi,
Tekoideebi, karpoideebi) da TiTo-orola holoTuriebs.
kambriul naleqebSi vxvdebiT agreTve: erTujredian cxovelebs _ foraminiferebsa
da radiolariebs; Rrublebs; Wiebs; graptoliTebs; cianobiontebs; mwvane
wyalmcenareebs (qlorofitebs).
faciesebi. kambriulis dasawyisisaTvis ukve srulad aris Camoyalibebuli
kratonis kristaluri fundamenti da iwyeba kratonebisaTvis tipuri danaleqi
safaris formireba. Aamgvari suraTi damaxasiaTebelia TiTqmis yvela kratonisaTvis.
rogorc erT-erTi saukeTeso, davasaxeloT aRmosavleT evropis kratonis
Semadgeneli ruseTis baqnis (platformis) kambriulis Wrili.
Zalian saintereso Wrilia. aq kambriuli mxolod qveda seqciiTaa warmodgenili,
romelic Semcveli namarxebiT met-naklebad normalurad isazRvreba. qvedakambriuli
wyebebi uTanxmod adevs vendur naleqebs, e.w. laminaritian wyebebs, xolo TviT
uTanxmod ifareba qvedaordoviciuli diqtionemiani TixebiT, romelic Seicavs
swored qveda ordoviciulis saxelmZRvanelo namarxs – Dictyonema flabelliforme-s. bevri
ram aris am WrilSi sayuradRebo– jer erTi is,rom calkeul wyebaTa simZlavreebi
aTeuli metrebis farglebSia, xolo jamuri simZlavre 260 metrze odnav metia.
wyebebi horizontuladaa ganlagebuli.wyebebi mTlianad warmodgenili aris
klastiuri terigenuli danaleqi qanebiT. maTSi ara Tu arseboba, miniSnebac ar aris
metamorfuli, da rac ufro mniSvnelovania, magmuri qanebis ( rogorc intruziulis,
ise efuziuris) arsebobaze. yvelaferi es aSkarad miuTiTebs namdvili kratonuli
(SeiZleba jobdes vTqvaT – platformuli, baqnuri) pirobebis arsebobaze.
sul sxva xasiaTis kambriuli gvaqvs im dros arsebul moZrav sartylebSi.
magaliTisaTvis xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyelic gamogvadgeba. am moZravi
sartylis farglebSi gavrcelebuli kambriuli naleqebi yvelgan kontinentis
aqtiuri kidis bunebisaa. magaliTisaTvis safrangeTis centraluri platos
samxreTiT mdebare montenuaris (Monte-Noire) midamoebis Wrilic gamogvadgeba.
xsenebul WrilSi yuradRebas iqcevs kambriuli (da mis Tavze ganlagebuli
ordoviciuli, siluruli, devonuri da kidev ufro axalgazrda naleqebi)wyebebis
Zlieri danaoWeba da aTaseuli metris sisqis qanebi; Tumca metamorfuli da magmuri
108
qanebi SedarebiT umniSvneloa. sustia metamorfizmi. es Wrili udavod mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba zemoT xsenebuli baltiuri Wrilisgan.
paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.kambriulis dasawyisisaTvis Zveli
kontinentebi, ufro zustad ki kratonebi (samxreT amerika, afrika,
indostani,antarqtida, avstralia) gaerTiandnen erT superkontinentad, romelsac
gondvanisi ewoda da romelmac iurul periodamde iarseba.
gondvanisis gverdiT amJamindeli Crdilo orientaciis oTxi kontinenti iyo:
Crdilo amerikis (lavrencia), romelic ganTavsebuli iyo ekvatoris orive mxares;
CineTis, romelsac Crdilo naxevarsferos tropikuli da zomieri sartyeli ekava;
fenoskandiis (aRmosavleT evropis), romelic samxreT naxevarsferoSi iyo
ganTavsebuli (ZiriTadad tropikul, nawilobriv ki zomier sartyelSi) da cimbiris
–TiTqmis mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferos tropikul–ekvatorul sartyelSi
ganTavsebiT da mcire nawiliT ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT. unda SevniSnoT,rom
gondvaniss dasavleTidan uSualod esazRvreboda fenoskandia, xolo am
ukanasknelsa da misgan dasavleTiT mdebare Crdilo amerikis kontinents Soris
„ijda“ cimbiris kontinenti (sur. 22.1.) .
zemoT dasaxelebuli kontinentebi erTmaneTisagan gamoyili iyo moZravi
sartylebiT, xolo moZrav sartylebze okeaneebi iyo ganTavsebuli. kambriul,
ordoviciul da siruluri periodebis ganmavlobaSi arsebobda sami moZravi
sartyeli: Crdiloatlanturi, ural–oxotis da xmelTaSuazRviuri. maTgan
Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartyeli gadioda Crdilo amerikisa (lavrencia) da
aRmosavleT evropis (fenoskandia) kontinentebs Soris. aRmosavleT evropis,
cimbirisa da CineTis kontinentebs Soris gaidevneboda ural–oxotis moZravi
sartyeli, xolo mesame, xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli moTavsebuli iyo
superkontinent gondvanasa da mis „sapirispirod“ mdebare zemoT xsenebul 4
kontinets (Crdilo amerika,aRmosavleT evropa, cimbiri,CineTi) Soris.
Crdilo atlantur moZrav sartyelze ganTavsebuli iyo okeane iafeti (igive
protoatlanturi okeane), romelic Crdilo amerikis kontinents (anu kratons)
aRmosavleT evropis kontinentisagan (kratonisagan) yofda. okeane iafetis arsebobas
gvidasturebs niufaundlendis dasavleT da aRmosavleT kideebis marCxi zRvis
faunis gansxvaveba – dasavleT sanapiroze mas wynarokeanuri auzis faunis ieri aqvs,
xolo aRmosavleT sanapiroze – evropulis (baltiuri). ural–oxotis moZrav
sartyels(romelic TiTqmis meridionalurad iyo gadaWimuli polaruli uralidan
samxreT uralamde da am ukanasknelidan ukve ganeduri mimarTulebiT altai–saianis
olqisa da monRoleTis gavliT oxotis zRvamde) zevidan „efara“ paleoaziuri
okeane. dabolos mesame, xmelTaSuazRviur moZrav sartyelze ganTavsebuli okeane
paleoteTisi, romelic Crdilo–aRmosavleTidan sazRvravda superkontinent
gondvaniss da gamoyofda mas danarCeni 4 kontinentisagan. es okeaneebi
dakavSirebuli iyvnen erTmaneTTan da paleopacifikasTan (wynari okeane).
zemoT xsenebuli okeaneebiT gamoyofili yvela kontinenti adre kambriulSi,
msgavsad gondvanisisa, ganTavsebuli iyo dabal an zomier ganedebSi, ramac
ganapiroba Tbili(alag cxeli) klimatis batonoba da Sedegad venduri zewruli
gamyinvarebis mTlianad mospoba. adrekambriul epoqaSi Crdilo amerika ekvatorze
iyo ganTavsebuli, aRmosavleTi evropa da cimbiri – samxreT naxevarsferoSi.
aRmosavleT evropis didi nawili tropikul, SedarebiT mcire ki – zomier
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sartyelSi. rac Seexeba cimbiris kontinents, mis udides nawils samxreTi
tropikebis zoli ekava, umcires nawils ki – Crdilo ekvatoruli zoli. CineTis
kontinenti Tanabrad iyo ganawilebuli Crdilo ganedis tropikul da zomier
sartylebs Soris.
Sua da gviankambriul epoqebSi paleoteqtonikuri da paleogeografiuli viTareba
TiTqmis adrekambriulis msgavsi iyo. yvelaze metad TvalSi sacemia mxolod
imdroindeli okeaneebis (paleopacifikis garda) gafarToeba. gviankambriulSi
paleoaziurma okeanem siganeSi 4000 kilometrs miaRwia.
klimati. adrevenduri acieba (rasac zewruli gamyinvareba moyva) gvianvenduri
aTbobiT Seicvala. kambriulis ganmavlobaSi aTbobis procesi kvlav grZeldeboda.
TiTqmis yvela kontinentze tropikulis msgavsi pirobebi iyo. albaT mxolod
samxreT amerikis kontinentis Crdilo–aRmosavleTi da afrikis Crdilo–dasavleTi,
romlebic im dros samxreTi polusis siaxloveSi iyo ganlagebuli, SedarebiT
grili klimatis pirobebSi imyofebodnen. tropikuli garemo sakmaod kargad
fiqsirdeba sulfatur–karbonatuli da evaporituli formaciebiT; siTbosmoyvaruli
arqeociaTebis, marjnebis, braqiopodebis da wyalmcenareebis farTo gavrcelebiT;
bioTermuli masivebis arsebobiT; rkinisa da fosforitis danaleqi sabadoebis
gavrcelebiT da sxva.
ordovciuli periodi – O
saxelwodeba Zvelad uelsSi mcxovreb ordovikTa tomidan modis. Tavdapirvelad
ordoviciuli naleqebi siluruli sistemis qveda nawilad iyo miCneuli (r.
merCisoni, 1835 w.). mxolod 1960 wels 21–e saerTaSoriso geologiurma kongresma
daakanona damoukidebeli ordoviciuli sistemis statusi.
sazRvrebi. qveda sazRvari kambriulTan 500 milion wels utoldeba, zeda
sazRvari silurulTan – 440 milion wels. amdenad ordoviciulis xangrZlivoba 60
wels Seadgens.
cocxali buneba – ordoviciul zRvebSi farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli uxerxemlo
cxovelebi da wyalmcenareebi. ganviTarebas iwyeben xerxemliani cxovelebi _agnatebi
anu uyboni. ordoviciulis meore naxevarSi mcenareebic amovidnen xmeleTze.
trilobitebi, romlebsac kambriulSi wamyvani poziciebi ekavaT, ordoviciulSi
raodenobrivad Semcirdnen da erTgvarad daTmes poziciebi. samagierod wina planze
gamodian graptoliTebi, romlebmac am periodSi swrafi evolucia ganicades. amis
gamo isini ordoviciulis saxelmZRvanelo namarxebad iTvlebian. adre da Sua
ordoviciulisaTvis davasaxeloT gvarebi Phyllograptus, Didymograptus, xolo gvian
ordoviciulisaTvis – Diplograptus, Climacograptus. Rrunawlavianebi (tipi Coelenterata)
warmodgenilia stromatoporoideebiT, primitiuli oTxqimiani marjnebiT
(rugozebiT) da tabulatebiT. SevniSnavT, rom ordoviciuli periodis
Rrunawlavianebi rifis mSenebeli organizmebi iyvnen. ordoviciulSi grZeldeba
braqiopodebis evolucia, romelTagan davasaxelebT popularul gvarebsObolus da
Orthis. kaneklianebi wamyvan rols TamaSobdnen benTosur organizmTa Soris. eseni
iyvnen cistoideebis, krinoideebis, karpoideebis, asterozoebisa da eqinoideebis
warmomadgenlebi. ordoviciulSi farTod gavrceldnen Tavfexiani moluskebi
(cefalopodebi) nautiloideebis, orToceratoideebisa da endoceratoideebis saxiT.
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ordoviciul zRvebSi cxovrobdnen agreTve foraminiferebi, radiolariebi,
Rrublebi, Wiebi, ostrakodebi, orsagduliani moluskebi, mucelfexiani moluskebi,
xavscxovelebi, agreTve namdvili Tevzebis winapari xerxemliani cxovelebi – e.w.
uyboni (klasi Agnatha).
ordoviciulis danawileba
ordoviciul sistemaSi sami seqcia da eqvsi sarTuli gamoiyofa. esenia:
sistema seqcia sarTuli
ordoviciuli
O
zeda
O3 aSjiluri
Sua
O2
karadokuli landeiluri lanviruli
qveda
O1 areniguli tremadokuli
ordoviciulis kambriulze TanxmobiT ganlagebis SemTxvevaSi sazRvars maT Soris
namarxebis meSveobiT atareben - fiqlebis faciesis SemTxvevaSi ordoviciulis sul
qveda nawili (e.i. dasawyisi) iqneba graptoliTis Dictyonema flabelliforme-s Semcveli
Sreebi, xolo qviSaqvebis faciesSi - trilobiti Ceratopyge (Tumca es ukanaskneli
fiqlebSic gvxvdeba). rac Seexeba zeda sazRvars silurulTan, is xSirad
teqtonikuri uTanxmoebiT aris gamoyofili. am ori sistemis TanxmobiT ganlagebis
SemTxvevaSi sazRvari faunisturi kompleqsebis cvlas emyareba - silurulis sul
qveda sarTulis (landoveruli) dasawyiss moaswavebs e.w. RerZiani graptoliTebis
(Axonopora) gamoCena.
ordoviciulis faciesebi _ msgavsad kambriulisa, ordoviciuli ZiriTadad
orgvari faciesiT aris warmodgenili - moZravi sartylis da plaTtformuli
(baqnuri). moZravi sartylis tipis ordoviciuli naleqebi kargad aris cnobili
Crdiloatlantur (kaledonur) naoWa sartyelSi (im dros - moZrav sartyelSi!),
romlis erT-erT Semadgenel nawils uelsis RerZuli rofic warmoadgens. gavecnoT
am Wrils.
uelsis RerZul zolSi ordoviciulis saerTo sisqe 3500-5000 metria. WrilSi
mniSvnelovani roli ekuTvnis vulkanoklastoliTebs da lavur ganfenebs. mxolod
ordoviciulis dasasruls wydeba vulkanuri aqtivoba! qanebi danaoWebulia da
araiSviaTad metamorfizebuli. aSkaraa, rom uelsis teritoria ordoviciul
periodSi moZrav sartyelSi (orogenSi) iyo moqceuli da Crdiloatlanturi moZravi
sartylis erT-erT ubans warmoadgenda. aRsaniSnavia, rom uelsis zog ubanSi
aSjiluri sarTuli Wrilidan amovardnilia da karadokulsa da silurulis sagebs
Soris kuTxuri uTanxmoeba aRiniSneba(!).
aRwerili Wrilisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli Wrilia ruseTis baqanze,
baltiispireTSi.
uaRresad saintereso Wrilia. Wrili iwyeba uxeSmarcvlovani terigenuli
naleqebiT (qviSaqvebi). Semdgom auzis TandaTani gaRrmavebiT jer Tixebis
(argiliTebi) faciesSi gadavdivarT, Semdgom ki kirqvebSi. ordovociulis jamuri
simZlavre samasiode metria. qanebi terigenul-karbonatulia. xsenebac ki ar aris
magmuri an metamorfuli qanebis. wyebaTa ganlageba horizontulia. aSkaraa,rom
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kratonis baqnur nawilSi varT! Tanac aSkarad Cans auzis daZirva: jer qviSaqvebi,
Semdeg argilitebi, bolos kirqvebi!
orogenezisis TvalsazrisiT ordoviciuli mSvid xanad unda CaiTvalos. Tumca
erTi ki aris,rom ordoviciulis miwurulisaTvis TiTqos SeimCneva teqtonikuri
moZraobebi moZravi sartylis zog ubanze. amis maCvenebelia qveda silurulis
uTanxmo ganlageba karadokulze aSjiluris „amogdebiT“ Wrilidan.
paleogeografiuli suraTis sinamika. ordoviciulis dasawyisSi gondvanisma
samxreTisaken gadaadgileba daiwyo. amave dros is azevebas ganicdida
(epeirogenezisi), ris gamoc denudaciur xmeleTs warmoadgenda. gaganiereba daiwyo
okeane iafetma. amave dros aRmosavleT evropis kontinenti Crdilo-dasavleTisaken
miiwevda, xolo masa da cimbiris kontinents Soris ixsneboda uralis okeane,
romelic paleoaziuri okeanis nawils Seadgenda.
iafetis, paleoteTisis da paleoaziurma okeaneebma Sua ordoviciulSi maqsimalur
siganeebs miaRwies. maT aqtiur kideebze ganagrZobdnen ganviTarebas vulkanuri
rkalebi.
gvian ordoviciulSi gondvanisma samxreT polusamde miaRwia. TviT samxreTi
polusi Crdilo afrikaSi iyo, ris gamoc am regionSi im dros zewrulma
gamyinvarebam daiwyo ganviTareba. am gamyinvarebis kvali niufaundlendidan samxreT-
dasavleT safrangeTsa da afrikis ukidures samxreTamde gaidevneba, xolo
aRmosavleTiT egviptemde midis.
adre ordoviciulis ganmavlobaSi Tbili klimati iyo aridulis erTgvari
siWarbiT. Sua ordoviciulidan klimatis humidizacia gaZlierda, xolo gvian
ordoviciulSi kvlav aridizaciaa, oRond temperaturis daweviT,ramac polarul
adgilebSi myinvaris „qudebi“ gaaCina, bolos ki - zewruli gamyinvareba ganviTarda.
mTeli ordoviciuli periodis ganmavlibaSi tropikuli garemo iyo Crdilo
amerikis, aRmosavleT evropis, cimbirisa da avstraliis kratonebze; agreTve samxreT
amerikis ukidures samxreTSi. amgvari pirobebi dgindeba karbonatuli wyebebis
intensiuri dagrovebiT, sulfat-karbonatuli da evaporituli naleqebiT, rifuli
sxeulebis arsebobiT. tropikuli da ekvatoruli zonebis zRvebi „dasaxlebuli“ iyo
siTbosmoyvaruli fauniT, romelic Sedgeboda marjnebis, briozoebis,
stromatoporebis, braqiopodebis, trilobitebisa da moluskebisagan.
tropikul sartyelSi gamoiyifoda ariduli da humiduri zonebi. mTeli
ordoviciulis ganmavlobaSi ariduli pirobebi batonobda aRmosavleT cimbirSi,
CineTsa da indoneziaSi. samxreT aridul zonas miekuTvnebodnen baltiispireTi da
skandinaviis samxreTi. samagierod mTeli ordoviciulis ganmavlibaSi ekvatoruli
nestiani klimati batonobda aRmosavleT evropis kratonis aRmosavleT nawilSi,
uralze, dasavleT cimbirSi, baikalispireTSi, centralur yazaxeTSi.
samagierod myinvaruli naleqebi gaCnda samxreT amerikisa da Crdilo-dasavleT
afrikis zeda ordoviciulSi (samxreT amerikidan - braziliaSi, Crdilo argentinasa
da boliviaSi). tilitebi, fluvioglacialuri qviSebi da damarxuli myinvaruli
xeobebi damuSavebul-gaprialebuli fskeriT aRmoCenilia saharaSi da arabeTis
naxevarkunZulze.
samxreT amerikisa da Crdilo-dasavleT afrikis gamyinvareba zewruli tipis iyo,
xolo samxreT afrikis da arabeTis naxevarkunZulis farglebSi mTis myinvarebi
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arsebobda. gamyinvarebis centrebi iyo braziliaSi (md. paranas xeoba), Crdilo-
dasavleT saharaSi da arabeTis naxevarkunZulze.
siluruli periodi - S
siluruli sistema gamoyofilia ingliseli geologis r. merCisonis mier 1835 w.
uelsSi. saxelwodeba Zveli kelturi tomebis - silurebisagan modis. pirvelad
siluruls gamoyofdnen tremadokulis sagebidan „Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis“
(devonuri) sagebamde, anu is moicavda dRevandel ordoviciulsa da siluruls. 1960
wels 21-e geologiurma kongresma gansazRvra silurulis Tanamedrove sazRvrebi.
danawileba - siluruli sistema ori seqciisa da oTxi sarTulisagan Sedgeba,
Tanac ise, rom TiToeul seqciaSi or-ori sarTulia ganTavsebuli.
sistema seqcia sarTuli
siluruli
S
zeda
S2
dauntonuri(prJidolis) ludlouuri
qveda
S1 uenlokuri landoveruli
siluruli periodi daiwyo 440 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 410 milioni wlis
win. amdenad am periodis xangrZlivoba 30 milion wels Seadgens.
cocxali buneba - silurul periodSi organuli samyaro wina periodTan
SedarebiT ufro mdidari da mravalferovani gaxda. faunasa da floras
dapyrobili hqondaT zRvebi da okeaneebi, xolo umaRlesma mcenareebma periodis
miwuruls xmeleTis dapyroba daiwyes.
siluruli periodis zRvebSi wamyvani poziciebi ekavaT organizmTa im jgufebs,
romlebic dominirebdnen kambriulsa da ordoviciulSi (arqeociaTebis gamoklebiT,
romlebic kambriulis dasasruls gadaSendnen). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT
unda gamovyoT graptoliTebi, romelTa meSveobiTac xdeba siluruli sisitemis
sarTulebad da zonebad danawileba. rifismSenebelTagan davasaxeloT
stromatoporitebi, tabulatebi (Halysites, Favosites). evolucias ganicdidnen
tetrakoralebi (oTxqimiani marjnebi). Tavfexianebidan isev da isev
orToceratoideebi da endoceratoideebi iyvnen wamyvani. braqiopodebidan
silurulSi Cndebian aTripidebi, spiriferidebi, rinxonelidebi, ptoduqtidebi.
siluruli periodisaTvis Zalian damaxasiaTebelia rTulad agebuli xelis aparatis
mqone braqiopodebis arseboba.
kaneklianebidan silurulSi pelmatozoebi gabatondnen. maTgan wina planze
wamowevas iwyeben krinoideebi (zRvis SroSebi).
zemoT CamoTvlil organizmTa garda siluruli drois zRviuri auzebi ekavaT:
erTujredianebs, Rrublebs, Wiebs, ostrakodebs, evripteridebs, orsagdulian
moluskebs, briozoebs, eqinoideebs da zRvis varskvlavebs. silurulis meore
naxevarSi uybo xerxemllianTa jgufma mtknari auzebis dapyroba daiwyo. silurulis
bolos gaCndnen namdvili Tevzebi.
evolucias ganicdidnen sxvadasxvagvari wyalmcenareebi (wabla, wiTeli); aseve
cianobiontebi. xmeleTze gaCndnen xavsebi, sokoebi, umaRlesi mcenareebis pirveli
warmomadgenlebi - riniofitebi.
silurulis faciesebi - silurulis faciesebi umetes SemTxvevaSi moZravi
sartylis an platformuli bunebisaa.
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moZravi sartylis faciesis maCvenebelia uelsis cnobili Wrili. am WrilSi
silurulis maqsimaluri simZlavre 4000 metrs aWarbebs, xolo saSualo simZlavre
3000 metris farglebSia. rogorc vxedavT uelsis siluruli sakmaod sqelia,
metamorfuli da intensiurad danaoWebuli. aSkaraa, rom is moZrav sartyelSia
formirebuli. rig SemTxvevaSi intensiurad danaoWebul silurulze kuTxuri
uTanxmoebiT aris ganlagebuli devonuri, romelic daunaoWebelia da praqtikulad
horizontuli.
uelsi Crdiloatlanturi vrceli moZravi sartylis samxreT nawils warmoadgens.
am sartylis Crdilo-aRmosavleT grampianebis zolSi ( amJamindeli skandinaviis
mTaTa sistema) silurul periodSi didi sisqis tipuri moZravi sartylis bunebis
terigenuli naleqebi grovdeboda. siluruli aqac intensiurad aris danaoWebuli,
xolo masze kuTxuri uTanxmoebiT daunaoWebeli devonuri devs.
sul sxvagvari bunebisaa siluruli aRmosavleT evropis kratonze, konkretulad -
ruseTis platformaze. saintereso Wrili gvaqvs baltiispireTSi,kerZod estoneTSi.
aq silurulis sul zeda nawili ar aris! silurulze stratigrafiuli
uTanxmoebebiT devs Suadevonuri naleqebi. silurulis saerTo simZlavre 500
metramdea. wyebebi horizontul ganlagebaSia. miniSnebac ki ar aris metamorful an
magmur qanebze. dominirebs karbonatuli faciesebi (ZiriTadad kirqvebi), rac
platformebis SedarebiT Rrma auzebisaTvis Cveulebrivi movlenaa.
am Wrilis cota samxreTiT, podoliaSi silurulis Wrili TabaSiris SreebiT
mTavrdeba.
aSkaraa, rom ruseTis platformaze TiTqmis mTeli silurulis ganmavlobaSi
auzis daZirvasTan gvaqvs saqme, sadac karbonatuli wyebebi ileqeba. mxolod gviani
silurulis sul bolo monakveTSi aSkara azevebaa, romlis Sedegadac zeda
silurulis sul zeda nawili an saerTod ar aris (estoneTis Wrili), an
evaporitebis ( TabaSiriani wyeba) regresiuli naleqebiT aris warmodgenili
(podoliis Wrili).
Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,rom ruseTis platformis silurulis zemoT mocemuli
suraTi pirdapir miuTiTebs silurulis dasasruls ganviTarebul orogenezisze
(kaledonuri orogenezisi), romelic Crdiloatlantur moZrav sartyelSi
mimdinareobda faqtobrivad mTeli silurulis ganmavlobaSi da romlis
„gamoZaxilmac“ silurulis bolos aRmosavleT evropis kratonamdec (ruseTis
baqnamde) miaRwia.
orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleografiuli suraTis dinamika -
adresilurulSi gondvanisi kidev ufro miuaxlovda samxeT poluss da avstraliis
gamoklebiT TiTqmis mTlianad samxreT polusis maRal ganedebSi moeqca. amave dros
superkontinentze Zlieri transgresia ganviTarda albaT imis gamo, rom gvian
ordoviciulSi zewruli gamyinvarebis Sedegad gaCenilma yinulis safarma dnoba
daiwyo. sxva kontinentebi ordoviciulis msgavsad ekvatorul da tropikul
sartylebSi iyvnen ganlagebuli - cimbiri da CineTi ekvatoris CrdiloeTiT, xolo
Crdilo amerika da aRmosavleTi evropa - ekvatoris samxreTiT.
silurulis meore naxevarSi yvela kontinentze Zlieri regresia daiwyo, ramac
naxevraddaxSul auzebSi evaporitebis (haliti, sulfatebi, dolomitebi)warmoqmna
ganapiroba.
114
didi cvlilebebi xdeba moZrav sartylebSic. protoatlanturi okeane iafeti
gafarToebis nacvlad TandaTanobiT iketeba imis gamo, rom lavrenciam da
fenoskandiam (aRmosavleT evropis kontinentma) erTmaneTisaken gadaadgileba daiwyes.
amas Sedegad Zlieri orogenezisi mohyva samxreT apalaCebis, aRmosavleT
grenlandiis, Crdilo irlandiis, Sotlandiis, Spicbergenis da sxva zonebSi
(apalaCebis sistema zomebSi TiTqmis ormagad Semcirda). am orogeneziss kaledonuri
orogenezisi hqvia (kaledonia Sotlandiis Zvelromauli saxelwodebaa).
orogenezisi saerTod xangrZlivi procesia,romelic aTeuli da meti milioni
wlis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs. is zogadad erTiania, Tumca calkeuli
stadiebisagan Sedgeba. am stadiebs orogenetuli fazisebi hqvia. orogenetuli
fazisebi erTmaneTisgan danaoWebis TvalsazrisiT mSvidi periodebiT (ar danaoWebiT)
gamoiyofa. orogenetul fazisTa jami orogenetul cikls an ubralod orogeneziss
gvaZlevs ( magaliTad, igive kaledonuri orogenezisi sxvadasxva dros gamovlenil
sam orogenetul faziss moicavs - takoniurs (O/S), ardenulsa (S1/S2) da iriuls (S/D).)
rogorc cnobilia, orogenezisi xdeba moZrav sartyelSi erTmaneTisaken moZravi
liTosferuli filebis Sejaxebis Sedegad. swored amgvar Sejaxebas hqonda adgili
gvian silurulSi dedamiwis qerqis sxvadasxva adgilSi, romlis Sedegadac
kaledonuri naoWa sistemebi, anu kaledonidebi gaCnda. upirvelesad es exeba ori
Zveli kontinentis - Crdilo amerikisa (lavrencia) da aRmosavleT evropis
(fenoskandia) Sejaxebas Crdiloatlantur moZrav sartyelSi. koliziis Sedegad
Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartyeli (e.w. „grampianis geosinklini“) Caiketa, xolo
Sejaxebis (koliziis) adgilze Sotlandiisa da skandinaviis mTebis saxiT
warmoSobilma naoWa sartyelma zemoT xsenebuli ori kontinenti SeaerTa. maT
nacvlad erTi didi kontinenti - evroamerika miviReT.
kaledonuri orogenezisi mnisvnelovani iyo ural-oxotis moZrav sartyelSic. am
orogenezisis Sedegad gaCnda mTiani altais,kuzneckis alaTaus,mTiani Soriis,
dasavleT saianebis, centraluri yazaxeTis, Crdilo tian-Sanisa da sxva naoWa
struqturebi. miuxedavad aseTi danaoWebisa, ural-oxotis moZravi sartyeli
Semdgomac ganagrZobda arsebobas, Tundac imitom, rom jer kidev ar iyo gaCenili
TviT uralis naoWa sistema, jungar-balxaSis naoWa sistema da sxv.
kaledonuri orogenezisi Seexo xmelTaSuazRviur (teTisi), wynarokeanur da
arqtikul moZrav sartylebsac, Tumca arc erTi maTganis saboloo likvidacia ar
mouxdenia.
amgvarad, siluruli periodis miwiruls dedamiwaze xuTis nacvlad oTxi
kontinenti iyo - evroamerika, cimbiri, CineTi da gondvanisi. maTgan evroamerika isev
da isev ekvatoris orive mxares iyo ganTavsebuli, praqtikulad mTlianad tropikul
sartylebSi. cimbirs Crdilo ganedis zomieri sartyeli ekava, odnavi gadaxriT
Crdilo polarulisaken. cimbiris aRmosavleTiT, imave Crdilo ganedis zomier
sartyelSi (mciredi qimiT Crdilo tropikulSi) mdebareobda CineTis kontinenti.
rac Seexeba gondvaniss, is kvlav ganTavsebuli iyo Crdilo tropikulsa da samxreT
tropikul, zomier da polarul sartylebSi.
kontinentebs Soris arsebuli sami moZravi satylidan erTi (Crdiloatlanturi)
kaledonuri orogenezisis wyalobiT naoWa sartylad iqca, xolo ori darCenilidan
ural-oxotis moZravi sartyeli (mis Tavze mdebare paleoaziur okeanesTan erTad)
ganTavsebuli iyo evroamerikis, cimbirisa da CineTis kontinentebs Soris.
115
xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli (Tavze okeane paleoteTisiT) moTavsebuli iyo
ukve ara 4, aramed 3 (evroamerika, cimbiri,CineTi) kontinentsa da superkontinent
gondvaniss Soris. paleopacifika (wynari okeane) kvlav garss uvlida kontinentebs
(sur. 11.5. gv. 218) .
rac Seexeba kontinentebis moZraobas, rogorc zemoT iTqva, ori kontinentis
(lavrencia da fenoskandia) urTierTSejaxeba da erT kontinentad (evroamerika)
gadaqceva moxda. cimbiri CrdiloeTisaken, xolo CineTi, piriqiT, samxreTisaken
gadaadgilda. rac Seexeba gondvaniss, is aSkarad wriulad moZraobda samxreT -
samxreT-dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT.
klimati. siluruli periodis dasawyisSi SedarebiT grili klimati iyo gvianor-
doviciuli gamyinvarebis regionebSi (zogan myinvaruli wyebebiT warmodgenili -
bolivia, argentinis CrdiloeTi, aRmosavleT brazilia). SesaZloa,rom saharis zog
raionSic iyo yinulis safari, ramdenadac am adgilebidan fluvioglacialuri
naleqebia cnobili. tilitebisa da „wliuri Tixebis“ gavrcelebiT ifargleba
yvelaze civi klimatis olqebi - samxreT amerikis Crdilo da Crdilo-aRmosavleTi
nawili da Crdilo afrika.
silurul periodSi gondvanisi inarCunebda monoliTobas da sust azevebas
ganicdida. zRviuri garemo mxolod saharaSi SemorCa.
mTeli silurulis ganmavlobaSi tropikuli pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikisa da
aRmosavleT evropis kontinentebis teritoriis did nawilze da cimbiris
kontinentis samxreT nawilSi. aq gavrcelebuli iyo eqstrakarbonatuli formaciebi
(anu karbonatebi magniumis maRali SemcvelobiT). cnobilia agreTve karbonatul-
sulfaturi da marilSemcveli (qvamarilis?) naleqebi. Crdilo ariduli sartyeli
moicavda alaskis Crdilo-dasavleT da kanadis da grenlandiis did nawils.
ariduli klimatis samxreTi sartyeli ganTavsebuli iyo Crdilo amerikis
kontinentis centralur nawilSi, aRmosavleT evropis kontinentsa da dasavleT
avstraliaSi.
tropikul zRvebSi yvela piroba iyo Seqmnili marjnul - braqiopoduli faunis
ganviTarebisaTvis. yvelaze farTod tropikuli sartyeli fiqsirdeba evropis,
afrikis, kordilierebis, cimbiris, centraluri aziisa da avstraliis provinciebSi.
ekvatoruli sartyeli Crdilo amerikis kontinentze iyo (ariduli zona).
ekvatoruli teniani klimatis zona iyo axali miwis, uralis, centraluri yazaxeTis
da altai-saianis olqSi. ekvatoruli zonis normulmarilian zRvebSi xdeboda
organogenuli da ooliTuri kirqvebisa da giganturi rifuli warmonaqmnebis
formireba.
devonuri periodi - D
vidre devonur periodze daviwyebdeT saubars, kidev erTxel gavamaxviloT
yuradReba im garemoebaze, rom silurulSi ganviTarebuli kaledonuri orogenezisis
Sedegad moxda ori kontinentis - Crdilo amerikisa (lavrencia) da aRmosavleT
evropis (fenoskandia) kratonebis SeerTeba. advili misaxvedria, rom SeerTeba moxda
Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartylis zolSi, romelic xsenebuli orogenezisis
(orogenetuli ciklis) Semdeg gadaiqca Crdiloatlantur naoWa sartylad. am naoWa
sartylis zolSi ori didi struqtura Camoyalibda skandinaviisa da Sotlandiis
naoWa sistemebis saxiT. es procesi, rogorc viciT, kaledonur orogenSi ganviTarda.
swored amitom silurul periodSi ganviTarebul orogeneziss kaledonuri
116
orogenezisi ewodeba. am orogenezisis Sedegad ori kratonis (kontinentis)
SeerTebiT warmoSobil erTian did kontinents ki evroamerika (igive, Crdilo
atlanturi kontinenti) ewoda. amgvarad, silurul-devonuri periodebis sazRvarze
gaCenili kontinenti (evroamerika, igive Crdiloatlanturi kontinenti) sami didi
morfostruqturisagan Sedgeba_Crdilo amerikis kratoni, aRmosavleT evropis
kratoni da maTi gamaerTianebeli Crdiloatlanturi naoWa sartyeli.
devonuri sistema gamoiyo 1839 wels ingliseli mecnierebis a.sejvikisa da r.
merCisonis mier inglisSi, devonSiris sagrafoSi. saxelwodebac aqedan modis.
devonuri sistema moTavsebulia silurul da karbonul sistemebs Soris. misi
qveda asakobrivi sazRvari (silurulTan) 410 milion wels Seadgens, xolo zeda
(karbonulTan) – 360 milion wels. amdenad, devonuri periodis xangrZlivoba 50
milion wels moicavs.
devonur sistemaSi 3 seqcia da 7 sarTuligamoiyofa:
sistema seqcia sarTuli
devonuri
D
zeda D3 famenuri franuli
Sua
D2
Jiveturi eifeluri
qveda
D1
emsis zigenuri Jedinuri
adre zigenuri da emsis sarTulebis nacvlad koblencuri figurirebda.
devonuri sistemis danawileba ardenebSi (belgiis teritoriaze), safrangeTsa da
rainis fiqliani mTebis (germania) teritoriebze moxda.
cocxali buneba. silurulis bolos moxda gadaSeneba im organizmTa bevri
jgufisa, romlebic manamde farTod iyo gavrcelebuli dedamiwaze. devonuris
gariJraJze iwyeba mcenareTa da cxovelTa axali taqsonebis gaCena, anu im jgufebisa,
romelTa meSveobiT Camoyalibda gvianpaleozouri epoqis florisa da faunis saxe.
am axali floristul-faunisturi kompleqsis mTavari ganmasxvavebeli niSani iyo is,
rom sicocxlem zRvisa da mtkani wylis auzebis gverdiT damkvidreba daiwyo
xmeleTzec - gaCnda xmeleTis flora da fauna! amis paralelurad zRvaSi
grZeldeboda sicocxlis evolucia - gamoCndnen pirveli amonitebi martivi tixris
xazebiT (goniatituri tipi), ayvavebis xana daudgaT tetrakoralebs (oTxqimiani
marjnebi), briozoebs (xavscxovelebi), fuzulinidebs (erTujredianTa cnobili
ojaxi), klitian braqiopodebs.
aseTi evoluciis ZiriTadi mizezi albaT iyo ara TviT evoluciis tempis aCqareba,
aramed organizmTa sacxovrebeli garemos Secvla, rac ganpirobebuli iyo xSiri da
Zlieri teqtonikuri moZraobebiT, Sesabamisad paleogeografiuli viTarebis
SecvliT da kosmosuri zemoqmedebiT.
devonuri periodi gamoirCeva Tevzebis klasis warmomadgenelTa simravliTa da
mravalferovnebiT, ris gamoc mas xSirad „Tevzebis periodsac“ uwodeben. amave
periodSi daknineba („Caqroba“) iwyes graptoliTebma, cistoideebma, trilobitebma,
nautiloideebma. samagierod farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli: klitiani braqiopodebi,
tetrakoralebi, tabulatebi, krinoideebi, (zRvis SroSnebi). imdroindeli
117
braqiopodebi xasiaTdebodnen saxeobaTa siuxviT da droSi swrafi cvliT, rac maTi
meSveobiT devonuri naleqebis detaluri danawilebis saSualebas iZleva. aseve
mniSvnelovan jgufs warmoadgendnen devonuri amonoideebi, romlebmac ganviTarebis
farTo asparezi hpoves. devonuris dasawyisSive Cndebian agoniatitebi da
goniatitebi. devonuris „sruli kursi“ gaiares klimeniebma, romlebmac devonur
periodSi moaswres warmoSobac, ayvavebac da gadaSenebac. tabulatebis dakninebis
fonze gaZlierdnen tetrakoralebi. tetrakoralebi, briozoebi da stromato-
poroideebi devonur periodSi rifis mSeneblebi iyvnen. uxerxemlo cxovelebis sxva
warmomadgenlebsac (ostrakodebi, krinoideebi, eqinoideebi, spongiebi, bivalviebi,
gastropodebi da sxv.) mniSvnelovani wvlili miuZRviT devonuri sicocxlis
iersaxis SeqmnaSi.
farTod gamodian cxovrebis asparezze xerxemliani cxovelebi. pirvel rigSi es
Tevzebs exeba. devonurSi kargad grZnobdnen Tavs javSniani, xrtiliani da Zvliani
Tevzebi. majafarflianma Tevzebma saTave daudes amfibiebs.
fiqroben, rom silurulisa da devonuris sazRvarze momxdarma regresiam xeli
Seuwyo mcenareebis xmeleTze amosvlas. adre da Sua devonurSi xmeleTze
riniofitebi batonobdnen, romlebic umetesad daWaobebul adgilebSi binadrobdnen.
devonuris miwuruls isini mTlianad amowydnen. Sua devonuridan riniofitebis
gverdiT dadga sporovanTayvela ZiriTadi jgufi. devonurSi farTo gavrcelebiT
sargeblobda gvimranairTa warmomadgeneli Archaeopteris, ris gamoc gviandevonur
floras arqeopterisians uwodeben.
xmeleTis flora umetesad zRvis sanapiro zolSi binadrobda, rasac xels
uwyobda Tbili da amave dros nestiani klimati. kontinentebis zRvisgan daSorebuli
raionebi mcenareul safars ar Seicavda.
devonuris bolos xmeleTi, gansakuTrebiT zRvis sanapiro zolis mimdebare
teritoriebi, tyiT Seimosa.
devonuris facisiebi. rogorc viciT, kaledonurma orogenezisma sagrZnoblad
gardaqmna kontinentebis struqtura. isic viciT, rom es orogenezisi
gansakuTrebuli siZlieriT moqmedebda Crdiloatlantur moZrav sartyelSi. Tumca
misi Zala sxva moZrav sartylebSic gamovlinda. Sesabamisad, iqac gaCndnen
kaledonidebi. magram Crdiloatlanturi moZravi sartylis gardaarcerT moZrav
sartyels sruli likvidacia ar ganucdia, anu yvela isini kvlav moZrav sartylebad
darCa. Tumca am moZrav sartylebSi, SeiZleba vTqvaT, kunZulebis saxiT kaledonuri
naoWa struqturebi warmoiSva.
kaledonuri orogenezisiT gamowveuli azeveba kratonebmac ganicades. regresiam,
romelic silurulis bolos daiwyo, maqsimums adredevonurSi miaRwia. denudaciis
ared gadaiqcnen aramarto axlad warmoqmnili naoWa struqturebi (kaledonidebi),
aramed kratonebis vrceli teritoriebic, amis gamo kontinentebze adredevonurSi
mkveTrad iklo zRviurma sedimentaciam (naleqgadagrovebam). zogi, odesRac vrceli
epikontinenturi zRvis farTobi, mniSvnelovnad Semcirda da tipur anormuli
marilianobis lagunad iqca. amitom devonurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxriv,
moZravi sartylis, xolo meore mxriv, epikontinenturi facisiebis didi roli,
romelTa Soris aris rogoc xmeleTze, subaerul garemoSi dagrovili didi
simZlavris (kilometrebis rigis) feradi qanebiskompleqsebi, ise mSrali da cxeli
havis pirobebSi warmoqmnili, marilebiT mdidari lagunuri faciesebi.
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kontinenturi faciesebis gacnoba daviwyoT geologiur literaturaSi Zveli
wiTeli qviSaqvis saxeliT cnobili kompleqsidan, romelic TiTqmis mTeli devonuri
periodis ganmavlobaSi grovdeboda kaledonuri orogenezisis Semdeg warmoqmnil
did Crdiloatlantur kontinentze, romelsac Cven evroamerika vuwodeT. am
kontinents araiSviaTad Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis kontinentsac uwodeben. devonuris
ganmavlobaSi is warmoadgenda mTagorian xmeleTs, romlis mTiswina da mTaTaSua
depresiebSi didi simZlavris kontinenturi wyebebi ileqeboda. erT-erTi aseTi
depresia iyo e.w. kaledonuri rofi, romelic axladwarmoSobil grampianis
(skandinaviis) da samxreT Sotlandiis naoWa sistemebs Soris mdebareobda. es rofi
amovsebulia daunaoWebeli (!) devonuri da karbonuli naleqebiT, romelTa saerTo
simZlavre 7000-8000 metria. am mZlavri wyebis qveda nawili, simZlavriT daaxloebiT
3000-4000 metri qveda devonurze modis. sayuradReboa,rom daunaoWebeli, TiTqmis
horizontuli ganlagebis qveda devonuri uTanxmod aris ganlagebuli intensiurad
danaoWebul da metamorfizebul ordoviciul-silurulze an kidev ufro Zvel
wyebebze (Wrili, sur.22.3.). is ZiriTadad agebulia uxeSmarcvlovani qviSaqvebisa da
konglomeratebis dastebiT, romlebTanac mJave an fuZe Sedgenilobis mZlavri
lavuri ganfenebi morigeoben. qanebi iribi SreebrivobiTa da mowiTalo-moyavisfro
SeferilobiT xasiaTdebian, rac imis damadasturebelia, rom Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis
warmoSoba ariduli - mSrali da cxeli havis pirobebSi mimdinareobda. amasve
adasturebs qviSaqvebSi arsebuli namarxi organizmebi, romlebic zRvisagan
izolirebul auzebSi - tbebSi binadrobdnen. esenia – Estheria fexsaxsrianebidan,
giganturi kibo-morielebi (Gigantostracea), Tevzismagvarni (Agnatha - uyboni), javSniani
da majafarfliani Tevzebi. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos ormagadmsunTqavi Tevzebi
(Tanamedrove Neoceratodus-is tipis), romelTa arseboba xmeleTze ganviTarebul
aridul klimatze miuTiTebs.
qvedadevonuri asakis Zvel wiTel qviSaqvas garkveuli uTanxmoebiT
stratigrafiulad (asakobrivad) zeviT agrZelebs 600-800 metris simZlavris Sua da
zedadevonuri Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis wyeba.
Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis saerTo simZlavre 4000-5000, zogjer ki 8000 metrsac
aRwevs. aseTi didi simZlavris terigenuli qanebisaTvis saWiro klasturi masalis
wyaros warmoadgenda kaledonuri orogenezisis Sedegad warmoSobili axalgazrda
naoWa struqturebi, romelTa ngrevis Sedegad warmoSobili masala mdinareebsa da
droebiT Rvarebs SemohqondaT mTiswina da mTaTaSua depresiebSi.
Zveli wiTeli qviSaqvis tipis faciesia gavrcelebuli agreTve samxreT uelssa da
samxreT-dasavleT irlandiaSi.
cota gansxvavebuli bunebisaa Crdilo amerikis kontinentis devonuri. qveda
devonuri aqac regresiuli faciesiT (Zveli wiTeli qviSaqva - ?) aris warmodgenili.
Sua devonuridan zeda devonuris CaTvliT aq zRviuri, epikontinenturi naleqebia
ganviTarebuli. naTlad Cans, rom adredevonuri regresia Suadevonurma transgresiam
Secvala - zRva TandaTan faravda kontinents. gviandevonurSi transgresiam maqsimums
miaRwia. Tbili havis pirobebSi marCx, epikontinentur auzSi karbonatebi
grovdeboda, gansakuTrebiT kontinentis dasavleT nawilSi, sadac rifuli
nagebobebic (masivebi) ki Seiqmna.
Crdilo amerikis msgavsi suraTi gvaqvs aRmosavleT evropis kratonze, kerZod -
ruseTis baqanze (platformaze). aq qveda devonuri an saerTod ar aris
119
(baltiispireTi), an tipuri kontinenturi wyebebiT aris warmodgenili (lvovis
mulda) - uxeSmarcvlovani Wreli qviSaqvebi Tevzebis (Pteraspis, Cephalaspis) ConCxebiT.
simZlavre daaxloebiT 330 metri. rac Seexeba Sua da zeda devonurs, umetes
SemTxvevaSi isini aseuli metris sisqis zRviuri warmoSobis qviSaqvebis, Tixebis,
mergelebis, kirqvebis wyebebiT aris warmodgenili. qanebSi, gansakuTrebiT kirqvebSi,
mravladaa zRviuri namarxi fauna - briozoebi, marjnebi, kaneklianebi, braqiopodebi,
orsagdulianebi, gasrtopodebi da sxva. sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom
aRmosavleTisaken (uralisaken) qanebis karbonatuloba da simZlavreebi sagrZnoblad
matulobs.
zemoT aRwerilTan SedarebiT sruliad gansxvavebuli suraTi gvaqvs Crdilo
atlanturi kontinentis samxreTiT arsebul amJamindeli centraluri da samxreTi
evropis teritoriebze. es teritoriebi devonur periodSi(iseve, rogorc devonurze
ufro adreul silurul, ordoviciul da kambriul periodebSic) CvenTvis kargad
cnobil xmelTaSuazRviur moZrav sartyels miekuTveneboda. maTSi naleqgadagrovebis
sami zoli gamoiyofoda (CrdiloeTidan samxreTisaken) – 1. ardenebis, 2. bretan-
bohemis da 3. samxreT evropis. am zolTagan yvelaze CrdiloeTiT iyo ardenebis
zoli, romelic samxreTidan sazRvravda Crdilo atlantur kontinents.
ardenebis zoli dRevandeli ardenebis garda moicavda kunZul didi britaneTis
ganapira samxreT nawils - kornuelsis naxevarkunZuls, rainis fiqlebian masivs,
madnian mTebs, harcsa da sudetebs. ardenebis samxreTiT iyo bretan-bohemis zoli,
romlis SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda: armorikuli masivi, safrangeTis centraluri
plato, vogezebi, Svarcvaldi da bohemis masivi. bretan-bohemis zolis samxreTiT
ganlagebuli iyo xmelTaSuazRviuri moZavi sartylis mesame, damagvirgvinebeli
samxreT evropis zoli, romelic dRevandeli pireneebidan alpebis karpatebis da
sxvaTa gavliT kavkasiamde aRwevda (e.w. xmelTaSuazRviuri naoWa sartylis
dasavleTi segmenti).
xseneuli sami zolidan naoWa sartylisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebis
gansakuTrebulobiT-didi simZlavreebi, intensiuri danaoWeba, Zlieri metamorfizmi,
magmuri qanebis (rogorc intruziulis, ise efuziuris) Semcveloba - samxreT
evropis zoli gamoirCeva. am zolSi devonuri naleqebi espaneTidan kavkasiamdea
cnobili. es naleqebi yvelgan TanxmobiT agrZelebs siluruls da TanxmobiTve
ifareba karbonuliT. faciesi mravalferovania, magram sWarbobs fiqlebi, qviSaqvebi,
vulkanoklastoliTebi. gaSlili zRvis naleqebSi xSiria goniatitebi. naleqebis
simZlavreebi 3-4 aTas metrze metia.
sainteresod gveCveneba agreTve devonuri naleqebis Wrili ardenebis zolSi.
am WrilSi devonuri uTanxmod devs danaoWebul kambriul-silurul wyebebze. es
uTanxmo ganlageba gamowveulia devonuriswina periodebSi am adgilze
kordilierebis gaCeniT, romelTa denudirebel zedapirze daiwyo devonuri
naleqdagroveba. mTeli devonuris ganmavlobaSi am zolSi faqtobrivad uwyveti
sedimentacia midioda. amitomac dagrovda mZlavri, 10 km-mde sisqis wyebebi. masalaSi
sakmaod xSirad wiTeli feris masalac ereva, rac ardenebis CrdiloeTiT mdebare
Zveli atlanturi kontinentis gadarecxvaze miuTiTebs - igrZnoba zRviuri da
kontinenturi faciesebis Widili! Tumca es ZiriTadad adre devonursa da eifelurs
exeba mxolod. SemdgomSi auzi ise gaRrmavda, rom Crdiloatlanturi kontinentis
kvali sruliad gaqra.
120
cimbiris kratonze devonuri naleqebis gavrceleba didi ar aris. adre devonurSi
is TiTqmis mTlianad xmeleTs warmoadgenda. Sua da gviandevonurSi naleqdagroveba
umetesad mSrali da cxeli havis pirobebSi mimdinareobda xmeleTze, anormuli
marilianobis lagunebsa da marCxi (Txeli) zRvis ubeebSi. amas mowmobs wiTeli
feris qanebis mniSvnelovani xvedriTi wili, agreTve qvamarilis, TabaSirisa da
anhidritis arseboba qanebSi.
devonuris ganmavlobaSi gondvanisis udidesi nawili azevebuli iyo. zRviuri
garemo mxolod superkontinentis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi iyo (andebis zoli;
dasavleT avstralia - ?).
orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika. rogorc
aRvniSneT, kaledonuri orogenezisis Sedegad ori Zveli kontinenti lavrencia da
fenoskandia erTian kontinentad - evroamerikad iqca. adre devonurSi evroamerika
ekvatorze iyo ganlagenuli (TiTqmis Tanabrad Crdilo da samxreT ganedebze).
darCenili kontinentebidan cimbiri Crdilo zomier sartyelSi iyo, CineTi aseve
Crdilo ganedis zomier da tropikul sartyelebSi. rac Seexeba gondvaniss, is
faqtobrivad mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferoSi ganTavsda - mis tropikul zomier da
maRal ganedebSi.
Sua devonurSi evroamerikis kontinenti kvlav agrZelebda kaledonuri
orogenezisiT gamowveul azevebas da mTiswina da mTaTaSua depresiebSi „Zveli
wiTeli qviSaqvis faciesis“ warmoqmnas. (grenlandiis, britaneTis, skandinaviis da
Spicbergenis depresiebSi).
Sua da gviandevonur epoqebSi evroamerikis kontinenti kvlav ekvatoris orive
mxareze iyo ganTavsebuli. misgan Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT Crdilo ganedis zomier
sartyelSi iyo cimbiris kontinenti. es ori kontinenti erTmaneTisagan paleoaziuri
okeaniT iyo gayofili.
superkontinenti gondvanisi kvlav inarCunebda Tavis monoliTurobas da azevebiT
tendenciebs.
gondvanisi da CrdiloeTis jgufi kontinentebisa erTmaneTisagan paleoteTisiT
iyo gayofili. paleoteTisis samxreTi periferia pasiur kides,xolo Crdilo -
aqtiur kides warmoadgenda (mikrokontinentebiT, kunZulTa rkalebiTa da ganapira
zRvebiT). paleoteTisis maqsimaluri sigane aRiniSneboda dasavleT nawilSi Crdilo
amerikasa da samxreT amerika-afrikas Soris, xolo minimaluri - dasavleT evropasa
da afrikas Soris.
gvian devonurSi evroamerikisa da cimbiris kontinentebma erTmaneTTan daaxloeba
daiwyes, ramac paleoaziuri okeanis Seviwroeba gamoiwvia. amis sapirispirod
paleoteTisis aziuri nawili farTovdeboda. Tumca imave paleoteTisis dasavleT
segmentSi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropasa da afrikas Soris kontinentebis
daaxloeba xdeboda. iketeboda paleoteTisis Crdilo nawili dasavleT evropasa da
apalaCebTan. erTmaneTs uaxlovdebodnen dasavleT gondvanisi da evroamerika, Tumca
devonuris miwurulisaTvis maT Soris 2500 km-ni manZili iyo.
Tu SevajamebT zemoT naTvams SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom devonur periodSi oTxive
kontinenti ganagrZobda aqtiur moZraobas. amgvari moZraobis Sedegad gondvanisi
mTlianad ganTavsda samxreT naxevarsferos samive (tropikul, zomier da polarul)
sartyelSi. evroamerika isev ekvatoris orive mxaris tropikul zolSi iyo
ganTavsebuli, Tumca siluruli periodisagan gansxvavebiT Crdilo tropikuli
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zolis gacilebiT didi nawili ekava. cimbiri jiutad (Tumca naklebi efeqturobiT)
miiwevda Crdilo - Crdilo-RmosavleTi mimarTulebiT. CineTma, romelic silurulSi
TiTqmis mTlianad Crdilo zomier sartyelSi mdebareobda, devonur periodSi Tavisi
didi nawiliT samxreTisaken - Crdilo tropikul sartyelSi gadmoinacvla.
devonurSi aSkarad ikveTeba kontinentebis moZraobis zogadi suraTi. kontinentebi
moZraobdnen wriulad, Tanac saaTis isris moZraobis mimarTulebiT - samxreT -
samxreT-dasavleT - Crdilo-dasavleT (gondvanisi) - CrdiloeT (evroamerika) -
Crdilo-aRmosavleT (cimbiri) - samxreTi (CineTi) mimarTulebiT. amave dros isic
kargad Cans,rom silurul periodTan SedarebiT devonurSi sagrZnoblad mcirdeba
kontinentebsSorisi manZili. es gansakuTrebiT naTlad aris gamoxatuli gondvanis -
evroamerika - cimbiris kontinentebTan mimarTebaSi. (sur.?, .Х.,Н.К.,Н.Я.,1997,Рис.12.2.).
klimati. faqtobrivad mTeli devonuri periodis ganmavlobaSi yvela materikze
maRali temperaturuli reJimi sufevda. evroamerikis ekvatorul nawilSi
saSualowliuri temperatura 28-31°C-s Seadgenda, amierkavkasiaSi 23-28°C-s.
gamoirCeodnen ariduli da humiduri zonebi. aridul zonebSi ganviTarebuli iyo
kontinenturi TabaSiriani da karbonatuli naleqebi, eoluri naleqebi, agreTve
dolomitebi da evaporitebi.
karbonuli periodi - C
karbolnuli periodi xasiaTdeba dedamiwaze qvanaxSiris pirveli didi sabadoebis
farTo gavrcelebiT. periodis saxelwodebac swored qvanaxSirTan aris
dakavSirebuli.
karbonuli sistema gamoiyo 1822 wels ingliseli geologebis u. konibirisa da u.
filipsis mier. stratotipuli Wrilebi dasavleT evropaSia.
karbonuli periodi daiwyo 360 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 300 milioni wlis
win. Sesabamisad misi xangrZlivoba 60 milion wels Seadgens.
cocxali buneba - karbonulSi mkveTrad mcirdeba roli im organizmebisa,
romlebic adrepaleozourSi aRmavlobas ganicdidnen. karbonulis dasawyisamde,
devonuri periodis miwuruls gadaSendnen riniofitebi - xmeleTis floris uZvelesi
warmomadgenlebi. karbonulis dasawyisSi moxda graptoliTebis ukanaskneli
warmomadgenlebis amowyveta. am periodSi wamyvani poziciebi daTmes trilobitebma
da giganturma kibonairebma. mcirdeba nautiloideebis raodenoba.
erT dros maRalganviTarebuli jgufebi (florisa da faunis) karbonulSi sxva
jgufebiT inacvleba. gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos xe-mcenareebis swrafi evolucia,
rac gaxda safuZveli qvanaxSiris umdidresi sabadoebis formirebisa. isic
aRsaniSnavia, rom Suakarbonul epoqaSi xerxemlianTa tipis axali klasi gaCnda
reptiliebis (qvewarmavlebis) saxiT. magram xe-mcenareebica da qvewarmavlebic (didi
nawili) xmeleTis bioss miekuTvneba. sainteresoa vicodeT, Tu ra xdeboda
sicocxlis evoluciis TvalsazrisiT zRvebsa da okeaneebSi.
am periodSi did ganviTarebas miaRwies foraminiferebma (erTujredianebidan),
klitianma braqiopodebma, goniatitebma, oTxqimianma marjnebma, xavscxovelebma, zRvis
SroSnebma da zRvis zRarbebma. miuxedavad ufro Zveli drois organizmebTan sakmao
msgavsebisa, CamoTvlili jgufebi warmogvidgnen axali ojaxebiT, gvarebiTa da
saxeobebiT.
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foraminiferebidan unda aRvniSnoT msxvili (didtaniani) fuzulinidebi (Fusulina,
Triticites), romlebic karbonul periodSi qanmaSen organizmebs warmoadgendnen da amave
dros aqvT didi biostratigrafiuli Rirebulebac.
klitiani braqiopodebidan unda davasaxeloT spiriferidebisa da gansakuTrebiT -
produqtidebis warmomadgenlebi (maT Soris Gigantoproductus-i, romelic sigrZeSi 40
santimetramde aRwevda), romlebic wamyvan rols TamaSoben karbonuli drois
paleobiogeografiasa da biostratigrafiaSi. biostratigrafiis TvalsazrisiT didi
Rirebuleba aqvs goniatitebsac. ayvavebas ganicdidnen oTxqimiani marjnebic (Caninia,
Lonsdaleia da sxv.), romlebic xetetidebTan, tabulatebTan da xavscxovelebTan erTad
rifebis SenebaSi monawileobdnen. kaneklianebidan davasaxeloT zRvis SroSnebi da
zRvis zRarbebi. zRvebSi farTod iyvnen warmodgenili sxva uxerxemloebic
(Rrublebi, ostrakodebi, gastropodebi, bivalviebi, konodontebi).
xmeleTis mcenareulobis did ganviTarebas unda davukavSiroT albaT mwerebis
evoluciac, romlebic im droisaTvis erTaderT mfrinav organizmebs warmoadgendnen.
zogma maTganma gigantur zomebsac ki miaRwia (70sm. gaSlili frTebiT).
karbonulis dasawyisisaTvis mkveTrad mcirdeba javSniani Tevzebis xvedriTi wili
iqtiofaunaSi da wina planze gamodian xrtiliani Tevzebi zvigenismagvarTa
jgufidan. am dros arian agreTve cnobili amfibiebi - stegocefalebi, romlebic
nestian tyeebSi da WaobebSi cxovrobdnen.
Sua karbonulSi Cndebian qvewarmavlebi (kotilozavrebi, romelTac rqovani tyavi
hqondaT gadakruli). amfibiebisagan gansxvavebiT, reptiliebs gamravlebisaTvis ar
sWirdebodaT wyliani garemo - isini debdnen kvercxebs, romlebsac kirqvis naWuWi
hqondaT. qvewarmavlebs Soris iyvnen mtaceblebi, balaxismWamelni da mweriWamiebic.
karbonuli periodi axali etapia mcenareTa evoluciaSi. aRmavlobas ganicdian
devonurSi gaCenili jgufebi:
likopodiumebi - karbonuli floris yvelaze mniSvnelovani jgufi, romlis
wamyvan nawils lepidodendronebi Seadgendnen. zogi maTgani simaRleSi 40 metrs
aRwevda, xolo tanis ganivkveTi - 1-2 metrs. likopodiumebi sporovan mcenareebs
miekuTvnebodnen.
sporovanTa jgufSi Sedis agreTve gvimrebi, kalamitebi, romlebic sxvebis
msgavsad amSvenebdnen karbonuli periodis tyeebs. am periodSi gaCndnen primitiuli
SiSvelTeslianebi- gvimrismagvarni. isini TesliT mravldebodnen, rac saSualebas
aZlevda zRvis sanapiro zonidan Rrmad „SeWriliyvnen“ xmeleTze. gvimrismagvarTagan
aRvniSnoT kordaitebi. periodis miwuruls gaCndnen gingkoebi . kordaitebis
(gadaSenebuli jgufis) zogi warmomadgeneli (gv. Cordaites) 30mt. simaRlesac ki
aRwevda. isini lepidodendronebsa da sigilariebTan erTad monawileobdnen
qvanaxSiris sabadoTa warmoSobaSi. qvanaxSirSemqmneli mcenareulobis didi
ganviTareba aSkarad miuTiTebs karbonul periodSi Tbili da nestiani (humiduri)
klimatis arsebobaze.
karbonulis danawileba. karbonulis danawilebis ramdenime sqema arsebobs -
dasavleTevropuli, rusuli, amerikuli, saerTaSoriso stratigrafiuli skalis
(romelic praqtikulad rusuli sqemis ganmeorebas warmoadgens).
123
seqcia sarTuli
ruseTi dasavleT evropa
aSS ISC
C3 gJeluri kasimovis
stefanuri pensilvaniuri gJeluri kasimovis
C2
moskovuri baSkiruli
vestfaluri pensilvaniuri moskovuri baSkiruli
C1 serpuxovis vizeuri
turneuli
namiuruli vizeuri
turneuli misisipuri
serpuxovis vizeuri
turneuli
faciesebi. karbonuli periodis (iseve, rogorc permulis) faciesebis xasiaTze
didi gavlena iqonia hercinulma orogenezisma, romelmac mniSvnelovnad Secvala am
drois paleogeografiuli suraTi. Tumca periodis dasawyisSi gviandevonuris
msgavsi suraTi iyo - arsebobas ganagZobda 4 didi kontinenti (Crdilo atlanturi
anu evroamerika, cimbiri, CineTi, da superkontinenti gondvanisi), romelTa Soris
iyo ural-oxotisa da xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartylebi. faciesTa xasiaTic
amgvari paleogeografiuli suraTiT aris ganpirobebuli - erTi mxriv vxvdebiT
kontinentur (xmeleTis) naleqebs, xolo meore mxriv, moZravi sartylis da
platformul wyebebs.
adrekarbonulSi aSkarad dominirebda zRviuri naleqdagroveba, rac Zlier
transgresiaSi gamoixata. zRvebsa da okeaneebs ekavaT rogorc moZravi sartylis, ise
kontinentis calkeuli nawilebi. erTaderTi gamonaklisi superkontinenti gondvanisi
iyo, romelic mTlianad xmeleTs warmoadgenda (zRva mxolod mis periferiebze iyo).
platformuli bunebis karbonuli kargad aris warmodgenili moskovis
sineklizaSi (aRmosavleT evropis kratoni). aq mTeli karbonulis ganmavlobaSi
dominirebda karbonatuli faciesi (kirqvebi, dolomitebi, mergelebi), romelSic
daculia foraminiferebis, braqiopodebis, marjnebis, orsagdulianebis,
gastropodebis, kaneklianebis (ZiriTadad eqinoideebis), Rrublebis, diatomeebis
namarxi warmomadgenlebi. iSviaTad gvxvdeba goniatitebic. zRviuri garemo
kontinenturiT mxolod orjer Seicvala - vizeur saukuneSi (naxSiriani wyebis
warmoqmnis dro) da Sua karbonulis dasawyisSi, romelic Wrilidan baSkiruli
sarTulis amovardniT gamoixata.
moskovis sineklizaSi fauniT daTariRebul famenur kirqvebs TanxmobiT agrZelebs
50-100m. simZlavris turneuli sarTulis SedarebiT TxelSreebrivi kirqvebi,
romelic mdidari (ZiriTadad braqiopodebis) fauniT aris daxasiaTebuli.
turneulis gadarecxil zedapirze uTanxmod (stratigrafiuli uTanxmoeba)
ganlagebulia vizeuri asakis naxSiriani wyeba, romelic warmodgenilia
xlarTulSreebrivi qviSaqvebiTa da TixebiT da mura naxSiris linziseburi
SuaSreebiT. naxSiriani wyeba ramdenime ritmiTaa warmodgenili. faunisturi naSTebi
iSviaTia. samagierod bevria namarxi flora (umetesad Lepidodendron). simZlavre 60
metri. naxSiriani wyebis dagroveba xdeboda xmeleTis zRvispira zolSi.
naxSirian wyebas agrZelebs aseve vizeuri asakis kirqvebis wyeba (simZlavriT 150m.),
mdidari zRviuri fauniT, romelSic produqtusebi sWarbobs (Gigantoproductus giganteus
da sxv.). stratigrafiulad zeviT serpuxovis sarTulis gigantoproduqtusiani
karbonatuli wyeba gamodis, simZlavriT 100m-mde. ufro zeviT, stratigrafiuli
xarveziT (romelic baSkiruli sarTulis Sesatyvisia), qviSaqvebiT fuZeSi da
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kirqvebiT Tavze, serpuxovis sarTuls agrZelebs faunisturad daTariRebuli
moskovuri sarTulis qanebi, simZlavriT 150 metri. am ukanasknelis Tavze
zedakarbonuli karbonatuli wyebaa, simZlavriT 170 metri. zeda karbonuli zevidan
gadafarulia (fuZis konglomeratiT) zedaiuruli naleqebiT.
moskovis sineklizaSi karbonulis saerTo simZlavre 600-700 metris farglebSia.
wyebebi horizontaluradaa (!) ganlagebuli. ara gvaqvs magmuri da metamorfuli
qanebi. naoWa dislokaciaze Soreuli miniSnebac ki ar aris. tipuri platformaa!
mTeli karbonuli faqtobrivad karbonatuli wyebebiT (umetesad kirqvebi) aris
warmodgenili, romelTa arsebobac platformaze yovelTvis maqsimaluri daZirvis
maCvenebelia (ix. Wrili, gv. 58).
Crdiloatlanturi kontinentis dasavlur nawilSi (dasavleT evropa, Crdilo
amerika) karbonulis dasawyisSi gviandevonuris msgavsi pirobebi SemorCa. turneuli
da vizeuri ZiriTadad zRviuri karbonatuli wyebebiT aris warmodgenili.
adrekarbonulsa da Suakarbonulis sazRvarze hercinuli orogenezisis gavleniT,
romelic xmelTaSuazRviur da apalaCebis moZrav sartylebSi gamovlinda,
lavrenciaSi mkveTrad Seicvala naleqdagrovebis xasiaTi. cimbiris platformaze
faqtobrivad mTeli karbonulis ganmavlobaSi kontinenturi pirobebi iyo
gabatonebuli. zRviuri garemo iyo mxolod Crdilo-dasavleT da Crdilo-
aRmosavleT periferiebze, sadac sakmaod mZlavri (aseuli metrebi) karbonatuli
naleqdagroveba midioda. kontinenturi faciesebidan ki gabatonebuli iyo qviSebi,
alevritebi, Tixebi, torfnari, romlebmac Semdgom qvanaxSiris SuaSreebi mogvces.
xmeleTi dafaruli iyo mdidari mcenareuli safariT, romelSic kordaitebi
dominirebdnen. unda SevniSnoT,rom cimbirisa da mezobeli raionebis karbonuli
flora Zalian Taviseburia, rac aZnelebs cimbiris platformis karbonuli
naleqebis Sepirispirebas dasavleT evropis da ruseTis evropuli nawilis
stratotipul WrilebTan.
gondvanisis didi nawili mTeli karbonulis ganmavlobaSi, iseve, rogorc
devonurSi, azevebuli iyo. daZirvas mxolod superkontinentis periferiuli
nawilebi ganicdida (adrekarbonulSi!). am droisaTvis zRviuri garemo iyo
gondvanisis afrikul nawilSi, sadac transgresia okeane teTisidan wamovida.
gviani karboni gondvanisze sayovelTao gamyinvarebiT xasiaTdeba. tilitebi
cnobilia afrikaSi, madagaskarze, indostanSi, avstraliaSi, samxreT amerikaSi,
antarqtidaSi, sadac isini Sedian kontinenturi bunebis gondvanis seriis
SemadgenlobaSi. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom centralur da samxreT afrikasa da
madagaskarze tilitebi (400mt.) agebulia sxvadasxva xarisxiT damuSavebuli,
dauxarisxebeli kenWebiTa da 2 metramde diametris mqone blokebiT (lodebiT)
warmodgenili prekambriuli asakis qanebiT, romlebic dafarulia myinvariseuli
StrixebiT da Secementebulia qviSian-Tixiani masaliT. Tixebis SuaSreebSi gvxvdeba
namarxebi Tevzebis, moluskebis da krinoideebis saxiT, rac drois garkveul
monakveTSi kontinentze zRvis SemoWris utyuari sabuTia.
karbonulSi (da Semdgom droSic albaT) gondvanisis erTianobaze klimaturi
pirobebis garda gvianpaleozouri florisa da reptiliebis kompleqsebic
miuTiTeben.
platformebisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli bunebisaa kontinentebis aqtiur
kideebze ganviTarebuli karbonuli. am tipis karbonuli naleqebi gavrcelebulia
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dasavleT da centralur evropaSi, Cven mier adre dasaxelebuli xmelTaSuazRviuri
moZravi sartylis samive zolSi - ardenebis, bretan-bohemisa da samxreT evropis.
moZrav sartyelTan dakavSirebuli karbonulis buneba gansakuTrebiT kargad aris
gamokveTili dRevandel uralis naoWa sistemaSi, romelic, rogorc cnobilia,
ural-oxotis naoWa sartyelSi erTiandeba. karbonuli periodis ganmavlobaSi urali
warmoadgenda ural-oxotis moZravi sartylis meridionaluri mimarTebis mqone
zols, romelSic kargad ikveTeboda erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli bunebis mqone
aRmosavleTi da dasavleTi zonebi.
uralis dasavleT ferdze _karbonulis sruli Wrilia, romelic am sistemis
samive seqciiT aris warmodgenili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom samive seqcia ZiriTadad
organogenuli kirqvebiTaa daxasiaTebuli.
karbonulis jamuri simZlavre 1300 metramdea. wyebebi ar Seicavs magmur qanebs
(rogorc intruziuls, ise-efuziurs). sustia danaoWeba. aseve sustia metamorfizmic.
dasavleT uralis karbonuli mdidari da mravalferovani fauniT aris
daxasiaTebuli, rac mis sarTulebad danawilebis saSualebas iZleva. amave mizeziT
is SeiZleba zRviuri karbonulis etalonadac miviCnioT.
sul sxvagvari suraTia aRmosavleT uralSi. qveda karbonuli aq mZlavri
vulkanuri, vulkanogenuri, danaleqi da maTTan erTad metamorfuli qanebiT aris
daxasiaTebuli. qanebSi bevria tufebi, tufitebi, kaJiani fiqlebi, iaSmebi. wyebebSi
SuaSreebisa da linzebis saxiT CarTulia zRviuri faunis Semcveli kirqvebi. wyebaTa
saerTo simZlavre 3500 metria. Sua karbonuli klasturi (namsxvrevi) masaliT nagebi
qanebia, romlebSic SuaSreebis saxiT karbonatuli wyebebi gamoereva. aRiniSneba
agreTve didi simZlavris konglomeratebic. saerTo simZlavre 1000 metrs Seadgens.
uralis aRmosavleT ferdze zeda karbonuli ar aris!
Tu SevadarebT uralis dasavleT da aRmosavleT ferdebis Wrilebs davinaxavT,
rom adre karbonulSi uralis dasavleT nawilSi kontinentis pasiuri kidis
pirobebi iyo karbonatuli naleqdagrovebiT, xolo aRmosavleTSi - kontinentis
aqtiuri kidis garemo, romelSic didi simZlavris vulkanogen-danaleqi formaciebis
formireba mimdinareoba. Sua karbonulSi uralis dasavleT ferdze mdgomareoba
praqtikulad ar Secvlila - kvlav kontinentis pasiuri kidis garemo karbonatuli
naleqdagrovebiT. samagierod mkveTrad icvleba suraTi uralis aRmosavleT ferdze,
rac gamowveuli iyo am zolSi hercinuli orogenezisis ganviTarebiT. uralis
aRmosavleT ferdis karbonulis Wrili Suakarbonuli naleqebiT mTavrdeba,
romlebzec kuTxuri uTanxmoebiT aris ganlagebuli mezozour-kainozouri wyebebi.
am zolSi zedakarbonul-permuli naleqebis amovardna Wrilidan da Sua karbonulze
mezozour-kainozouri wyebebis ganlagebis xasiaTi migvaniSnebs imaze, rom Sua
karbonulis bolos uralis aRmosavleT nawilSi dasrulda hercinuli orogenezisi.
samagierod gviankarbonulSi ganagrZobda arsebobas dasavleT uralis (kontinentis
pasiuri kide) zoli, romlis saboloo danaoWeba, rogorc Cans karbonul-permulis
sazRvarze moxda.
amgvarad, uralis naoWa sistema hercinuli orogenezisis nayofia. misi saboloo
formireba uraluri orofazisiT (C/P) aris ganpirobebuli.
orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.
karbonulze saubris dawyebisas vTqviT, rom devonuri periodis dasasruls
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dedamiwaze oTxi didi kontinenti iyo, romlebic erTmaneTisagan moZravi sartylebiT
da maT Tavze ganlagebuli okeanuri auzebiT iyo gamoyofili.
karbonul periodSi kontinentTa Soris udidesi, gondvanisi karga xnis
dabinavebuli iyo samxreT naxevarsferoSi, didi nawiliT samxreTi polusis
midamoebSi. Tumca is xsenebul epoqaSi CrdiloeTisaken moZraobda da ramdenadme
miuaxlovda kidec evroamerikas. imavdroulad is azevebasac ganicdida, Tumca mis
periferiebze alag orogeni iyo (andebis sartyeli, antarqtikis gondvanuri zoli).
evroamerika TviTonac gadaadgildeboda CrdiloeTisaken. amave dros brunavda ra
saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, uaxlovdeboda cimbirs.
evroamerikis dasavleT nawilisagan gansxvavebiT, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi
(aRmosavleT evropis kratonis platformul zolSi) zRviuri garemo iyo, sadac
normulmariliani zRviuri auzisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli karbonatuli naleqdagroveba
midioda.
evroamerikis msgavsad, CineTis (CineT-koreis) kontinentic Tavisi mxridan
uaxlovdeboda cimbiris kontinents.
kontinentTa amgvarma miaxlovebam sagrZnoblad Seamcira paleoaziuri okeanis
akvatoria, romlis siganec (gansakuTrebiT uralis zolSi) 2000 kilometramde
Semcirda. aSkaraa, rom momzadda pirobebi am okeanis Casaketad.
rac Seexeba paleoteTiss, is TiTqmis mTlianad daixura dasavleT nawilSi, rac
gamoiwvia gondvanisis evroamerikisaken gadaadgilebam. samagierod paleoteTisis
aRmosavleTi nawili sul ufro farTovdeboda aRmosavleTisaken, sadac
„uerTdeboda“ kidec paleopacifikas (wynar okeanes). paleoteTisis samxreTi
(gondvanisis) kide kvlav pasiur kided rCeboda, xolo Crdilo-aqtiur kided
(Crdilo kideze Zalian rTuli suraTi iyo, rac ganapiroba zRvebis, kunZulTa
rkalebisa da okeanuri Rrmulebis ganlagebam). (sur. 13.7. ХКЯ. gv.257).
karbonulis miwuruls kontinentTa Sejaxeba moxda: dasavleT gondvanisisa
evroamerikis kontinentis amerikul nawilTan (yofil lavrenciasTan), xolo
evroamerikis Crdiloevropuli nawilisa - aRmosavleT evropasTan. Sejaxebul
kontinentebs Soris mxolod viwro zoli iyo mTiswina rofebis saxiT, romlebSic
fliSuri da molasuri naleqebis formireba mimdinareobda. es naleqebi dRes kargad
migvaniSneben im orogenul sartyelze, romelic gadaWimuli iyo apalaCebidan
aRmosavleT aziamde evropuli hercinidebisa da ural - samxreT tianSan - jungaris
zolis gavliT.
hercinuli orogenezisis mTavari fazisi (impulsis TvalsazrisiT), rogorc Cans,
sudeturi orofazisi iyo. Tumca orogenis sxvadasxva ubanze saboloo danaoWeba da
hercinidebis formireba sxvadasxva dros (Sesabamisad sxvadasxva orofazisis
meSveobiT) moxda.
axladSeqmnili hercinidebis „zurgis mxareze“ mTaTaSua molasuri depresiebi
gaCnda (magaliTad ardenebsa da bretan-bohems Soris).
gondvanisi inarCunebda kavSirs evroamerikis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilTan.
faqtobrivad am kavSiriT daiwyo pangea - 3-is formireba.
samagierod karbonulis miwuruls gondvanisis samxreT (afrikul) da indostanis
nawilebSi ganviTarda grabenuli depresiebis sistemebi, romelSic ileqeboda
gadarecxili myinvaruli masala. ase gaCnda bazaluri fenebi karus (afrika) da
gondvanis (indostani) myinvaruli kompleqsebisa. myinvaruli naleqebi cnobilia
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agreTve arabeTSi, antarqtidaSi, samxreT amerikaSi. am naleqebis farTo
geografiuli gavrceleba dasturia imisa, rom saqme gvaqvs zewrul (materikul)
gamyinvarebasTan.
Crdilo amerikaSi, avstraliaSi, antarqtidaSi, Crdilo afrikaSi mTeli Sua da
gviani karbonis ganmavlobaSi azevebiTi tendenciebi sWarbobda.
okeaneebTan dakavSirebiT vityviT, rom paleoteTisi, romelic dasavleT nawilSi
ori didi kontinentis (gondvanisisa da evroamerikis dasavleTi nawilis -
lavrenciis) SeerTebiT mTlianad daketili iyo, sul ufro da ufro ixsneboda
aRmosavleTisaken. paleoteTisis Crdilo msazRvrelebi (dinaridebi, karpatebi,
balkanebi, yirimi, kavkasioni, hindukuSi, Crdilo pamiri, kunluni da cinlini)
aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli hercinul orogenetul procesebSi.
karbonul periodSi kargad iyo gamoxatuli klimaturi zonaloba. am
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT didi sxvaobaa adrekarbonul da Sua da gviankarbonul
epoqebs Soris.
adrekarbonul epoqaSi mTel dedamiwaze tropikuli klimati batonobda. amis
damadasturebeli aris kirqvebis, qvanaxSiriani wyebebis,boqsitebis da siTbosa da
tenis moyvaruli sxva qanebis farTo gavrceleba. amazeve metyvelebs
siTbosmoyvaruli zRvisa da xmeleTis biosis simravle. tropikuli pirobebi iyo
praqtikulad Crdilo amerikis mTel kontinentze, dasavleT evropaSi, aRmosavleT
evropis kratonze, cimbirSi, CineTSi, afrikis did nawilSi, Crdilo-dasavleT
avstraliaSi, paleoteTisis aRmosavleT nawilSi.
garemos temperatura amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 25-30°C-s Seadgenda,
amierkavkasiaSi - 20-24°C-s, uralze ki 22-24°C-s (paleotemperaturebi gamoTvlilia
namarxi braqiopodebis mixedviT).
klimati mkveTrad Seicvala Sua da gansakuTrebiT gvian karbonulSi. klimatis
Secvlis mTavari maCvenebeli iyo Zlieri acieba dedamiwaze, ramac maRal ganedebSi
zewruli gamyinvareba gamoiwvia. ekvatorul sartyelSic ki saSualo-wliuri
temperatura 3-5°-iT daeca, xolo dedamiwis saSualo globaluri temperatura
gviankarbonulSi 10-15°-iT naklebi iyo adrekarbonulTan SedarebiT.
aciebis erT-erTi kargi maCvenebelia marjnebis gavrcelebis arealis mkveTri
Seviwroeba da Tavmoyra ekvatoris mimdebare viwro zolSi. Zlieri aciebis sabuTebi
gvaqvs samxreT naxevarsferoSi - samxreT amerikaSi, centralur da samxreT afrikaSi,
avstraliaSi, indoeTSi.
karbonuli periodis erT-erTi mTavari maxasiaTebeli iyo qvanaxSiris sabadoebis
formireba. qvanaxSiris intensiuri dagroveba xdeboda rogorc platformebze, ise
mTiswina da mTaTaSua rofebSi, aseve Sidakontinentur auzebSi Tu zRvis sanapiro
zonebSi. saqveynod cnobilia donecis, yaragandis, moskovis, ekibastuzis, poloneTis,
CexeTis, germaniis, belgiis, safrangeTis, inglisis da kidev sxvaTa umdidresi
sabadoebi.
karbonuli asakis sabadoebze modis qvanaxSiris msoflio maragebis 30%.
permuli periodi - P
saxelwodeba ruseTis evropuli nawilis ukidures aRmosavleTSi, uralispira
zolSi mdebare qalaq permidan modis. swored aq aRmoaCina ingliselma geologma r.
merCisonma karbonul da triasul sistemebs Soris moqceuli naleqTa kompleqsi,
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romelsac permuli uwoda. evropaSi, upirvelesad ki germaniaSi, permuls adre diass
uwodebdnen imis gamo, rom is erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gansxvavebuli ori
nawilisagan Sedgeboda - qvedas, asakobrivad ufro Zvels, romelic kontinenturi
wyebebiT iyo warmodgenili, rotligende erqva, xolo zedas, ufro axalgazrdasa da
zRviuri faciesebiT daxasiaTebuls - cexStaini .
permuli periodi daiwyo daaxloebiT 300 milioni wlis win da dasrulda 250
milioni wlis win. Sesabamisad am periodis xangrZlivoba 50 milion wels moicavs.
cocxali buneba. permuli periodi uaRresad saintereso droa sicocxlis
evoluciis TvalsazrisisT. Tundac is faqti rad Rirs, rom am periodis dasasruls
moxda erT-erTi udidesi gadaSeneba organul samyaroSi, ramac safuZveli daudo
paleozouri biosis (pirvel rigSi aq cxovelTa samefo igulisxmeba) mospobas da mis
Canacvlebas ufro axali da ufro ganviTarebuli mezozouri biosiT.
permul periodSi mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda mcenareTa samefoSi. Tu
periodis pirvel naxevarSi, adrepermul epoqaSi, flora TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda
gviankarbonuli florisagan, gvian permulSi gakeTda mniSvnelobani evoluciuri
naxtomi am TvalsazrisiT. Sedegad ki adre da gvianpermulis sazRvarze mezofitis
dasawyisi miviReT. mezofiti gulisxmobs mezozouri erisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
floris - SiSvelTesliani mcenareebis batonobas (pirvel rigSi wiwvovanTa,
cikadinebisa da gingkoebis). Tumca aqve unda SevniSnoT, rom „permuli mezofiti“
moicavda mxolod tropikuli klimatis zonas. sxva klimatur zonebSi mezofiti
cota mogvianebiT dadga - magaliTad, cimbirSi - permulsa da triasulis sazRvarze,
xolo gondvanisze kidev ufro gvian - adre da Sua triasulis sazRvarze.
mezofituri floris gaCena gvian permulSi ariduli klimatis gabatonebam
ganapiroba.
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda faunis ganviTarebaSic. es gansakuTrebiT zRvaSi
mcxovreb organizmebs exeba. zRviuri uxerxemlo cxovelebidan permul periodSi
maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies foraminiferebma (fuzulinidebi, Svagerinebi),
braqiopodebma (artikulatebis qvetipidan) da goniatitebma (Tavfexiani
moluskebidan). goniatitebma, romlebic permulis miwuruls gadaSendnen, dasabami
daudes amonitebis momdevno jgufs - ceratitebs (am ukanasknelTa arsebobis xana
triasuli periodia).
davasaxeloT zogi niSvnelovani warmomadgeneli zemoT xsenebuli jgufebidan:
Pseudofusulina, Schwagerina, Pseudoschwagerina, Neoschwagerina (foraminiferebi); Productus, Spirifer,
Richthofenia (braqiopodebi); Medlicottia, Paragastrioceras (goniatitebi).
ganagrZobdnen ganviTarebas da rifebis SenebaSi monawileobas kirqviani
wyalmcenareebi, xavscxovelebi da marjnebi.
ganviTarebis temps moumates orsagdulianma da mucelfexianma moluskebma,
romlebic normulmariliani auzebis garda, rogorc irkveva, ganmarilianebul da
mtknar auzebSic binadrobdnen.
uxerxemloTa yvela sxva im tipTa warmomadgenlebic iyvnen, romlebic zemoT ar
dagvisaxelebia.
xerxemliani cxovelebidan permulis dasawyisSi kvlav Tevzebis mravalferovneba
igrZnoba. Tumca periodis miwurulisaTvis sagrZnoblad mcirdeba zvigenisebrTa,
majafarflianebis, orgvaradmsunTqavi Tevzebis raodenoba. amfibiebidan
stegocefalebma ganviTarebis maqsimums miaRwes. TandaTan viTardebian qvewarmavlebi.
129
upirvelesad es exeba balaxismWamel kotilozavrebs. reptiliebis erTi nawili
wyalSi cxovrebas iwyebs.
permuli periodis dasasruls dedamiwaze moxda organuli samyaros
warmomadgenelTa erT-erTi uZlieresi gadaSeneba (amowyveta). aRigaven pirisagan
miwisa fuzulinidebi, tetrakoralebi (oTxqimiani marjnebi), tabulatebi,
goniatitebi (amonitebidan), sworniJariani (amarTulniJariani) nautiloideebi,
trilobitebi; TiTqmis mTlianad gadaSendnen braqiopodebi (mxarfexianebi),
krinoideebi (zRvis SroSnebi), eqinoideebi (zRvis zRarbebi); didi raodenobiT
amowydnen Tevzebi da sxva xerxemlianebi, sporiani mcenareebi.
unda iTqvas, rom am grandiozuli gadaSenebis namdvili mizezi dRemde
faqtobrivad ucnobia.
permulis danawileba
sistema seqcia sarTuli
ruseTi dasavleT evropa
permuli
P
zeda
P2
TaTruli yazanuri ufuri
cexStaini
qveda
P1
kunguruli sakmaruli aseluri
rotligende
permuli sistema or seqciad (qveda-rotligende, zeda-cexStaini) da 7 sarTulad
iyofa. sarTulebidan pirveli oTxeuli (aseluri, sakmaruli, arTinskuli da
kunguruli) qvedapermul seqcias anu rotligendes miekuTvneba, xolo darCenili
sami (ufuri, yazanuri, TaTruli) - zeda permuls anu cexStains.
faciesebi. permuli faciesebis formirebaSi gadamwyveti roli iTamaSa hercinulma
orogenezisma, romelmac SeiZleba iTqvas, safuZvlianad Secvala imdroindeli
geoteqtonikuri viTareba da Sesabamisad paleogeografiuli garemo. amitomac aris,
rom permuli asakis faciesebSi zRviuri epikontinenturi da Rrma zRvis naleqebis
gverdiT farTod aris warmodgenili lagunuri da kontinenturi wyebebic.
epikontinenturi (platformuli) permulis tipad saukeTesoa uralis mTaTa
sistemis dasavleT ferdobsa da mis uSualo dasavlur gagrZelebaze, ruseTis
platformis aRmosavleT kideze (nawilSi) ganviTarebuli naleqebi. es gansakuTrebiT
qveda permuls exeba (sayuradReboa is garemoeba, rom Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso
stratigrafiul skalaSi uklebliv aris Setanili am regionSi gamoyofili qveda
permulis yvela sarTuli aseluridan kungurulis CaTvliT). vfiqrobT, rom
dasaxelebuli regionis zeda permulic Zalian did yuradRebas imsaxurebs.
gTavazobT permulis stratotipuli regionis zogad Wrils, romelic did
interess iwvevs. gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Wrilis qveda nawili - aselur -
sakmarul-arTinskuli wyebebi imsaxurebs, romlebic sami tipis faciesiTaa
wamodgenili. faciesebi Tanmimdevrulad icvleba dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken
(uralis dasavleTi kalTisaken). stratotipuli regionis ukidures dasavleT
nawilSi Txeli zRvis karbonatuli naleqebia ganviTarebuli, romlebic
aRmosavleTiT rifogenuli masivebiT icvleba. kidev ufro aRmosavleTiT, uSualod
uralis qedis dasavleT ferdobsa da mis wina zolSi terigenuli naleqebis mZlavri
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kompleqsia, Tanac faciesTa kanonzomieri cvliT (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken)
wminda da wvrilmarcvlovani naleqebidan uxeSmarcvlovan (msxvilkenWian)
naleqebamde. es faqti naTlad miuTiTebs im garemoebaze, rom am masalis momcemi
wyaro axalamoziduli uralis naoWa sistema iyo, romlis ngrevis Sedegadac masala
ileqeboda mTiswina depresiebSi, masalis simsxos TandaTani SemcirebiT
(uxeSnatexovanidan wmindamarcvlovanamde) uralidan dasavleTi mimarTulebiT. amasve
adasturebs dasavleTi mimarTulebiT wyebaTa simZlavreebis Semcirebac.
radgan simZlavreebi vaxseneT, davsZenT imasac, rom dasavleTidan aRmosavleTi
mimarTulebiT aselur - sakmalur - arTinskuli wyebebis sisqeebi aTeuli metrebidan
aTaseul metrebamde izrdeba! simZlavreebis TvalsazrisiT zustad igive suraTi
gvaqvs kungurul sarTulTan mimarTebaSic, romlis maqsimaluri simZlavreebi
stratotipuli regionis aRmosavleT daboloebaze 1200-1600 metrs Seadgens. isic
unda aRvniSnoT, rom kunguruli asakis mariliani formaciebi dedamiwis bevr
regionSia cnobili.
rac Seexeba zeda permuls, stratotipul regionSi is warmodgenilia
kontinenturi faciesiT, romlis simZlavreebic aseuli metrebiT izomeba. msgavsad
qveda permulisa, simZlavreTa mateba aqac aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT (uralisken)
xdeba!
permulis jamuri simZlavre uraliswina rofSi 3000-4000 metramde aRwevs!
zogadad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom stratotipuli regionis vertikalur WrilSi
aselur- arTinskuli zRviuri karbonatuli naleqebi icvleba kunguruli asakis
lagunuri mariliani formaciiT, xolo es ukanaskneli - zedapermuli (ufur-yazanur-
TaTruli) kontinenturi feradi wyebiT.
platformuli bunebis permuli ganviTarebulia germaniis qvabulSi, sadac gamoiyo
e.w. germanuli permuli rotligendesa (P1) da cexStainis (P2) formaciebiT. aseTive
bunebisaa permuli sistema cimbiris kratonze, romlis platformul nawilSi
ganviTarebuli permuli warmodgenilia naxSiriani da vulkanogenuri wyebebiT
(ZiriTadad trapuli formaciebiT. „trapi“ - safexuri, kibe - Sved.; trapebi aris did
farTobze gaSlili mZlavri vulkanuri zewrebi, romlebic reliefSi safexurebs
qmnian). platformuli tipisaa CineTis kratonis permulic.
rTuli suraTia gondvanisze, romlis did nawilSi, rogorc Cans, permulis
ganmavlobaSi umTavresad kontinenturi garemo iyo, rac pirvel rigSi zewrul
gamyinvarebaSi gamoixata. formirebas ganagrZobdnen gondvanis (indostanis kratonze)
da karus (afrikis kratonze) myinvaruli formaciebi, romlebic umetesad tilitebis
saxiT SemorCnen dedamiwiseul istorias („tilitebi“ – „ganamarxebuli“ morenuli
naleqebi).
orogenuli permulis erT-erT klasikur regionad aRmosavleTi alpebis samxruli
ganStoeba, e.w. karniuli alpebi iTvleba (samxreTi avstria; Crdilo-aRmosavleT
italiasTan sazRvarze).
vidre karniuli alpebis Wrils gavecnobiT, minda SegaxsenoT, rom
xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli hercinuli orogenezisis gavleniT karbonul
periodSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebis danaoWebisa
da maTi Crdiloatlantur kontinentze mizrdis gamo. Sesabamisad moZravi sartyeli
darCa mxolod bretan-bohemis zolis samxreTiT. es aris e.w. samxreTi evropis zoli,
romelsac permulsa da Semdeg periodebSi teTisis saxeliT moixsenieben („teTisi“-
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zRvis qalRmerTi berZnul miTologiaSi; okeanosis coli).gavixsenoT, rom es is
zolia, sadac dRes pireneebi, alpebi, karpatebi, dinaridebi, balkanebi, kavkasioni,
mcire kavkasioni (antikavkasioni), kopetdaRi, himalaebi da sxva naoWa sistemebia
moqceuli.
karniuli alpebis permuli wyebebi intensiurad aris danaoWebuli, sustad
metamorfuli, Seicaven magmur (rogorc intruziul, ise efuziur) sxeulebs.
simZlavreebi sakmaod didia. aSkarad orogenul zolTan gvaqvs saqme.
permulis metad saintereso Wrilia siciliaSi, romelic karniuli alpebis
samxreTiT, 1000km-is daSorebiT aris. permuli siciliaSi sakmaod didi simZlavrisaa,
intensiuradaa danaoWebuli; agebulia kirqvebiT, romelSic blomad aris goniatitebi
da, rac mTavaria, Tbili zRvebis moyvaruli braqiopodebi - Richthofenia da sxv.
tipuri orogenuli bunebisaa julfis (naxiWevanis avt. respublika; iranis
sazRvarTan axlos) midamoebis permuli, romelic intensiurad danaoWebuli, mZlavri
kirqvebiT aris warmodgenili. qanebSi daculia braqiopodebis, goniatitebis,
orsagduliani moluskebis mdidari fauna. permuli kirqvebi am regionSi sruli
TanxmobiT anacvleben qveSmdebare karbonul wyebebsa da TviT aseve Tanxmurad
gadadian triasul naleqebSi.
orogenuli tipis permuli cnobilia agreTve dRevandeli wynarokeanuri naoWa
sartylis aRmosavleTi nawilis Crdilo (kordilierebi - s.l.) da samxrul (andebi)
zolebSi.
hercinuli orogenezisi.
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi cnobili erT-erTi uZlieresi,
hercinuli orogenezisi mimdinareobda mTeli karbonul-permuli drois
ganmavlobaSi.
hercinuli orogenezisi an sxvagvarad hercinuli orogentuli cikli
(saxelwodeba modis germaniaSi arsebuli harcis mTebis Zveli saxelwodebidan -
hercinia) eqvsi orofazisisagan Sedgeba. maTgan uZvelesi - bretonuli, devonuri da
karbonuli periodebis mijnaze moxda (D/C). misi gavleniT Caiketa inuis orogeni.
uZlieresi iyo sudeturi fazisi, romelic adre da Sua karbonis sazRvarze
ganviTarda (C1/C2). is mTeli siZlieriT gamovlinda xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi
sartylis Crdilo zolSi, apalaCebis orogensa da ural-oxotis moZrav sartyelSi.
maTgan bolo ori geoteqtonikuri erTeulis mTliani, xolo pirvelis nawilobrivi
konsolidacia gamoiwvia. Sua da gviani karbonulis sazRvarze (C2/C3) asturiuli
fazisi ganviTarda (asturiis naoWa sistemis formirebiT). permulis dasawyisSi
uraluri fazisia (C3/P1), xolo adre da gviani permulis sazRvarze (P1/P2) - zaaluri.
rac Seexeba pfalcur orofaziss, permul-triasulis sazRvarze (P/T) ganviTarebiT,
is agvirgvinebs hercinul orogenetul cikls.
hercunulma orogenezisma mniSvnelovnad (SeiZleba iTqvas, mkveTrad) Secvala
dedamiwaze arsebuli paleogeografiuli suraTi. am orogenezisis dasasruls,
permuli da triasuli periodebis mijnaze, daaxloebiT 250 milioni wlis win
Camoyalibda ramdenime didi naoWa struqtura, romlebmac saboloo jamSi manamde
arsebuli oTxi didi kontinenti erT mTlian superkontinentad, pangea 3-ad aqcia.
hercinuli orogenezisis Sedegad mTlianad danaoWda (da Sesabamisad Crdilo
atlantur kontinents miezarda) ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebi, agreTve
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apalaCebi. aseve ural-oxotis moZravi sartylis sruli danaoWebis gamo, romlis
Sedegadac mTlianad „amoivso“ paleoaziuri okeane, moxda cimbirisa da CineTs
kontinentebis mierTeba Crdiloatlantur kontinentTan. Crdiloatlanturi
kontinentis lavrenciul nawils samxreTidan SeuerTda gondvanis dasavleTi
nawili, ramac teTisis dasavleTi zolis daxurva gamoiwvia.
gvian permulSi pangea ganagrZobda azevebas, gansakuTrebiT axalwarmoqmnili
hercinidebis zolSi. amave dros is brunavda saaTis isris mimarTulebiT, ramac
cimbiris kontinentis TiTqmis polarul zonamde gadaadgileba gamoiwvia. amas ki am
kontinentze zewruli gamyinvarebis ganviTareba moyva. amis sapirispirod,
gondvanisma daiwyo samxreTi polusidan Crdilo amerikis kontinentisaken (Crdilo-
dasavleTi mimarTulebiT) gadaadgileba, ramac superkontinentis did nawilSi
zewruli gamyinvarebis „gaqroba“ gamoiwvia.
teTisis Crdilo sazRvari mTian yirimze, kavkasionze, centralur avRaneTze,
pamirze, tibetze gadioda, xolo samxreTi - afrikis, arabeTis, indostanis Crdilo
kideze, avstraliasa da axal gvineaze.
amgvarad, permulis dasasrulisaTvis gaCnda meridionalurad orive polusze
gadaWimuli erTiani kontinenti, romelsac gars uvlida paleopacifika (wynari
okeane). darCenili iyo agreTve okeane teTisis aRmosavleTi nawili (aRmosavleT
teTisi), romelic lavraziis aRmosavleT nawilsa da gondvaniss Soris iyo
moqceuli (maqsimaluri siganiT 4000 km-mde) da romelic aRmosavleTiT
paleopacifikas ukavSirdeboda. (Рис. 14.4 с.281)
klimati. klimaturi zonalobis TvalsazrisiT adre da gvianpermuli epoqebi
erTmaneTisagan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeboda. orive SemTxvevaSi kargad gamoiyofoda
ekvatoruli da misgan CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT mdebare tropikuli, zomieri da
polaruli sartylebi.
zRviur faunistur kompleqsebze dayrdnobiT SeiZleba gamoiyos sami
paleobiografiuli olqi - borealuri, antiborealuri da maT Soris mdebare -
xmelTaSuazRviuri. borealur olqs ekava Crdilo ganedis zomieri da polaruli
sarylebi, xmelTaSuazRviurs - paleoteTisis zoli, xolo antiborealuri olqi
ganTavsebuli iyo samxreT zomier da polarul sartylebSi. paleoteTisis zRvebSi
foraminiferebis, braqiopodebis, marjnebisa da marjnebismagvari orsagdulianebis
(rudistebis) mdidari fauna cxovrobda.
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis paleozouri istoria.
dabolos, Tvali gadavavloT paleozour eraSi sicocxlis evoluciur ganviTarebas
da amasTanave imasac, Tu rogor icvleboda paleogeografiuli suraTi im dros
mimdinare geologiuri procesebis meSveobiT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, paleozouri eris dasawyisi (kambriuli periodi) xasiaTdeba
imiT, rom ganviTareba daiwyo niJaris matarebelma organizmebma. (aq igulisxmeba
rogorc mcenareebi, ise uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebi). mcenareebidan
kambriuli, ordoviciuli da siluruli periodebis ganmavlobaSi (540-410 milioni
wlis win) arsebobdnen mxolod umdablesi mcenareebi anu wyalmcenareebi.
praqtikulad siluruli da devonuri periodebis sazRvarze (daaxloebiT 415-410
milioni wlis win) gaCndnen umaRlesi mcenareebis pirveli warmomadgenlebi
sporovani riniofitebis saxiT. riniofitebi arsebobdnen mTeli devonuri periodis
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ganmavlobaSi, romlis miwurulsac gadaSendnen. rogorc cnobilia, riniofitebma
mcenareebidan pirvelma datoves zRviuri garemo da gadainacvles xmeleTis
zRvispira zolSi, riTac safuZveli daudes mcenareTa xmeleTze dasaxlebas.
devonuris dasawyisSi ganviTarebas iwyeben sporovanTa cnobili warmomadgenlebi -
gvimranairebi, xolo karbonul periodSi Cndebian SiSvelTeslianebi. paleozouri
era dasrulda umaRlesi mcenareebis mesame jgufis - farulTeslianebis gareSe,
romlebic sicocxlis evoluciis procesSi Caebmebian ufro gvian (mezozouri eris
TiTqmis dasasruls).
paleozouri uaRresad saintereso eraa uxerxemlo cxovelebis ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT. am eris dasawyisSi (kambriuli periodi) ukve gvaqvs yvela
Tanamedrove tipis warmomadgenlebi. ufro metic, maT daemata kidev erTi tipi
Archaeocyatha (arqeociaTebi), romelic gaCnda kambriulis dasawyisSi, evolucias
ganicdida mTeli kambriulis ganmavlobaSi da gadaSenda amave periodis dasasruls.
paleozouri eris ganmavlobaSi aRmavlobas ganicdidnen mxarfexianebi (tipi
Brachiopoda), moluskebi (tipi Mollusca), marjnebi (oTxqimiani marjnebi da
tabulatomorfebi.tipi Coelenterata, klsi Anthozoa), trilobitebi (tipi Arthropoda),
graptoliTebi (tipi Hemichordata) da sxva.
erTob saintereso suraTi gvaqvs xerxemlian cxovelTa evolociaSi. maTi pirveli
warmomadgenlebi e.w. uybo Tevzebi (klasi Agnatha) ordoviciulSi gaCndnen. silurul
periodSi uybo Tevzebidan namdvili Tevzebi (klasi Pisces) warmoiSva, xolo
silurulis momdevno devonur periodSi Tevzebis memkvidre amfibiebi(klasi Amphibia)
moevlina organul samyaros. karbonul periodSi amfibiebidan qvewarmavlebi
ganviTardnen. paleozouri era dasrulda xerxemliani cxovelebis ori
umniSvnelovanesi klasis - frinvelebisa da ZuZumwovrebis gareSe. isini cota
mogvianebiT, mezozour eraSi moevlinebian cxovelTa samefos. amgvarad, saxeze
gvaqvs paleozour eraSi xerxemlian cxovelTa ganviTarebis evoluciuri rigi:
ordoviciulSi - uyboni _ silurulSi - Tevzebi _ devonurSi - amfibiebi _
karbonulSi - qvewarmavlebi (reptiliebi).
dasasrul unda iTqvas, rom sicocxlis evoluciasTan dakavSirebiT paleozouri
SeiZleba CaiTvalos mcenareebTan dakavSirebiT sporianTa erad, uxerxemlo
cxovelebTan mimarTebaSi - Tanmimdevrulad arqeociaTebis, graptoliTebis,
goniatitebis, braqiopodebis erad. rac Seexeba xerxemlian cxovelebs, aq wina
planze Tevzebi da nawilobriv amfibiebi unda wamovwioT.
orogenezisis (mTaTa warmoSoba) TvalsazrisiT paleozouri SeiZleba erTob
Semoqmed erad CaiTvalos. xsenebuli eris ganmavlobaSi, rogorc zeviT ukve iyo
aRniSnuli, or Zalian mniSvnelovan orogeneziss hqonda adgili - kaledonursa da
hercinuls. saerTod orogenezisi calkeuli fazisebisagan Sedgeba. orogenetuli
fazisis dros danaoWeba xdeba, xolo fazisebs Soris periodSi am TvalsazrisiT
simSvidea („ar danaoWeba“). swored am Tvisebis gamo (danaoWeba-ar danaoWeba)
orogeneziss meore saxeliTac moixsenieben xolme - orogenetuli cikli.
kaledonuri orogenezisi (igive „kaledonuri orogenetuli cikli“) mimdinareobda
mTeli siluruli periodis ganmavlobaSi - daiwyo ordoviciulisa da silurulis
sazRvarze (440 milioni wlis win) da dasrulda silurulis miwuruls, anu
silurulisa da devonuris sazRvarze (410 milioni wlis win). kaledonuri
orogenezisi sami orofazisisagan Sedgeba: takoniuri (O/S), ardenuli (S1/S2) da
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iriuli (S/D). kaledonuri orogenezisis Sedegad warmoSobil naoWa sistemebs
kaledonidebs uwodeben.
hercinuli orogenezisi (hercinuli orogenetuli cikli) moicavs paleozouri
eris or damagvirgvinebel periods - karbonulsa da permuls. es orogenezisi daiwyo
devonurisa da karbonulis sazRvarze (360 milioni wlis win) da dasrulda permuli
da triasuli periodebis (anu paleozour da mezozour eraTa) sazRvarze
(daaxloebiT 250 milioni wlis win). Sesabamisad hercinuli orogenezisi
mimdinareobda 110 milioni wlis ganmavlobaSi.
hercinuli orogenezisi 6 orofazisisagan Sedgeba: bretonuli (D/C), sudeturi
(C1/C2), asturiuli (C2/C3), uraluri (C3/P1), zaaluri (P1/P2) da pfalcuri (P/T an rac
igive Sinaarsisaa - paleozour/mezozouri PZ/MZ).
paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.
paleozour eraSi SesaniSnavad ikveTeba paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika,
romelsac zogadad aseTi saxe aqvs: eris dasawyisSi (kambriuli periodi) dedamiwaze
iyo xuTi kontinenti (Crdilo amerika anu lavrencia), aRmosavleT evropa
(fenoskandia), cimbiri, CineTi (igive CineT-korea) da superkontinenti gondvanisi
(gondvana). am kontinentebs erTmaneTisagan gamoyofda sami moZravi sartyeli, maTze
ganTavsebuli okeaneebiTurT. Crdilo amerikis kontinenti (lavrencia) gadaWimuli
iyo ekvatoris orive mxares da mTlianad moicavda Crdilo tropikul sartyels
(subtropikulis CaTvliT) da samxreT tropikulis did nawils. aRmosavleT evropis
kontinenti (fenoskandia) ganTavsebuli iyo samxreT ganedis tropikul
(subtropikulis CaTvliT) da zomier sartylebSi. CineTi (CineT-korea) Tanabrad iyo
ganawilebuli Crdilo tropikulsa da zomier sartylebs Soris. cimbiris
kontinentis udidesi nawili samxreT tropikebSi iyo ganTavsebuli. misi mxolod
mcire nawili moicavda Crdilo tropikul sartyels (praqtikulad Crdilo
ekvatorul zols). superkontinenti gondvanisi (gondvana) TiTqmis meridionalurad
iyo gadaWimuli Crdilo tropikuli sartylidan samxreT tropikuli da zomieri
sartylebis gavliT polarul sartylamde. Tumca jer kidev ar iyo misuli samxreT
polusamde.
xuTive kontinents gars uvlida paleopacifika (wynari okeane). (sur. 9.3. gv. 174.
хкя).
ordoviciul periodSi kvlav xuTi kontinenti gvaqvs, magram kambriul periodTan
SedarebiT mniSvnelovani adgilgadanacvlebiT. aSkaraa, rom am periodSi gondvanisi
moZraobda samxreT - samxreT-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT. marTalia is kvlav
kambriulisdroindel sartylebSi iyo moqceuli (Crdilo tropikuli, samxreT
tropikul - zomier-polaruli), magram ukve samxreT poluszec iyo ganTavsebuli.
gondvanisis dasavleTiT mdebare aRmosavleT evropis kontinentma ordoviciulSi
gadainacvla dasavleTi (sustad - Crdilo-dasavleTi) mimarTulebiT da
praqtikulad daikava cimbiris adgili. am ukanasknelma Tavisi adgilsamyofelidan
„gaaZeva“ CineTis kontinenti, romelmac Crdilo-aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT
gadainacvla da faqtobrivad Crdilo zomier sartyelSi „dasaxlda“. aSkarad
igrZnoba am oTxi kontinentis wriuli moZraoba saaTis isris moZraobis
mimarTulebiT (gondvanisi - samxreT - samxreT-dasavleTiT, aRmosavleT evropa -
dasavleT - sustad Crdilo-dasavleTiT, cimbiri - CrdiloeTiT, CineTi - Crdilo-
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aRmosavleTiT). zemoT xsenebuli oTxi kontinentis amgvar wriul moZraobas
erTgvarad eTiSeba Crdilo amerikis kontinenti (lavrencia), romelsac kvlav ukavia
Crdilo da samxreTi ganedebis tropikuli sartyeli samxreTisaken gadaadgilebis
tendenciiT. kargad ikveTeba kontinentebsSorisi moZravi sartylebis ganlageba -
lavrenciasa da aRmosavleT evropas Soris ganTavsebulia Crdilo atlanturi
moZravi sartyeli(masze mdebare okeane iafetiT); aRmosavleT evropis, cimbirisa da
CineTis kontinentebs Soris - ural-oxotis moZravi sartyelia (paleoazouri
okeaniT); gondvanisi „upirispirdeba“ oTxive zemoT xsenebul kontinents
xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyliT (am ukanasknelze mdebare okeane teTisiT).
wynari okeane (paleopacifika) kvlav gars ekvroda xuTive kontinents (sur. 105. gv.
197.хкя).
silurulSi ganviTarebulma kaledonurma orogenezisma manamde xuTi
kontinentisagan Semdgari dedamiwa oTxkontinentianad aqcia - Crdilo amerikis
(lavrencia) da aRmosavleT evropis (fenoskandia) kontinentebis SeerTebiT miviReT
evroamerikis kontinenti. am kontinentTa gaerTianeba moxda Crdiloatlantur moZrav
sartyelSi zemoT xsenebuli ori kontinentis urTierTSejaxebis Sedegad. am
Sejaxebam Zlieri danaoWeba gamoiwvia, xolo Sedegad Crdiloatlanturi moZravi
sartylis nacvlad Crdiloatlanturi naoWa sartyeli miviReT (naoWa sartyeli aris
naoWa sistemebis anu mTaTa sistemebis erToblioba. konkretul SemTxvevaSi -
skandinaviisa da Sotlandiis naoWa (mTaTa) sistemebis erTianoba).
rogorc viciT, moZrav sartyelze zevidan yovelTvis okeanea ganTavsebuli. amitom
savsebiT bunebrivad JRers lamazi gamoTqma -„ okeane mTebis akvaniao.“
silurul periodSi arsebul sami kontinentTSorisi moZravi sartylidan
silurulis miwurulisaTvis mxolod ori darCa - ural-oxotis, masze ganTavsebuli
paleoaziuri okeaniT da xmelTaSuazRviuri (Tavze okeane teTisi).
oTxive kontinentze garedan iyo Semortymuli paleopacifika (wynari okeane).
oTxive kontinenti moZraobda wriulad, saaTis isris mimarTulebiT - gondvanisi
(romelic aRmosavleT da samxreT mxareebSi iyo moicavda Crdilo tropikul da
samxreT tropikul, zomier da polarul sartylebs) gadaadgildeboda samxreTi da
samxreT-dasavleTi mimarTulebiT; evroamerika (Crdilo da samxreT tropikul
sartyelSi mdebare) - neli tempiT moZraobda Crdilo mimarTulebiT; Crdilo-zomier
da mcire nawiliT Crdilo polarul sartyelSi ganTavsebuli cimbiri - Crdilo-
aRmosavleTisaken, xolo cimbirisgan aRmosavleTiT, Crdilo zomierSi mdebare
CineTis kontinenti - samxreTisaken. (sur. 11.2. gv. 210, кхя).
devonur periodSi oTxive kontinents silurulis msgavsi poziciebi ekavaT, oRond
im gansxvavebiT, rom gondvanisi praqtikulad mTlianad moqceuli iyo ekvatoris
samxreTiT arsebul samive sartyelSi da moZraobda Crdilo mimarTulebiT.
ekvatoris orive mxaris tropikul sartyelSi arsebuli evroamerika kvlav
CrdiloeTisken miemarTeboda, xolo cimbiri jiutad miiwevda Crdilo polusisaken
(Tumca umTavresad zomier sartyelSi ganTavsebuli, sakmaod mcire nawiliT iyo
gadasuli polarul sartyelSi). rac Seexeba CineTs, is SesamCnevad iyo samxreTiT
gadmonacvlebuli Crdilo-zomieridan Crdilo-tropikul sartyelSi.
friad sayuradReboa is garemoebac, rom aSkarad mcirdeboda manZili kontinentebs
Soris. (sur. 12.2. хкя. gv. 226).
136
karbonul periodSi gondvanisi mTlianad samxreT naxevarsferos maRal ganedebSi
(zomieri da polaruli sartylebi, mcire „qimiT“ tropikul sartyelSi) „dasaxlda.“
ekvatoris orive mxares myofma evroamerikam mniSvnelovnad waiwia CrdiloeTisaken
da mcire nawiliT Crdilo-zomier sartyelSic ki SeaRwia. cimbiri „sruli svliT“
miiwevda Crdilo-aRmosavleTisaken da uaxlovdeboda Crdilo poluss. CineTi
samxreTisken (mcired samxreT-dasavleTiT) moZraobiT TiTqmis mTlianad ganTavsda
Crdilo tropikul sartyelSi. kontinentebi sul ufro uaxlovdebodnen erTmaneTs.
gondvanisi Tavisi „tropikuli qimiT“ praqtikulad SeuerTda evroamerikas.
gondvanisis amgvarma qmedebam xeli Seuwyo xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartylis
orad gayofas da am ukanasknelis dasavleT nawilSi orogenetuli procesebis
ganviTarebas. yvelafer amas Sedegad moyva paleoteTisis dasavleT nawilSi
ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebis likvidacia da maT adgilze naoWa
struqturebis ganviTareba. zomebSi Semcireba daetyo paleoaziur okeanesac.
samagierod sul ufro farTovdeboda (dasavleTidan aRmosavleTisaken) aRmosavleTi
paleoteTisi, romelic maqsimalur siganeebs paleopacifikis (wynari okeanis)
siaxloves aRwevda. (sur. 13.7. gv.257).
permuli hercinuli orogenezisis dasrulebis periodia. rogorc viciT,
hercinuli orogenezisi permul periodTan erTad dasrulda erTiani kontinentis -
pangea 3-is formirebiT. swored amaze migvaniSnebs permuli drois
paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.
permulSi oTxis nacvlad mxolod sami kontinenti gvaqvs. maTgan erTi
superkontinent gondvanisisa da evroamerikis SeerTebis Sedegad miviReT. darCenili
ori kontinentidan erTi cimbiria, meore ki - CineTi. gondvanis-evroamerikis
kontinenti samxreTis maRali ganedebidan (polaruli da zomieri sartylebi)
gadaWimuli iyo samxreTisa da CrdiloeTis tropikul da Crdilo ganedis zomier
sartylebSi. cimbirma aisrula Tavisi ocneba da TiTqmis mTlianad ganTavsda
Crdilo polarul sartyelSi. CineTi Crdilo-dasavluri moZraobiT uaxlovdeboda
zemoT dasaxelebul or kontinents.
kontinentebis amgvari moZraobiT kidev ufro Semcirda paleoaziuri okeanis
farTobi. amis sapirispirod sul ufro farTovdeboda aRmosavleT paleoteTisis
aRmosavleTi (wynari okeanis Semxvedri) nawili, romelmac gvianpermulSi 3000-4000
kilometrs miaRwia.
rac Seexeba klimats, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom mTeli paleozouri drois
ganmavlobaSi dominirebda Tbili tropikuli klimati. saSualo-wliuri temperatura
20-30°-is farglebSi meryeobda. zogjer ufro maRalic iyo (magaliTisaTvis -
TiTqmis mTeli devonuri periodis ganmavlobaSi evroamerikis ekvatorul nawilSi
saSualo-wliuri temperatura 28-31°-s Seadgenda).
Tbili tropikuli klimatis indikatorebi organuli samyarodan iyvnen: pirvel
rigSi marjnebi (ufro zustad, marjnebis koloniuri formebi), arqeociaTebi,
foraminiferebi (erTujredianebis warmomadgenlebi), xavscxovelebi, braqiopodebi da
sxva. qanebidan: organogenuli da ooliTuri kirqvebi, biogermuli masivebi,
qvanaxSiri, evaporitebi, TabaSiriani wyebebi, eoluri naleqebi da bevri sxva.
yuradRebas imsaxurebs myinvaruli naleqebi, romlebic gvianordoviciul-
silurul da Sua da gviankarbonulSi iyo. gvianordoviciul-silurulSi, rogorc
Cans, iyo Zlieri gamyinvareba, romelic moicavda samxreT amerikisa (aRmosavleTi
137
brazilia, Crdilo argentina, bolivia) da Crdilo-dasavleTi afrikis (sahara)
teritoriebs. gviankarbonuli gamyinvareba ufro masStaburi iyo da ZiriTadad isev
gondvanisis superkontinentSi Semaval regionebs moicavda (samxreT amerika, samxreTi
afrika, avstralia, indostani). Zveli gamyinvarebis damadasturebeli faqtebi
SemorCenilia myinvaruli naleqebis (tilitebi, fluvioglacialuri qviSebi),
damarxuli myinvaruli xeobebis (trogebis) da sxvaTa saxiT. Zlieri aciebis
saukeTeso indikatoria marjnebis gavrcelebis arealis mkveTri Seviwroeba da am
organizmTa Tavmoyra ekvatoruli sartylis viwro zolSi.
paleozouris wiaRiseuli
paleozouri mdidaria rogorc madneuli, ise aramadneuli wiaRiseuliT.
navTobis sabadoebi ukve kambriulidanvea cnobili (baltiispireTi, ruseTi).
udidesi sabadoebia alJirSi, romelTa asaki kambriul-ordoviciulia.
ordoviciulSi didi sabadoebia cnobili aSS-Si. amave qveynebiSia siluruli asakis
sabadoebic. farTod gavrcelebulia navTobis devonuri (kanada, aSS, ruseTi,
brazilia, alJiri), karbonuli (ruseTi) da permuli (aSS, ruseTi) asakis sabadoebi.
permuli asakis gazis umZlavresi sabadoebia cnobili holandiasa da aSS-Si,
agreTve iranSi, ukrainasa da ruseTSi.
qvanaxSiris pirveli sabadoebi ukve devonurSi gvxvdeba (ruseTi, norvegia).
karbonurlSi „Savi oqros“ saerTo maragebis 30%-ia cnobili - ukraina, poloneTi,
ruseTi, CexeTi, germania, belgia, safrangeTi, inglisi, espaneTi, aSS. permulia
ruseTis, CineTis, indoeTis, avstraliis, samxreT afrikis respublikis sabadoebi.
sawvavi fiqlebi cnobilia, estoneTis ordoviciulsa da ruseTis devonurSi.
fosfatebi kambriul (yazaxeTi, CineTi, vietnami) da ordoviciul (SvedeTi,
inglisi, ruseTi) naleqebs ukavSirdeba.
qvamarili gvxvdeba ruseTisa da pakistanis kambriulSi, aSS-is silurulSi.
gansakuTrebiT mZlavri sabadoa cnobili ukrainaSi (donbasi; devonuri).
kaliumis marilebi - devonuri (belarusi), permuli (germania, aSS, ruseTi).
boqsitebi - kambriuli (ruseTi), devonuri (ruseTi), karbonuli (aSS, CineTi,
ruseTi).
rkina - kambriuli (ruseTi), devonuri (aSS, espaneTi, ruseTi, TurqeTi, yazaxeTi),
karbonuli (ruseTi).
spilenZi - kambriuli (norvegia, yazaxeTi), ordoviciuli (norvegia), devonuri
(ruseTi), permuli (germania).
tyvia-TuTia - kambriul-ordoviciuli (ruseTi), devonuri (yazaxeTi), karbonuli
(aSS, yazaxeTi, ruseTi).
oqro - ordoviciul-siluruli (yazaxeTi), siluruli da karbonuli (ruseTi).
almasi - devonuri (ruseTi).
urani - ordoviciuli (SvedeTi), permuli (germania, safrangeTi, samxreT afrikis
respublika.
volframi - kambriuli (ruseTi).
kobalti - kambriul-ordoviciuli (norvegia).
138
22.1. mezozouri era
mezozouri era (Sua sicocxlis xana) daiwyo 250 mln.wlis win da dasrulda 65 mln.
wlis win. is sami periodisgan Sedgeba: triasuli, iuruli da carculi.
22.2.1 . triasuli periodi T .
triasuli periodiT iwyeba mezozouri era. triasuli sistema gamoyofili iqna
germaniaSi, sadac is warmodgenilia sami komleqsiT - ,,buntzandStaini”,
,,muSelkalki” da ,,keiperi”. saxelwodebac aqedan mieca. aRniSnuli periodi daiwyo
250 mln. wlis win da dasrulda 205 mln. wlis win, e.i. misi xangrZlivoba 45
mln.wels Seadgens.
cocxali buneba. mezozourSi sicocxlis evolucia axal, ufro maRal safexurze
adis. Cndeba bevri axali jgufi. mTeli am eris ganmavlobaSi dominirebdnen
mcenareebidan SiSvelTeslianebi, cxovelebidan _zRvebSi uxerxemloebis
warmomadgenlebi, pirvel rigSi amonitebi, belemnitebi da inoceramebi,xolo
xmeleTze _ qvewarmavlebi.
zRvebSi pirvelad gamoCndnen eqvsqimiani marjnebi (heqsakoralebi), iqTiozavrebi,
pleziozavrebi, xmeleTze ki _ dinozavrebi, niangebi, agreTve ZuZumwovrebi.
triasul zRvebSi batonobdnen ceratitebi (amonitebis warmomadgenlebi),
romlebmac am periodSi ayvaveba ganicades da periodis miwuruls gadaSendnenkidec.
maTTan erTad mravlad iyvnen orsagdulianebi, gastropodebi. mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobdnen nautiloideebi, belemnitebi, briozoebi, krinoideebi, braqiopodebi,
Tevzebi. mwvane wyalmcenareebi da stromatoporatebi rifis mSeneblebi iyvnen.
xmeleTze mravlad iyvnen amfibiebi da gansakuTrebiT qvewarmavlebi, xolo
mcenareebidan _ SiSvelTeslianebi (wiwvovanebi, gingkoebi, benetitismagvarni,
sagovanebi) da sporovanebi.
UYtriasulSi gadaSendnen ceratitebi (periodis miwuruls), agreTve briozoebis
da braqiopodebis mniSvnelovani nawili uxerxemloebidan da amfibiebisa da
qvewarmavlebisa _ xerxemlianebidan; mcenareebidan ki lepidodendronebi, kordaitebi
da glosofterisebi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom biosis ganviTarebaSi triasuli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani
gardatexis periodia. aq dasrulda biosis ganviTarebis paleozouri cikli da
daiwyo mezozouri cikli, Tanac am ukanasknelis aSkara dominirebiT.
triasulis danawileba
sistema seqcia sarTuli
germania aRmosavleTi
alpebi da azia
triasuli
T
zeda T3
keiperi retuli noriuli karniuli
Sua T2
muSelkalki ladinuri anizuri
qveda T1
buntzandStaini oleniokuri induri
rogorc zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, triasuli sistema gamoyofil iqna germaniaSi,
sadac sam seqciad aris dayofili buntzandStaini (T1), muSelkalki (T2) da keiperi
(T3). mogvianebiT, xmelTaSuazRviur naoWa sartyelSi, kerZod aRmosavleT alpebSi
dadginda orogenuli tipis (moZravi sartylis bunebis) triasi. (aRmosavleT alpebad
miCneulia alpuri naoWa sistemis zoli md.rainis saTaveebidan aRmosavleTiT. masSi
139
Sedis Sveicariis alpebis didi nawili, avstriisa da italiis alpebTan erTad).
orogenuli tipis triasuli, rogorc zemoT moyvanil cxrilSic kargad Cans,
sarTulebad aris danawilebuli _ sul gamoyofilia 7 sarTuli, or-ori qveda da
Sua triasulSi da sami _zeda triasulSi. davsZenT imasac, rom triasulis yvela
sarTuli kargad gamoiyofa mdidari faunis Semcvelobis gamo.
triasulis faciesebi. triasulis faciesebis formireba dakavSirebulia
hercinuli orogenezisis Semdgom ganviTarebul geologiur procesebTan. pirvel
rigSi aq riftogenezi igulisxmeba, romlis Sedegadac axladCamoyalibebul naoWa
struqturebSi alag riftuli depresiebi ganviTarda. amgvar depresiebs miekuTvneba,
magaliTad, parizis auzi, londonis auzi, germanuli auzi da sxva.
faciesebi, orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.
triasulSi erTiani kontinentis arsebobam ganapiroba kidec masze kontinenturi
naleqdagroveba, miT ufro, rom es kontinenti faqtobrivad mTeli am drois
ganmavlobaSi azevebas ganicdida. moZravi sartylebidan triasulSi arsebiTad
mxolod ori _ xmelTaSuazRviuri da wynarokeanuri SemorCa. aq, ra Tqma unda,
pangeasgan gansxvavebuli naleqdagroveba mimdinareobda.
rogorc viciT, hercinuli orogenezisis Sedegad xmelTaSuazRviur moZrav
sartyelSi alag mTaTa warmoSoba moxda.triasulSi hercinuli mTaTa sistemis
intensiuri denudacia _ mosworeba mimdinareobda. riftingis ganviTarebiT zog am
struqturaSi depresiebi gaCnda (magaliTad,inglis-parizis, germaniis), sadac
triasul da Semdgom periodebSi naleqdagrovebiT danaleqi safari ganviTarda.
miviReT platformuli struqtura,oRond namdvili, Zveli platformisagan
gansxvavebiT, romlis kristaluri fundamentis asaki, rogorc viciT,arqeul-
proterozoulia, aq qveda struqturuli sarTuli (kristaluri fundamenti)
paleozouria, xolo danaleqi safari triasuli da ufro axalgazrda. aseT
platformebs Cveulebriv axalgazrda platformebs miakuTvneben (gansxvavebiT
kratonebis platformebisgan). sxvagvarad ki maT epihercinuli platformebi qvia
(hercinuli orogenezisis Semdgom warmoSobili). amgvar platformebs miekuTvneba:
dasavleTi evropis platforma (xmelSaSuazRviur naoWa sartyelSi) dasavleT
cimbiris (ural-oxotis naoWa sartyelSi) da sxv. aseTive unda iyos skviTuri
epihercinuli platforma (geologiur literaturaSi mas ,,skviTuri filaqani”
ewodeba, rac Cveni azrit arasworia), romelic xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartylis
kavkasiis segmentSi ganviTarda. dRevandel struqturaSi is moTavsebulia
aRmosavleTi evropis kratonsa da kavkasionis (da yirimis) naoWa sistemas Soris.
amgvar platformebze ganviTarebuli danaleqi safari kratonuli (platformuli)
tipisaa.
rac Seexeba kratonebs, iq mTeli triasulis ganmavlobaSi azeveba iyo, daZirva da
zRvis SemoWra mxolod mcire droiT da Zalian iSviaTad Tu xdeboda. Sesabamisi iyo
naleqdagrovebac. ruseTis platformaze, magaliTad, triasis qveda nawili Wreli
qviSaqvbiTaa warmodgenili, romelSic xmeleTis faunisa da floris namarxi formebi
gvxvdeba (ostrakodebi, amfibiebi, gvimrebi, wiwvovanebi), zeviT mas mosdevs zRviuri
kirqvebis wyeba krinoideebiT, ceratitebiTa da braqiopodebiT. Semdeg modis
TabaSiris, anhidritisa da qvamarilis wyebebi, romelsac Tavze feradi (wiTeli da
mwvane) mergelebis, qviSaqvebis, TabaSirisa da Tixebis morigeobiT daxasiaTebuli
wyeba edeba. wyebaSi napovnia xmeleTis kobonairebi, Tevzebi, amfibiebi, reptiliebi
(Владимирская и др., 1985).
triasulis simZlavre aq 2000m-mdea. aRsaniSnavia, rom wyebebi horizontaluradaa
ganlagebuli. ar aris wyvetiTi dislokaciebi, arc magmuri qanebi. tipur
platformul faciesTan gvaqvs saqme.
140
erTob saintereso suraTia cimbiris kratonze. aqac trasulSi kontinenturi
pirobebi iyo. Tumca ufro saintereso is aris, rom triasuli faqtobrivad mTlianad
trapebiTaa warmodgenili. trapebi aris did farTobze gaSlili mZlavri vulkanuri
zewrebi, romlebic reliefSi safexurebs qmnian (,,trapi” Svedurad safexurs,kibes
niSnavs). trapebi agebulia bazalturi lavebiTa da piroklastebiT. maT kompleqsSi
SreZarRvebic Sedis. trapebs ukavSirdeba spilenZis, nikelis, kobaltis, rkinis,
almasisa da sxva sabadoebi.
gondvaniszec kontinenturi pirobebia. ileqeba kontinenturi terigenuli wyebebi
xmeleTis mcenareebiT, uxerxemlo da xerxemliani cxovelebis namarxi naSTebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom namarxTa kompleqsebi gondvanisis Semadgenel yvela kontinentze
(samxreTi amerika, afrika, indostani, avstralia, antarqtida) erTnairia, rac im dros
erTiani kontinentis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. is ki ara, reptiliis erTi gvari
Lystrosaurus lavraziaSic aris cnobili. es ki pangeis arsebobis kidev erTi
damadasturebeli faqtia.
triasulSi teTisis zoli namdvil moZrav sartyels warmoadgenda, ufro zustad
ki – lavraziis kontinentis samxreT, aqtiur kides. naleqTa faciesebi aq tipuri
moZravi sartylisaa, magmur-danaleqi kompleqsiT, didi simZlavreebiTa da intensiuri
danaoWebiT. am tipis saintereso Wrilia indoCineTSi. aq triasuli iwyeba qviSian-
Tixiani naleqebiT, romelSic bazaltebisa da misi tufebis ganfenebi gamoereva, zeda
nawilSi kirqvebisa da fiqlebis SuaSreebiT (Sig zRviuri fauniT). wyebaTa am
kompleqss zeviT TanxmobiT agrZelebs ceratitebisa da orsagdulianebis Semcveli
kirqvebi Tixebis SuaSreebiT da bazaltebis ganfenebiT. stratigrafiulad ufro
zeviT Savi feris Tixiani kirqvebia orsagdulianebiT.
mTeli es mZlavri, TiTqmis 6km-iani wyeba intensiuradaa danaoWebuli, xolo mis
Tavze struqturuli uTanxmoebiT TiTqmis horizontulad ganlagebulia terigenuli
naleqebis sqeli wyeba iurul-carculi asakisa (Владимирская и др., 1985).
triasuli naleqebis amgvari xasiaTi imis maCvenebelia, rom xmelTaSuazRviuri
moZravi sartylis am nawilSi triasulis bolos moxda Zlieri danaoWeba, romelic
adrekimeriuli an indosiniuri danaoWebis saxeliTaa cnobili (Tanamedrove gagebiT
es aris kimeriuli orogenezisis adrekimeriuli (indosiniuri) orogenetuli fazisi).
moZravi sartylis triasuli kargadaa ganviTarebuli kavkasionis naoWa sistemaSi
(svaneTSi).
klimati sakmaod cxeli iyo mTeli triasulis ganmavlobaSi. amave dros sulac
ar iyo didi temperaturuli sxvaoba ekvatorsa da polusebs Soris. samagierod
gamoiyofoda ariduli da humiduri zonebi, xolo eqstraaridul zonebSi udabnoebi
iyo ganviTarebuli. udabnos pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikaSi, evropaSi, Crdilo
afrikaSi, arabeTSi, centralur aziaSi, samxreT amerikasa da avstraliaSi. yvela am
regionSi udabnoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli evaporitebisa da Wreli da wiTeli
terigenuli naleqebis kompleqsebia gavrcelebuli (Ушаков, Ясаманов, 1984; Хаин и др.,
1997).
gviantriasulSi daiwyo kimeriuli orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba), romelic oTxi
orofazisisgan Sedgeboda: Zvelkimeriuli (indosiniuri) T3/ I1, donecuri I1/I2, baTuri
I2/ I3 da axalkimeriuli (nevaduri) I3/ K
triasulSi dedamiwis umetes nawilebSi ZiriTadad azeveba, ,,xmeleTwarmoqmna”
mimdinareobda. amitom am periods geokratuls uwodeben. geokratulis sapirispirod
rogorc viciT, arsebobs Talasokratuli dro, roca azevebis nacvlad qerqis
sayovelTao daZirvasTan da Sesabamisad planetarul transgresiasTan gvaqvs saqme.
cnobil Talasokratul xanas miekuTvnebian iuruli da carculi periodebi.
141
22.2.2. iuruli periodi I.
saxelwodeba iuris mTebidan (Sveicaria-safrangeTi) modis. iuruli periodi daiwyo
205 mln. wlis wlis, dasrulda145 mln.wlis win. misi xangrZlivoba 60 mln.wels
Seadgens.
cocxali buneba. iurul periodSi sicocxlem namdvili mezozouri ieri miiRo,
radganac mis dasawyisSi paleozouri biosis ukanaskneli reliqtebic gadaSenda.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom iurul zRvebSi batonobdnen amonitebi (e.w. namdvili amonitebi),
xolo xmeleTze – qvewarmavlebi. zRvebSi amonitebis gverdiT mravlad iyvnen
belemnitebi, orsagdulianebi (inoceramebi, rudistebi da sxv.), eqinoideebi,
foraminiferebi, eqvsqimiani marjnebi, briozoebi, braqiopodebi, krinoideebi,
nautiloideebi, kibonairebi, stromatoporatebi, wyalmcenareebi. es ori ukanaskneli
heqsakoralebsa da briozoebTan erTad rifebs agebdnen. xerxemlianebidan farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli Tevzebi. iyvnen amfibiebic. magram batonobdnen qvewarmavlebi. maTi
warmomadgenlebi ara marto xmeleTze, aramed zRvaSic (iqTiozavrebi,
pleziozavrebi) binadrobdnen. xmeleTis risxvas ki dinozavrebi warmoadgendnen,
romlebmac gigantur zomebs miaRwies (sigrZiT 30-40 m-mde, xolo woniT 40-50 t-ze
metic). gaCndnen pirveli xvlikebic.
iurulSi qvewarmavlebma haeric daipyres, gaCndnen e.w. ,,mfrinavi xvlikebi” –
pterozavrebi. gvianiurulSi ,,mfrinav xvlikebs” namdvili frinvelebic miemata.
primitiul frinvelebs _ arqeopteriqsebs _frinvelTa damaxasiaTebel niSnebTan
erTad qvewarmavlebis niSnebic hqondaT.
iurulSi ganagrZobda ganviTarebas ZuZumwovrebi, Tumca isini evoluciis jer
kidev dabal safexurze iyvnen.
mcenareebidan SiSvelTeslianebi batonobdnen (gingkoebi, wiwvovanebi, benetitis-
nairni, sagovanebi). am periodSi sicocxle dedamiwaze erTob mravalferovani iyo.
iurulis danawileba
iuruli sistema sam seqciad iyofa, romelsac inglisuri sqemis mixedviT aseTi
saxe aqvs: liasi (qveda), dogeri (Sua) da malmi(zeda). germanuli sqemis mixedviT es
iqneba _Savi (I1), mura(I2), da TeTri(I3) iura. seqciebis danawileba sarTulebad da am
ukanasknelTa _zonebad faunis meSveobiT xorcieldeba. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT didi
RirebulebiT gamoirCevian amonitebi, Tumca maTTan erTad gamoyofilia biozonebi
inoceramebis, belemnitebis da sxvaTa meSveobiT. dRes arsebuli 11 sarTulidan didi
umetesoba cnobili frangi geologis a.dorbinis mier aris dadgenili. sarTulebis
stratotipebis umetesoba london-parizis auzidan aris cnobili.
sistema seqcia sarTuli
iuruli I
zeda(malmi) TeTriI3
titonuri(volguri) kimerijuli oqsforduli
Sua(dogeri) mura I2
kaloviuri baTuri baiosuri aalenuri
qveda (liasi) SaviI1
toarsuli plinsbaxuri sinemiuruli hetanguri
faciesebi, orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.
iurul periodSi naleqdagrovebis umTavres obieqtebad isev moZravi sartylebi da
kratonebi rCeboda. es ukanasknelni periodis dasawyisSi jer kidev erTian
kontinents warmoadgendnen, Tumca misi daSla ukve triasulSi daiwyo zog regionSi
142
riftingis ganviTarebiT. amdenad, erTiani kontinentis fonze mis Semadgenel
kratonebSi ramdenadme gansxvavebuli geologiuri pirobebi iyo. xazi unda gaesvas im
garemoebasac, rom hercinuli orogenezisis Semdgom gaCenil axalgazrda
epihercinul baqnebze, romlebic miuxedavad maTi platformuli bunebisa, moZravi
sartylebis struqturul erTeulad ganixilebian, triasul da gansakuTrebiT
iurul da Semdgom periodebSi tipuri baqnuri (da ara moZravi sartylebisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli) naleqdagroveba midioda. zemoTqmulis saukeTeso dadasturebaa
iurulis Wrili germaniis auzSi (dasavleTi evropis epihercinuli baqani). am auzSi
iurulis sruli Wrilia, sadac iurulis samive qvesistemaa warmodgenili: qveda
(liasi, anu Savi iura), Sua (dogeri, anu mura iura) da zeda (malmi, anu TeTri iura).
Wrilis dasawyisSi zeda triasuls TanxmobiT agrZelebs Savi Tixiani fiqlebi
kirqvebis SuaSreebiT, romelSic blomadaa amonitebi da orsagdulianebi.
stratigrafiulad zeviT modis Suaiuruli ruxi rkiniani qviSaqvebi da qviSiani
kirqvebi da Tixebi sxvadasxva fauniT. maT Soris amonitebiT. ufro zeviT ki
zedaiuruli Ria feris kirqvebi, mergelebi da dolomitebia amonitebiT
(zolenhofenSi am doneze wmindamarcvlovani liTografiuli kirqvebia, romlebic
mdidar da mravalferovan faunas Seicavs, maT Soris uZveles frinvelebsac). kidev
ufro zeviT marjnebiTa da RrublebiT agebuli kirqvebia, mTeli iurulis simZlavre
Svidasiode metria (Владимирская и др., 1985).
marto amonitebis, Rrublebisa da marjnebis arsebobac sakmarisia, rom mTeli es
wyeba zRviur warmonaqmnad CavTvaloT. amave dros, es unda yofiliyo araRrma,
Tbili zRva. am Wrilis triasul-iuruli kompleqsi daunaoWebelia, horizontulia
da ar Seicavs magmur qanebs. aSkaraa, rom saqme gvaqvs platformasTan.
TviT kratonebis platformul nawilebSic aris rogorc zRviuri, ise alag
kontinenturi naleqebi. es gansakuTrebiT qveda iuruls exeba. Sua da zeda iuruli
umetes SemTxvevaSi zRviuria, rac am dros arsebul sayovelTao, planetaruli
transgresiis arsebobas adasturebs. zRviuri naleqebi ZiriTadad kirqvebiTaa
warmodgenili, kontinenturi ki _tbiuri, Waobis an delturi terigenuli da
qvanaxSiriani wyebebiT (cimbiris kratonze lenis cnobili qvanaxSiriani auzia,
romelic maragebiT erT-erTi udidesia msoflioSi).
gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa zRviuri iurulis (zeda iuruli) arseboba
gondvanisis kontinentis iseT regionebSi, rogoricaa aRmosavleTi afrika,
madagaskari, dasavleTi avstralia, rac miuTiTebs imaze, rom dawyebulia am
superkontinentis daSlis procesi. amaze miuTiTebs agreTve indoeTis okeaneSi
zedaiuruli naleqebis aRmoCena.
rac Seexeba moZrav sartylebs, isini am droisaTvis faqtobrivad mxolod
xmelTaSuazRviurisa da wynarokeanuris saxiT SemogvrCa. orive sartyelSi mTeli
iuruli periodis ganmavlobaSi moZravi sartylisTvis damaxasiaTebeli procesebi
mimdinareobda. tipurad SeiZleba xmelTaSuazRviuri sartylis erT-erTi segmenti,
kavkasia miviCnioT.
kavkasiaSi skviTuri axalgazrda platformis samxreTiT, romelic CrdiloeTidan
aRmosavleT evropis kratoniTaa SemosazRvruli, ori naoWa sistema mdebareobs _
kavkasionisa da mcire kavkasionis. isini erTmaneTisagan amierkavkasiis mTaTaSueTiTaa
gamoyofili. iurulSi erTob saintereso naleqdagroveba midioda kavkasionis
zRviur auzSi, gansakuTrebiT mis samxreT zolSi, romlis ZiriTadi nawili
saqarTvelos teritoriazea gavrcelebuli. Wrili iwyeba liasuri aspiduri (Savi
feris) fiqlebis mZlavri wyebiT, romelsac Suaiuruli asakis Tixa-fiqlebis da e.w.
porfirituli seriis aseve mZlavri wyebebi agrZelebs. Wrils ki zedaiuruli
karbonatuli fliSi agvirgvinebs. wyebebis saerTo simZlavre 6000-7000m-ia, isini
143
intensiuradaa dislocirebuli. yvelaferi es ki udavod moZravi sartylis pirobebze
miuTiTebs.
aRmosavleT wynarokeanur zolSi, sadac aseve moZravi sartylis pirobebi iyo,
iurulis miwuruls moxda danaoWeba (e.w. nevaduri fazisi, romelsac evropaSi
axalkimeriuls uwodeben), romlis Sedegadac Camoyalibeba daiwyes Crdilo amerikis
kordilierebma da samxreT amerikis andebma. Tumca maTi saboloo konsolidacia
ufro gvian moxda. mniSvnelovani iyo danaoWeba dasavleT wynaroekeanur sartyelSic,
sadac vrcel teritoriaze verxoianskis qedidan Cukotkis naxevarkunZulamde moispo
moZravi sartylis pirobebi. amave dros danaoWda axali kaledonia, axali zelandia,
iaponiis kunZulebi da sxva, Tumca, aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri sartylis msgavsad
aqac danaoWeba saboloo ar yofila.
kimeriuli orogenezisi
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kimeriuli orogenezisi jer kidev gviantriasulSi (karniul-
noriulis sazRvarze) daiwyo indosiniuri (adrekimeriuli) orogenetuli fazisis
gamovlinebiT, ramac gamoiwvia orogenuli garemos likvidacia faqtobrivad mTel
samxreT –aRmosavleT aziaSi (SW CineTi, indoCineTis naxevarkunZuli, malakis
naxevarkunZuli, indoneziis arqipelagis dasavleTi nawili). amave orofazisis
wyalobiT naoWa dislokaciebi ganviTarda xmelTaSuazRviur da wynarokeanur
(kordilierebi, antarqtika, aziis Crdilo-aRmosavleTi) moZrav sartylebSi.
kimeriuli orogenezisi gansakuTrebiT Zlieri iyo Crdilo amerikaSi, sadac is
nevaduri orofazisis saxeliTaa cnobili. am orofazisma gamoiwvia moZravi
sartylis pirobebis likvidacia vrcel teritoriaze alaskidan meqsikamde, romelic
Crdilo amerikis kordilierebs miekuTvneba (kldovani mTebisa da wynari okeanis
sanapiro zolis gamoklebiT). amave orofazisTanaa dakavSirebuli moZravi sartylis
reJimis gauqmeba antarqtikasa da axal zelandiaSi.
nevaduri orofazisi, romelic cnobilia agreTve axalkimeriulisa da anduris
saxelwodebiT, iurulisa da carculis sazRvarze ganviTarda. indosiniur da
nevadur orofazisebs Soris aRniSnaven kidev donecur (qveda da Sua iurulis
sazRvarze) da baTur (Sua da zeda iurulis sazRvarze) orofazisebs.
zogierTi avtoris mosazrebiT iurulis bolos axalkimeriuli danaoWebiT
daiketa monRoleT-oxotis zoli da amdenad srulad Camoyalibda ural-oxotis
naoWa sartyeli.
sxvaTa Soris, axalkimeriuli danaoWeba cnobilia xmelTaSuazRviur sartyelSic,
Tumca iq misi gavleniT mTaTa sistemebi ar warmoSobila.
iurul periodSi pangeas teritoriaze riftogenezi mimdinareobda, romelic alag
spredingSi gadaizarda. aman ki pangeas TandaTan daSla ganapiroba. yvelaze naTlad
es procesi gondvanisis destruqciaSi gamoixata, rac zemoT aRvniSneT kidec.
gvianiurulSi erTmaneTs scildebian, erTi mxriv, samxreTi amerika-afrika da meore
mxriv, madagaskari-indostani-avstralia-antarqtida_formirebas iwyebs indoeTis
okeane. amis damadasturebel sxva sabuTTan erTad (zRviuri naleqebis arseboba
afrikis aRmosavleT sanapirosa da madagaskaris dasavleT nawilSi), arsebobs
aranakleb mniSvnelovani meore sabuTic _ zedaiuruli naleqebi TviT indoeTis
okeanis fskerze (sur). faqtobrivad mTeli iuruli periodis ganmavlobaSi
mimdinareobda atlantis okeanis depresiis centraluri nawilis anu centraluri
atlantikis formireba, umTavresad karibis zRvis depresiis CamoyalibebiT( sur. ).
iurul periodSi Tbili da teniani klimati iyo, ramac zRvebSi karbonatuli
naleqdagroveba, xolo zRvisa da xmeleTis gardamaval zonebSi naxSiriani
formaciebis warmoqmna ganapiroba. kargad iyo gamoxatuli klimaturi zonaloba
ekvatorulidan zomier sartlebamde.
144
22.2.3. carculi periodi.
saxelwodeba im dros gavrcelebuli saweri carcidan modis. periodi daiwyo 145
mln. wlis win, mimdinareobda daaxloebiT 80 mln.wlis ganmavlobaSi da dasrulda
65 mln. wlis win.
sicocxlis ganviTareba carculSi. msgaavsad iurulisa, biosis evoluciis done
carculSic Zalian maRali iyo, Tumca iurulisagan gansxvavebiT am perodis meore
naxevarSi _ gviancarcul epoqaSi axali, kainozouro sicocxlis mniSvnelovani
elementebi gaCnda.
zRvebSi erTob momravldnen kokoliToforidebi (oqrosferi wyalmcenareebi) da
diatomeebi, romelTa skeleturi warmonaqmnebiTac agebulia Sesabamisad saweri
carci da diatomiti. uxerxemlo cxovelebidan maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies
amonitebma, belemnitebma, orsagdulianebma (inoceramebi, rudistebi da sxv.),
gastropodebma, eqinoideebma, foraminiferebma, braqiopodebma, Rrublebma,
briozoebma, stromatoporatebma, heqsakoralebma. briozoebi da heqsakoralebi
wyalmcenareebTan erTad rifis mSeneblebic iyvnen. zRvebSi mravlad iyo Tevzebic.
xmeleTze (nawilobriv zRvaSic) kvlav qvewarmavlebi batonobdnen, gansakuTrebiT
dinozavrebi, rogorc balaxis mWamelebi, ise mtaceblebi. zRviur qvewarmavlebs,
iqTiozavrebsa da pleziozavrebs carculSi miematnen mozazavrebi. xmeleTis Zalian
mravalferovan da aqtiur binadarT warmoadgendnen mwerebi. caSi kvlav
pterozavrebi da frinvelebi dominirebdnen. es ukanasknelni TandaTan iZendnen
,,Tanamedrove” iers. mfrinavi xvlikis _ pteranodonis gaSlili frTebis sigrZe 21 m-
s aRwevda.
ZuZumwovrebSi periodis bolos placentianebis maRalorganizebuli jgufi Cndeba.
mcenareebidan gviancarcul epoqaSi farulTeslianebi gaCndnen. Tumca wamyvani
mainc SiSvelTeslianebi iyvnen (benetitismagvarni, gingkoebi da sxv.).
carculi periodis miwuruls moxda biosis ,,didi mezozouri gadaSeneba”.romlis
Sesaxebac me-17 TavSi ukve gvqonda saubari.
carculis danawileba
sistema seqcia sarTuli
carculi
K
zeda K2
maastrixtuli kampanuri santonuri koniakuri turonuli senomanuri
qveda K1
alburi apturi baremuli hotrivuli valanJinuri beriasuli
carculi sistema or seqciad (qveda da zeda) iyofa, TiToeul seqciaSi ki 6-6
sarTulia. sarTulTa didi umetesobis stratotipuli Wrili safrangeTSia. rogorc
metad sasiamovno faqti unda aRiniSnos, rom carculi sistemis yvela sarTuli
mdidari faunisturi kompleqsiT aris daxasiaTebuli _amonitebi, belemnitebi,
inoceramebi, eqinoideebi, ostreebi, rudistebi, braqiopodebi, gastropodebi,
foraminiferebi, ostrakodebi, briozoebi da sxv. gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa
amonituri kompleqsebis arseboba yvela sarTulis (garda santonurisa)
stratigrafiul WrilSi. amonitebis gverdiT calkeuli sarTulebis faunistur
145
daxasiaTebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben belemnitebi, inoceramebi, eqinoideebi,
foraminiferebi da sxv., rac Sesabamisi sarTulebis sxva regionebSi gamoyofis
saukeTeso saSualebas warmoadgens.
faciesebi, orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.
carculi periodi namdvili Talasokratuli xanaa dedamiwis geologiuri
ganviTarebis istoriaSi. es gansakuTrebiT gviancarcul epoqas exeba, rodesac
ganviTarda yvela drois erT-erTi uZlieresi globaluri transgresia. mxolod
periodis miwuruls daiwyo mniSvnelovani regresia, romelic laramulma
orogenetulma fazisma gamoiwvia. amitom savsebiT bunebrivia, rom carculSi farTod
iyo gavrcelebuli zRviuri naleqebi rogorc platformebze, ise moZrav sartylebSi.
platformuli carculis nimuSad SeiZleba aRmosavleTi evropis kratoni
avirCioT, sadac kargadaa ganviTarebuli rogorc qveda, ise zedacarculi wyebebi.
qveda carci aq warmodgenilia zRviuri, ZiriTadad terigenuli an nawilobriv
terigenul-karbonatuli faciesebiT, xolo zeda carci _ karbonatuli da kaJiani
wyebebiT. aRsaniSnavia, rom zeda carcSi aq sxva wyebebTan erTad TeTri saweri
carcic gvxvdeba, romelic esoden damaxasiaTebelia evropis da Crdilo amerikis am
asakis naleqebisaTvis da romelic farTo zolis saxiT gadaWimulia mTel evropaSi
inglisidan uralamde.
rogorc qveda, ise zedacarculi naleqebi Zalian mdidaria mravalferovani
namarxi organizmebiT, romlebic gvaZleven saSualebas ara marto ganvsazRvroT maTi
Semcveli qanebis asaki, aramed aRvadginoT imdroindeli paleogeografiuli
suraTic.
zemoT xsenebuli carculi wyebebis horizontuli ganlageba da kidev bevri sxva
niSani aSkarad miuTiTebs maTi platformuli warmoSobis bunebaze. msgavsi suraTi
gvaqvs dasavleTi evropis epihercinul platformaze.
aseve platformuli bunebisaa dasavleT cimbiris epihercinuli baqnis carculi
naleqebi. aqac zRviuria rogorc qveda, ise zeda carculi, oRond im gansxvavebiT,
rom qvedacarculi naleqebi SedarebiT civi klimatis pirobebSia daleqili, xolo
zedasi _Tbili klimatis.
ufro aRmosavleTiT, monRoleTSi ukve kontinentur carcul wyebebTan gvaqvs
saqme, romlebSic mravladaa SemorCenili dinozavris Tu sxva xerxemliani
cxovelebis naSTebi.
Crdilo amerikis kratonis platformul nawilSi zRviuri carculi wyebebis
farTo zolia ganviTarebuli. baqnis Crdilo monakveTze terigenuli faciesebi
dominirebs e.w. borealuri, (,,boreas” – CrdiloeTis civi qaris RvTaeba berZnul
miTologiaSi) SedarebiT grili wylis moyvaruli biosiT, xolo samxreT monakveTze
Tbili wylis moyvaruli formebis Semcveli karbonatul-terigenuli wyebebia
ganviTarebuli. sainteresoa aRiniSnos, rom carculis sul zeda nawilebi aq
kontinenturi naxSirSemcveli wyebebiT aris warmodgenili, romelSic ganamarxebuli
mcenareebi da dinozavrebis Zvlebi gvxvdeba. kontinenturi wyebebis gaCena udavod
laramuli danaoWebis ,,damsaxurebaa”.
gondvanisze qveda carci TiTqmis yvelgan kontinenturia. zRviuri naleqebi
ganviTarebulia afrikis aRmosavleT nawilSi, madagaskaris dasavleT nawilSi,
arabeTis naxevarkunZulze, indostanis dasavleT da aRmosavleT napirebze,
avstraliis dasavleTSi, anu ZiriTadad im adgilebSi, sadac, rogorc viciT, iurul
periodSi riftogenezi midioda da qerqis gaxleCas hqonda adgili.
rac Seexeba zeda carculs, is mTel gondvanisze (gamonaklisi mxolod
avstraliaa) faqtobrivad mxolod zRviuri karbonatuli an karbonatul-terigenuli
naleqebiTaa daxasiaTebuli. esec gviancarculi globaluri transgresiis aSkara
dasturia.
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aRsaniSnavia isic, rom carcul periodSi platformebze farTod iyo
gavrcelebuli trapuli vulkanizmi (dekanis plato _ indoeTi, dasavleT afrika,
madagaskari, samxreT amerika, cimbiri).
moZravi sartylebidan aRsaniSnavia xmelTaSuazRviuri sartyeli, sadac carculi
wyebebi ramdenime zols qmnian. umetes maTganSi carculi naleqebi moZravi sartylis
bunebisaa. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba kvlav kavkasia davasaxeloT, kerZod ki
kavkasioni. kavkasionis megantiklinoriumis Crdilo ferdze qveda carci mZlavri
(1100 m), fauniT mdidari terigenul-karbonatuli faciesiTaa warmodgenili, xolo
zeda carci aseve faunisturad mdidari kirqvebiTaa daxasiatebuli. kavkasionis
ssamxreT ferdze carculi asakis mZlavri (5000m) terigenul-karbonatuli fliSia
ganviTarebuli (tipuri moZravi sartylis faciesi).
carculi periodi uaRresad mniSvnelovania didi Tu patara liTosferuli
filebis moZraobis TvalsazrisiT. am moZraobaTa safuZvelze mniSvnelovnad icvleba
dedamiwis garegnuli ieri. pangeas daSlis fonze grZeldeboda indoeTisa da
atlanturi okeaneebis formireba. adrecarculSi farTovdeba centraluri
atlantika. amave epoqaSi yalibdeba samxreTi atlantikac. xolo gvian carculSi am
procesSi Crdilo atlantikac erTveba. sul ufro farTovdeba indoeTis okeane.
adrecarculSi Camoyalibebas iwyebs Crdilo yinulovani okeanis depresiac.
gvian carculSi Zlierdeba gondvanisis destruqcia. calke gadis samxreT amerikis
kontinenti. indostani gamoyofilia afrikis, madagaskaris da avstraliisagan da
CrdiloeTisaken miiwevs. aseve CrdiloeTiT gadaadgildeba afrikac. orive es
gadaadgileba xmelTaSuazRviuri sartylis Seviwroebas iwvwvs. TiTqmis amave
mimarTulebiT moZraobs avstraliac. daSlas iwyebs lavraziac _ evrazia
grelandiiTurT Sordeba Crdilo amerikas (sur.)
adre da gviancarculi epoqebis sazRvarze ganviTarda alpuri orogenezisis
sawyisi fazisi avstriuli orofazisi, romelic gansakuTrebiT Zlierad
xmelTaSuazRviur da aRmosavleT wynarokeanur sartylebSi gamovlinda, Tumca mas
mTaTawarmoSoba ar mohyolia. Zlieri danaoWeba iyo carculi periodis dasasruls
(laramuli fazisi), romelmac aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri sartylis Crdilo nawilSi
(kanada, aSS) kldovani mTebis saxiT axalgazrda naoWa sistema warmoSva. amerikelebi
am faziss ,,laramul revoluciasac” ki uwodebeben.
carcul periodSi klimati dedamiwaze Tbili da teniani iyo. es gansakuTrebiT
gviancarcul epoqaze iTqmis, rodesac Zalian mcire iyo temperaturuli gansxvaveba
ekvatorul sartyelsa da maRal ganedebs Soris. g. louenstamis mixedviT senomanur,
santonur da maastrixtul saukeneebSi zRvis zedapirze wylis temperatura
polarul wresTan iseTive iyo, rogorc subtropikul sartyelSi, xolo imave
santonurSi siRrmeSi wylis temperatura +16-17° –s Seadgenda. sxva monacemebiT
(Фейрбридж, 1970) gviancarcul epoqaSi zRvis wylis temperatura gacilebiT ufro
maRali iyo vidre dRes _ saSualo ganedze 10°-iT meti, ekvatorze 3-5°-iT, polusebze
_8°-iT, xolo fskerze -8-10°-iT.
miuxedavad TiTqmis erTgvarovani pirobebisa, carculSi met-naklebad kargad iyo
gamoxatuli klimaturi sartylebi (ekvatoruli, tropikuli, subtropikuli, zomieri).
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis mezozouri istoria
es istoria, rogorc wina SemTvevebSi, faunisa da floris evoluciuri ganviTarebiT
unda daviwyoT. zogadad unda iTqvas, rom paleozour erasTan SedarebiT,
mezozourSi gacilebiT maRal ganviTarebas miaRwies rogorc uxerxemlo da
xerxemlianma cxovelebma, ise mcenareebma (gansakuTrebiT umaRlesma mcenareebma).
uxerxemlo cxovelebidan pirvel rigSi unda davasaxeloT Tavfexianebis klasSi
Semavali amonoideebi anu amonitebi. rogorc viciT, amonitebi devonur periodSi
147
gaCndnen, Tumca ganviTarebis maRal dones mezozourSi, gansakuTrebiT iurul da
carcul periodebSi miaRwies. carculis bolos ki (ufro zustad, carc-paleogenis
sazRvarze; 65 mln.wlis win) isini mTlianad gadaSendnen. amonitebis msgavsad
mezozour zRvebSi ,,batonobdnen” belemnitebi (amonitebis monaTesave organizmebi).
mezozourSi did ganviTarebas miaRwies eqvsqimianma marjnebma (heqsakoralebma),
romelTa pirveli warmomadgenlebi triasulis dasawyisSi gaCndnen (maT
memkvidreobiT Caanacvles paleozouris miwuruls gadaSenebuli oTxqimiani marjnebi
_tetrakoralebi). heqsakoralebi mezozourSi (gansakuTrebiT iurul da carcul
periodebSi) rifis mSeneblebadac gvevlinebodnen. mezozoris wamyvan jgufTa Soris,
amonitebisa da belemnitebis gverdiT unda davasaxeloT orsagduliani moluskebis
cnobili warmomadgenlebi _inoceramebi. iurul-carculSi evoluciis maRal dones
gviCveneben eqinoideebi (gansakuTrebiT e.w. arawesieri eqinoideebi). mTeli mezozouri
eris ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda uxerxemlo cxovelTa yvela zemoT ardasaxelebuli
tipis warmomadgenlebi (foraminiferebi (protozoebidan), rudistebi (moluskebidan),
xavscxovelebi, mxarfexianebi da sxv.).
xerxemliani cxovelebidan mezozouris wamyvani jgufi qvewarmavlebi (reptiliebi)
iyo. maTgan pirvel rigSi dinozavrebi unda davasaxeloT. maT gverdiT unda
movixsenioT zRvaSi mcxovrebi ixtiozavrebi da pleziozavrebi, caSi ,,monavarde”
pterozavrebi (e.w. mfrinavi xvlikebi). mezozourSive (iurulis dasasruls) Cndeba
pirveli frinveli arqeopteriqsis saxiT. mezozourSi kargad grZnobdnen Tavs
xerxemlianTa sxva klasebis (uyboni, Tevzebi, amfibiebi, ZuZumwovrebi)
warmomadgenlebi, gansakuTrebiT _ Tevzebi.
mcenareebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben SiSvelTeslianebi
(gingkoebi, wiwvovanebi, benetitisnairni, sagovanebi). rogorc viciT,
SiSvelTeslianebi umaRles mcenareebs miekuTvneba. maTgan gansxvavebiT umdablesi
mcenareebidan mezozour zRvebSi gvxvdebodnen nanoplanqtonis (juja planqtonis)
warmomadgenlebi _ kokoliToforidebi.
amdenad, mezozouri drois zRvebSi batonobdnen amonitebi (uxerxemlo
cxovelebidan) da kokoliToforidebi (umdablesi mcenareebidan), xolo xmeleTze _
qvewarmavlebi (xerxemliani cxovelebidan) da SiSvelTeslianebi (umaRlesi
mcenareebidan).
orogenezisis TvalsazrisiT mezozouri maincdamainc aqtiur erad ar iTvleba.
Tumca am eris triasul da iurul periodebSi ganviTarda kimeriuli orogenezisi,
romlis uZvelesma orofazisma (Zvelkimeriuli, igive indosiniuri) ganapiroba mTaTa
warmoSoba samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi, xolo uaxlesma (axalkimeriuli anu
nevaduri) _ Crdilo amerikis kordilierebis zolSi). carculSi iwyebs ganviTarebas
yvelaze axalgazrda _alpuri orogenezisi.
erTob sainteresoa paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika mezozouri eris
ganmavlobaSi. gavixsenoT, rom paleozouris dasasruls dedamiwaze arsebobda
erTiani kontinenti _pangea 3. es kontinenti meridionalurad gadaWimuli iyo
Crdilo polusidan samxreT polusamde. imavdroulad is erTgvarad ,,Sezneqili” iyo
dasavleTi mimarTulebiT okeane teTisis aRmosavleT nawilSi, rac niSnavs imas, rom
dasavleTi teTisi (yofili ardenebisa da bretan-bohemis zolebi) praqtikulad aRar
arsebobda. darCa mxolod aRmosavleT teTisi, romelic aRmosavleTi mimarTulebiT
TandaTan farTovdeboda da maqsimums aRwevda wynar okeanesTan uSualo kontaqtis
zolSi.
mTeli triasuli da adreiuruli drois ganmavlobaSi pangea 3-is iersaxe ar
Secvlila. marTalia, am xnis ganmavlobaSi siRrmuli rRvevebis ganviTarebis bevri
SemTxveva iyo gamovlenili, magram am rRvevebs dedamiwis qerqi (Tu gnebavT
148
liTosfero) ar dauyvia calkeul nawilebad, ramac ganapiroba kidec dedamiwis
erTianoba.
mniSvnelovani cvlilebebia Sua da gansakuTrebiT, gvianiurul periodSi. jer
,,gaixsna” axlandeli atlanturi okeanis centraluri nawili, riTac formireba
daiwyo atlantis okeanem. cota mogvianebiT (gvian iuruli) mas ,,mibaZa” indoeTis
okeanemac. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gvianiuruli droisaTvis dedamiwaze iyo oTxi
kontinenti: lavrazia, samxreT amerika da afrika (erTad), antarqtida-avstralia
(erTad) da indostani. okeaneebidan: Crdilo atlantis (mxolod centralur
nawilSi), indoeTis (samxreT amerika+afrikis, antarqtida + avstraliis da
indostanis kontinentebs Soris), teTisis, romelic praqtikulad ganedurad iyo
gadaWimuli wynari okeanis dasavleTi kididan aRmosavleT kidemde da lavrazias
yofda ekvatoris samxreTiT mdebare kontinentebisagan (samxreT amerika+afrikis
kontinenti, indostani, antarqtida+avstraliis kontinenti?).
carculis miwuruls (ufro zustad carcul-paleogenis sazRvarze) samxreT
amirikisa da afrikis kontinentebi sabolood gancalkevdnen maT Soris atlantis
okeanis ganTavsebis gamo. atlantis okeane Crdilo mimarTulebiTac wavida da
nawilobriv (samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken) gakveTa lavrazia. msgavsad atlantis
okeanisa sul ufro farTovdebodnen indoeTisa da teTisis okeaneebi. carc-
paleogenis sazrvarze dedamiwaze iyo xuTi kontinenti: lavrazia, afrika, samxreT
amerika, indostani da antarqtida+avstralia. yvela kontinents gars kvlav wynari
okeane uvlida.
klimati
klimati triasul, iurul da carcul periodebs Soris sakmaod gansxvavebuli iyo.
triasulSi cxeli klimati dominirebda. imavdroulad mcire iyo temperaturis
sxvaoba ekvatorsa da polusebs Soris. gamoiyofoda ariduli (mSrali) da humiduri
(teniani) zonebi. eqstraaridul zonebSi udabnoebis formireba mimdinareobda
(udabnos pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikis, evropis, Crdilo afrikis, arabeTis,
centraluri aziis, samxreT amerikisa da avstraliis teritoriebze.
iurul periodSi triasulisagan gansxvavebuli _ Tbili da teniani klimati iyo,
ramac zRvebSi karbonatuli naleqdagroveba gaaaqtiura; zRvebisa da xmeleTis
gardamaval zonebSi ki aqtiurad mimdinareobda naxSiriani wyebebis formireba.
iuruli periodi klimaturi zonalobis Catarebis saSualebas iZleva. gamoiyofoda
ekvatoruli, tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartyelebi.
carcul periodSi, msgavsad iurulisa, Tbili da teniani klimati iyo. es
gansakuTrebiT gviancarcul epoqas exeba. mcire iyo temperaturuli sxvaoba
ekvatorulsa da maRal ganedebs Soris (magaliTad senomanur, santonur da
maastrixtul saukuneebSi zRvis zedapirze polaruli sartylis temperatura
subtropikulis identuri iyo.
msgavsad iuruli periodisa, carculSic gamoiyofoda: ekvatoruli, tropikuli,
subtropikuli da zomieri sartylebi.
triasulSi dedamiwis umetes nawilSi qerqis azeveba anu xmeleTwarmoqmna
mimdinareobda, maSin roca iurulsa da carculSi, piriqiT, daZirva sWarbobda
azevebas. swored am mizezis gamo, triasul periods geokratuls uwodeben, xolo
iurul da carcul periodebs _Talasokratuls (berZ. thalassa-zRva).
22.2.4. mezozouris wiaRiseuli.
mezozouris wiaRiseuli sakmaod mravalferovania.
navTobis sabadoebi mTels mezozourSia ,,gafantuli”. triasulia alJiris, kanadis,
ruseTis, avstraliis, alaskis sabadoebi, iuruli _saudis arabeTi, ruseTi,
149
TurqmeneTi da norvegia; carculi _ ruseTi, libia, kuveiti,nigeria, gaboni, kanada,
aSS.
gazi _ iuruli _ruseTi; carculi _libia, kuveiTi, nigeria, gaboni, kanada, ruseTi.
qvanaxSiri _triasuli _ ruseTi, CineTi, avstralia; iuruli _saqarTvelo, CineTi,
avstralia, ruseTi; carculi _aSS, ruseTi.
fosforitebi _carculi _maroko, siria, ruseTi.
boqsitebi _iuruli _ruseTi; carculi _safrangeTi, espaneTi, saberZneTi, TurqeTi,
ukraina, ruseTi, irani
rkina _ triasuli _ ruseTi; iuruli _safrangeTi, inglisi, germania, ruseTi,
poloneTi; carculi _ ruseTi.
spilenZi _triasuli _avstralia, ruseTi; iuruli _somxeTi.
tyvia-TuTia _triasuli _ avstralia; iuruli _indonezia, aSS, ruseTi; caculi
_aSS, ruseTi.
oqro _ triasuli _avstralia; iuruli _ruseTi, indonezia, aSS; carculi _aSS,
ruseTi.
vercxli _triasuli _avstralia; iuruli _ruseTi, indonezia, aSS;
almasi _carculi _samxreTi afrika, indoeTi.
urani _triasuli _aSS.
volframi _iuruli_ruseTi, indonezia, aSS; carculi _CineTi, korea.
kala _triasuli _avstralia; iuruli _ruseTi, indonezia, aSS; carculi _aSS,
malaizia, ruseTi, tailandi, indonezia, CineTi, korea.
nikeli da kobalti _triasuli _ruseTi.
22.3. kainozouri era
kainozouri era (axali sicocxlis xana) daiwyo 65 mln. wlis win da grZeldeba
dResac. is sami periodisagan Sedgeba: paleogeni, neogeni da anTropogeni
(meoTxeuli).
22.3.1. paleogenuri periodi
paleogenuri periodi yvelaze adreulia kainozour eraSi, amave dros yvelaze
xangrZlivi – is grZeldeboda 40 mln. wlis ganmavlobaSi. daiwyo 65 mln. wlis win
da dasrulda 25 mln wlis win. paleogeni moicavs sam epoqas: paleocens (65-55 mln
w.), eocensa (55-35 mln w) da oligocens (35-25 mln w.).
cocxali buneba. paleogeniT iwyeba axali era dedamiwaze. paleogenis sazRvarze,
65 milioni wlis win organul samyaroSi moxda e.w. ,,didi mezozouri gadaSeneba”,
romlis Sedegadac Caesvena mze mezozouri civilizaciisa da dasabami mieca
sicocxlis evoluciis kainozour etaps. yvelaferi es naTlad Cans mcenareTa da
cxovelTa samefoebis ganviTarebaSi. mcenareebidan mezozour eraSi dominanti
SiSvelTeslianebis nacvlad xmeleTs euflebian farulTeslianebi (SiSvelTesliani
mcenareebidan mravalferovneba mxolod wiwvovanebs SemorCaT). didi cvlilebebi
xdeba cxovelTa samefoSic. am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxurebs
is garemoeba, rom carc-paleogenis (igive mezozour-kainozouris) sazRvari ver
gadakveTes mezozouri faunis rogorc uxerxemloTa, ise xerxemlianTa iseTma
maRalganviTarebulma jgufebma, rogorebic iyvnen: amonitebi, belemnitebi,
inoceramebi, rudistebi, ixtiozavrebi, pleziozavrebi, mozazavrebi, dinozavrebi,
pterozavrebi (e.w. ,,mfrinavi xvlikebi”) da kidev sxva. paleogenSi maTi Canacvleba
moxda bevri sxva jgufiT, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia orsagduliani da
mucelfexiani moluskebi (uxerxemloebidan) da ZuZumwovrebi (xerxemlianebidan).
mucelfexinma moluskebma (gastropodebma) araTu wyliani garemo (zRvebi da
okeaneebi, lagunebi, mdinareebi, tbebi da Waobebi)daipyres, aramed sakuTriv
150
xmeleTzec ki daides bina. paleogenSi evoluciis iseT maRal dones miaRwies
rogorc planqtonurma, ise benTosurma foraminiferebma uxerxemlo cxovelebidan,
rom mecnierebma am periods ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT yvelaze warmatebuli
jgufis _ numulitebis epoqa uwodes.
mcenareTa sxva jgufebidan ganviTarebis temps inarCunebdnen erTujrediani
mikroskopuli oqrosferi wyalmcenareebi _kokoliToforidebi, romelTac zRviuri
akvatoriebi ekavaT. xmeleTis floridan ganviTarebas ganagrZobdnen
farulTeslianebi _ tropikulsa da subtropikul tyeebSi wamyvani adgili ekavaT:
palmas, fikuss, magnolias, gigantur sekvoias, kvipaross, SedarebiT zomier klimats
warmoaCendnen: muxa, wifeli, wabli, alvis xe, aryi da sxva.
uxerxemlo cxovelebidan zemoT dasaxelebuli jgufebis garda (orsagduliani da
mucelfexiani moluskebi, foraminiferebi) ganviTarebas ganagrZobdnen Rrublebi,
eqvsqimiani marjnebi, xavscxovelebi, fexsaxsrianebi (ostrakodebi, kiboebi, krevetebi).
braqiopodebi, arawesieri eqinoideebi. yvela am jgufs zRviuri akvatoria ekava
(fexsaxsrianebs _nawilobriv).
xerxemliani cxovelebidan paleogenur zRvebSi gansakuTrebiT kargad grZnobdnen
Tavs Zvliani Tevzebi, naklebad komfortulad _ xrtiliani Tevzebi (magaliTad,
zvigenismagvarni). zRvebSi gamoCndnen veSapebis uZvelesi warmomadgenlebi _
delfinebi, sirenebi.
paleogenur periodSi Zireuli cvlilebebi moxda xmeleTis faunaSi. mTeli
mezozouri eris ganmavlobaSi xmeleTis baton-patroni qvewarmavlebidan mxolod
niangebi, xvlikebi, gvelebi da ku Tu SemorCa. maT gverdiT amfibiebidan iyvnen
giganturi salamandrebi, bayayebi, gombeSoebi. caSi batonobdnen frinvelebi.
sakmaod mravalferovani iyo ZuZumwovarTa fauna _ mRrRnelebi, mtaceblebi,
kentCliqianebi, wyvilCliqianebi, kurdRlismagvarni, mweriWamiebi. oligocenis
epoqaSi gamoCnda im drois yvelaze didtaniani ZuZumwovari, indrikoTeriumi _
uZvelesi martorqebis warmomadgeneli (romelic simaRleSi 5 metrs aRwevda).
oligocenSive gaCndnen Rorebi, aqlemebi, irmebi.
paleogenis dasawyisidan gvxvdebian primatebis yvelaze primitiuli
warmomadgenlebi _ lemurebi, romlebic naxevradmaimunebad iwodebian. namdvili
maimunebi ki anTropoidebis saxiT eocenis miwuruls gaCndnen. amave droisaa pirveli
xorTumianebi (mastodonti, dinoTeriumi) da CanTosnebi. am ukanasknelTagan cnobilia
rogorc mcenareebiT mkvebavi, ise mtacebeli formebi.
paleogenis danawileba
sistema seqcia sarTuli
dasavleT evropa
oligoceni
E
oligoceni
E3
zeda aqvitaniuri
qveda rupeluri
eoceni
E2
zeda priabonuli
Sua luteciuri
qveda ipruli
paleoceni
E1
zeda Taneturi
Sua zelandiuri
(monsuri)
qveda daniuri
151
faciesebi. paleogenuri periodi, msgavsad carculisa, SedarebiT mSvid periodad
moiazreba. amitom sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom erTi-ori orofazisis fonze am
periodSi zogadad daZirviTi tendenciebia moWarbebuli. daZirviTi tendeciebis
dominireba kargad aisaxa naleqdagrovebaSic, ramdenadac saxezea didi siWarbe
zRviuri naleqebisa, romelSic vxvdebiT rogorc epikontinentur-zRviur, ise Rrma
zRvis anu orogenul (igive moZravi sartylis) faciesebs. zogadad ki unda iTqvas,
rom paleogenuri periodi xasiaTdeba ori tipis faciesiT _ platformuliT da
orogenuliT.
platformuli tipis faciesi gavrcelebuli iyo im dros arsebul yvela
kontinentze (Crdilo amerika, evrazia, samxreT amerika, afrika, indostani,
antarqtika, avstralia). am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa evraziis
kontinenti, kerZod am kontinentis evropuli nawili (paleogenuri sistema xom
swored evropaSi iqna gamoyofili).
rogorc wina TavebSi iyo aRniSnuli, hercinuli orogenezisis Sedegad
warmoSobil evraziis kontinentis dasavleT nawilSi (anu evropis kontinentur
platformaze) triasulis miwurulidan an iurulis dasawyisidan ramdenime
platformuli depresia ganviTarda. es depresiebi, rogorc viciT, cnobilia parizis
auzis, londonis auzis, aqvitaniis auzis, ronis auzis, germanuli auzis da sxvaTa
saxelwodebiT. es auzebi iuruli, carculi da paleogenuri periodebis
ganmavlobaSi ekava epikontinentur, araRrma zRvas, sadac platformuli tipis
faciesTa formireba mimdinareobda (am TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa
parizis auzi).
orogenuli tipis faciesebis formireba im dros arsebul moZrav sartylebSi
xdeboda. am mxriv saukeTeso magaliTad SeiZleba mcire kavkasionis naoWa sistemaSi
Semavali aWara-TrialeTis zonis amgebi paleogenuri naleqebi gamodges.
orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika.paleogenur
periodSi yvela Tanamedrove kontinenti TiTqmis gancalkevebuli iyo. mxolod
Crdilo amerika da evrazia ar iyvnen gaTiSuli bolomde, e.i. srulad ar iyo
Camoyalibebuli atlantis okeane. aseve jer kidev erTmaneTTan iyvnen kavSirSi
samxreT amerika da antarqtida da ramdenadme avstralia da antarqtida. saxeze iyo
oTxive Tanamedrove okeane. ,,CrdiloeTsa” da ,,samxreTs”, rogorc wina periodSi,
erTmaneTisgan yofda okeane teTisi, romlis farglebSic moTavsebuli iyo
xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli. meore moZravi sartyeli (wynarokeanuri) gars
uvlida wynarokeanispira kontinentebs – evraziisa da avstraliis aRmosavleT
sanapiroebs (sartylis dasavluri zoli) da Crdilo da samxreTi amerikis dasavleT
sanapiroebs (sartylis aRmosavluri zoli).
faqtobrivad yvela kontinentis udidesi nawili xmeleTs warmoadgenda. Tumca
zogan, umetes SemTxvevaSi kontinentebis periferiul nawilebSi, zRviuri garemo iyo.
azevebuli iyo, magaliTad, evrazia. saintereso suraTia evraziis kontinentis im
nawilSi, romelic aRmosavleT evropis kratonis platformul nawils ukavia.
zRviuri naleqebi aq mxolod samxreTSia gavrcelebuli, xmelTaSuazRviuri
sartylis
siaxloveSi. Tanac rac ufro samxreTiT, teTisisaken miviwevT, paleocenur-
eocenur naleqebSi faciesebi terigenulidan karbonatulisaken icvleba. qanebSi
mravladaa Tbili wylis moyvaruli foraminiferebi da moluskebi. aSkarad igrZnoba
teTisis gavlenaa im varaudiT, rom paleocen-eocenSi zRviuri transgresia
samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken vrceldeboda.
am zolSi paleocen-eocenuri transgresia oligocenurma regresiam Secvala.
Crdilo amerikis kontinentzec mTeli paleogenis ganmavlobaSi kontinenturi
pirobebi iyo. mxolod samxreTSi (florida, meqsikis ube) iyo zRviuri garemo Tbili
152
wylis moyvaruli moluskebiTa da foraminiferebiT. kldovani mTebis mTiswina
rofebSi mZlavri kontinenturi molasebis formireba xdeboda.
yofili gondvanisis kontinentebzec mTeli paleogeni umetesad kontinenturia.
xmelTaSuazRviuri moZravi sartyeli paleocen-eocenis ganmavlobaSi warmoadgenda
erTgvarad gancalkevebuli zRviuri auzebis sistemas, romlebic erTmaneTisagan
mTaTaSua masivebiT iyo gaTiSuli. mZlavrma eocenurma transgresiam es auzebi kidev
ufro gaaRrmava, sadac umetesad orogenuli tipis naleqdagroveba midioda.
pireneuli orofazisis Semdeg, romelic eocenisa da oligocenis sazRvarze
ganviTarda, teTisis dasavleT nawilSi zRvis ori zoli SemorCa mxolod _
xmelTaSuazRviuri (dasavleT nawilSi) da parateTisi (aRmosavleT nawilSi).
parateTisma ganviTareba daiwyo alpebis, karpatebis, dinaridebis da sxva
axalgazrda naoWa mTebis mTiswina da mTaTaSua depresiebSi. is alpebidan
aRmosavleTiT gaidevneboda da moicavda panonur, valaxur da kaspiur auzebs.
paleogenSi grZeldeboda jer kidev carcul periodSi dawyebuli yvelaze
axalgazrda orogenezisi (dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis istoriaSi cnobil
orogenezisTa Soris) _ alpuri orogenezisi. alpuri orogenezisi mimdinareobda ara
marto xmelTaSuazRviur da wynarokeanur (rogorc dasavlur, ise aRmosavlur)
moZrav sartylebSi, aramed paleogenis miwuruls ukve peneplenizirebul
(mosworebul), ,,gaplatformebul” centralur aziaSic. rogorc Cans, indostanis
evraziasTan SejaxebiT gamowveuli danaoWeba ara marto moZrav sartylebs Seexo da
Sedegad himalaebis naoWa struqtura mogvca, aramed is ufro Sors, stabilur
ubanzec gavrcelda da ,,meoradi warmoSobis” TaRur _blokuri struqturebic Seqmna
(hindukuSi, tibeti da sxv.).
klimati. paleocen-eocenSi Tbili klimati iyo. gamoiyofoda ekvatoruli,
tropikuli da subtropikuli sartylebi. gansakuTrebiT Tbili iyo eocenuri epoqa,
ramac tropikul_subtropikuli sartyelis polusebisaken migracia gamoiwvia. aseve
polusebisaken gadaiwies siTbos moyvarulma iseTma organizmebma, rogorebic iyvnen
marjnebi da numulitebi. amave mimarTulebiT moxda agreTve karbonatuli
naleqdagrovebis ,,migraciac”.
oligocenSi, piriqiT, globaluri acivebaa, albaT xmeleTis azevebiT gamowveuli.
aciveba imdenad Sors wavida, rom antarqtidaze gamyinvarebac ki daiwyo.
22.3.2. neogenuri periodi
neogenuri periodi daiwyo 25 mln w. win da dasrulda 1.75 mln w. win. is
moTavsebulia paleogenur da anTropogenul (meoTxeul) periodebs Soris. aqve unda
SevniSnoT, rom dRemde ar arsebobs neogenis erTiani stratigrafiuli danawilebis
(sarTulebad danawilebis) sqema. marto evropaSi amgvari sami sqema ,,muSaobs”. es
savsebiT gasagebi gaxdeba Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im garemoebas, rom mTeli neogeni
alpuri orogenezisis damagvirgvinebel etaps warmoadgens. aman ki ganapiroba
neogenSi naleqdagrovebis erTiani auzebis ar arseboba. neogenur periodSi patar-
patara, erTmaneTisagan praqtikulad ganmxoloebuli auzebi iyo, romlebSic
mcxovrebi faunda (da florac) erTmaneTisagan imdenad gansxvavdeboda, rom
SeuZlebelia maTi meSveobiT calkeul auzTa naleqebis erTmaneTTan SeTanadeba
(paralelizacia).
neogeni or seqciad iyofa: mioceni (N1) da plioceni (N2). miocenSi sami qveseqcia
gamoiyofa – qveda, Sua da zeda, xolo pliocenSi ori – qveda da zeda.
zemoT xsenebuli neogenis sarTulebad danawilebis sami evropuli sqemidan
(xmelTaSuazRviuri, dasavleT parateTisisa da aRmosavleT parateTisis) gTavazobT
aRmosavleT parateTisis sqemas, romelic zustad esadageba CvenTvis ukve cnobil
ponto-kaspiur auzs (anu aRmosavleT parateTiss).
153
neogenis danawileba
sistema seqcia sarTuli
neogeni
N
plioceni N2
zeda aRCagiluri (kuialnikuri)
qveda kimeriuli
mioceni N1
zeda ponturi meoturi
Sua
sarmatuli konkuri karaganuli Cokrakuli
qveda
Tarxnuli kowaxuris sayaraulos kavkasiuri
moyvanili sqemidan kargad Cans, rom qveda miocens miekuTvneba: kavkasiuri,
sayaraulos, kowaxuris da Tarxnuli sarTulebi, Sua mioceni aerTianebs Cokrakul,
karaganul, konkur da sarmatul sarTulebs, xolo zeda mioceni meotur da pontur
sarTulebs. plioceni orad iyofa – qveda da zeda pliocenad. qveda pliocenSi
erTi, kimeriuli sarTuli gvaqvs. aseve erTi sarTulia zeda pliocenSic –
aRCagiluri (kuialnikuri).
cocxali buneba. neogenuri periodis ganmavlobaSi TandaTanobiT xdeba faunisa da
floris ,,gaTanamedroveba”. am periodis wamyvan faunas zRvaSi mcxovrebi
uxerxemloebidan orsagduliani da mucelfexiani moluskebi warmoadgendnen, Tumca
maT msgavsad ayvavebas ganicdidnen protozoebi da ostrakodebi. Sesabamisad,
maRalia yvela xsenebuli jgufis biostratigrafiuli mniSvneloba. maT gverdiT
unda movixsenioT xavscxovelebi, marjnebi, braqiopodebi, Rrublebi, kaneklianebi,
Tevzebi da zRvebSi mcxovrebi ZuZumwovrebi.
erTujredianebidan, marTalia, gadaSendnen numulitebi da sxva mniSvnelovani
jgufebi, magram evoluciis TvalsazrisiT wina planze wamoiwies planqtonurma
foraminiferebma. bivalviebidan da gastropodebidan normulmarilian zRvebSi
,,batonobdnen”: NNucula, Cardita, Venus, Turritella, Cerithium, Conus, xolo iseT daxSul
auzebSi, rogoric parateTisi iyo, mravlad iyo ganmarilianebuli auzisTvis
damaxasiaTebeli _ Mactra, Congeria, Ervilia, Mytilus, Dreissena, Didacna. didi adgili ekavaT
gamtknarebuli auzebisa da xmeleTisaTvis damaxasiaTebel formebs: Unio, Planorbis,
Helix, Viviparus. neogenis miwurulisaTvis moluskuri fauna praqtikulad ar
gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrovesagan. aseTive suraTi gvaqvs radiolariebis, Rrublebis,
kaneklianebis, xavscxovelebis, mxarfexianebis SemTxvevaSic.
sayuradReboa, rom neogenSi daiwyo rifis mSenebeli marjnebis ( da siTbos
moyvaruli sxva organizmebis) arealis Seviwroveba, Sedegad ki rifebis ganviTarebis
sazRvrebma TandaTanobiT ekvatorisaken gadmoinacvles.
zRvaSi mcxovrebi xerxemliani cxovelebidan Zvliani Tevzebi batonobdnen; maT
TiTqmis yvela tipis (normulmariliani, ganmarilianebuli, mtknari) auzi ekavaT.
neogenis dasawyisSi gaCndnen fexfarflianebi, selapebi, lomveSapebi. neogenuri
periodis zRvebi mdidari iyo erTujrediani wyalmcenareebiT _ diatomeebiTa da
kokoliToforidebiT.
xmeleTze batonobdnen ZuZumwovrebi, romlebmac sacxovreblad uRrani tyeebi,
tyestepebi da naxevradudabnoebi aiTvises. neogenSi Cndebian Tanamedrove ojaxebi da
154
gvarebi mtaceblebis, CliqosanTa da xorTumianTa. magaliTad, miocenSi gaCndnen
daTvebi, afTrebi, kvernebi, ZaRlebi, maCvebi, martorqebi, xarebi, cxvrebi, xolo
pliocenSi _ TriTinebi (sindiofala), samuravebi, spiloebi, hipopotamebi, irmebi,
hiparionebi (samTiTa cxenebi) da namdvili cxenebi(Equus).
primatebi gamovidnen tyidan da daiwyes gaSlili midamoebis aTviseba. miocenisa
da pliocenis sazRvarze gaCndnen hominidebi, romelTa Soris uZvelesad
avstralopiTekia miCneuli. hominidebis namarxi fauna aRwerilia aRmosavleT da
samxreT afrikis zedapliocenur naleqebSi. yvela isini avstralopiTekis
saxesxvaobebia (avstralopiTeki, parantropi, zinjantropi). maTi ConCxis nawilebi
gacilebiT ufro axlosaa adamianis ConCxTan, vidre nebismieri Tanamedrove
adamianismsgavsi maimunisa.
SedarebiT naklebad SesamCnevia sxvaoba paleogenur da neogenur xmeleTis
floras Soris, Tumca neogenur floraSi SeimCneva Tanamedroves msgavsi
asociaciebi. acivebis gamo siTbos moyvarulma formebma (palma, dafna) ekvatorisaken
gadmoiwies. zomier ganedebSi maRal ganviTarebas aRweven: alvis xe, aryis xe, tirifi,
nekerCxali, kakali (kaklis xe), naZvi, fiWvi, soWi da sxv.
orogenezisi (mTaTawarmoSoba) da paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika. neogenuri
periodi namdvili geokratuli xanaa dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTrebis istoriaSi.
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi dedamiwaze danaoWeba da
mTaTa warmoSoba mimdinreobda. es aris alpuri orogenezisi – yvelaze axalgazrda
cnobil orogenezisTa Soris, romelic (rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT) carculSi daiwyo
da mTeli kainozouris ganmvlobaSi grZeldeboda. misma Semadgenelma fazisebma,
gansakuTrebiT pireneulma (eocenisa da oligocenis sazRvarze), savurma
(oligocenis da miocenis sazRvarze), Stiriulma (Sua da zeda miocenis sazRvarze),
atikurma (miocenis da pliocenis sazRvarze), kavkasiurma (aRCagilur-meoTxeuli)
didi roli iTamaSes ara marto moZravi sartylebis ganviTarebaSi, aramed e.w.
epiplatformuli orogenezisis warmarTvaSic. Sedegad ki naoWa zewruli da TaRur-
belturi mTaTa sistemebi miviReT.
xmelTaSuazRviur sartylidan alpidebs miekuTvneba: pireneebi, andaluziis mTebi,
atlasis mTebi, alpebi, apeninebi, karpatebi, dinaridebi, elinidebi, mTiani yirimi,
pontidebi, Tavridebi, kavkasioni, mcire kavkasioni, elbursi, zagrosi, kopetdaRi,
yarayorumi, himalaebi.
dasavleT wynarokeanur sartyelSi alpuri orogenezisis Sedegad warmoiSva
koriakiis mTianeTi, kamCatka, saxalini, kurilis, iaponiis, filipinebis kunZulebi,
aRmosavleTi indonezia, axali zelandia da sxv.
aRmosavleTi wynarokeanuri sartylidan aRsaniSnavia samxreTi alaska,
kaliforniis sanapiro qedi, Crdilo amerikis kordilierebi, centraluri amerikis
mTebi, didi da mcire antiliis kunZulebi, andebi.
ganmeorebiTi orogenezisis (,,epiplatformuli orogenezisi”) Sedegad Camoyalibda
TaRur-belturi mTaTa sistemebi: tibeti, tianSani, altai, saianebi, pamiri, hindikuSi,
kunluni da sxv.
danaoWebam da sayovelTao azevebam kratonebsa da axalgazrda platformebze
kontinenturi reJimi ganapiroba. naleqdagroveba ZiriTadad tbebSi, Waobebsa da
mdinareTa xeobebSi mimdinareobda. mxolod platformaTa periferiebze Tu oyo
Txeli zRvis an lagunuri pirobebi.
aseTi suraTi iyo kerZod, aRmosavleTi evropisa da cimbiris platformebze.
aRmosavleT evropis platformis didi nawili xmeleTs warmoadgenda. marCxi, Txeli
zRvis pirobebi iyo mxolod platformis ukidures samxreT kideze SavizRvispira da
kaspiispira zolebSi, sadac ileqeboda mcire simZlavris terigenul-karbonatuli
wyebebi, SigadaSig kontinenturi wyebebis SuaSreebiT.
155
mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi kontinenturi pirobebi iyo Crdilo amerikaSi,
samxreT amerikaSi, afrikaSi, indostansa da avstraliaSi. saintereso suraTia
antarqtidaSi, sadac TandaTan Zlierdeba da vrceldeba gamyinvareba, jer mTis
myinvarebis, xolo miocenis miwurulidan mTeli pliocenis CaTvliT – zewruli
gamyinvarebis saxiT. pliocenis miwuruls yinulis safarma sagrZnoblad imata.
pliocenSive gaCnda Selfuri myinvarebic.
Zlieri mTaTawarmoSobiTi procesebi midis xmelTaSuazRviur sartyelSi.
danaoWebasa da azevebas Tan sdevs mTiswina da mTaTaSua rofebis gaCena, sadac jer
zRviuri, Semdeg ki kontinenturi molasebi ileqeba. saintereso naleqdagrovebaa
parateTisSi, kerZod, mis aRmosavleT nawilSi, e.w. ponto-kaspiur auzSi, romelsac
sxvagvarad aRmosavleT parateTissac uwodeben. am auzSi, romelic mio-pliocenSi
drodadro oradac ki iyo xolme gayofili (Savi zRvisa da kaspiis auzebad), mioceni
zRviuri, xolo plioceni zRviuri da kontinenturi naleqebis morigeobiT aris
warmodgenili. zogadad es molasuri wyebebia. molasuri wyebebi Zalian kargadaa
ganviTarebuli amierkavkasiis mTaTaSueTSi.
aRmosavleT wynarokeanur zolSi moZravi sartylis pirobebia Crdilo amerikis
kontinentis ukidures dasavleT nawilSi – wynarokeanispira zolSi, sadac
pliocenSi danaoWeba da mTaTa warmoSoba xdeba samxreT alaskidan kaliforniamde.
am sartylis samxreTamerikul nawilSi mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda
andebis mTaTa sistemis formireba.
Zlieri mTaTawarmoSobaa agreTve dasavleT wynarokeanuri sartylis ukidures
aRmosavleT zolSi.
danaoWeba da mTaTa warmoSoba, rogorc cnobilia, liTosferuli filebis
Sejaxebis Sedegia. alpidebis formirebis SemTxvevaSi xmelTaSuazRviuri naoWa
sartylisa da ,,epiplatformuli” mTaTa sistemis warmoqmna moxda, erTi mxriv,
evraziis filisa, xolo, meore mxriv, afrika-arabeTis da indostanis filebis
koliziiT, dasavleT wynarokeanuri sartylisa – wynari okeanisa da evrazia-
avstraliis filebis, xolo aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri sartylisa –wynari okeanisa
da orive amerikis filebis SejaxebiT.
mTeli neogenis ganmavlobaSi kontinentebze riftogenezi mimdinareobda. am
TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa afrikis kontinenti, sadac intensiurad
yalibdeba aRmosavleT afrikis riftuli sistema (6500 km sigrZis). am riftogenezis
wyalobiT arabeTi mowyda afrikas, grabenuli depresiebis didi nawili ki daikava
wiTelma zRvam, mkvdarma zRvam, aRmosavleT afrikis tbebma (viqtoria, tanganika,
niasa da sxv.), adenisa da suecis ubeebma.
klimati. oligocenSi dawyebuli aciveba neogenSi kidev ufro gaZlierda.
Sesabamisad Seviwroeba da ekvatorisken gadmonacvleba daiwyo tropikulma
sartyelma. aseve dabali ganedebisaken gavrceldnen sicivis moyvaruli mcenareebi. es
gansakuTrebiT pliocenis bolos SeimCneoda, roca taigis sazRvarma kaspiis Crdilo
sanapiromde miaRwia. acivebis gamo antarqtidaSi gaCenil yinulovan safars Crdilo
naxevarsferoSi mTis myinvarebis gaCenac daemata. neogenur periodSi acivebis
maqsimumi pliocenis miwurulze modioda.
22.3.3. meoTxeuli (anTropogenuli) periodi.
dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis damagvirgvinebeli meoTxeuli, anu
anTropogenuli periodi daiwyo daaxloebiT 1 milion 750 aTasi wlis win da
grZeldeba dResac. dedamiwis qerqis amgeb qanebSi adre gamoyofdnen pirveleuls,
meoreuls, mesameulsa da meoTxeuls. am saxelTagan dReisaTvis mxolod ukanaskneli
SemorCa. meoTxeuls anTropogenulsac uwodeben, rac adamianis warmoSobis periods
gulisxmobs. rogorc vxedavT, es aris yvelaze xanmokle periodi yvela sxva periods
156
Soris. am niSnis garda es periodi mravali sxva niSniTc gamoirCeva, romelTagn
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia Zlieri gamyinvareba faqtobrivad mTeli periodis
ganmavlobaSi da kidev ufro metad _ adamianis damkvidreba dedamiwaze.
meoTxeulis qveda asakobrivi sazRvri dRemde diskusiis sagns warmoadgens.
yvelaze ufro miRebuli TvalsazrisiT es sazRvari 1 750 000 wels Seesabameba.
meoTxeuls orad anawileben _ qvedas ewodeba pleistoceni (1.750 mln w _ 10000w.),
xolo zedas_ holoceni (10000w.- dRemde).
meoTxeulis am da ufro detaluri danawilebis safuZvlad aRebulia ara
biostratigrafiuli (paleontologiuri) meTodi, romelsac anTropogenulis
stratigrafiaSi naklebi mniSvneloba aqvs, aramed, pirvel rigSi,
klimatostratigrafiuli meTodi, romelic damyarebulia gamyinvarebaTa da
gamyinvarebaTSorisi (anu glacialur da interglacialuri) naleqebis Seswavlaze.
sxva meTodebidan aseve didi mniSvneloba eniWeba: morfologiur (zRviuri da
mdinareuli terasebis Seswavlis) da palinologiur (sporebisa da mtvrianebis
Seswavlis) meTodebs; aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvT arqeologiur (Sromis iaraRebis
Seswavlis) da radiologiur (radioaqtiuri 14C–is) meTodebs.
sicocxle meoTxeulSi. meoTxeulis organuli samyaro TiTqmis Tanamedrovea, rac
sruliadac ar aris gasakviri. zRvebSi binadrobdnen foraminiferebi, moluskebi
(gansakuTrebiT orsagdulianebi da gastropodebi), ostrakodebi, wyalmcenareebi
(diatomeebi) da sxv. xmeleTze wamyvani ZuZumwovrebia. Tanac gamoirCevian sicivis an,
piriqiT, siTbos moyvaruli formebi. pirvelTagan SeiZleba davasaxeloT
CrdiloeTis iremi, xarverZi, lemingi, mamonti, bewviani martorqa da sxv., xolo
meoreTagan _ spiloebi, irmebi, martorqebi, bizonebi, cxenebi, aqlemebi, xmalkbila
vefxvi, gamoqvabulis lomi, hipopotamebi da sxv.
da mainc, meoTxeulis cocxali bunebis mSvenebas adamiani warmoadgens. marTalia
pirveli hominidi, avstralopiTeki gacilebiT adre, daaxloebiT 5.5 milioni wlis
win gaCnda da TviT pirveli adamianis Homo habilis –is warmoSobac meoTxeulze
gacilebiT adre moxda. magram miuxedavad amisa, meoTxeuli is periodia, roca
adamianma ganvlo srulyofili evoluciis rTuli gza HHomo sapiens–ad anu Semoqmed
adamianad formirebamde.
meoTxeuli periodisaTvis erTob damaxasiaTebelia Zlieri gamyinvareba. am
gamyinvarebas mravlgzisi xasiaTi hqonda, swored amitom gamoiyofa gamyinvarebaTa da
gamyinvarebaTSorisi periodebi Sesatyvisi cocxali bunebiTa da naleqdagrovebis
xasiaTiT. Tu evropaSi meoTxeulis oTx gamyinvarebas gamoyofen, Crdilo amerikaSi
4-dan 6-mdea.
Crdilo naxevarsferos zewruli gamyinvarebis centrebi baltiisa da kanadis
farebze iyo. yinulis safari evropaSi Crdilo ganedis 50°-mde, xolo amerikaSi
Crdilo ganedis 40° –mdec Camodioda. zewruli gamyinvarebis gverdiT Zlieri mTis
myinvarebic iyo (magaliTad, alpebSi).
gamyinvareba iyo samxreT amerikis, afrikisa da avstraliis mTian mxareebSi(andebi,
atlasis mTebi da sxv.), rom aRaraferi vTqvaT antarqtidaze, sadac zewruli
gamyinvareba mZlavrobda. mTis myinvarebi iyo ekvatoruli sartylis maRal mTebSic.
zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare gasagebi xdeba, Tu ratom ukaviaT myinvarul naleqebs
meoTxeul wyebebSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgili. Tumca maT gverdiT unda davasaxeloT
agreTve zRviuri naleqebi (zRviur terasebze ganviTarebuli) da kontinenturi
wyebebi (aluviuri, tbiuri, Waobis, eoluri).
meoTxeulSi SesamCnevi iyo dedamiwis qerqis vertikaluri moZraoba, alag aRmavali
(himalaebi, andebi, kordilierebi da sxv.), alag ki daRmavali (Savi zRva, kaspiis
zRvis samxreTi nawili), egeosis zRva, meqsikis ube da a.S.) moZraobiT.
157
holocenis dasawyisSi (10000 wlis win) materikebis konfiguracia Tanamedrove
saxes iRebs. imavdroulad mTavrdeba bolo gamyinvareba da iwyeba aTbobis periodi
(sur. ).
dasasrul, mokled gavecnoT dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis kainozour
istorias.
kainozouri era uaRresad mniSvnelovania sicocxlis evoluciis, orogenezisis
(mTaTa warmoSobis) Tu paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamikis TvalsazrisiT.
cocxali bunebidan did yuradRebas kvlav cxovelebi da mcenareebi imsaxureben,
xsenebul eraSi maTi maRali evoluciis gamo.
uxerxemlo cxovelebidan pirvel rigSi orsagduliani (bivalviebi) da
mucelfexiani (gastropodebi) moluskebi unda davasaxeloT, romlebmac daipyres
zRva da xmeleTi. zRvaSi mcxovrebi organizmebidan aseve did yuradRebas
imsaxureben (upirvelesad paleogenuri periodisaTvis) erTujrediani cxovelebis
cnobili warmomadgenlebi _numulitidebi. komfortulad grZnobdnen kainozour
zRvebSi Tavs _ eqvsqimiani marjnebi (heqsakoralebi), xavscxovelebi, Rrublebi,
braqiopodebi, eqinoideebi, ostrakodebi da sxv.
zRvaSi mcxovrebi xerxemlianebidan gansakuTrebul yuradRebas Tevzebi
imsaxureben, romelTac mxars umSvenebdnen ZuZumwovarTa warmomadgenlebi (veSapebi,
delfinebi, sirenebi, lomveSapebi).
mcenareebidan wamyvan rols erTujrediani wyalmcenareebi _ kokoliToforidebi
TamaSobdnen.
xmeleTze batonobdnen ZuZumwovrebi da farulTesliani mcenareebi.
uxerxemlo cxovelebidan, xmeleTis wylian auzebSi gvxvdebodnen orsagdulianebi,
gastropodebi (mucelfexianebi) da sxv.
xerxemliani cxovelebidan, rogorc ukve iTqva, dominirebdnen ZuZumwovrebi:
mtaceblebi, xorTumianebi, Cliqosnebi, mRrRnelebi, mweriWamiebi da sxva.
paleogenur periodSi cxovrobdnen giganturi zomis mqone ZuZumwovrebi _
indrikoTeriumebi. amave periodis dasawyisSi gaCndnen pirveli primatebi _ lemurebi
(romelTac naxevradmaimunebad moixsenieben). cota ufro gvian, eocenuri epoqis
dasasruls, maT miematnen namdvili maimunebi. miocenisa da pliocenis sazRvarze
Cmdebian hominidebi.
mezozourTan SedarebiT kainozour eraSi Zalian gaRaribebulad gamoiyurebian
amfibiebi da reptiliebi (qvewarmavlebi). amfibiebidan ZiriTadad vxvdebiT mxolod
salamandrebs, gombeSoebsa da bayayebs, xolo qvewarmavlebidan _xvlikebs, gvelebs,
niangebsa da kuebs.
Zalian farTod iyvnen gavrcelebuli farulTesliani mcenareebi, romelTac
umTavresad ekvatoruli, tropikuli, subtropikuli da zomieri sartylebi ekavaT.
ekvatorul, tropikul da subtropikul sartylebSi ,,binadrobdnen” palmebi,
fikusebi, magnoliebi da sxva, xolo zomierSi _ muxa, wifeli, wabli, alvis xe da
mravali sxva. SiSvelTeslianebi ZiriTadad warmodgenili iyo wiwvovani mcenareebiT
(naZvi, fiWvi, kedari da sxva).
kainozour eraSi gvxvdeba agreTve umaRlesi mcenareebis erT-erTi jgufis,
sporovanebis warmomadgenlebic.
kainozouri eris cocxali bunebis daxasiaTebisas, Cven yuradReba ar
gagvimaxvilebia am eris damagvirgvinebeli periodis _ meoTxeulis (igive
anTropogenulis) organul samyaroze. mizezi savsebiT martivia _ meoTxeulis
organuli samyaro TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba Tanamedrovesagan. meoTxeulTan
SedarebiT dRes ukve aRar gvxvdeba: mamonti, xmalkbila vefxvi, gamoqvabulis daTvi,
gamoqvabulis lomi da zogi sxva.
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alpuri orogenezisi. rac Seexeba orogeneziss (mTaTawarmoSobas), mTeli
kainozouri eris ganmavlobaSi mimdenareobda dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis
istoriaSi cnobil orogenezisTa Soris yvelaze ufro axalgazrda _ alpuri
orogenezisi, romlis sawyisi fazisebi jer kidev carcul periodSi iyo. am
orogenezisis Sedegad Camoyalibda dasavleT da aRmosavleT wynarokeanuri, agreTve
xmelTaSuazRviuri naoWa sartylebi. xmelTaSuazRviur naoWa sartyels sxvagvarad
alpur-himalaursac uwodeben. am naoWa sartyelSi Sedis: pireneebis, alpebis,
karpatebis, balkanebis, kavkasionis, mcire kavkasionis, himalaebis da sxva naoWa
sistemebi (mTaTa sistemebi).
rogori iyo paleogeografiuli suraTis dinamika kainozouri eris ganmavlobaSi.
kainozouris pirvel naxevarSi _ paleogenur periodSi dedamiwaze iyo 6
kontinenti: lavrazia, afrika, indostani, avstralia, samxreT amerika, antarqtida.
maTgan lavrazia ganTavsebuli iyo Crdilo naxevarsferos zomier da polarul
sartylebSi. afrika daaxloebiT Tanabrad iyo gadanawilebuli Crdilo da samxreT
ekvatorul da tropikul sartylebs Soris, mciredi nawiliT samxreT zomier
sartyelSi. aSkarad ar iyo gamokveTili, magram igrZnoboda afrikis kontinentis
moZraoba samxreTidan CrdiloeTisaken mTeli paleogenuri periodis (paleocenuri,
eocenuri da oligocenuri epoqebi) ganmavlobaSi. samagierod samxreTidan
CrdiloeTisaken gadaadgileba SesaniSnavad aris gamokveTili mikrokontinent
indostanis SemTxvevaSi, romelmac samxreT tropikuli (ekvatorulisa da
subtropikulis CaTvliT) sartylidan (paleocenuri epoqa) TandaTan Crdilo
tropikulSi (eocenuri da oligocenuri epoqebi) gadainacvla da periodis
dasasruls, SeiZleba iTqvas – oligocenuris miwuruls, aziur nawilSi Seejaxa
superkontinent lavrazias. am movlenam safuZveli daudo himalaebis naoWa sistemis
(mTaTa sistemis) ganviTarebas (sur. 18.6.). indostanis Sejaxeba evraziis aziur
nawilTan imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom man daanaoWa agreTve himalaebis CrdiloeTiT
arsebuli, im droisaTvis ukve peneplenizirebuli (,,gaplatformebuli”) tibetis
zegani da misgan ,,meoradi warmoSobis” TaRur-belturi naoWa struqtura Seqmna.
aseve kargad Cans avstraliis gadaadgileba samxreT zomieridan samxreT
tropikulamde. samxreT amerika mTeli paleogenuri periodis ganmavlobaSi samxreT
tropikul da zomier sartylebSi iyo ganTavsebuli, xolo antarqtida _samxreT
polarulSi.
paleogenuri periodis okeaneebidan atlantis okeane meridionalurad iyo
gaWimuli erTi mxriv Crdilo da samxreT amerikis, xolo meore mxriv _ evraziisa da
afrikis kontinentebs Soris. CrdiloeTiT is grelandiis samxreT kides awydeboda (
e.i. bolomde ver yofda lavrazias). indoeTis okeane moicavda samxreTis tropikul,
zomier da polarul sartylebs. is moqceuli iyo afrikis, indostanis, avstraliisa
da gondvanisis kontinentebs Soris.
paleogenuri periodis ganmavlobaSi midioda atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebis
akvatoriis gafarToeba. CrdiloeTis yinulovani okeane faqtobrivad formirebis
procesSi iyo (sur).
paleogenis momdevno neogenuri periodis miocenur epoqaSi ukve sagrZnoblad
gafarTovdnen atlantisa da indoeTis okeaneebi.
atlantis okeanem ,,gadakveTa” lavrazia grelandiis aRmosavleTi kidis gaswvriv,
ris Sedegadac erTiani superkontinentidan ori kontinenti miviReT: dasavleT
nawilSi _Crdilo amerika grenlandiiTurT, xolo aRmosavleTSi _ evrazia
(indostanTan erTad). avstraliis kontinenti Tavisi udidesi nawiliT samxreT
tropikul sartyelSi ganTavsda(sur).
pliocenur epoqaSi kvlav Crdilo amerikis (grenlandiiTurT).evraziis, afrikis,
avstraliis, samxreT amerikisa da antarqtikis kontinentebi gvaqvs. maTgan Crdilo
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amerika da evrazia Crdilo naxevarsferoSia, afrika _ Crdilo da samxreT
tropikul sartylebSi, samxreTi amerika _ samxreT tropikul da zomier
sartylebSi, avstralia _ samxreT tropikul sartyelSi, xolo antarqtika _ samxreT
polarul sartyelSi.
am epoqaSi kidev ufro gaafarToves akvatoriebi atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebma
(sur).
dabolos, meoTxeul (anTropogenul) periodSi dedamiwam miiRo Tanamedrove saxe.
22.3.4. kainozouris wiaRiseuli.
kainozouri gansakuTrebiT ganTqmulia gaz-navTobis sabadoebiT, romlebic
paleogenur-neogenur naleqebTanaa kavSirSi.
navTobi _ paleogenuri _ irani, erayi, venesuela, avRaneTi, ruseTi, ukraina;
neogenuri _ irani, erayi, saudis arabeTi, quveiTi, katari, meqsika, venesuela, aSS,
ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, ukraina
gazi _ paleogenuri _ ruseTi; neogenuri _irani, erayi, saudis arabeTi, quveiTi,
katari, meqsika, venesuela, aSS, ruseTi, azerbaijani, TurqmeneTi, ukraina.
qvanaxSiri _ paleogenuri _ ruseTi, iaponia, CineTi, germania, aSS, saqarTvelo
(mura naxSiri).
fosforitebi _ paleogenuri _avstralia, gvinea, iamaika, surinami, gaiana, ruseTi,
aSS, brazilia, ukraina, yazaxeTi; neogenuri _ centraluri amerika, samxreTi amerika,
indoeTi, avstralia.
rkina _ paleogenuri _ aSS, ruseTi, yazaxeTi; neogenuri _ ruseTi, samxreTi
amerika, centraluri amerika, afrika, indoeTi, avstralia.
spilenZi _ paleogenuri _aSS, Cile, bolivia, peru; neogenuri _ centraluri
amerika;
oqro _ paleogenuri _ ruseTi; neogenuri _centraluri amerika.
urani _ paleogenuri _ aAASS.
nikeli _ neogenuri _ centraluri amerika, samxreTi amerika, afrika, avstralia.
kobalti _ neogenuri _ centraluri da samxreTi amerika, afrika, avstralia.
marganeci _oligocenuri _ saqarTvelo, ruseTi, afrika; neogenuri _ samxreTi
amerika, centraluri amerika, indoeTi, avstralia.
grafiti _ paleogenuri _ meqsika.
vercxliswyali _paleogenuri _ espaneTi, italia, iugoslavia.
TviTnabadi gogirdi _ paleogenuri _ irani, aSS, bolivia, argentina, Cile.
meoTxeulSi sxvadasxva saxis wiaRiseulia qviSrobul naleqebSi (oqro, platina,
almasi, da a.S.) da danaleq warmonaqmnebSi (rkina, fosforitebi da sxv.). aq vxvdebiT
arametalur sabadoebs (ligniti, torfi, qvamarili da sxv.). rac Seexeba miwisqveSa
wylebs, isini xom sasmeli Tu samkurnalo wylebis saukeTeso sabadoebs qmnian.
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aseTia dedamiwis geologiuri ganviTarebis oTxmiliardwliani istoria. ra
mimarTulebiT moxdeba misi Semdgomi ganviTareba? amis prognozireba garkveuli
albaTobiT aris SesaZlebeli da dRes amgvari prognozic arsebobs, ris
saSualebasac amJamad ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli liTosferuli filebis
teqtonikis koncefcia iZleva. am koncefciaze dayrdnobiT dedamiwis momavali
iersaxis saintereso suraTs gvixataven r.dici da j.holdeni (Диц, Холден, 1974) _50
milioni wlis Semdeg sul ufro gafarTovdeba atlantis da indoeTis okeaneebi,
pirvel rigSi, wynari okeanis xarjze; avstralia Sors waiwevs CrdiloeTisaken da
miuaxlovdeba evraziis did filas; afrikas ,,Camoatydeba” misi aRmosavleTi nawili
dRes ukve kargad gamoxatuli riftuli rRvevis zolSi; TviT afrikis kontinentis
CrdiloeTisaken ltolviT da misi SejaxebiT evraziis filasTan faqtobrivad
moispoba xmelTaSua zRvis depresia; zRviuri auzi moispoba agreTve karibis
akvatoriaSic, romlis fskeric xmeleTad gadaiqceva; kaliforniis naxevarkunZuli
mowydeba Crdilo amerikis kontinents da gadaadgildeba Crdilo-dasavleTi
mimarTulebiT. daaxloebiT 60 milioni wlis Semdeg san-franciskos ganedamde
,,asuli” los-anjelesi daiwyebs CaZirvas aleutis RrmulSi.. da im dros Cven ukve
viqnebiT axal, fsiqozour (Segnebis) eraSi, nacvlad dRevandeli kainozourisa.
magram viqnebiT ki? dRes xom sicocxlis evoluciis Soreuli prognozi ar
arsebobs. arada marTlac ra sainteresoa, Tu rogori iqneba sicocxle dedamiwaze
Tundac 50 milioni wlis Semdeg. Zneli dasajerebelia, magram visurvoT, rom
adamiani kidev didxans SemorCes Cvens planetaze sicocxlis ganviTarebis ulamazes
istorias.