Guntur

1

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GROUND WATER INFORMATION GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

SOUTHERN REGION HYDERABAD AUGUST, 2007

2

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA

GROUND WATER INFORMATION

GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

SOUTHERN REGION BHUJAL BHAWAN, 3-6-291, Hyderguda NH.IV, FARIDABAD-121001 Hyderabad-500029 HARYANA, INDIA Andhra Pradesh TEL: 0129-2418518 Tel: 23225485 Gram: Bhumijal Gram: Antarjal

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GROUND WATER INFORMATION, GUNTUR DISTRICT,

ANDHRA PRADESH

By C. Paul Prabhakar

Scientist-D

CONTENTS

District at a Glance

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Rainfall

3.0 Ground Water Scenario

3.1 Hydrogeology

3.2 Ground Water Resources

3.3 Ground Water Quality

3.4 Status of Ground Water Development

4.0 Ground Water Management Strategy

4.1 Ground Water Development

4.2 Water Conservation & Artificial Recharge

5.0 Recommendations

TABLES

1 Major And Medium Irrigation Schemes In Guntur District

2 The Mandal-Wise Annual Rainfall Since 1997-98 To 2004-05

3 Mandal Wise Ground Water Resource Of Guntur District 2004

4 Mandal-Wise Villages Falling Under Semi-Critical/Critical/ Over Exploited Categories In Guntur District.

5 Range Of Chemical Classification Constituents In Ground Water

6 Formation Was Details Of Different Ground Water Abstraction Structures And Their Yields In The District

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TABLES

7 The Area Irrigated Under Different Sources In The District

8 The Mandal Wise And Source Wise Details Area Irrigated

9 Spacing To Be Maintained Between Any Two Wells

10 The Mandal Wise Details Of Water Supply Status

11 Mandal Wise Drinking Water Problematic Villages

12 The Net Area Irrigated By Ground Water In The District During The Last 7 Years Are As Follows.

FIGURES

1 Location Map Of Guntur

2 Isohyte Map Of Guntur District.

3 District Average Annual Rainfall Since 1981 To 2005

4 Distribution Of Rainfall Under Different Seasons During 2005-06

5 Graphical Representation Of Normal Rainfall In Guntur District.

6 Season Wise Rainfall Received In Guntur In Pie Diagram

7 Rainfall At Pedakurapadu From 1995 To 2006

8 Annual Rainfall At Macherla From 1995 To 2006

9 Annual Rainfall At Gurazala From 1995 To 2006

10 Annual Rainfall At Piduguralla From 1995 To 2006

11 Geology Of The Guntur District.

12 Hydrogeology Of The Guntur District.

13 a-j Hydrograph Of Some Of The Network Stations.

14 Depth Water Table Map (Pre-Monsoon)

15 Depth Water Table Map (Post-Monsoon)

16 Water Table Fluctuation Map.

17 Classification Of Ground Water For Irrigation Purposes By US-Salinity Diagram.

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18. Classification Of Ground Water Of Guntur District Of Irrigation Purposes As Per Wilcox Diagram.

19 Distribution Of Chloride

20 Distribution Of Fluoride

21 Distribution Of Nitrate

22 Electrical Conductivity

23 Source Wise Area Irrigated Is Depicted In Pie Diagram In Fig.23

24 Gross Area Irrigated By All Sources Together

25 Area Irrigated By Canals Over The Years

26 Area Under Tank Irrigation

27 Area Irrigated By Tube Wells And Filter Points

28 Area Irrigated Through Dug Wells

29 Area Feasible For Construction Of Artificial Recharge Structures.

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GROUND WATER INFORMATION, GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

DISTRICT AT A GLANCE I GENERAL:

1. Location : North Latitudes 15o44’ and 16o47’

East Longitudes 79o10’ and 80o55’ 2. Geographical Area : 11,328.23 sq.km.

3. District Head Quarters : Guntur 4. Municipalities : 10

Mandals : 57 Villages : 729

Towns : 11 II Population: (2001 Census)

1. District Population : 44,65,144 2. Urban Population : 12,85,760

3. Rural Population : 31,79,384

4. Literate : 24,55,965

5. Density of Population : 394 persons/sq.km 6. Decadal Growth Rate

(1991-2001) : 8.72%

III CLIMATOLOGY:

1. Average Annual Rainfall : 889.1 mm

2. Contribution from S.W Monsoon

: 525 mm (59%)

3. Contribution from N.E. Monsoon

: 228 mm (26%)_

4. Mean Daily Maximum Temperature (Summer)

: 48.5 oC

5. Mean Daily Minimum Temperature (Winter)

: 16.8 oC

6. Relative Humidity : :

Highest 80% Lowest 30%

7. Evapotranspiration : 145mm – 350 mm 8. Wind Speed : 4.5 to 16.3 km/hr.

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IV LAND USE: (2002-03) Area

(in sqkm) Percentage to District Area

1. Total Geographical Area : 11,328.23 sqkm. -- 2. Land Under Forests : 1619.39 14.30

3. Barren & Uncultivable Land

: 344.69 3.04

4. Land put to Non-Agricultural Use

: 1499.94 13.24

5. Cultivable Waste Land : 358.56 3.17

6. Permanent Pastures & other Grazing Lands

: 242.83 2.14

7. Land Under Misc. Tree and Crops

: 405.00 3.58

8. Other Fallow Lands : 331.58 2.93 9. Net Area Sown : 5430.26 47.94 V. IRRIGATION: (2002-03)

Khariff (in ha)

Rabi (in ha)

Total (Gross) (in ha)

1. Canals : 203466 1021 2,04,487

2. Tanks : 2287 116 2,403 3. Bore Wells/Tube Wells/

filter-Point Wells : 41339 8795 50,134

4. Dug Wells and Other Sources

: 5808 1403 7,211

5. Total Area Irrigated. : 2,52,900

11,335

2,64,235

VI. AGRICULTURE: (2002-03)

Khariff (in ha)

Rabi (in ha)

Total (Gross) (in ha)

1. Paddy : 2,02,953 2,716 2,05,669 2. Total Cereals & Millets : 48,819 1,93,215 2,42,034 3. Black Gram : 3,217 1,76,210 1,79,427 4. Total Food Grains : 2,54,594 2,11,212 4,65,806 5. Chillies : 58,658 658 59,316 6. Total Oil Seeds : 9,168 5,052 14,220

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7. Tobacco : 30 2,562 2,592 8. Cotton : 98,561 68 98,629

VII GROUND WATER RESOURCES: (2003) 1. Annual Ground Water

Recharge : 3,633.88 MCM/Year

2. Net Ground Water Draft : 365.42 MCM/Year

3. Balance Ground Water Resource Available

: 3,268.47 MCM/Year

4. Stage of Ground Water Development

: 10 %

5. Additional Abstraction Structures Feasible (in numbers)

: 2,17,898

VIII CHEMICAL QUALITY OF GROUND WATER: MAY’ 2004 RANGE

Chemical Constituent Min. Max. 1. pH : 7.67 8.53 2. E.C μ at 25oC : 480 5920

3. Total Hardness : 150 1220 4. Calcium (mg/l) : 36 240

5. Magnesium (mg/l) : 12 185

6. Sodium (mg/l) : 106 783

7. Potassium (mg/l) : 1.1 935 8. Carbonate (mg/l) : 0 30

9. Bicarbonate (mg/l) : 201 860 10. Chloride (mg/l) : 43 1368

11. Sulphate (mg/l) : 9.6 480 12. Nitrates (mg/l) : 1.86 379

13. Fluoride : 0.26 2.28

***

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GROUND WATER INFORMATION GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The Guntur district has been gifted with the vast surface and ground water

resources. About 3.56 lakh ha area is irrigated by canals and it has a ground water

recourses of 3.63 lakh ham. However the failure of rainfall over successive years

since 2001 has resulted in depletion in ground water resources as well as canal water

supply for irrigation. This has greatly effected the agricultural production. The supply

of spurious seeds, insecticides and fertilizers has further contributed to the failure of

the crops. It is reported that around 60 farmer belonging to 29 mandals have

committed suicides because of great loses they have incurred in farming over the

consecutive years. It is reported that majority of the effected farmers are those who

were engaged in cash crops like chili, cotton and tobacco forming. The list of the

farmers who have committed suicide in the district is appended at Annexure-I.

The Guntur district with a geographical area of 11,328 sq. kms falling

between Latitudes 15o44’ & 16o47’ North. And Longitudes 79o10’ & 80o55’ East

(Fig.-1) and having a population of 44,65,144 (2001 census) ( 22.50 lakh males and

22.15 lakh females) is one of the Central coastal districts of Andhra Pradesh. It

comprises 57 mandals under administrative control of 3 divisions namely

Narasaraopet, Guntur and Tenali. The district has 729 villages and 1036 hamlets. The

annual normal rainfall received by the district is 889.1 mm. Southwest and northeast

monsoon contributes 59% and 26% respectively. Mainly Krishan and Gundlakamma

rivers with its important tributaries drain the district. Its important tributaries include

Gundlavagu near Durgi, the Golivagu near Rentachintala, the Dandi vagu near

Gurajala, the Naguleru near Korampudi, the Gadidela vagu near Piduguralla, the

Edduvagu near Kovuru and both the Vite Vagu and Mada vagu near Amaravati

(Vaikuntapuram).

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The district has 2 major and 1 medium irrigation projects. The Nagarjunasagar

Right Bank Canal Command (NSRCCA), Krishna Western Delta (KWD) Canal

System and Guntur Channels Scheme.

The NSRCCA has been designed of discharging capacity of 22,000 Cusec

through its two main canals with each one having a capacity of 11,000 Cusec. This

project has a vast network of irrigation system spread over 5 districts. The length of

the Right Main Canal is 201.6 km with an ayacut of 4.505 lakh ha. The length of the

Left Main Canal is 177.6 km with an ayacut of 3.869 lakh ha. The total length of the

Branch canals and Distributories is around 24,000 km. In Guntur district total

irrigation potential created is around 2,74,000 ha.

The Krishna Western Delta canal system (KWDS) covers 24 mandals. It has a

main canal length of 355.44 Km in total and 1,135 Km of branch canals. The head

discharge at Sithanagaram Head sluice is 8000 C/S. The total registered Ayacut in

Guntur district is 4,99,231 acres (2,02,038.78 ha).

The Guntur channel scheme is a Medium Irrigation Project for supply of water

for Irrigation of the high level lands adjoining Krishna delta. The requirement of

water for this project is drawn through Undavali vagu, which receives water from

Krishna River, through an out fall sluice, on the upstream of Prakasam barrage. The

head regulator is designed to pass the full discharge of 600 cusecs. The length of

Guntur channel is 47.00 km with total ayacut of 27000 acres (10927 ha). The project

wise irrigation details are given in Table-1.

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Table-1 MAJOR AND MEDIUM IRRIGATION SOURCES 2003-04

(Area in Hectares) Actual area irrigated S.

No. Major/ Medium

Name of the Project Registered Aycut Net Gross

1. Major K.W.D 202036 173788 173788

N.S.P. RIGHT CANAL 267000 172000 172000

2. Medium GUNTUR CHANNEL 10931 10540 10540

Total 3,56,328

The total area irrigated by all sources in the district is 4,30,806 ha which

works out to be 23.33% of the total area of the district. Out of this about 3,56,328 ha

(82.71%) is irrigated through canal network and 1.94% through lift irrigation. 14%

area is irrigated through Tube wells and filter points and the rest 1.35% area is

irrigated through Tanks and other sources. The major crops grown are paddy,

coconut, groundnut, sugarcane, pulses, chilies, tobacco, cotton and fruit crops like

Banana, Orange, Mango and other fruit varieties.

About 40% of the district is underlain by hard rocks. About 35% area is

occupied by alluvium and the rest 25% by soft rocks.

The geological mapping of the district was first carried out by William King

and Bruce foote of Geological Survey of India (GSI). Subsequently detailed

geological mapping was done by various officers of the Geological Survey of India

during different field seasons. However CGWB has been carrying out different

scientific studies in the district soon after its formation. Under Hydrogeological

studies CGWB has covered the entire district under systematic hydrogeological

investigations/studies by the year 1990 in addition to other surveys. After this,

reappraisal surveys are being conducted in the district regularly. Recently it has also

conducted detailed micro level studies in the coastal mandals to map out the saline

and fresh water interface.

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Under its Ground Water Exploratory program CGWB has drilled several

exploratory bore wells in the deltaic, coastal and other alluvial areas with a depth

ranging between 200 to 600 m. Right now under its regular program CGWB is

carrying out Ground Water exploration in hard rock areas of the district.

CGWB also monitors ground water regime through battery of wells

located throughout the district 4 times every year to ascertain the changes occurring in

the ground water regime due to failure of rainfall, development of ground water,

water logging areas and over exploitation etc. Each year water samples are collected

from these wells for chemical analysis to ascertain the changes in ground water

chemical quality. There are right now 39 National Hydrograph Network Stations in

the district.

In addition to the above CGWB has conducted Water Supply

Investigations, Geophysical surveys, Remote Sensing Studies, Ground Water

Pollution studies and Urban Hydrogeology etc. in the district.

2.0 RAINFALL

The district has one Indian Meteorological Observatory (IMD) at

Rentachintala, and there are over 40 rain gauge stations in the district. The mandal-

wise annual rainfall since 1997-98 to 2004-05 is given in Table-2 and the distribution

of normal rainfall over the district depicted in Fig.2. Isohyets showing the normal

annual rainfall as well as the rainfall for the year 2004-‘05 is depicted in Fig. 3. The

normal rainfall received in the district is 815 mm. The rainfall gradually increases

from western part to the eastern part of the district and towards the seacoast in the

order of 650 mm to 950 mm. Major portion of the rainfall in the district is received

during the south west monsoon between June and September, which contributes about

69% (562 mm) of the annual rainfall and 30% (244 mm) is received during the

northeast monsoon (October to December) and summer period. The distribution of

normal rainfall over the district during South-West and North-East monsoon are given

in Fig-4. The graphical representation of the district average annual rainfall since

1981 to 2005 is given in Fig-5 and the season wise distribution of normal rainfall is

depicted in pie diagram at Fig. 6. The rainfall plotting of few of the raingauge stations

at Pedakurapadu, Macherla, Gurazala, Piduguralla Fig.7, 8, 9 & 10 respectively

indicates that there has been progressively deficit rainfall over the years since year

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2000 onwards. The declining trend ie deficit in the rainfall received in the district

over successive years has caused near drought conditions in the areas which does not

fall in canal commands.

The failure of monsoon rainfall over successive years since 2001 onwards has

led to failure of crops in the areas where farmers are dependent on the rains as well as

in the tail end of the command system. Successive crops failure due to deficit rainfall,

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Table 2.

MANDAL-WISE ANNUAL RAINFALL AND ITS DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL GUNTUR DISTRICT

(Rainfall in mm) Departure from Normal

S.NO MANDAL Normal 2000-01 2001-02 2002-

03 2003-04 2004-05

2000-01 2001-022002-03 2003-04 2004-

05 CUMMULATIVE

DEPARTURE REMARKS

1 Macherla 647 602 539 378 671 618 -7% -17% -42% 4% -4% -66% Scanty

2 Rentachintala 681 762 775 382 769 671 12% 14% -44% 13% -1% -7% Normal

3 Gurzala 719 761 775 682 722 637 6% 8% -5% 0% -11% -3% Normal

4 Dachepalli 761 612 768 342 660 779 -20% 1% -55% -13% 2% -85% Scanty

5 Machavaram 776 855 998 395 831 826 10% 29% -49% 7% 6% 3% Normal

6 Bellamkonda 803 686 944 580 968 542 -15% 18% -28% 21% -33% -37% Deficit

7 Atchampet 818 776 790 592 1161 852 -5% -3% -28% 42% 4% 10% Normal

8 Krosuru 808 759 790 592 1156 902 -6% -2% -27% 43% 12% 20% Excess

9 Amravathi 849 1004 708 462 888 596 18% -17% -46% 5% -30% -69% Scanty

10 Thullur 881 949 1181 455 897 718 8% 34% -48% 2% -19% -23% Deficit

11 Tadepalli 957 984 1090 491 1101 953 3% 14% -49% 15% 0% -17% Normal

12 Mangalagiri 936 1448 1632 758 1103 932 55% 74% -19% 18% 0% 127% Surplus

13 Tadikonda 863 1004 964 418 1102 829 16% 12% -52% 28% -4% 0% Normal

14 Pedakurapadu 817 876 725 556 976 820 7% -11% -32% 19% 0% -16% Normal

15 Sattenapalli 808 808 802 526 882 829 0% -1% -35% 9% 3% -24% Deficit

16 Rajupalem 786 798 853 614 1127 591 2% 9% -22% 43% -25% 7% Normal

17 Piduguralla 759 780 917 571 983 608 3% 21% -25% 30% -20% 8% Normal

18 Karempudi 722 708 677 561 918 588 -2% -6% -22% 27% -19% -22% Deficit

19 Durgi 666 610 871 423 959 578 -8% 31% -36% 44% -13% 17% Normal

20 Veldurthy 635 736 891 514 660 565 16% 40% -19% 4% -11% 30% Excess

21 Bollapli 683 848 878 651 1026 645 24% 29% -5% 50% -6% 93% Surplus

22 Nakarikallu 780 795 678 443 1300 573 2% -13% -43% 67% -27% -14% Normal

23 Muppala 788 804 793 527 953 660 2% 1% -33% 21% -16% -26% Deficit

24 Phirangipuram 818 960 897 478 1221 784 17% 10% -42% 49% -4% 31% Excess

25 Medikondur 823 1043 905 490 1061 689 27% 10% -40% 29% -16% 9% Normal

26 Guntur 890 981 986 499 1190 1012 10% 11% -44% 34% 14% 24% Excess

27 Pedakakani 897 1136 940 474 1269 929 27% 5% -47% 41% 4% 29% Excess

28 duggirala 979 918 1105 490 1026 942 -6% 13% -50% 5% -4% -42% Deficit

29 Kollipara 933 834 842 449 923 692 -11% -10% -52% -1% -26% -99% Scanty

30 Kolluru 1005 1409 1168 819 1954 1223 40% 16% -19% 94% 22% 154% Surplus

31 Vemuru 980 1069 1225 538 1202 1009 9% 25% -45% 23% 3% 15% Normal

32 Tenali 968 1054 1017 508 1176 902 9% 5% -48% 21% -7% -19% Normal

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33 T Sundur 958 1047 1017 508 1041 772 9% 6% -47% 9% -19% -42% Deficit

34 Chebrolu 952 920 967 443 934 623 -3% 2% -53% -2% -35% -92% Scanty

35 Vatticherukuru 903 859 936 399 1045 758 -5% 4% -56% 16% -16% -57% Deficit

36 Prathipadu 861 706 822 415 916 732 -18% -5% -52% 6% -15% -83% Scanty

37 Edlapadu 899 814 594 350 766 622 -9% -34% -61% -15% -31% -150% Scanty

38 Nadendla 898 874 662 356 830 783 -3% -26% -60% -8% -13% -110% Scanty

39 Narsaraopet 761 775 875 620 682 772 2% 15% -19% -10% 1% -11% Normal

40 Rompicherla 732 712 813 545 761 656 -3% 11% -26% 4% -10% -24% Deficit

41 Ipur 706 864 919 666 739 676 22% 30% -6% 5% -4% 47% Excess

42 Savalayapuram 725 724 707 234 663 714 0% -2% -68% -9% -2% -80% Scanty

43 Vinukonda 720 912 642 778 1243 1054 27% -11% 8% 73% 46% 143% Surplus

44 Nuzendla 705 824 496 340 678 471 17% -30% -52% -4% -33% -102% Scanty

45 Chilkaluripet 806 889 779 499 742 551 10% -3% -38% -8% -32% -71% Scanty

46 Pedanandipadu 897 1008 1005 388 856 502 12% 12% -57% -5% -44% -81% Scanty

47 Kukumanu 762 828 805 299 1312 585 9% 6% -61% 72% -23% 2% Normal

48 Pnnuru 911 1016 1061 508 1062 585 12% 16% -44% 17% -36% -35% Deficit

49 Amarthaluru 1037 1166 1014 414 882 727 12% -2% -60% -15% -30% -95% Scanty

50 Cherukupalli 943 970 835 467 776 565 3% -11% -50% -18% -40% -117% Scanty

51 Bhattiprolu 910 1351 1007 640 1204 857 48% 11% -30% 32% -6% 56% Excess

52 Repalle 992 1197 904 642 1019 813 21% -9% -35% 3% -18% -39% Deficit

53 Nagaram 911 1293 904 642 1065 678 42% -1% -30% 17% -26% 3% Normal

54 Nizampatnam 925 1306 1022 701 1155 708 41% 10% -24% 25% -23% 29% Excess

55 P.V.Palem 758 1312 1156 694 1105 676 73% 53% -8% 46% -11% 152% Surplus

56 Karlapalem 797 1314 1156 694 1050 727 65% 45% -13% 32% -9% 120% Surplus

57 Bapatla 880 1210 1025 641 999 565 38% 16% -27% 14% -36% 5% Normal

MEAN 835 934 899 518 989 731 12% 8% -38% 18% -12% -12% Normal

Source: Department of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh

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Fig 2.

10

Fig 3.

11

Fig 4.

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spurious seeds, fertilizers and pesticides has led farmers to go in irrecoverable

debts forcing them to take extreme steps like suicide. In the district so far 60 suicidal

deaths of the farmers have been reported. The mandal wise list of the farmers is given

at Annexure-I. Figure-5

Figure-6

AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF THE DISTRICT FROM 1995 TO 2006

0.0200.0400.0600.0800.0

1000.01200.0

Normal

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-2k

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

YEARS

RA

INFA

LL in

mm

Series1

TREND LINE

DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL UNDER DIFFERENT SEASONS DURING 2005-06

69%

20%

1%

10%

SOUTH WESTMONSOONNORTH EASTMONSOONWINTERSEASONHOT SEASON

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Figure-7

Figure-8

RAINFALL AT PEDAKURAPADU FROM 1995 TO 2006

0.0200.0400.0600.0800.0

1000.01200.01400.0

Normal

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-2k

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

YEARS

RA

INFA

LL IN

mm

PEDAKURAPADU TREND LINE

ANNUAL RAINFALL AT MACHERLA FROM 1995 TO 2006

0.0

200.0

400.0

600.0

800.0

1000.0

Normal 1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2k

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

YEARS

RA

INFA

LL in

mm

MACHERLA Linear (MACHERLA )

14

Figure-9

Figure-10

3.0 GROUND WATER SCENARIO

3.1 Hydrogeology:

The Guntur district is underlain by various rock types of different age groups

ranging from Archaean to Recent. The Archaean basement complex comprising

the granite-gneisses, Schists, Khondalites, Charnockites and basic dykes of

dolerites form the predominant rock types. It occupies around 1/3rd part of the

district mainly in the central part of the district. These are the predominant water

bearing formations in the district. These formations lack primary porosity. They

developed secondary porosity through fracturing and subsequent weathering over

ANNUAL RAINFALL AT GURAZALA FROM 1995 TO 2006

0.0200.0400.0600.0800.0

1000.01200.01400.01600.0

Normal

1995

-96

1996

-97

1997

-98

1998

-99

1999

-2k

2000

-01

2001

-02

2002

-03

2003

-04

2004

-05

YEARS

RA

INFA

LL in

mm

GURAZALA TREND LINE

ANNUAL RAINFALL AT PIDUGURALLA FROM 1995 TO 2006

0.0200.0400.0600.0800.0

1000.01200.0

Normal

1995-96

1996-97

1997-98

1998-99

1999-2k

2000-01

2001-02

2002-03

2003-04

2004-05

YEARS

RA

INFA

LL in

mm

PIDUGURALLA Linear (PIDUGURALLA )

15

ages and become water bearing, although very much limited. The movement of

ground water is controlled by the degree of interconnections of the secondary

pores and voids. The depth of weathered mantle ranges from about 8 to 15m bgl

and below this zone fractured rocks are known to occur down to 40.0 m bgl. The

depth to water level ranges from less than a meter to 12 m bgl. Dug wells

generally yield 10 to 80 or even up to 200 m3/day, depending on the location of

the well. Bore wells drilled in these formations are 30 to 40m deep and generally

yield 1.5 to 5 lps and sometimes even more depending upon the fractured zone

encountered in the bore well. The dug wells sustain four to six hours of pumping

and capable of irrigating about 0.8 to 3.0 hectares. A perennial spring, with a

discharge of about 200 lpm is located along a fault, near Bugga Melleswara

temple of Papayapalem in the Bellamkonda Mandal, and it is reported that this

spring is being used to irrigate 10 hectares.

The fringe of the Archaeans in the central part of the district is represented by

the northeastern part of the Cuddapah basin, namely Nallamalai group of Upper

Cuddapahs. In a sequential order, the younger Kurnools occurring in the

Cuddapahs and those in the western parts of the district are thrust over by the

Cuddapahs and these in turn by the Archaean granite-gneisses. The Upper

Gondwana group of sandstones and shales out crop are seen at places between

Guntur and Tenali. The youngest rock types of the district appear to be of Mio-

Pliocene age followed by the Alluvial deposits of Recent to Sub-Recent age. In

the Cuddapah and Karnool group of rock slaty phyllites, quartzites and lime

stones the ground water occurs in the joints, bedding planes and the weathered

portions. However, the quartzite do not form good aquifers in the area because of

their compactness and occurrence at high relief. The ground water is developed in

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slaty phyllites by dug, dug-cum bore wells and few bore wells. The general

depth of wells varies from 3 to 25 m bgl, with moderate to very poor yields

ranging between 10 to 70 m3/day. The depth to water levels range from 0.4 to over

7.0 m bgl, but in phyllites and slates it varies from 4 to 15 m bgl. The general

yield of wells ranges from 20 to 80 m3/day, with exceptions in the highly fractured

locations.

The rocks of Upper Gondwanas occur as isolated out crops in the eastern part

of the district, viz., around Mutkuru, Sangam, Jagarlamudi and Kolkalur areas.

The Gondwana formations are of fluviatile or lacustrine origin and also contain

intercalated marine sediments, suggesting the marine transgression. The upper

Gondwanas in the district are divided into three divisions, viz., the basal

Budavada sandstones, which are buff coloured and of marine origin; the middle

thin bedded, buff coloured and fossiliferous (plant) Vemavaram shales and the

upper brown to red coloured and un-fossiliferous Pavaluru sandstones. The

ground water occurs under water table and confined conditions. The shales over-

lying the sandstone act as the confining medium. The ground water is tapped by

means of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells. The depth to water

ranges from 2.20 to 10.60 m bgl and the depth of dug wells varies between 5.50

and 18.50 m bgl. The tube wells in the area range in depth from 40.0 to 75.0 m

bgl, with yield ranges from 28 to 1300 lpm for drawdowns of 8.0 to 15.0m. The

quality of ground water in these formations at places is found to be brackish other

wise in general it is good for potable purposes.

The alluvial formations which are of recent to sub-recent in age were formed

from the weathering of the older rocks and also as fluvial/Marine alluvial

materials and residual soils. The fluvial alluvial deposits in the district are mainly

restricted to the Krishna river and its stream courses. Extensive tracts of alluvium

can be observed in the east and southeastern parts of the district and comprises of

intercalation of clay, silt, sand, gravel, pebbles and Kankar of variable thicknesses.

The thickness of alluvium varies from a few metres to over 100m. These are of

deltaic origin and marked at places by shallow to about 30m thick sandy to

gravelliferous palaeo/buried channels. The beach sands are combined to the areas

along the sea coast with the occurrence of beach ridges and back swamps.

Laterite, lateritic shingle and gravel occur in many parts of the district as

17

superficial deposits. The thickness of the alluvium along the stream courses vary

from 2 to over 10.0m bgl. Ground water is being developed in the flood plain

areas of Krishna river course mostly through filter-point wells and shallow bore

wells with yields ranging from 3 to over 15 lps as observed around Rayapudi and

Borepalem areas of Amaravati and Thullur mandals. The depth to water level in

the alluvium of fluviatile origin ranges from almost ground level to 5m bgl. The

wells located in the river terraces and alluvial ridges register deep water level

conditions of 7.0 to over 12.0 m bgl with poor to moderate discharges. The

extensive deltaic alluvium occurring along the eastern and southeastern parts of

the district comprises alluvium of over 100 m in thickness but due to their sandy

clay nature are poorly permeable and the ground water movement is rather

sluggish. As a result the ground water is highly mineralized and at places it is

found to be brackish. The ground water utilization for irrigation in these areas is

observed to be negligible due to poor quality. The palaeo-channels, buried

channels and flood plains occurring in this region, especially, in the mandals of

Dugirala, Tenali, Ponnur and Repalle, are found to be potential aquifers with good

quality water. The palaeo/buried channels at places are thin to about 30m thick

and consist of sandy, gravelliferous formations and yield fresh water. The extent

of these formations vary from a few meters to as much as 2.5 km in width and

hundreds of meters to several kilometers in length. Filter-point wells and shallow

tube wells are the common ground water abstraction structures in these areas.

Ground water is brackish to saline at shallow depths especially in the areas

bordering the coast. Only the beach ridges at shallow depths yield fresh water. In

the deltaic and coastal alluvial areas, the depth to water level ranges from less than

1m to 5 m bgl. The depth of open wells ranges from 2m to 12 m bgl and the depth

of shallow tube wells and filter point wells range from 10m to 27m, with yields of

25 to over 75 cu.m/hr. Hydrogeomorphology and Hydrogeology of the district are

depicted in Fig. 11. & 12. respectively.

3.1.1 Ground Water Regime Studies:

In order to monitor the ground water regime in space and time, the Central

Ground Water Board (CGWB) has been conducting Ground Water Regime Studies

by the establishing and monitoring National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS)

18

Fig. 11

19

Fig 12.

20

in the entire district. The Board so far had established 39 such hydrograph stations in

various hydrogeological environments of the district which are being monitored four

times in a year ie. in the months of January, May, August and November. These

studies throw light on the pace of ground water development vis-a-vis recharge in

different areas and the variation in the quality of ground water with time. The

comparative study of the historical water levels highlight the areas extent of water

logging, ground water behaviour and stage of development, over exploitation if any

and fluctuations of water levels and quality changes with time and in space, effects of

surface water on ground water, rainfall (Pre-and post-monsoon) recharge, chemical

and other anthropogenic activities on the ground water regime. While analyzing the

ground water regime in the district the data of 220 observation wells monitored by

Andhra Pradesh State Ground water Department is also utilized. The State

department collects water levels every month and water samples twice in a year to

monitor the quality variations. The study of hydrographs of National Hydrograph

Network Stations indicate the changes in the ground water scenario of each station

from time to time. The data of all the observation wells when correlated with rainfall

as well as with the release and stoppage periods of canal water, there appears to be a

clear relationship. There is a perceptible rise in the water levels from June/July

onwards till December every year. Then the water levels fall from December

onwards till May. Just after the onset of monsoon (say June) to March of the

following year there is due to release of canal water in different irrigation commands

in the district and between middle of March to May/June, the canal water is stopped.

This is reflected in the hydrographs with a steep rise and decline. The fall in the

levels of hydrographs of the district may be attributed to the cessation of canal waters,

apart from the lessening effects of rainfall. Based on the hydrograph data,

hydrographs have been generated for the period since 1978 onwards and the same are

given in Fig.13 a, b, c, d, e, f, g, & h. On perusal of the hydrographs it is observed

that even though the annual rainfall received by the district for the last 4 years have

been below normal it is observed that out of the 39 hydrographs 9 show raising trends

during pre monsoon as well as during post monsoon periods. This may be attributed

to the application of canal water in the area where these wells are located however the

wells located near Guntur such as Prattipadu, Chebrolu, Sekuru and Guntur itself

indicate that the ground water is no longer being extensively used. On analysis of the

chemical data of water samples of these wells it is inferred that the ground water

21

Figure.13.a

22

Figure.13.b

23

Figure.13.c

24

Figure.13.d

25

Figure.13.e

26

Figure.13.f

27

Figure.13.g

28

Figure.13.h

29

around these wells have become saline due to saline water ingress. The hydrographs

of the wells at Repalle, Ponnuru, Chikaluripet, Medikondur show long term horizontal

trends of the permonsoon as well as for post monsoon periods this may be attributed

to the availability for surface water through canal and streams in the area and the less

dependency on ground water resources due its slightly saline in nature with Ec

reaching to 1200 micro- seimens/cm. The hydrographs of the wells located at

Rentachintala, Macheri, Sirigiripadu, Nekarikallu, Mangalagiri, Ipur, Vadlamudi,

Pondugula show falling trends both for pre-monsoon as well as for post monsoon

periods. This is because of the failure of rainfall over a period of time, more

dependency on ground water in this area due to non availability of the surface water in

the vicinity. Over all the picture of ground water indicates that the district average

shows a ground water raising trends.

3.1.2 Depth to Water And Its Behaviour In The District:

Taking the large extent of canal command areas as well as the resulting ground

water build up in the district, the depth to water level zones were demarcated in

the following order. The depth to water level distribution maps prepared for

November,’03 (Post monsoon) and May, 03 (Pre-monsoon) were shown in Fig. 14

& 15 and in the prevailing conditions in the district. On perusal of the two maps

indicates logging conditions during pre-monsoon period in a small area located in

the south-central part of the district i.e. in the area located just north of Bapatla.

But during Post-monsoon period, water logging conditions were observed in areas

around Atchempet, Nekarikallu, Pallapatla, Varagami, Chebrolu and Coastal

areas. About 75% of the area in the district especially in the central and coastal

areas show water logged (less than 2.0m bgl) to near water logged conditions

(DTW 2.0 to 5.0 m bgl) during post-monsoon period. But most of these areas are

occupied by areas prone to water logging (i.e. DTW 2 m to 5.0m bgl) during pre-

monsoon time accompanied by the stoppage of canal water. The upland areas,

pediment areas especially occupied by the quartzites, phyllites and slates and

alluvial ridges, areas along the Krishna river, registered deep water levels of over

10 m bgl. An appraisal of the depth to water level maps reveals that water levels

are shallow towards the branch canals and distributaries of NSRCCA,

30

Fig 14

31

Fig 15.

32

KWD canal system and Guntur channel scheme and in certain parts, water

logged areas seem to be encroaching the areas prone to water logging and so

on. Temporary water logging conditions are also seen to prevail at certain

sections because of high rainfall, sudden release of canal water etc.

3.1.3 Ground Water Elevation And Flow Conditions In The District:

A study of the water table map of the Guntur district (Fig. 12) indicates that

elevation of water table in the district varies from less than a meter above mean

sea level (a msl) along the coast to 200m a msl in the central parts to above 200m

a msl towards the western and upland areas (around Veldurti) of the district. The

hilly areas in the district record high relief of more than 500m a msl. The water

table contours upto 20m a msl are widely spaced and occur along the eastern

alluvial areas as well as the central parts of the district, viz; around Narsaraopet,

Muppalla, lpur and achepalli. The water table contours become more compressed

towards Phirangipuram, Edlapadu, Nadendla and Durgi. Mounds of high

elevation of over 200m a msl were noticed in parts of Veldurthi. The water table

contours run more or less parallel courses and slope along the river and stream

courses, such as Krishna, Gundlakamma and Edduvagu. The hydraulic gradient

varies from less than 0.5m/km towards coast, to 2.5 m/km in the central parts, and

about 20m/km in the western parts (around Veldurthi).

3.1.4 Water Level Fluctuation:

Based on the water level data of National Hydrograph Network Stations, a water

table fluctuation map has been prepared (Fig. 16). On perusal of the map it is

inferred that barring few areas around Mangalgiri and Rentachintala, the entire

district shows a general annual fall of 0 to 3.0m during the pre-monsoon, 2003

which can be attributed to the stoppage of canal water in addition to the pre-

monsoon ground water withdrawal. This process is entirely reversed with the on

set of monsoon and supply of canal water, as revealed by the rise in water table

33

Fig. 16

34

upto 2.0m. The rise and fall is recurring and within 0 to 2.0 meter in the areas near to

the Nagarjunasagar Right Canal and its branch canals, contrary to the sharp and

extreme rise and fall observed in the tail end areas of Nagarjunasagar Right Canal

Command Area.

3.1.5 Study of Long Term Water Level Trends In The District:

To assess the long-term trends of water levels in the district, the National

Hydrograph Network Stations data for 20 years (1984-2003) period were analyzed

and the results show a declining trend from 0 to 1.0m during post-monsoon period

and the rising trend from 0 to 2.0 m during pre-monsoon period in the larger parts

of the canal command areas of the district. The trend are just opposite for the tail

end areas during these periods.

3.2 Ground Water Resources:

The ground water potential in the Guntur district, as on March, 2004 is

estimated as per the GEC-1997 and the Report has been published by State

Ground water board in consultation with Central Ground Water Board. The

mandal wise ground water resources of Guntur district are given in Table-3.

3.2.1 Ground Water Recharge:

The sources of recharge to the ground water body in the district are rainfall,

seepage from canals, return seepage from surface water irrigation, seepage from

tanks/lakes/ponds and negligible portion through influent seepage. The trend of

rainfall departure curve indicates the consistent nature of recharge in recent years.

Analysis of National Hydrograph Network Stations and the observation wells of

Andhra Pradesh State Groundwater Department data and hydrographs indicate the

rainfall infiltration factor of 0.12. Applying the rainfall infiltration factor, specific

yield and seepage factors to the area suitable for ground water recharge in the

district, the annual utilizable ground water recharge in the district is estimated to

be 3633.88 MCM/year.

Leaving the flood plain and palaeo-channel areas, the ground water utilization in

the large parts of the district is very limited because of the intensive canal.

36

Table 3.

MANDAL WISE GROUNDWATER RESOURCE 2004 GUNTUR DISTRICT, ANDHRA PRADESH

Ground water availability ha.m

Ground water utilisation ha.m

Groundwater balance ha.m

stage of development % Category

S.No Mandal

C NC T C NC T C NC T C NC T C NC Total

1 2 3 4 5 = (3-4) 6 = [(4/3)*100] 7

1 Amaravathi 5113 0 5113 751 0 751 4362 0 4362 15 NA 15 Safe NA Safe

2 Amarthalur 5686 0 5686 506 0 506 5179 0 5179 9 NA 9 Safe NA Safe

3 Atchampet 5313 131 5445 674 50 724 4639 81 4721 13 38 13 Safe Safe Safe

4 Bapatla 9429 0 9429 1089 0 1089 8340 0 8340 12 NA 12 Safe NA Safe

5 Bellamkonda 3856 450 4306 208 87 295 3648 363 4011 5 19 7 Safe Safe Safe

6 Bhattiprolu 4954 0 4954 1304 0 1304 3650 0 3650 26 NA 26 Safe NA Safe

7 Bollapalli 1336 2423 3759 80 3070 3150 1256 -648 609 6 127 84 Safe OE SC

8 Chebrolu 6686 0 6686 531 0 531 6155 0 6155 8 NA 8 Safe NA Safe

9 Cherukupally 4030 0 4030 1091 0 1091 2939 0 2939 27 NA 27 Safe NA Safe

10 Chilakaluripet 5760 0 5760 629 0 629 5131 0 5131 11 NA 11 Safe NA Safe

11 Dachapalli 10725 0 10725 1093 2 1096 9632 -2 9630 10 NA 10 Safe NA Safe

12 Duggirala 4743 0 4743 1178 0 1178 3565 0 3565 25 NA 25 Safe NA Safe

13 Durgi 1349 2452 3801 222 1070 1292 1126 1382 2509 16 44 34 Safe Safe Safe

14 Edlapadu 6007 0 6007 329 0 329 5678 0 5678 5 NA 5 Safe NA Safe

15 Guntur 6305 0 6305 230 0 230 6075 0 6075 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

16 Gurajala 12945 0 12945 627 0 628 12318 0 12318 5 NA 5 Safe NA Safe

17 Ipuru 4521 151 4672 569 59 628 3952 92 4044 13 39 13 Safe Safe Safe

18 Kakumanu 7087 0 7087 20 0 20 7067 0 7067 0 NA 0 Safe NA Safe

19 Karampudi 7748 644 8392 1307 270 1577 6441 373 6815 17 42 19 Safe Safe Safe

20 Karlapalem 3690 0 3690 162 0 162 3529 0 3529 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

21 Kollipara 4120 0 4120 1364 0 1364 2756 0 2756 33 NA 33 Safe NA Safe

22 Kollur 6156 0 6156 1685 0 1685 4471 0 4471 27 NA 27 Safe NA Safe

23 Krosuru 9689 0 9689 895 1 896 8795 -1 8793 9 NA 9 Safe NA Safe

24 Machavaram 3995 0 3995 720 0 720 3276 0 3276 18 NA 18 Safe NA Safe

25 Macherla 2870 1774 4644 242 320 562 2628 1454 4082 8 18 12 Safe Safe Safe

26 Mangalagiri 6869 0 6869 319 0 319 6550 0 6550 5 NA 5 Safe NA Safe

27 Medikonduru 3969 0 3969 151 0 151 3818 0 3818 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

28 Muppalla 6043 0 6043 174 0 174 5869 0 5869 3 NA 3 Safe NA Safe

29 Nadendla 7080 0 7080 181 0 181 6899 0 6899 3 NA 3 Safe NA Safe

30 Nagaram 8323 0 8323 519 0 519 7804 0 7804 6 NA 6 Safe NA Safe

31 Nakerikallu 6749 0 6749 977 0 977 5772 0 5772 14 NA 14 Safe NA Safe

32 Narasaraopet 8022 0 8022 429 0 429 7592 0 7592 5 NA 5 Safe NA Safe

33 Nizampatn 6955 0 6955 107 0 107 6848 0 6848 2 NA 2 Safe NA Safe

34 Nujendla 18455 0 18455 340 0 340 18116 0 18115 2 NA 2 Safe NA Safe

35 Pedakakani 7886 0 7886 33 0 33 7853 0 7853 0 NA 0 Safe NA Safe

36 Pedakurapadu 5600 0 5600 228 0 228 5372 0 5372 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

37 Pedanandipadu 6154 0 6154 46 0 46 6108 0 6108 1 NA 1 Safe NA Safe

38 Phyrangipuram 8661 1 8662 226 0 226 8435 1 8436 3 0 3 Safe Safe Safe

39 Piduguralla 5446 149 5595 763 0 763 4684 149 4832 14 0 14 Safe Safe Safe

40 Ponnur 11176 0 11176 1421 0 1421 9755 0 9755 13 NA 13 Safe NA Safe

37

41 Prathipadu 3361 0 3361 143 0 143 3218 0 3218 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

42 PV palem 3052 0 3052 224 0 224 2828 0 2828 7 NA 7 Safe NA Safe

43 Rajupalem 4230 0 4230 826 1 827 3404 -1 3404 20 NA 20 Safe NA Safe

44 Rentachintala 6322 77 6399 146 100 246 6175 -23 6153 2 130 4 Safe OE Safe

45 Repalle 9546 0 9546 355 0 355 9192 0 9192 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

46 Rompicherla 6844 0 6844 305 0 305 6539 0 6539 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

47 Sattenapalli 10561 0 10561 242 0 242 10319 0 10319 2 NA 2 Safe NA Safe

48 Savalyapuram 4760 0 4760 171 0 171 4589 0 4589 4 NA 4 Safe NA Safe

49 Tadepalli 3714 0 3714 306 0 306 3408 0 3408 8 NA 8 Safe NA Safe

50 Tadikonda 3627 0 3627 411 0 411 3216 0 3216 11 NA 11 Safe NA Safe

51 Tenali 6731 0 6731 695 0 695 6036 0 6036 10 NA 10 Safe NA Safe

52 Thulluru 3129 0 3129 1065 0 1065 2064 0 2063 34 NA 34 Safe NA Safe

53 Tsundur 6583 0 6583 729 0 729 5854 0 5854 11 NA 11 Safe NA Safe

54 Vatticherukuru 4247 0 4247 20 0 20 4226 0 4227 0 NA 0 Safe NA Safe

55 Veldurthi 0 2425 2425 0 1079 1079 0 1346 1346 NA 44 44 NA Safe Safe

56 Vemur 5049 0 5049 674 0 674 4375 0 4375 13 NA 13 Safe NA Safe

57 Vinukonda 9402 52 9454 690 9 698 8713 43 8756 7 17 7 Safe Safe Safe

Grand Total 352660 10729 363388 30421 6120 36542 322238 4609 326847 9 57 10 Safe Safe Safe

Note: OE = Over exploited; SC = Semi critical;C=Critical; C = Command; NC = Non command; NA = Not applicable

38

irrigation, especially by the Nagarjunasagar Right Canal Command Area (NSRCCA),

Krishna Western Delta (KWD) canal system and the Guntur Channel Scheme in these

areas. In the tail end areas of the canal system, upland areas, flood plain,

palaeo/buried channel areas, the ground water is being tapped both for domestic and

irrigation purposes. These areas include Veldurti, Bollapalli, Chilakaluripeta, Krosur,

Atchampet, Amaravati, Tadepalli, Mangalagiri, Thallur, Tadikonda, Dugirala,

Kollipara, Kollur, Bhattiprolu, Tenali, Vemuru, Amarthalur, Tsundur and Ponnur

mandals, where the ground water is developed through open wells, energized dug,

dug-cum-bore wells, shallow tube wells and filter-point wells On the basis of the

hydrogeological and other related information, the net annual recharge for the entire

district is estimated as 3633.88 MCM/year and the net annual ground water draft in

the district is worked to be as 365.42 MCM/year. Thus the ground water balance for

future utilization is 3268.47 MCM/year based on the balance potential available for

future development.

3.2.2 Stage of Development

In order to check over-exploitation of ground water and to utilize the available

resource in a planed way, the Ground Water Estimation Committee (GEC) 1997

has introduced certain norms so as to classify the areas as White, Grey and Dark

categories. The blocks or mandals, where the stage of ground water development,

in a period of five years, is below 65%, the area is categorized as ‘White’ or safe;

those falling in the range of 65 to 85% as Semi critical and those 85%-100%

‘Critical’ and above 100% over exploited . The present stage of ground water

development in the district is 10% with a net draft of 365.42 MCM out of the

Ground water resource of 3633.88 MCM/year. Taking the annual growth rate as

2%, the stage of ground water development after five years is projected as 14%

which comes under safe or ‘White’ category for further ground water

development. Similar computations were made to assess the ground water

potential and development prospects for each mandal and tabulated in Table and

are shown in Plate. A perusal of the table highlight that Bollapalli mandal as Semi

critical, with the present stage of development at 84%.

It is seen from the Table that the stage of ground water development is around

10% as most of the mandals are covered under surface water irrigation. The water

levels in most of these areas are shallow, i.e.., within 5.0 m bgl, with the

39

prevalence of water logged and near water logged conditions. In such areas,

ground water development through conjunctive use of surface and ground waters

would mitigate not only water logging conditions but also improve the quality of

ground water.

However, when resource is calculated at the village level it seen that about 46

villages are falling under semi-critical/critical/over exploited category. These

villages are listed in table- along with the level of development. It is seen that 13

villages are under semi-critical stage where as 8 villages are under critical stage

and the rest 25 are under over exploited stage of development (Table 4).

Table:4

Mandal-wise villages falling under Semi-critical/Critical/Over Exploited

Categories in Guntur district.

Level of Ground water

Development (%)

S.No/Category Mandal Village/Habitation

N NC

Semi Critical

1. Amaravathi Karlapudi/Amaravathi 75 0

2. Atchmpet Madinpadu Agrap 0 67

3. Bellomkonda Venkatayapallem 0 79

4. Ipuru Angaluru 65 0

5. Kollipara Bommuvaripalem 65 0

6. Kollipara Thumuluru 67 0

7. Macherla Macherla 0 66

8. Mangalagiri Krishnyapalem 85 0

9. Thulluru Ananthavaram 75 0

10. Thulluru Nekkallu 71 0

11. Thulluru Lingayapalem 77 0

12. Thulluru Uddandarayunipadu 74 0

13. Veldurthi Pathlaveedu 0 68

Critical

1. Amravathi Amravathi/Jupudi 94 0

2. Atchampet Tallachervu 98 0

3. Atchmpet Challagaria 0 93

4. Durgi Polepalli/Durgi 0 98

5. Tadikonda Mothadaka/Tado 98 0

6. Tadikonda Nidumukkala 94 0

7. Veldurthi Veldurthi 0 88

8. Veldurthi Veldurthi 0 99

Over Exploitation

1. Bellamkonda Kethavaram 0 218

2. Bhattiprolu Peesaralanka 183 0

41

Level of Ground water

Development (%)

S.No/Category Mandal Village/Habitation

N NC

3. Bollapalli Bollapalli/Gandig 0 381

4. Bollapalli Ravulapalem 0 130

5. Bollapalli Gutlapalli 0 306

6. Bollapalli Bollapalli 0 313

7. Bollapalli Ayyannapalem 0 150

8. Bollapalli Mellavagu 0 618

9. Bollapalli Gummanampadu 0 140

10. Bollapalli Remidicherla 0 163

11. Bollapalli Garkapadu 0 243

12. Durgi Darmavaram 0 283

13. Durgi Poleypally 0 187

14. Ipuru Agnigundala 0 182

15. Karampudi Naramalapadu 0 342

16. Krosuru Krosur/Peesapadu 158 0

17. Macherla Koppunur 0 108

18. Nakerikallu Chejerla/Nagarik 123 0

19. Nakerikallu Narsingapadu 135 0

20. Nakerikallu Tripurapuram 107 0

21. Rajupalem Kubadpuram 163 0

22. Rentachintala Dugi/Darivemula 0 123

23. Tadepalli Tadepalli 151 0

24. Thulluru Vaddamanu/Thulluru 134 0

25. Veldurthi Uppalapadu 0 199

42

3.3 Ground Water Quality

The ground water in the district is generally fresh and potable. The ground

water temperature generally varies from 22°C to 28°C. The suitability of ground

water largely varies from area to area both for domestic and irrigation purposes.

In most of the areas, the ground water is devoid of carbonate. The range of

different chemical constituents in ground water of the district is given in table-5.

Table-5: RANGE OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS IN GROUND WATER S.No. Chemical Constituent Min. Max. General

Range

1 pH 7.67 8.53 7.5-8.5 *(9.2)

2 E.C μ at 25oC 480 5920 400-3500 (1500 mg/l)

3 Total Hardness 150 1220 100-400 (600 mg/l)

4 Calcium (mg/l) 36 240 10-80 (200 mg/l)

5 Magnesium (mg/l) 12 185 15-100 (100 mg/l)

6 Sodium (mg/l) 106 783 20-500

7 Potassium (mg/l) 1.1 935 1-45

8 Carbonate (mg/l) 0 30 Nil

9 Bicarbonate (mg/l) 201 860 100-475

10 Chloride (mg/l) 43 1368 25-500 (1000 mg/l)

11 Sulphate (mg/l) 9.6 480 15-200 (400 mg/l)

12 Nitrates (mg/l) 1.86 379 20-180 (100 mg/l)

13 Fluoride 0.26 2.28 <0.5 (1.5 mg/l)

*Maximum permissible Level (mg/l)

3.3.1 Quality of Water In Shallow Aquifers:

In the district, the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) varies from 7.67 to 8.53,

indicating the alkaline nature of ground water. Calcium together with magnesium

43

and carbonates impart the property of hardness to water. The concentration of

calcium and magnesium in ground water is with in the permissible limits for

domestic use. The sodium concentration is important in classifying the irrigation

water and in the district, its concentration when examined in the form of Sodium

Adsorption Ratio (SAR), most of the areas cover under irrigation water class fall

under medium to high Sodium Hazard category ie most of the irrigation water fall

between C3-S1 and C4-S3 class (Fig.-17) with Sodium Adsorption Ratio of less

than 25%, as per the irrigation water classification of Wilcox (1946) and Richards

(1954) (Fig.18).

In most areas of the district, carbonate is found to be absent in ground water.

The general concentration of bicarbonate varies from 200 to 400 ppm. Total

hardness expressed as calcium carbonate generally ranges from 215 to 300 ppm

and is within the desirable limit of Indian Standards Specifications (1991) for

drinking water and laundry purposes

Figure-17. Classification of Ground Water for Irrigation purposes by US-Salinity diagram

44

Figure-18

CLASSIFICATION OF GROUND WATER OF GUNTUR DISTRICT FOR IRRIGATION AS PER WILCOX DIAGRAM

3.3.1.1 Chloride in Ground Water:

Depending upon the concentration of chloride in ground water it is classified

under drinking water class as fresh when the concentration is low and as brackish

and saline when its concentration is very high. These classifications are depicted

in Fig.-19. Accordingly, the alluvial areas south of Guntur and the deltaic areas

in the district are brackish. In spite of its brackish nature, ground water with

chloride content of 500 to 1000 ppm is found to be potable. The rest of the areas

western and north western part of the district the ground water generally fall under

the potable to fresh water class with the chloride content with in 500 ppm.

4 WATER SAMPLES ARE BEYOND UNSUITABLE RANGE

Fig 19

3.3.1.2 Fluoride Distribution:

The Indian Standards Specification (1991) classified the permissible limit of

fluoride in water as 1.50 ppm. Except in certain areas in the district, the

distribution of fluoride is within the permissible limits of 1.50 ppm. Map showing

the distribution of the fluoride in ground water is presented as Fig.-20. In

Vinukonda & Krosuru mandals fluoride concentration is a little above the

permissible limits of 1.5 to 2.28 ppm.

3.3.1.3 Sulphate Distribution:

As per the drinking water standards of ISS (1991), the desirable limit sulphate in

ground water is 200 ppm and permissible limit is 400 ppm (but in the latter limit,

the magnesium should not exceed 30 ppm). Areas along the coast and in areas

underlain by deltaic alluvium, and areas around Rentachinthala and Gurajala,

contain sulphate concentration of 200 to 350 ppm. The sulphate distribution in

other parts of the district is within the desirable limits of drinking water standards.

3.3.1.4 Nitrate Distribution:

Based on the drinking water standards, the distribution of Nitrate in ground

water in the district is presented as Fig.-21. Nitrate concentration in the areas

around Mangalagiri, Moolpur, Nizampatnam, Prathipadu, Vinukonda, Pasipadu,

Krosur, Uttukuru, Amaravathi, Pirangipuram, Gurajala, Rentachintala and Guntur

is more than the permissible limits of 110 ppm, and far exceeding the limits

prescribed by various public health authorities, the results of which can be

detrimental to public health. In general, the distribution of nitrate concentration in

the district is above the desirable limits of 45 ppm. The high concentration of

nitrates in the district can be due to the application of nitrate fertilizers, dumping

of sewage and agricultural waste concentration of nitrate plumes, septic system

etc.

Fig 20

49

Fig 21

Specific Electrical Conductance:

The Specific Electrical Conductance (EC) of ground water in the district varies

widely from less than 480 to more than 5000 micro Siemens/cm at 25°C. Specific

conductance is a measure of dissolved solids in water. Based on the irrigation

water class standards (Wilcox, 1955), a map showing the distribution of Electrical

Conductance in ground water is prepared and presented as Fig.-22. The study

reveals that the entire district barring Northern, central and south eastern part

show specific conductance greater than the permissible limit of 2000 micro

Siemens/cm. This may be because of the brackish to saline nature with high TDS

(total dissolved solids) concentration in the shallow aquifers in these areas.

Ground Water Quality in Deeper Aquifers:

The hydrochemical analysis data of water samples collected by Central Ground

Water Board during the deep exploratory drilling upto maximum depths of 600m

in the Krishna Western Delta alluvial areas of the district indicates, the water to be

alkaline with pH ranging from 7.45 to 8.05. The specific conductance (EC) vary

from 4218 to 32,610 micro-Siemens/cm, but for the well at Musalipadu which has

recorded Electrical Conductance of 2202 micro-Siemens/cm, (i.e., close to the

permissible limit). The chloride values range from 100 to 2358 ppm. The

abnormal values of electrical Conductance and high concentration of chloride

indicate that the ground water from deeper aquifers is unsuitable both for domestic

ad irrigation purposes.

The chemical analysis of water samples collected during zone tests from some

of the boreholes drilled in Upper Gondwana sandstones by Central Ground Water

Board indicated that the water is fresh and potable with pH of 8.10 to 8.14,

Electrical Conductance of 886 to 1406 micro Siemens/cm, chloride of 90.4 to

339.5 ppm, fluoride values of 1.15 to 1.30 ppm and total hardness of 43 to 290

ppm.

Figure-22

Figure-22

Status of Ground Water Development

An abstract of the ground water structures existing in the Guntur district is given

in Table 6.

Table-6: Formation wise details of different Ground Water Abstraction

Structures and their yields in the district. Formation Rock/Aquifer Type of Well Depth

range Yield range Lifting device

Dug wells 12-20 m 10-80 m3/day (200 m3/day)

Centrifugal pumps

1 Archaean Group of rocks

Granite Gneisses, Schists Charnokites

Borewells 30-40 m 1.5 to 5 lps Submersible Pump

Dug wells 3-25 m 20-80 m3/day Centrifugal pumps

2 Cuddapah Formation

phyllites, Quartzites, limestones Borewells 30-60 m 0.5 –1.5 lps Submersible

Pump Dug wells 4-15 m 10 -70 m3/day Centrifugal

pumps 3 Kurnool

Formations Shales, Limestone Quartzites Borewells 25-55 m 0.5-1.5 lps Submersible

Pump Dug wells 5.5-18.5 m 12-90 m3/day Centrifugal

pumps 4 Gondwana

Group of Formations

Sandstones Shales

Tube wells 40-75m 28-1300 lpm Submersible Pump

Dug wells 2-12 m 200-320m3/day Centrifugal pumps

5 Alluvium Sand, silt, Kankar , Clay Shallow Tube

wells, filter points

10-27 m 25-75 m3/hr Centrifugal pumps & Submersible Pump

Most of the Guntur district is traversed by good network of irrigation canals of

the Nagarjunasagar Right Bank Canal Command Area (NSRCCA), Krishna Western

Delta (KWD) Canal System and Guntur Channels Scheme. Only the up land areas of

the district are not covered in any of the irrigation scheme. About 77.61% of the total

irrigated area in the district is through canal network and 2.94% through lift irrigation.

15.72% area is irrigated through Tubewells and filter points and the rest 3.72% area is

irrigated through Tanks and other sources. The area irrigated under different sources

in the district is given in Table-7 and the Mandal wise and source wise details of

irrigated area is given in Table-8. Wells and filter points irrigate 7.98% and the rest of

the area accounts for 3.72 % is irrigated by tanks and other sources. Source wise area

irrigated is depicted in pie diagram in Fig.23.

54

Table-7

Area Irrigated By Different Source during 2002-03

(In Hactares) S.No. Source of Irrigation Khariff Rabi Total (Gross) 1 Canals 203466 1021 2,04,487 2 Tanks 2287 116 2,403 3 Bore Wells/Tube Wells

Filter-Point wells 41339 8795 50,134

4 Dug Wells & Other sources

5808 1403 7,211

TABLE-8 MANDAL-WISE, SOURCE-WISE AREA IRRIGATED

2002-03 (Area in Hect.)

Net Area Irrigated By S.No. Mandal Canals Tanks Tubewells

and filter points

Other wells

Lift irrigation

Other sources

Total Area Irrigated More than once

1 MACHERLA 2437 45 3074 168 148 0 5872 5222 RENTACHINTALA 3898 0 251 2 0 0 4151 203 GURAZALA 4637 0 0 0 0 0 4637 644 DACHEPALLI 2639 0 818 45 342 0 3844 735 MACHAVARAM 137 85 189 0 6 219 636 176 BELLAMKONDA 258 0 326 147 138 40 909 327 ATCHEMPET 303 84 0 128 58 0 573 08 KROSURU 120 246 0 44 184 0 594 09 AMARAVATHI 3 63 0 463 215 106 850 0

10 THULLUR 40 55 3209 0 973 51 4328 29611 TADEPALLI 140 0 1468 141 944 0 2693 129212 MANGALAGIRI 2161 0 1962 187 1600 0 5910 155613 TADIKONDA 118 0 182 0 0 0 300 14414 PEDAKURAPADU 577 0 0 855 0 0 1432 015 SATTENAPALLI 3363 0 1 1004 200 0 4568 016 RAJUPALEM 1646 89 16 230 51 0 2032 3617 PIDUGURALLA 3987 50 0 0 0 0 4037 018 KAREMPUDI 2983 0 701 0 0 0 3684 29619 DURGI 333 20 6946 0 0 0 7299 119320 VELDURTHY 0 0 4963 0 0 0 4963 7321 BOLLAPLLI 0 40 3549 211 0 60 3860 022 NAKARIKALLU 3888 220 505 279 0 0 4892 22123 MUPPALLA 2075 32 0 96 27 0 2230 024 PHIRANGIPURAM 1919 0 72 11 0 0 2002 025 MEDIKONDUR 2685 0 2 89 0 17 2793 026 GUNTUR 459 0 103 43 0 0 605 027 PEDAKAKANI 5633 37 121 51 168 8 6018 12728 DUGGIRALA 7713 0 2840 0 0 0 10553 83429 KOLLIPARA 6269 0 2531 0 0 0 8800 882

55

30 KOLLURU 5034 0 2893 0 36 0 7963 65631 VEMURU 8430 0 274 0 8 0 8712 41732 TENALI 8634 0 972 0 0 0 9606 27333 TSUNDUR 8270 0 779 0 0 0 9049 7934 CHEBROLU 6472 0 13 302 281 0 7068 34035 VATTICHERUKUR 6085 0 0 0 0 0 6085 036 PRATHIPADU 509 0 35 4 0 0 548 037 EDLAPADU 45 0 0 3 0 0 48 038 NADENDLA 293 0 0 309 251 0 853 039 NARASARAOPET 2515 40 0 64 177 0 2796 6540 ROMPICHERLA 3435 102 0 149 0 295 3981 6641 IPUR 412 428 89 231 10 145 1315 2142 SAVALYAPURAM 229 119 18 39 135 36 576 043 VINUKONDA 0 408 25 182 422 0 1037 044 NUZENDLA 0 171 33 163 184 0 551 045 CHILAKALURIPET 0 0 0 78 0 252 330 0

46 PEDANANDIPADU 98 0 0 0 20 0 118 0

47 KAKUMANU 9915 0 0 0 0 0 9915 048 PONNUR 13143 0 885 0 85 0 14113 29449 AMRTHALUR 10433 0 284 0 0 0 10717 2250 CHERUKUPALLI 6649 0 13 151 0 0 6813 12351 BHATTIPROLU 6224 0 1255 0 0 0 7479 11652 REPALLE 9734 0 26 0 0 0 9760 4353 NAGARAM 9926 0 74 0 308 0 10308 7554 NIZAMPATNAM 4028 0 1 0 555 0 4584 1255 P.V.PALEM 4641 0 0 32 0 0 4673 356 KARLAPALEM 5430 0 0 76 235 0 5741 9357 BAPATLA 13840 0 0 288 0 0 14128 152

Total 20484

5 2334 41498 6265 7761 122926393

2 10528

56

Figure-23

From the Irrigation pattern, in the last 10 years, it is seen that (Fig 24) there

has been a steady increase in area being brought under irrigation. However, since

1999 till 2002 the area under irrigation in the district remained same but during the

year 2001-02 & 2002-03 the area irrigated has fallen drastically i.e. by 1,24,512 ha.

amounting to 32% as compared to the year 2001-02. This is attributed to the failure in

rains in the district over two successive previous years. This can be seen in the Fig-25

& 26, wherein the surface sources for irrigation i.e. in Canals and Tanks are seems to

have fallen drastically. Due to the shortage of surface water for irrigation in Canals

and Tanks has forced the farmers to look for alternate sources for irrigation. As a

result of this, more and more areas was brought under ground water irrigation through

Tube wells/Bore wells/filter points and Dug wells. (Fig 27 & 28 ) Indicate that there

has been a steady increase the area being irrigated by tube wells/bore well/filter points

and dug wells over the same period.

Percentage Of Area Irrigated Under different Sources

77.61

0.88

15.72

2.372.94

0.47

CanalsTanksTubewells and filter points Other wellsLift irrigationOther sources

57

Figure-24

Figure-25

Gross Area Irrigated By All Sources Together

344192

374443

400607 396919

378837388443

263931

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

400000

450000

92-93 97-98 98-99 99-2K 2K-'01 01-02 02-03

Years

Are

a (H

ecta

res)

Gross Area Irrigated

Area Irrigated by Canals Over the Years

314462

204844

303463 311006

332295 323443

305467

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

92-93 97-98 98-99 99-2K 2K-'01 01-02 02-03

Years

Are

a (H

ecta

res)

Canals

58

Figure-26

Figure-27

Area Under Tank Irrigation

6719

2335

58215371

5868

5203

4397

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

92-93 97-98 98-99 99-2K 2K-'01 01-02 02-03

Years

Are

a (H

ecta

res)

Tanks

Area Irrigated by Tube wells and filter points

21421

41498

441764493646093

4060837995

05000

100001500020000250003000035000400004500050000

92-93 97-98 98-99 99-2K 2K-'01 01-02 02-03Years

Are

a (H

ecta

res)

Tube wells and filter points

59

Figure-28

The major KWD system and the medium Guntur channel Schems were

constructed to irrigate two lakh hecares of land in the district. And also the Nagarjun

Sagar Canal Command area (NSRCCA) of Nagarjunasagar Project is designed to

irrigate 4.75 lakh hectares in the Guntur and Prakasam districts under its right canal of

444 km. The Right Main Canal, also known as “Jawahar Canal” is a contour canal

designed to carry the maximum head discharge of 311.5 cu.m/sec. The entire

Nagarjunasagar Canal Command Area is divided into 22 blocks. Leaving the small

blocks from 1 to 3 where it is all wet, the Nagarjunsagar Canal Command Area was

localized for wet crops in one-third area and for irrigating dry (ID) crops in two-thirds

area, so that water could be provided to the maximum area. The share of

Nagarjunsagar Canal Command Area water for the Guntur district is about 57%,

covering from block 1 to the upper reaches of 15th block, with a registered ayacut of

2.72 lakh hectares. The irrigation details of Major, medium and Minor irrigation

schemes for the district are furnished in Table-1

Area Irrigated throught Dug wells

6072

6322

56665583

59575851

6266

5200

5400

5600

5800

6000

6200

6400

92-93 97-98 98-99 99-2K 2K-'01 01-02 02-03

Years

Are

a (H

ecta

res)

Dug wells

60

4.0 Ground Water Management Strategy The timely supplies of required inputs result in targeted production and

productivity. The existing water distribution system in the canal command areas of

the district includes integrated and conjunctive use, warabandi system of irrigation,

diversion and lift irrigation schemes and localized system of irrigation, all these

schemes are intended to take water to the tail end and needy areas of the canal

commands. But these water management practices are being vaguely or poorly

followed in the district. In addition to these practices, the surface and ground water

resources in the district can be effectively used, taking the following aspects into

consideration.

(i) Surface water may be used over extensive areas with reduced number

of watering. Ground water may be supplemented in conjunction with

surface water for intensive irrigation to the extent possible.

(ii) Ground water may be used as a stopgap against the insufficient surface

water supplies.

(iii) To rejuvenate most of the wells abandoned after the release of canal

water.

(iv) To release canal water only for single crop and make the farmers

depend on ground water for second crop.

(v) In order to utilize saline ground water, canal water may be blended

with saline water in a suitable proportion to meet the crop water

requirements and protecting the soils.

(vi) Proper lining of the canals to reduce the seepage losses.

(vii) Provision of efficient surface and sub-surface drainage.

(viii) Pumping out excess water in the water logged areas to control rising

water levels and to facilitate drainage to augment canal supplies during

the period of shortages of surface water.

(ix) To educate farmers in the economical and conjunctive use of ground

water and canal water supplies. Financial help may be provided

wherever needed to the farmers.

61

4.1 Ground Water Development

Guntur has a privilege of having vast network of canals through two major and

one medium irrigation projects because of which the district has both surface and

ground water resources in abundance. In fact about 19.5% of the district receives

surface water, which meets 82.71% of irrigation needs of the district. To make use

of the ground water as a sustainable resource the approach to develop this valuable

resource needs scientific and judicious management system through proper

planning and design of wells of the area. The optimum design of wells depends

on the local hydrogeological conditions, cropping pattern and also the quantum of

water to be discharged. In the district dug wells and dug-cum-bore wells of

dimensions 3.0 to 6.0m dia and depth of 10-18m are feasible in the granite and

related rocks like. The unit cost of construction of a dug well will range between

Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 44,500/- depending upon the depth to which it is constructed.

And the unit cost of dug-cum-bore wells will cost between Rs. 31,000 to Rs.

39,400/-. In limestone, sandstone, alluvium and shaley formations. These wells

need masonry lining in the case of crystalline rocks or R.C.C. rings with weep

holes in alluvial, weathered (loose) material as a preventive measure against

caving or collapsing. The dug-cum-bore wells are feasible in granites, limestones,

phyllites, sandstones and shales depending on the availability of fractures and

weathered zones in the well. 100mm. bores down to 30m from the bottom of the

dug well portion of the wells are recommended. The unit cost of construction of

dug wells in limestone will cost around Rs.17,300 to Rs.32,500 depending on the

diameter of the borehole. The DCB in limestones will cost around Rs.23,300/-.

Bore wells down to 100 to 150m. depth are feasible in crystallines, shale,

limestone and quartzite formations with 15 to 20m depth casing against weathered

mantle to prevent caving or collapsing in the hard rock areas of the district. The

unit cost of construction of bore wells in crystalline is around Rs.12,500 to

Rs.20,600will be around for bore well of 150 mm dia with a depth range between

40 to 80 mt. Tube wells of 254 mm & 380mm. diameter down to a depth of

about 100m to 120 m tapping 30 to 40m saturated aquifer material in sandstone

formations are feasible whereas in alluvial areas where the thickness of saturated

62

zone exceeds 5m filter point wells of 254mm. diameter down to a depth of 15 to

20 m depth are feasible.

In the case of irrigation wells the spacing norm between 2 wells in an area is not

properly adhered to as a result it would lead to mutual interference between two

adjacent wells. Liberal institutional financing has accelerated the growth of

ground water development and accordingly the spacing norms have been

mandatory by Government of India in the institutional financing, so that wells are

economically viable. Based on the pumping tests a well for a 6 to 12 hrs. duration

of pumping, the transmissivity, storativity and radius of influence estimated from

the pumping tests, the spacing should be such that the pumpage works out to be

economically and in turn does not interfere with other near by irrigation pumping

well. Required spacing between two wells is given in Table 9.

Table-9: Spacing to be maintained between any two wells

(in m) Dug wells Filter point and

shallow tube wells

Tube wells or Bore wells

Non-ayacut area: 50 - 140 250 300-500 Ayacut area 30-90 100 200-300 Near perennial source like river or bank within 200 mtrs.

30-90 100 200-300

Non-perennial streams within 100m

0-150 160 300-500

In the coastal areas caution also should be exercised to avoid construction of

wells within in 1 km. from coastline to prevent ingression of seawater. Because

the zones adjacent to the coast extending 200 – 500m. from the shore line towards

land ward is found to be extremely sensitive to the fluctuations of the water table

and needs judicious ground water withdrawal. As per the norms prescribed in the

National Water Policy of India (1987) ground water development in the coastal

zone has to be done cautiously taking spacing norms into account especially

during summer months. This may be accomplished by the use of low capacity

pumping to prevent the possibility of salt-water intrusion into fresh water zones of

the area from sea front.

63

4.1.1 Drinking water supply schemes:

Ground water forms the main source for drinking water supply schemes in non

ayacut areas of the district. The protected water supply schemes are maintained

by Rural Water Supply department under Panchayat Raj Department of

Government of Andhra Pradesh. These schemes include river lift, surface flowlift

schemes. Bore wells, large diameter dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells and hand

pump fitted shallow bore wells.

There are a total of 512 protected water supply schemes and 4868 bore wells,

1540 open wells and 182 other wells for drinking water supply. The mandal wise

details of water supply status are given in table-10.

Around 166 villages are having fluoride problem in ground water and about 3

villages are having brackish ground water. There are in total 68 problematic

villages so far as drinking water is concerned in 9 mandals. During 2003-04 state

government has spend Rs. 41.43 crores for providing drinking water to these 68

villages. The mandal wise details are given in table-11. Table-10

MANDAL WISE STATUS OF DRINKING WATER FACILITIES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT

Villages having adequate drinking water facility

(No.)

Problematic villages

S.No. Mandal Total inhabited villages

(No.) P.W.S Bore Wells

Open Wells

Others Fluoride villages

Brackish water

1 MACHERLA 11 4 10 7 2 RENTACHINTALA 9 4 5 9 9 3 GURAZALA 18 1 10 4 3 4 DACHEPALLI 25 20 34 28 7 5 MACHAVARAM 18 10 8 10 6 BELLAMKONDA 13 7 6 13 7 ATCHEMPET 30 1 15 1 13 8 KROSURU 15 1 10 4 9 AMARAVATHI 24 18 6

10 THULLUR 19 19 11 TADEPALLI 12 9 3 1 12 MANGALAGIRI 14 7 9 13 TADIKONDA 15 4 15 3 1 14 PEDAKURAPADU 20 9 163 56 15 SATTENAPALLI 31 12 249 147 1 16 RAJUPALEM 21 17 PIDUGURALLA 19 10 477 18 KAREMPUDI 20 10 10 19 DURGI 24 1 7 8 8

64

Villages having adequate drinking water facility

(No.)

Problematic villages

S.No. Mandal Total inhabited villages

(No.) P.W.S Bore Wells

Open Wells

Others Fluoride villages

Brackish water

20 VELDURTHY 32 1 25 1 5 21 BOLLAPLLI 59 12 47 10 32 22 NAKARIKALLU 19 11 315 102 13 1 23 MUPPALLA 16 6 115 90 24 PHIRANGIPURAM 14 8 6 25 MEDIKONDUR 19 14 14 17 1 26 GUNTUR 35 15 354 56 8 8 2 27 PEDAKAKANI 10 1 6 2 1 28 DUGGIRALA 22 1 29 KOLLIPARA 34 1 13 6 14 30 KOLLURU 35 15 20 31 VEMURU 17 10 7 32 TENALI 12 1 10 1 33 TSUNDUR 18 5 13 34 CHEBROLU 22 1 11 10 35 VATTICHERUKUR 17 1 10 4 2 36 PRATHIPADU 24 12 100 15 19 37 EDLAPADU 24 9 129 20 38 NADENDLA 10 7 10 10 39 NARASARAOPET 41 10 434 63 2 40 ROMPICHERLA 34 17 371 104 41 IPUR 36 1 25 10 42 SAVALYAPURAM 24 8 247 6 11 43 VINUKONDA 42 13 679 65 26 44 NUZENDLA 53 9 342 24 53 45 CHILAKALURIPET 14 4 9 2 2 46 PEDANANDIPADU 19 17 6 2 47 KAKUMANU 27 18 9 48 PONNUR 31 14 205 195 49 AMRTHALUR 13 10 3 5 15 50 CHERUKUPALLI 61 1 30 10 10 10 51 BHATTIPROLU 35 20 85 26 52 REPALLE 78 10 28 20 53 NAGARAM 115 31 67 17 54 NIZAMPATNAM 115 31 67 17 55 P.V.PALEM 27 7 54 78 56 KARLAPALEM 51 9 96 157 57 BAPATLA 51 14 19 14 4

Total 1664 512 4868 1540 182 166 3

65

Table 11

MANDAL WISE DRINKING WATER PROBLEMATIC VILLAGES S.No. Mandal Village Total

Population of the Village

Present source of drinking water

Amount spent during the year for supply of

drinking water (Rs. In '000')

1 MACHERLA 6 78137 Hand Pump 2.12 2 RENTACHINTALA 3 GURAZALA 4 DACHEPALLI 4 Bores 5 MACHAVARAM 2 9869 Bore wells 3.75 6 BELLAMKONDA 7 ATCHEMPET Madipadu Agraharam 884 Well 8 KROSURU 9 AMARAVATHI Madepudi 3550 P.W.S 60000 9 AMARAVATHI Madepudi 1387 P.W.S 48000

10 THULLUR D.W. tank 20 11 TADEPALLI 12 MANGALAGIRI 13 TADIKONDA 14 PEDAKURAPADU 2 1520 Well 15 SATTENAPALLI 1 4404 Borewell 16 RAJUPALEM 17 PIDUGURALLA 18 KAREMPUDI 19 DURGI 20 VELDURTHY 21 BOLLAPLLI 22 NAKARIKALLU 6 12202 Borewells, Openwells 23 MUPPALLA 24 PHIRANGIPURAM 25 MEDIKONDUR 26 GUNTUR Jkonnalagadda 4693 Borewells 270595 26 GUNTUR Adavitakkellapadu 6772 Borewells 26800 27 PEDAKAKANI 28 DUGGIRALA Uppalagunta D.W. Tank 29 KOLLIPARA 30 KOLLURU 31 VEMURU 32 TENALI Halfpet 1700 Tank 8950 33 TSUNDUR 34 CHEBROLU 35 VATTICHERUKUR 36 PRATHIPADU 37 EDLAPADU 38 NADENDLA 39 NARASARAOPET 40 ROMPICHERLA

66

S.No. Mandal Village Total Population

of the Village

Present source of drinking water

Amount spent during the year for supply of

drinking water (Rs. In '000')

41 IPUR 36 43409 Borewells 42 SAVALYAPURAM 43 VINUKONDA 44 NUZENDLA 45 CHILAKALURIPET 46 PEDANANDIPADU 47 KAKUMANU 48 PONNUR 49 AMRTHALUR 50 CHERUKUPALLI 51 BHATTIPROLU 52 REPALLE 53 NAGARAM 54 NIZAMPATNAM 55 P.V.PALEM Komali 955 P.W.S 55 P.V.PALEM Sagupalem 1809 P.W.S 55 P.V.PALEM Koduru 1075 P.W.S 56 KARLAPALEM Nagarajupalem 525 S.S.Tank 57 BAPATLA

Total 68 172891 414370.87

3.4.2 Irrigation by ground water source:

Ground water is the most dependent source for the irrigation. The utilization of

ground water for agriculture is practiced by ground water abstraction structures such

as dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells. The net area irrigated by ground

water in the district during the last 7 years is given below. (In Ha.)

1997-98 1998-99 1999-2k 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 44317 46274 51676 50893 50027 47764 60562

Out of the total area irrigated 222671 ha ground water irrigation accounts for 27% in

the district.

3.4.3 Ground Water Management and Conservation:

Besides the proper development of ground water potential in the district, stress

should be laid on its management and conservation. As such, groundwater

augmentation through rain water harvesting can be explored. The Western and

Southwestern part of the district covering Veldurti, Durgi, and parts of Karempudi,

Nakarikallu, Ipur and Bollapalli mandals are feasible for rain water harvesting.

67

These, areas fall under non-command area and ground water is found to be at deeper

levels. In these areas the excess rainfall run off should be brought in to use to augment

ground water recharge. The type of structures feasible in the area are contour trenches,

rock fill dams, check dams and conversion of tanks in to percolation tanks.

5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. The tail-end areas of canals and upland areas in the district are facing chronic

water shortage problems, where the phyllites or granite gneisses form the

principal aquifers. The thick weathered mantle and deeply weathered and

fractured zones occurring along certain lineaments, its intersections and buried

pediments, may be tapped through proper ground water structures to draw

copious supplies of ground water in these areas.

2. Conjunctive use of surface water and ground water should be followed not only

to meet the requirements of tail-end areas but also to reduce the water logging

and salinity problems. The exploratory drilling programmes in the selected

places of canal commands will enlighten the conjunctive utilization of surface

and ground water. In these areas ground water loss will reduce the water

logging conditions and more areas may be brought under agriculture.

3. The present status of over development of ground water 25 villages is more than

100% falling under over exploited category. 13 villages are falling under semi

critical category where as 8 villages are under critical category. In these villages

proper measures are to be taken to

• To stop further development of ground water.

• Surface water may be brought in to use in the area.

• Artificial recharge methods needed to be adopted for

augmentation of ground water.

• Farming of wet crops like paddy should be discouraged. And

farmers should be encouraged to cultivate more and more less

water requirement crops.

4. Proper measures have to be taken in the sitting and selecting the ground water

abstraction structures, in the implementation of water management practices

and to check the aerial distribution of salinity. The ground water development

in the district can be taken up as per the perspective plan described in the

report.

5. Studies are to be taken up to check the recurrence of fluorosis, especially in

the Vinukonda, Krosuru areas, and remedial measures have to be

implemented. In a fluoride endemic area, it is not necessary that every water

sources is contaminated. The good sources may be identified by

hydrogeologists, and the people can be educated to consume water supply only

from such sources.

Acknowledgements:

The data provided by the State Ground Water Department, Panchayat Raj

Department, Agriculture Department, Irrigation Department, District Water

Management Agency and Directorate of Economics & Stastistics, Govt.of Andhra

Pradesh, for preparation of the report, is gratefully acknowledged.

69

APPENDIX-I

Statement Showing the number of Genuine Suicide Post-cases of farmers as on from 14-5-2004 to 19-8-06

Sl. No. Name of the Deceased Date of Suicide

Age Village Mandal

Mandal

Guntur district 1 Narisety Sambasivarao 01/09/2004 Amruthalur Amruthalur

2 Addanki Siva Koti Raju 07/07/2004 Konduru Atchampet

3 Kambala Kistaiah S/oKotaiah

27/09/2005 Atchampet Atchampet

4 Chapala Srinivasa Rao 25/05/2004 42 Bapatla Bapatla 5 Jonnalagadda Rama Rao 27/05/2004 49 Chervujammula

palm Bapatla

6 Karnati Sreeramamurthy 25/07/2004 57 Poondla Bapatla

7 Rangisetty Nageswara Rao

16/06/2004 42 Boppudu Chilakaluripet

8 Valluri Subba Rao 16/07/2004 Veluru Chilakaluripet 9 Jettiboina Ramaswamy 31/07/2004 Sankarapuram Dachepalli

10 Jale Ramanaiah 02/08/2004 Dachepalli Dachepalli 11 Eda Brahmananda

Reddy 29/08/2004 IrikapalliH/o

Nadikudi Dachepalli

12 Varra Srinivasa Reddy 28/08/2004 Gadipudi Dachepalli 13 Pagadala Satyanarayana

S/oGuravaiah 08/10/2005 Nadikudi Dachepalli

14 Attota Sadanandarao 09/07/2004 Dintenapadu Edlapadu 15 Neelam Srinivasa Rao 28/08/2004 Gurzala Gurzala 16 Nali Peda Veeraiah 26/11/2004 Jangamaheswar

apuram Gurzala

17 G Bhudevaiah 18/06/2004 Bommarajupalli Ipur 18 Pinneboina Srinivasarao 09/10/2004 Inimella Ipur

19 Bolineedi Ramakrishna 02/09/2004 Vepakam Karempudi

20 M Saida Reddy 04/06/2004 Chennayapalem Machavaram 21 Bandi Venkaiah 18/08/2004 Kothapalli Macherla

70

22 Gummidigala Raghavulu S/o.Chinna Venkateswarlu

23/07/2004 Yalavarthipadu Medikondur

23 Eda Sambireddy S/oAnjireddy

16/11/2004 Jangamguntlapalem

Medikondur

24 Yelisetty Venkateswarlu 28/10/2005 Janagamguntlapalem

Medikondur

25 K Purnachandra Rao 22/05/2004 40 Nadendla Nadendla 26 G. Purnachandra Rao 12/08/2004 Satulur Nadendla 27 Mettem Satyanarayana 16/09/2004 Pamidipadu Narasaraopet

28 Oggu Vijayakrishna 22/07/2004 Gonepudi Narasaraopet 29 Vemireddy Venkatreddy

S/oVengala 22/10/2004 Lingamukkalap

alli Nuzendla

30 Degala Venkateswarrao 03/08/2004 Uppalapadu Pedakakani

31 Muvva Veeraiah 28/05/2004 55 Hussainnagaram

Pedakurapadu

32 Darsi Venkatrav S/oPedaVenkateswarlu

11/11/2004 Pedakurapadu Pedakurapadu

33 Kakumanu Haribabu S/o. Chinnodu

11/06/2004 45 Nagulapadu Pedanandipadu

34 Mannam Rama Rao 15/06/2004 Gollapalem Phirangipuram 35 Bhimanathuni

Hanumantharao 22/07/2004 Vemuluripadu Phirangipuram

36 M Venkateswara Reddy 21/05/2004 50 Karalapadu Pidugrualla

37 Bathula Nageswarrao 16/08/2004 Karalapadu Pidugrualla 38 Byladugula

ChinaMallaiah 05/11/2004 Panditivaripale

m Pidugrualla

39 Yanala VeeraSankaraRao S/oVenkataSubbaiah

17/11/2005 Veerapuram Pidugrualla

40 Yalavarthi Venkateswar Rao

25/05/2004 49 Doppalapudi Ponnur

41 N Nageswara Rao 23/05/2004 40 Ganapavaram Rajupalem 42 Pasupuleti Mohana Rao 29/06/2004 Ganapavaram Rajupalem

43 Mule Peda Venkateswarreddy

04/07/2004 Ramiredypalem Rompicherla

71

44 Ipurapatnam Peraiah 08/09/2005 Karlakunta Rompicherla 45 P Sambasiva Rao 24/05/2004 Deepaladinnepa

lem Sattenapalli

46 Kallam Sriramreddy 06/06/2004 67 Kantepudi Sattenapalli 47 Gutha Peraiah 05/08/2004 Velpuru Savalyapuram 48 Pidikiti Tirupathaiah 02/10/2004 Nidumukkala Tadikonda 49 Thota Sambaiah 26/05/2004 50 Bandarupalli Thadikonda 50 V Jaya Rao 24/05/2004 65 Inavolu Thulluru 51 Chilli Solomon 23/08/2004 Kovelamudi Vatticherukur 52 Mamillapalli Subbaiah 31/05/2004 45 Bodiliveedu Veldurthi 53 Smt.Somula Kotamma 06/09/2004 Sirigiripadu Veldurthi 54 Golasam Sreenu

S/o.Pentaiah 05/07/2004 Gangalakunta Veldurthi

55 Mediboina Koteswara Rao

22/07/2004 Gangalakunta Veldurthi

56 Mallanadipi Chalamaiah 01/09/2004 Veldurthi Veldurthi

57 Ganduru Veeraswamy 04/08/2004 Sirigiripadu Veldurthi 58 Laga Venkaiah 20/11/2004 Loyapalli Veldurthi 59 Nadendla Nageswara

Rao 28/10/2005 Bodelaveedu Veldurthi

60 Kondi Srinivasa Rao 11/09/2004 Gokanakonda Vinukonda