1 CONTEMPORARY CHILDREN’S LITERATURE KURSUS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM BACAAN SASTERA KONTEMPORARI KANAK-KANAK BAHASA INGGERIS TAHUN 6 (2006) PUSAT PERKEMBANGAN KURIKULUM KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA OVERVIEW & ASSESSMENT
1
CONTEMPORARY CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
KURSUS PELAKSANAAN PROGRAM BACAAN SASTERA KONTEMPORARI KANAK-KANAK
BAHASA INGGERIS TAHUN 6 (2006)
PUSAT PERKEMBANGAN KURIKULUM
KEMENTERIAN PELAJARAN MALAYSIA
OVERVIEW & ASSESSMENT
2
CONTEMPORARY CHILDREN’S LITERATURE
Definition
‘ Children’s literature’ can be defined as “the material created for and widely read, viewed and heard by children, that has an imaginative element.”
Research shows that children learn better on their own, actively and in-depth about something via Children’s Literature
Children’s literature’ can be divided into 5 main categories namely:
Fiction Non- fiction Folktales Biography Poems
3
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
Aim To help pupils improve their English through reading simple
fiction To provide a continuum for the literature component introduced in secondary school To create an enjoyable learning environment
Objectives
To instil and inculcate the reading habit among pupils. To enrich pupils’ vocabulary and language content. To enhance pupils’ thinking skills. To promote cultural understanding in the Malaysian context To improve English language proficiency of pupils. To provide lively, enjoyable and high-interest readings.
4
Why was the programme launched?
1. The Cabinet decided that Children’s Contemporary Literature be taught in Year 4, 5 and 6.
2. To provide an early beginning and a foundation in literature.
3. Pupils will develop an understanding of other societies, cultures, values and traditions that will help them in their emotional and spiritual growth.
4. A follow-up programme to the structured reading programme for Year 1 and 2 pupils.
5
CHILDREN’S CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL 2006 (THE FRAMEWORK)
Children’s Contemporary Literature
TARGET GROUP: 2006
All year 6 pupils in SK & SJK schools
PROGRAM FRAMEWORK
• An intensive Reading Program
• Texts : stories & poems
No. of books to be read: 2
Year 6 - 2 books • Different titles for different states
IMPLEMENTATION Teaching Time•SK - 1 period per week SJK (C/T) - 1 period once a fortnight
•January 2004 – Year 4•June 2005 – Year 5•June 2006 – Year 6
June/July 2006 Teacher Training (Cascade Model)
6
IMPLEMENTATION OF PROGRAMME
• Year 6 pupils will be provided with 2 books to read.
• Pupils need to read 2 books in a year
1 book every 4 months
At any one time, pupils will have one book to read. • Implementation in the classroom: “books on rotation
basis”.
7
What is the Programme about?
An intensive reading programme based on 2 prescribed texts.Texts consist of short stories and poems. Every class is provided with 2 titles
(assuming that a pupil will be able to complete 1 book in 4 months).
Different texts for different states.
8
Titles for Contemporary Children’s Literature
Year 6 (SK & SJK)
1. The Perfect Present – Marcia Vaughan (Ginn & Company) Johore Central Store Sdn. Bhd.
2. Noble Tales Untold – Sheikh Hassan Seylan Abad Abad Ceria Enterprise
3. Dan’s Secret Weapon – Therese Rea (Rigby Heinemann)- Alpha Sigma Sdn. Bhd.
4. Clever Katya – Julia Donaldson (Ginn & Company) Johore Central Store Sdn. Bhd.
Selangor, Terengganu, Pahang, Sabah & Labuan
Johor, Melaka, Negeri Sembilan, Kuala Lumpur & Perak
9
Titles for Contemporary Children’s Literature
Year 6 (SK & SJK)
5. The Case of the Missing Maths Teacher – Suzanne Weyn (McGraw Hill) - Refined Contour Sdn. Bhd.
6. Shorty – Christine Rule SP Smart Resources Sdn. Bhd.
Sarawak, Perlis, Pulau Pinang, Kedah & Kelantan
Selected poems supplied by CDC or chosen by teachers.
10
Requirements of the Primary School Syllabus
3.0 The Skill of Reading
3.10 Read and enjoy simple stories and poems and respond to them by
• talking about the people, animals and moral values in the story or poem, and
• relating it to one’s life
3.11 Read simple texts and predict outcomes at a level suited to learners’ ability.
3.12 Read simple texts and make inferences and draw obvious conclusions
11
Benefits of having Children’s Literature
Personal and Emotional gainsLiterature gives enjoyment.It enriches their understanding of themselves and the world around them.It develops imagination.It helps children make sense of their own experience.It evokes one’s feelings on issues related to life.
Learning GainsIt allows children to learn new ideas and knowledge.It adds to their understanding of concepts.It allows children to understand cultural traditions and values and issues in life.It allows children to develop respect for self and others.It encourages them to become aware of their audience.
Language GainsIt helps children develop an awareness of how language works in communication.It helps them develop an understanding of the meaning of words. It allows them to experience new ways of using language that bridges the gap between written and spoken language.It allows them to experience the form of narratives.
12
Teacher’s Role in Teaching Stories
Read story thoroughly Take note of the : - story line- characters in the story - message or moral of the story
Carry out activities as suggested in the course. Develop worksheets for pupils. Plan activities that pupils can put in their folio. Assess the work that pupils complete (portfolio). Create an enjoyable learning environment by devising activities suited to your pupils.
13
Preparation to teach poetry Read the poem silently. Ask yourself these questions:- - Who is speaking in the poem? - What is the person feeling? - What does he/she look like? - How does he/she sound? - What is he/she saying? Think about the narrator and characters. Think of how you can portray this person through your voice, body and
facial expression. Underline key words in the poem. Practice reading aloud the poem. Practice reading aloud to an audience. Record your poem and listen to it. How can you improve? What props and costumes could you use? Remember to have fun as you perform!
14
Teacher’s Role in Teaching Poetry
Read the poem thoroughly. Introduce the subject of the poem. Read the poem aloud in class. Let pupils enjoy listening to the poem. Get pupils to follow along as you reread the poem. Have them read the poem chorally with you as the leader keeping the voices together. Discuss new vocabulary to help pupils understand the poem. As the poem becomes more familiar, use the text to teach aspects of language.
15
Pupil’s Role
Read the book/ poem. Talk about the book/poem to his/her friend Complete exercises given by the teacher. Get involved in classroom activities Keep a vocabulary book. Write down new words learnt. Keep a folio. Ensure the folio has the following
Table of ContentsPupil’s WorkDatesDrafts and Final piecesReflections
Reflect on own learning (Self Assessment).
16
The Three Phases in A Reading LessonPre-Reading
To introduce and stimulate interest in the topic To motivate students by providing a reason for reading
To provide language preparation for the text To be enthusiastic about reading To activate background knowledge To recognise that reading gives us a lot of new ideas To link existing knowledge to new information To understand and acquire new words
While reading
To clarify content and vocabulary of the text To help students understand the writer’s purpose
To help students understand the structure of the text To identify important information
To monitor understanding
Post-reading
To consolidate and reflect upon what has been read To relate the text to the students’ own knowledge/interests/ views
To provide a stimulus for other language activities. To reflect on and respond to the text.
To select, organise and use relevant information for extended activities
17
Pre-Reading Activities
Using the CoverShow the front cover of the book and ask for comments.Predict what the book is about from the title/cover/chapter headings.Look at the cover and complete three sentences about the book.Match covers and titles.Look at the blurb and predict the story.
Using the PicturesWhich picture in the book do you like?Based on the pictures in the book, guess the story line.
Book FeaturesDiscuss the layout, e.g. title, author, illustrator, blurb, chapters, contents, captions
BrainstormingTalk about the possible theme.Help pupils to recall any previous stories that have the same theme.
18
• Skimming
• Scanning
• Jigsaw Reading
• Information Transfer
(e.g. draw diagram/ graph/ map/ plan,
complete a diagram)
• Cloze test
• Write/ Complete Summaries
• Make/ Complete Notes
(e.g. tree diagrams, mind maps)
• Reading poems aloud. • Story Telling• PLBS
• Sequencing Events
• Talking about characters in the story
• Answering comprehension questions
• Answering multiple choice questions
• Rebus Writing
• Dramatization/Role-Play the events
• Talk about good and bad characters
• Sharing one’s favourite events in the story
• Predicting Outcomes
• Grouping words with similar meanings
• Vocabulary building activities
• Grammar
While Reading
19
• Prepare a story map. Write the main details.• Prepare a concertina book of the story/poem.• Prepare a comic strip of the story/poem.• Role-play a part of the story.• Draw a character you like the most. Tell your friends why you like the character.• Look at pictures and tell the story.• Pupil to recite a passage of about 12 lines. Then tell the story using their own words.• Conferencing (Questions to stimulate discussion:-
e.g.What characters do you like or dislike? Why?What did you learn from this story/poem?Would you ask your friend to read this story/poem?
• Match characters and descriptions.• Make lists of adjectives to describe characters.• Draw the story.• Make a collage telling the story.• Making book marks/ post cards.• PLBS• Characters Mobile.• One student pretends to be a character and the others have to guess who it is (yes/No questions).
Post Reading
20
Make up a new ending for the story• Give the story a new title/ chapter headings.• Design a new cover• Plan and act out a sketch of an important scene in the book.• Draw portraits of the main characters.• Cut out words from newspapers and magazines for a word collage
which gives a feeling for the book.• Draw what you believe is the most important idea or scene from the
book.• Make paper dolls and clothes of the main characters.• Design a costume for a character to wear.• Make puppets and produce a puppet show of the story/poem.• Write a song which tells about the story/poem.• Pantomime a scene from the book/poem.• Perform a scene from the book with one person taking all the parts.• Research some real aspect of the book and present your newly found
facts.• Perform a choral reading from the story/poem. Mime episodes from the book.• Character bingo: names on the bingo cards, teacher reads out information about the characters.• Retell the story changing the point of view (eg “I”)
21
Enrichment Activities• If the characters were animals/trees/ fruit etc. what would they be
and why?
• Think of a popular song/ film/ TV programme which would make a
good title for the book.
• Expand on an incident in the story.
• What happens to the characters in five years time?
• Pupils role-play interviews with the characters• Pupils take the role of characters and answer questions from journalists.• Dramatise part of the story.• Relate to personal experience: has anything like this happened to you?• Write letters of advise to the characters.• Write a diary for a character.• Make a poster for a character.• Make a word puzzle using all the characters in the story.• Write a letter from one character to the other.• Write an introduction to the book for other students.• Write an advertisement for the book.• Write a poem based on the book.
22
• Make up riddles about the book or any parts of it.• Develop a word game based upon the book.• Write a letter to the author, particularly if you enjoyed the book
or have a question.• Write an imaginary interview with the main character or any
character of the book.• Make a newspaper which summarizes elements from the book.
Include sections like sports, comics, business, and so on).• Rewrite a section of the book in a script form.• Select a passage or quotation which has special importance for
you. Write it down and then tell why it is meaningful.• Rewrite part of the story as a news article.• Rewrite part of the book in a different time period- space
age(future) or cavemen(past).• Write a chapter which tells what happened before or after the
book.• Write a simplified version of the story in picture book form.• Write a review of the book.
23
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE
LISTENING & SPEAKING
LEARNING ENGLISH WITH
THE COMPUTER
READING COMPREHENSION
GRAMMAR
WRITING
.
PENSTRUKTURAN JADUAL WAKTU BAHASA INGGERIS SEKOLAH RENDAH
SK TAHAP 2 (Tahun 4, 5 dan 6)
Masa pengajaran : 7 waktu X 30 minit (210 minit seminggu)
LEARNINGENGLISH WITH THE
COMPUTER
EXTENSIVE
READING
24
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
LEARNING ENGLISH WITH THE COMPUTER
READING COMPREHENSION
&
GRAMMAR
WRITING
PENSTRUKTURAN JADUAL WAKTU BAHASA INGGERIS SEKOLAH RENDAH
SJK TAHAP 2 (Tahun 4, 5 dan 6)
Masa pengajaran : 4 waktu X 30 minit (120 minit seminggu)
E
X
T
E
N
S
I
V
E
R
E
A
D
I
N
G
LISTENING & SPEAKING
)
MINGGU 1
.
25
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
LISTENING
&
SPEAKING
READING COMPREHENSION
&
GRAMMAR
WRITING
.
PENSTRUKTURAN JADUAL WAKTU BAHASA INGGERIS SEKOLAH RENDAH
SJK TAHAP 2 (Tahun 4, 5 dan 6)
Masa pengajaran : 4 waktu X 30 minit (120 minit seminggu)
E
X
T
E
N
S
I
V
E
R
E
A
D
I
N
G
CONTEMPORARY LITERATURE
(
MINGGU 2
26
Pentaksiran Lisan Berasaskan Sekolah (PLBS)
MODEL 1
PUPIL TEACHER
Activity : Presenting information from non-linear forms.
Instructions : 1. Teacher gives pupils a visual stimulus of family.
2. Pupil answers questions asked by the teacher.
3. Activity can be carried out inside or outside the
classroom.
Resource : Visual Stimulus – pictures, photographs, compact discs.
Assessment : 1. Pupil looks carefully at the picture stimulus
2. Pupil answers questions asked by the teacher.
27
MODEL 2
PUPIL
TEACHER
PEERS (LISTENERS)
Activity : Tell story
Instructions : 1. Teacher asks pupil to choose a story he/she would
like to tell the class.
2. Pupil tells the story.
3. Activity can be carried out inside or outside the
classroom.
Resource : Visual Stimulus – pictures, photographs, compact discs.
Assessment : 1. Pupil is given a suitable stimulus of the story he/she
has chosen.
2. Pupil shares information about the story.
3. Pupil retells the story.
28
MODEL 3
PUPIL
TEACHER
PEER
Activity : Describe scenes
Instructions : 1. Teacher appoints pupil’s peer.
2. Teacher gives a list of questions to the peer.
3. Teacher gives stimulus to the pupil.
4. Teacher observes the interaction between the pupil
and the peer.
Resource : Visual stimulus and questions .
Assessment : 1. Pupils work in pairs.
2. Pupil looks carefully at the stimulus given.
3. Peer asks questions prepared by the teacher.
4. Teacher awards the score to the pupil only.
29
MODEL 4
PUPIL
TEACHER
PUPIL
Activity : Give and share information
Instructions : 1. Teacher chooses two pupils to be assessed.
2. Teacher prepares the task.
3. Teacher facilitates the pupils.
4. Activity can be carried out inside or outside the
classroom.
Resource : Visual Stimulus – pictures, photographs.
Assessment : 1. Each pupil is given the same visual stimulus.
2. Teachers asks pupils to look at the stimulus carefully.
3. Pupils describe what they see.
4. Teachers may ask other questions based on the stimulus.
30
MODEL 5
PUPIL
TEACHER
PUPIL
PUPIL
31
Activity : Give and share information
Instructions : 1. Teacher gives the group a visual stimulus.
2. Teacher asks pupils to look at the stimulus carefully.
3. Teacher asks pupils to discuss the visual stimulus
among themselves.
4. Teacher prompts or guides whenever necessary.
5. Activity can be carried out inside or outside the
classroom.
Resource : Visual Stimulus – pictures, photographs.
Assessment : 1. Teacher explains the task to the pupils.
2. Pupil discuss among themselves the given visual
stimulus.
3. Pupils give relevant information and respond to
enquiries made by other pupils in the group.
4. Teacher observes and awards the score to the pupils in
the group.
32
33
What is Portfolio Assessment?
A portfolio is a kind of scrapbook or photo album that records the progress and activities of the program and its participants, and showcases them to interested parties both within and outside the program. (Meg Sewell, Mary Marczak & Melanie Horn)
A representative sample of a student’s work, showing the range of performance and experience.
A collection of students’ best work or best efforts, student selected samples of work experiences related to outcomes being assessed, and documents according growth and development toward mastering identified outcomes. (Paulson, F.L. Paulson, P.R. and Meyer)
34
A portfolio provides samples of pupils’ work which show
growth over time.
As pupils reflect on their own learning (self-assessment),
they begin to identify their strengths and weaknesses.
With proper guidance, weaknesses then become
improvement goals.
The portfolio enables pupils to show quality work, which
is done without pressure and time constraints and with
the help of resources, reference materials and
collaboration.
Portfolios offer a way of assessing student learning that
is different than traditional methods. (Paulson and Meyer)
35
Why use Portfolios?Why use Portfolios?
encourages self-directed learning
encourages self-directed learning enlarges one’s
view
enlarges one’s view
fostering learning about learning
fostering learning about learning
demonstrating progress towards determined objectives
demonstrating progress towards determined objectives
intersection for instruction and assessment
intersection for instruction and assessment
allows pupils to value themselves as learners
allows pupils to value themselves as learners
peer-supported growth
peer-supported growth
36
Self-ReflectionSelf-Reflection
Transfer into Real LifeTransfer into Real Life
Ongoing and FormativeOngoing and Formative
Integration of knowledgeIntegration of knowledge
Positive InteractionPositive Interaction
Improves Thinking SkillsImproves Thinking Skills
Quality productsQuality products
Meaningful TasksMeaningful Tasks
Benefits of Portfolio
37
Types of Portfolio Documentation Portfolio: - a collection of work over time showing growth and improvement . e.g. brainstorming activities, drafts and completed pieces of work.
Process Portfolio: - includes pupils’ work, dates, drafts & final pieces and reflections.
Showcase Portfolio: - documents pupils’ best work as agreed by pupil and teacher.
38
39
1. Retelling the story
Pupils retell the story orally at first. Then they:
- write individually - write in pairs/ groups - use drawings with a minimum of writing - use drawing only
2. Map a Story
Maps should show important parts of the setting. Maps should also trace the movement of the main characters. Pupils can retell the story from their map.
3. Change the Form
Pupils work in pairs or small groups to rewrite the story in a different form, e.g a play, a journal, a comic strip, a picture book.
40
4. Role Playing
Children work in groups of about six. After everyone has heard or read the story, choose one person to be a character from the story. Others ask questions.
5. Retelling from a character’s point of View
Discuss how the story would change if it was written by the bad character. Telling the story and then writing the story from the bad character’s point of view.
6. Character Diaries
Group members discuss what it would be like to be a character from the story. They then write an account of a day in the life of that character.
41
7. Story Grammar Pupils select details from the story and place them under
appropriate headings.
STORY GRAMMARTitleClever Katya
1. Place of
the Story
4. Message/lessons
learnt3. What the people
did?
2. People in the
story
42
8. Character Self Portrait
Pupils assume the personality of a character from the story and write details under the heading
e.g. Dan’s Secret Weapon or Shorty
I am ________________ I live _______________ I have ______________ I like _______________ I hate ______________ I wish ______________
9. Writing letters
The teacher can compose a letter to one of the characters. The pupils then respond appropriately, writing a reply as that character.
43
10. Concertina Books
Group Work ( Rewriting the story or writing a similar story)Decide how many pages you will need.Decide what part of the story goes in each pageIllustrateEither rewrite or add captions to each panel.Share with others as either shared reading or as a wall story.
11. Newspaper Reports
e.g. Letters to the editorPlace a series of advertisements for characters in the storyMissing person section. Write a report on one of the characters in the story who has gone missing.A reporter could interview one of the characters.
44
12. Semantic Webs
Choose a character from the storyPlace the name or drawing of the character in the middle of the page.From the story, fill in as much detail you can around the circle.
13. Reflection Sessions
Ask questions to stimulate discussion. e.g.
What do you expect the story to be about? What characters do you like or dislike? Why? What did you learn from this story? Would you ask your friend to read this story?
45
Other Suggested Activities1. Make a collage telling the story/poem.2. Draw portraits of the main characters.3. Rewriting the story/poem in cartoon form.4. Make a poster for a character.5. Make a word puzzle using all the characters in the story/poem.6. Write an advertisement for the book.7. Draw/tell/write what you believe is the most important idea
or scene from the story/poem.8. Make up riddles about the book or any parts of it.
46
Introducing Portfolios in the Classroom. The teacher will need to present the idea of a portfolio to the
classroom. It is a good idea to show the pupils examples of portfolios prepared by other classes.
Inform the pupils’ how much weight the portfolio will have in their final grade.
Teacher needs to tell pupils that drafts and reflections will be put in the portfolio and explain how the portfolio will be graded.
The portfolio may be due only at the end of the semester, but teachers need to give feedback so that pupils know whether
they are on the right track. To ensure that the portfolio shows the pupil’s own work,
some exercises can be done completely in class.
47
The Portfolio Contents
Table of Contents Entries - both core (items students have to include) and
optional (items of pupils’ choice). Dates on all entries, as proof of growth over time. Drafts of written work and revised versions Reflections Pupils can reflect on the following:
• What did I learn from the lesson? • What did I do well in? • What do I want to improve in my work? • What were the problem areas?
48
Accuracy of Information
Connections to Other Subjects
Creativity
Developments of Process
Diversity of Selections
Evidence of Understanding
Following Directions
Growth and Development
CRITERIA FOR GRADING PORTFOLIO
Knowledge of Content
Multiple Intelligence
Originality
Quality Product
Reflection
Visual Appeal
49
Model 1: General Scoring RubricResponse to Readingamount of informationaccuracy of informationselection of information
Management of Contentorganization/focusdevelopmentaccomplishment of task
Command of languagesentence structure/varietyword choicesgrammar/usage/mechanics
The information used is accurate and relevant to the task
clearly organised
The ideas flow logically from beginning to end. The response successfully fulfills the task.
Sentences are correctly written, and they display variety. Few if nay errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics are present.
Some minor inaccuracies may appear. Some of the information selected may be irrelevant to the task
minor organisation flaws
Ideas flow logically through most of the response.
Sentences are correctly written but lacking in variety. There may be some errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics.
It may contain frequent or serious inaccuracies. Irrelevant information from the passage may outweigh relevant information
Disruption in the flow of ideas may be frequent
The response may only partially fulfill the task.
There may be several errors in sentence structure, and little variety There may be several errors in grammar, usage, or mechanics.
The response may reflect serious misunderstanding of the passage
The ideas do not flow logically. The response does not fulfill the task.
There may be many errors in sentence structure.
There may be many errors in grammar,usage, or mechanics.
4
3
2
1
50
Model 2 Rating Criteria 5 (Excellent) Vocabulary is good Ideas are expressed
clearly Minor errors in spelling and
punctuation
4 (Good) Vocabulary is adequate Ideas are expressed
but at times there is a break down of meaning.
Some errors in spelling and punctuation
3 ( Average)• Vocabulary is simple • Meaning is frequently not clear• Spelling and punctuation and
word order errors.
2 (Weak) • Vocabulary is limited and
repetitious • Meaning is unclear• Spelling, punctuation and
word order errors disrupt communication
1 (Very Weak)• Responds with a few
isolated words• No complete sentences are
written • Meaning is very unclear• Errors cause serious
disruption in communication
Portfolio Assessment
51
Samples of Pupils’ Reflection
Changing Days12/8/05From worksheet A, I learnt about the cover. I learnt about the title, the writer and the people in the story19/8/05Today’s lesson, I learnt about the place of the story. I like the place because it is a jungle.26/8/05I feel sad for the king and queen. They have no children. But, they are happy with baby Taming
12/8/05Today I learnt about the writer and the things on the cover of the book. I don’t know the ISBN number.
19/8/05
Today I learnt 5 words- jungle, canal, worries, kingdom, queen
26/8/05I like this worksheet. I can fill in the blanks correctly
52
References
Rees D; Raison G; Shortlland-Jones, B; Baraaatt-Pugh; Sinclair,A;Dewsbury,A and Lambert, S (1997) Reading Resource Book.Rigby Heinemann: Education Department of Western Australia.
Brown, J.D ( 2003 ) New Ways of Classroom Assessment.Virginia:TESOL
Carter,G (1992) Ideas for Developing Comprehension, New Zealand: Waiatarua Publishing. Farr,R and Tone B. (1998) Portfolio And Performance
Assessments. Orlando:Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Andrew, M. (1990) Language in Colour. England: Belair Publications Limited.
Burke,K., Fogarty R. and Belgrad S. (1994) The Portfolio Connection. USA: Skylight Training and Publishing Inc.
Paulson, F.L. Paulson, P.R. and Meyer, CA. (1991). “What Makes a Portfolio a Portfolio?”. Educational Leadership.
Paul S. George. (1995). What is Portfolio Assessment Really and How Can I Use It in My Classroom? Gainesville, FL: Teacher Education Resources.
http://www.eduplace.com/rdg/res/literacy/assess6.html