8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
1/38
Glasgow Museums Display Guidelines
A Practical Guide for Exhibitions
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
2/38
1. Introduction
2. Audiences
2.1 Specific Audiences
3. Languages
4. Generic Learning Outcomes
5. Interpretation
5.1 Interpretative Methods,Communication Methods,Scripting
6. Graphics and Text
6.1 Writing
6.2 Text Development Process
6.3 Exhibition Graphics and Labels
6.4 Images for Exhibition Graphicsand Labels
6.5 Positioning of Graphics
6.6 Viewing Bands: general
6.7 Viewing Bands: pre-five
6.8 Templates
7. Typography
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Type Layout and Usage
7.3 Illustrations and Text
7.4 Braille Provision
7.5 Identity, Branding andPartnerships
7.6 Signage and Orientation
7.7 Signage Heights
7.8 Use of Symbols
7.9 Materials
7.10 E-labels
7.11 Position
8. Interactives
8.1 Interactive Listening
8.2 Location of controls andOperating Mechanisms
8.3 Measurements for Controlsand Operating Systems
9. Object Display
9.1 Object Display, Maintenance
and Security
9.2 Open Display
9.3 Object Placement
9.4 General visitors
9.5 Children
9.6 Cased Objects
9.7 Display Materials
9.8 Wall and Ceiling MountedObjects
9.9 Handling Objects
9.10 Mounts and Backgrounds
9.11 Requirements for Loan Objects
10. Furniture
10.1 General Furniture
10.2 Display Furniture
10.3 General Guidelines forDisplay Furniture
10.4 Display Case Interiors
10.5 General Seating
10.6 Seating Measurements
Contents
11. Display and Circulation Spaces
12. Colour
13. Lighting
13.1 General
13.2 Entrances and Main Routes
13.3 Display Lighting
13.4 Labels
13.5 Maintenance
13.6 Reflective and TranslucentSurfaces
14. Sound
15. Health and Safety
16. Statutory Requirements
17. Further Information
Only the sectionlinks (in purplebox) links on thispage are active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
3/38
1. Introduction
This document sets out the display standardsfor Glasgow Museums, clarifying the
principles and methods by which we displayour collections. It refers to the requirementsof the Interpretation Plan, the AudienceDevelopment Plan, and Project ManagementGuidelines which are all available aselectronic links in this document.
It takes into account the legalrequirements of the Building Regulationsand the Disability Discrimination Act.
This guide will help exhibition plannersprovide physical, sensory and intellectualaccess to exhibitions on our museums andgalleries.
The approach to design and interpretationshould be seen as providing better accessfor all, and solutions should be incorporatedat the outset of all exhibition planning.
This document is relevant for all GlasgowMuseums’ venues:
The Burrell Collection
Gallery of Modern Art (GoMA )
Glasgow Museums Resource Centre
Kelvingrove Art Gallery andMuseum
People’s Palace
Provand’s Lordship
Riverside Museum
St Mungo Museum of Religious Lifeand Art
Scotland Street School Museum
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
4/38
2. Audiences
2.1 Specific Audiences
Glasgow Museums has defined the followingaudiences because they have identifiableand discrete needs.
Our target audiences include:
• Families (that it, adults or older siblingswith children)
• Under-5s
• Young People
• Teenagers
• Adults
• Visually impaired people
• Hearing-impaired and deaf people
• Sensory-impaired
• People on the autistic spectrum(see Autism Action Plan for details)
• School groups: Nursery schools Primary schools Secondary schools
Refer to the Audience Development Plan for each venue.
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
5/38
3. Languages
People whose first language is not Englishbenefit from clear, non-idiomatic language
in displays. This also benefits people with alearning disability, and helps all our visitorsgrasp messages, information and instructionsquickly and clearly.
All our interpretation, communication anddisplays should meet CSG’s Equality Policy.
The community languages other thanEnglish that are spoken in the City of
Glasgow include:
Mandarin
Polish
Arabic
Farsi
Urdu
The languages above are the ones that aremost commonly requested from the Glasgow
Translation Service. GTC provide translationof materials for Glasgow City Council. GCCno longer provides print material in otherlanguages.
Some links on thispage are not active
From the 2001 census the largest communitypopulations in the city are:
Pakistani (Urdu)
Indian (Hindi, Bengali)
Chinese (Mandarin)
As of March 2010 the key languages spokenby new asylum seekers* in Scotland are:
Mandarin (China)
Farsi (Iran)
Arabic, Kurdish Sorani (Iraq)
Tigrinya (Eritrea)
Somali (Somalia)
English (Zimbabwe)
Arabic (Sudan)
Pashto (Afghanistan)
French (DRC)
Urdu (Pakistan)
* Source: Scottish Refugee Council
In terms of visitors to Glasgow data fromVisit Scotland (2009) indicated that the
top 6 non-English speaking tourists to visitGlasgow are:
German
French
Spanish
Italian
Dutch
Polish
Correspondingly the download data fromGlasgow Museums indicates that the mostpopular downloads for our translatedmaterial are:
Polish
French
German
Spanish
Italian
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
6/38
3. Languages
Riverside Museum provides a limited amountof material in languages other than English,
on the e-Intros to the interactives in themuseum.
Having analysed the available data Riversidechose to produce their e-Intros in:
English
French
German
Urdu
Simplified Chinese
British sign langauge
When considering the translation ofinterpretive material it is vital to consult
with the venue manager and the rest of theproject team to ensure consensus of opinionon the best use of resources. Professionaltranslation services are expensive however inthe interests of inclusivity we should aim forparity across our venues. Any decisions ontranslation must comply with Glasgow Life’sEquality Policy, which is available from thePolicy and Research team.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
7/38
4. Generic Learning Outcomes (GLOs)
Using the MLA Inspiring Learning forAll framework of five generic learning
outcomes (GLOs) is a recognized method ofplanning for and providing evidence of theimpact of museums displays and activities.
This framework emphasizes the importanceof consultation with users and potentialusers to deliver relevant and stimulatingopportunities for learning that reflect thediversity of learning styles and learningneeds. Evaluating the outcomes to explore
what people have learnt is central to theoverall vision of Inspiring Learning.
The five Generic Learning Outcomes are:
1 Knowledge and understanding
2 Skills
3 Attitudes and values
4 Enjoyment, inspiration and creativity
5 Activity behaviour and progression
All interpretation plans must identify GLOsfor the display. For further information
on GLOs and the ILFA framework refer to‘Audiences, Learning and Interpretation’.
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
8/38
5. Interpretation
5.1 Interpretative Methods, Communication Methods, Scripting
1 Graphic Panels
2 Object Labels
3 E-labels
4 Images and Illustration
5 Audio
6 Video
7 Immersive Effects
8 Lighting Effects
9 Low-tech Interactives
10 High-tech Interactives
11 Hand Boards
12 Models
13 Live Interpretation
14 Printed text
15 Events
Incorporate text and images
For individual objects
Incorporate text, images, video, audio and interactivity
Photographs, maps, drawings and diagrams
Spoken word, oral testimony, music, foreign languages
Film, interviews, archive film, moving image effects
Sequenced presentations with audio, film and lighting
Sequenced presentations
Incorporate text, film, flipbooks, audio
Programmed and computerized
Incorporate text and images
Scale models, dioramas, props, reconstructions
Staff or actors in role-play
Leaflets, trails and education packs
Workshops
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
9/38
6. Graphics and Text
6.1 Writing
Know your audiences, and bear in mindthat visitors will have a wide range ofliteracy levels. (one in five adults inScotland is functionally illiterate meaningthat he or she finds it difficult to read atthe level required to cope best with allaspects of daily life.
To cater for a wide range of literacy, usePlain English and aim at a reading age of
12 or 13 for main messages, and up to 15for additional information. Further museumstudies publications are available on thistopic. Such language need not be over-simple and patronising, but should allow forfast comprehension and be accessible to awide range of visitors.
These are general guidelines, for furtherinformation, see Glasgow Museums’ HouseStyle Document.
6.2 Text Development Process
The text development team is comprised of:
• Story author and L&A Curator
• Editor
• Research Manager
• Venue Manager
Final text and images should be issued to thedesigner.
6.3 Exhibition Graphics and Labels
When writing text for an exhibition, itshould always be remembered that it is astoryline that supports objects in a physicalspace or environment. The readers willmostly be standing and have the distractionof other exhibits and visitors around them.
The visitor will probably have a maximumvisiting time of an hour to read, considerand understand the exhibition as well as
interpret and enjoy the objects shown. This iswhy suitable text lengths are crucial.
More detailed information can be providedon hand-outs, exhibition publications or bycomputer or audio interactives for visitorswho wish to find out more about a topic orparticular object, and this requires ResearchManager approval.
See table on next page.
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
10/38
6. Graphics and Text
Type of Graphic
Intro Panel
Topic Graphic Panel
Single Object Label
Hand Boards
Large print handouts
Interactive Instructions
Electronic Flipbooks
Element
TitleBody Text
Captions
Images
Group title
Body text
Captions
Images
Heading
Body Text
Images
Heading
Body Text
Body Text
HeadingBody text
Heading
Body Text
Words and Images
8 words60–100 words
10–30 words
4–6 images
12 words
60–100 words
10–30 words
2–4 images
30–80 words (50 words ideal)
1 image
8 words
60–100 words
60–100 words
8 words10–30 words
8 words
30–100 words
Type Size
240 point80 point
20 point
80 point
48/52 point
20 point
30 point
22/26 point
30 point
22/26 point
16–26 point
30 point22/26 point
30 point
22/26 pointTable continues on next page
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
11/38
Type of Graphic
Touch Screens
Captions for illustrations
Investigative Caption
Numbering Systems
Object Registration
Credit Line
Screen Subtitles
Children’s Activity Instructions
Signage
A4 and A3 Public Notices
6. Graphics and Text
Element
HeadingBody Text
Body Text
Body Text
Min 2030mm FFL
Title
Body Text
Word and Images
8 words30–100 words
30 words
20–60 words
8 words
30 words
Type Size
30 point22/26 point
20 point
20 point
26 point
10 point
10 point
14 point
14 point
75mm high
30 point
24/26 point
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
12/38
6. Graphics and Text
6.4 Images for Exhibition Graphics and Labels
Photographs and illustrations can be morearresting and informative than lots of text.Photographs, illustrations and otherimages should be printed onto a mattsurface, and the text should be closelylinked to the image. The image should beclear and be printed as large as possible, orthe important part of the image enlarged.
As a rough guide, allow a viewing
distance of at least double the diagonalmeasurement where possible, and thesame for large objects.
Try to provide label information in analternative format, such as large-printhandouts or Braille. The availability ofthese formats should be clearly signed atthe entrance to the exhibition.
Henry Bell and his wife Margaret ran the Baths Inn inHelensburgh. Bell hoped the regular steamboat services wouldmake the small coastal resort more popular with tourists.
Courtesy of Argyll & Bute Council Culture & Libraries
The Great Comet of 1812
Henry Bell had a vision – a world where everyone
travelled by steam. Not for him sai ling boats and
horse-drawn carts. Henry imagined people
“fleeing and bizzing about” on steamboats and
steam-powered vehicles.
Not everyone shared Henry’s passion for
steamboats. Navy chiefs and engineers such as
James Watt all had their doubts. Henry w asn’t
put off. He had a boat built, and bought a steam
engine and boiler to power her.
Henry’s little steamboat Comet began working
in August 1812. She was an instant success –
Glaswegians rushed to have a shot. Within a few
years, Henry’s dream was turning true.
Comet offered a regular, reliableservice between Glasgow and
Greenock. The journey tookaboutthree to fourhours– almosttwice asfastasa sailing boatorhorse-drawn coach.
Courtesy of Glasgow City Council
In 1811 star-gazers watched agreat comet blaze across the
night sky. Bell used the nameComet for his steamboat,suggesting she too had fierypower and awesome speed.
Courtesy of Museum of London/Bridgeman Art Library
Comet wasn’t the only steamer on the Clyde for long. Other
entrepreneurs quickly cashed in on Bell’s success. By 1814,there were 12 steamers on the Clyde.
Courtesy of Glasgow City Council
Comet sank during a winter storm in Loch Crinan in 1820while sailing to Glasgow from Oban. From 1813, Bell had beentrying Comet’s fortunes in other parts of Scotland.
Courtesy of Glasgow City Council
Steamers quickly became the most popular way to travel onthe Clyde. Within a few years steamers were sailing on the
River Thames, the Irish Sea and the English Channel.Courtesy of Glasgow University Library Special Collections
i l l
il i l
This simple model of Comet’s hull belonged toJohn Wood. He used it, along with paper plans,to build the steamboat.
Builder’s model of paddle steamer Comet , about 1811–12
Given by MissReid
T.1929.2.b
Graphic panel (above) and object label(right)used at Riverside Museum.
When drafting a list of images for anexhibition or publication always checkwith the Photo Library to see what (ifany) photographs have been taken of theobjects. Never assume that because anobject is in the collection that it has beenphotographed already. Images on MIMSYare usually inventory standard, and arenot of a high enough resolution to beused for graphics or in publications, soyou may have to complete a PhotographyRequisition form requesting that newimages be taken.
Bear in mind copyright costs for images.Even if an object is in our collection it maystill be under the artist’s copyright, so wewill have to pay to use it. Note also thatcomparative images can be expensiveand can take a long time to source. Whenrequesting new copyright licenses note that
they should run for a duration of 10 years.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
13/38
6. Graphics and Text
6.5 Positioning of Graphics
• Wall/screen-mounted graphics shouldwherever possible be positioned within theoptimum viewing band [1100–1675mm]
• People with low vision may need to bewithin 75mm of a label in order to read it.
• Object labels should be located as nearas possible to the object, so that both theobject and the label can be seen from the
same vantage point.
• Object labels should be positionedconsistently next to the object.
Labels should be mounted at 90 degrees tothe line of vision and as close to the vieweras possible. They should also be visible towheelchair users.
1675mm
1100mm1075mm
700mm
Viewing bands for adults (pink) and pre-fives (blue).
• If label rails are used, don’t position thetop of the label above the maximumrecommended height.
• Position Braille labels at a consistentheight and position, and on a horizontalor near horizontal plane (at between 600and 700mm from floor level at the left-hand side) for the best reading angle.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
14/38
Wall, screen and rail mounted interpretationoptimum viewing bands for main text
E-IntroductionNB Glare at child height falls between1000mm and 1060mm
Graphic panels
Label rails
Braille rails
Optimum centring level
Panels
Labels (for pictures, etc)
6. Graphics and Text
Min heightFFL mm
1100
1100
750
750
Height
FFL mm
1100
1225
Max heightFFL mm
1675
1675
1225
900
Wall, screen and rail mounted interpretationoptimum viewing bands for information
Screen based interpretation
NB Glare at child height falls between1000mm and 1060mm
Graphic panels
Optimum centring level
Panels
Labels (for pictures, etc)
Min heightFFL mm
700
700
HeightFFL mm
1400
1225
Max heightFFL mm
1075
1075
6.6 Viewing Bands – General
6.7 Viewing Bands – Pre-five
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
15/38
7. Typography
7.1 Introduction
Glasgow Museums’ default display typefaceis Frutiger, a sans serif font. The followingstandards are set using the typeface Frutigerfor baseline comparisons.
Frutiger 55 RomanFrutiger 65 Bold
Frutiger 56 Italic
• All body text should be in Frutiger.• Any typeface may be selected for the
graphic panel heading, as long as it islegible.
• Use your font in its true form: avoidapplying effects such as outline orshadowing.
Heading typefaceHeading typeface
Heading typeface Heading typefaceHeadin t e ace
OutlineShadow
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
16/38
7.2 Type Layout and Usage
Use simple, clear, and consistentnumbering systems. All interpretivetext should have a high contrast (80%)between text and background. The higherthe contrast, the greater the legibility; thisis essential for people with impaired vision.
• The graphic panel or label should havegood contrast with the backgroundcolour or case lining.
• Headings can appear in other coloursand the title can be printed on differentbackgrounds for different storylines,but a high contrast should always bemaintained (80%).
• Arrange text in short chunks with
headings and subheadings.• Use images to support the text.
• Range main body text left, with a raggedright hand margin, while headings or titlescan be placed separately to add interest.
• The orientation of body text should behorizontal, and vertical orientation isonly acceptable when used sparingly onheadings and captions. Lettering placed
on curves should also be used sparinglyand should only be used for headings.Stacked lettering should never be used.
• Avoid combinations of coloursindistinguishable by people withcolour blindness (especially red andgreen together, but also brown, orangeand yellow).
80% contrast
80% contrast
80% contrast
80% contrast
7. Typography
• Avoid overprinting (type on an image,textured or patterned background).This can result in illegible areas and isunreadable for people with partial visionand perceptual difficulties. Exceptionsmay be in very large graphics with largedropout or boldly contrasting type.
Type on image
Type on image
Type on pattern
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
17/38
7. Typography
7.3 Illustrations and Text
Avoid running type over or around pictorialimages. Overprinting is difficult to read andshould be avoided, unless the image is usedas a decorative background.
7.4. Braille Provision
Where Braille is found in Glasgow Museumswe use Braille Grade I, which is suitable forsingle words and short signs; and BrailleGrade 2 for interpretive text.
7.5 Identity, Branding and Partnerships
Supporters and funding bodies may requireacknowledgement on specific designelements. The manner and method of thatacknowledgement will vary, and logosand guidelines should be obtained for useearly on in a project. The DevelopmentTeam are responsible for defining funders’
requirements.
The Development Team must sign offdesigns that contain supporters’ logos,contact:[email protected]
7.6 Signage and Orientation
Signage should be simple, short andconsistent in design and layout. As 7.3million adults in Britain today have literacyproblems, recognized symbols should beused wherever possible.
There are four types of signage:
• Information
• Direction
• Identication• Safety
7.7 Signage Heights
Interactive area
Female toilets
Male toilets
Accessible toilets
Lift
Accessible lift
Café
Public telephone
Signage height
General
ChildrenTactile/Braille
Min heightFFL mm
1400
1000600
Max heightFFL mm
12201000
7.8 Use of Symbols
The use of recognized symbols representingfacilities or levels of accessibility mustprovide accurate, reliable and meaningfulinformation.
Symbols used at Kelvingrove.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
18/38
7. Typography
7.9 Materials
• Graphic and printing substrates, papers,films, glues, etc. should have passedconservation testing to ensure chemicalstability, colourfastness and to ensureconsistency between ex-case and in-casematerials.
• Refer to the Preventive Conservation:Display Systems, Cases and BarriersGuidelines and Conservation staff forrequirements and timescales.
• Use matt or silk papers and inks as glossysurfaces can create glare or reflection.Avoid thin or semi-transparent paperswhich allow show-through.
7.10 E-Labels
• E-label content should conform to thesame standards for typography, colour,lighting, images, audio and videoprovision, and so on.
• E-labels should conform to the samestandards for buttons and operationmechanisms as other forms ofinterpretation.
7.11 Position
• E-labels should be located out of the wayof barriers, protruding objects, stairs, ordoorways.
• Avoid placing E-labels where they couldcreate a bottleneck.
• Take care when positioning labels inproximity to display cases as imagereflections and glare can inhibit the viewof objects. E-labels should always belocated next to the object.
E-label in use at Riverside Museum.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
19/38
8. Interactives
• All interactives will be designed so thatthey are accessible and usable by all
visitors.• Activity surfaces or computer stations
should be no higher than 800mmFFL andfully accessible for a parked wheelchair.
• Work surfaces should be lit to a level of200lux, minimum.
• Interactives should not require staff orvisitors to reset them; they should returnto a default position automatically or
operate from the position they are left in.• Interactives should not be located where
they or visitors operating them will causean obstruction, and sufficient space shouldbe provided at and around the interactiveso that everyone can use it.
• Push buttons should be easy to operate,visible and easy to comprehend. Buttonsand interactive features should be located1050mm FFL, if wall-mounted.
• Operating instructions should be clear andfeatured on the desktop or wall mountedbetween 1200 and 1600mm FFL.
8.1 Interactive Listening and Speaking Activities
For activities that require listening as aspecific action, make sure that:
• equipment is accessible to people whetherthey are small, use wheelchairs, or arestanding;
• xed listening devices are positionedwithin the recommended height band forthe audience;
• listening devices are height adjustable or
we may need to provide them at differentheights to accommodate different usergroups; and
• any adjustable elements are operable bythose with low mobility and grip, andreturn to a position accessible to all.
8.2 Location of Controls and Operating Mechanisms
Interactives should be designed so that:• all the controls and operational
mechanisms (such as levers, buttons,peddles, steering wheels, tracker balls) arewithin reach of people whether they aresmall, use wheelchairs, or are standing;
and
• they are 725mm above xed oor level.
Wheelchair-accessible listening device atRiverside Museum.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
20/38
8. Interactives
8.3 Measurements for controls and operating systems
For further information refer toAV Guidelines Doc
Interactive controls
Table mounted – Under 5s
Table mounted – standing 5–14
Table mounted – standing general
Table mounted – sitting/wheelchair general
Wall mounted controls – Under 5s
Wall mounted controls – standing 5–14
Wall/rail mounted controls – standing general
Wall mounted controls – wheelchair general
Listening device – standing 5–14
Listening device – standing generalListening device – wheelchair general
Speaking device – under 5
Speaking device – standing 5–14
Speaking device – standing general
Speaking device – wheelchair general
Viewing device – under 5
Viewing device – standing 5–14
Viewing device – standing general
Viewing device – wheelchair general
Reach – standing under 5
Reach – standing 5–14
Reach – standing general
Reach – sitting under 5
Reach – sitting 5–14
Reach – sitting general
The recommended control mounting height for general use is 725mm FFL
Min heightFFL mm
1100
520
670
670
460
520
670
670
700
1010
1365
1060
430
545
827
360
410
624
Max heightFFL mm
600
825
925
825
800
1020
1050
1020
1017
15001017
1015
1350
1015
1075
1475
1700
1275
580
880
1048
490
705
835
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
21/38
9. Object Display
9.1 Object Display, Maintenance and Security
At Glasgow Museums we aim to makeobjects as accessible as possible to visitors.Our role is to take responsibility forproviding safe access to the objects inour care, and to work with colleagues inConservation and Design to make thispossible. The design of any exhibition ordisplay should safely offer high qualityaccess. By minimizing deterioration, accessfor audiences in the future is protected. Allproposed object display methods must beapproved by the Conservation Department.
Glasgow Museums’ aim is to improveaccess to Glasgow’s collections by havingas many items as possible on open displayand without physical barriers. We will findcreative solutions to protect the objectswithout impeding access to them.
Inventory and audit requirements whichsupport security functions
Cases, plinths, screens, walls and each galleryspace will include discrete numberingsystems to aid staff in identifying locationsof any security problems and maintainprocedures concerning the inventory andaudit of the collections. The DocumentationSection of Glasgow Museums will providethese numbers. All proposals for displaychanges and exhibitions should beforwarded to the Security Manager forcomment / approval.
Refer to the Preventive Conservation:Display Systems, Cases and BarriersGuidelines
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
22/38
9. Object Display
9.2 Open Display
General
• All objects on open display must be securefrom theft and damage.
• All objects identied for potential opendisplay will be viewed and agreed on anobject-to-object basis depending on theirconservation assessments.
*In some cases 600mm may be acceptable,provided the plinth height is above 350mm.
Recommended distance to place objectsout of ‘casual arm’s length’ taken fromthe edge of the object to the edge of anyproposed form of barrier
700mm
Distance Min
600mm*
Distance
700mm
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
23/38
9. Object Display
9.3 Object Placement
• Don’t place objects in such a way that theycould present a hazard to visitors.
• Avoid placing objects less than 305mmin height on the floor. If objects smallerthan this must be placed at floor level,they should be placed away from thecirculation route, be well lit, and placedagainst a contrasting background orprotected by psychological barriers.
• All object displays, cased or otherwise,must be viewable by all, including peoplewho are small in stature or in wheelchairs.
• Cased objects will where possible bedisplayed within the optimum viewingband. Smaller 2D or detailed objectswill be displayed within the narrowerrecommended viewing band.
• Ensure everything is visible from awheelchair.
9.4 General Visitor
These are the recommended measurementsfor developing displays for general visitors.
Object display
General – Viewing band
Small objects – Viewing band
Very small items – Viewing band
Wall mounted items over 1000mm deep
Ceiling hung items
Protective zone (arm’s length)
Min heightFFL mm
700
800
800
600
600
305
Max heightFFL mm
2000
1600
1015
2030
2400
N/A
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
24/38
9. Object Display
9.5 Children
These are the recommended measurementsfor developing child-orientated displays.
Average eyeheight
Under 5s
5–12
Average reach
Under 5s
5–12
Heightstanding fromFFL mm
700–1075
1010–1475
Standing
430–580
545–880
Height sittingfromFFL mm
700–865
865–950
Sitting
360–490
410–705
Seats
Under 5s
5–12
Min heightFFL mm
250
325
Max heightFFL mm
325
450
Arm/backsupport heightFFL mm
350–500proportional toseat height350–550proportional toseat height
Wall and screen mounted interpretationoptimum viewing bands for information
Graphic panels
Screen based interpretation – NB glare atchild height falls between 1000–1060mm
Optimum centring level
Panels
Labels
Min heightFFL mm
700
700
HeightFFL mm
1400
1225
Max heightFFL mm
1075
1075
Tables and worktops
Table top – standingwork surface under 5
Table top – standingwork surface 5–12
Knee space – under 5Knee space – 5–12(NB children’s wheelchairs havesimilar dimensions to adults)
Min heightFFL mm
460
520
400460
Max heightFFL mm
530
825
470620
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
25/38
9. Object Display
9.6 Cased Objects
• All the elements in a display should bevisually accessible to all visitors. All caseddisplays should fall within the generaloptimum viewing band of 750–2000mm.Ensure everything is visible from awheelchair. Desk cases should be nohigher than 800mm FFL.
• Position small objects or those with nedetail in the front portion of a case, withlarger items behind.
• Provide a toe space of 224mm x 180mmdeep around cases and plinths to allowwheelchair access.
• Position small items or those with nedetail no higher than 1015mm fromfloor level. Objects placed above thisheight are only seen from below bypeople in wheelchairs or people who
are small in stature.
2000mm
750mm
9.7 Materials
• The designer will select suitable materials,sizes, thicknesses, types, and locations offixings and sealants and guarantee thatthey are used for the purpose intendedby the manufacturer (refer to display casespecifications).
• All materials used for display purposesmust be approved by the ConservationDepartment, and must be tested by therecognized bodies.
• Materials and nishes used in constructionmust meet current fire regulations.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
26/38
9. Object Display
9.8 Wall and Ceiling Mounted Objects
Things to remember:
• Avoid double or cluster hanging 2D workwhere possible, except where necessary forinterpretative reasons.
• Objects and pictures that are rich in detailare better hung ‘on the line’, meaning themidpoint of all the works, so that peoplecan look at them more closely. If items aredouble or cluster hung, those that are richin detail should be at the lower level.
9.9 Handling Objects
Tactile examination of objects is animportant interpretation method; theexperience is essential for visitors withvisual impairments and helps many peoplewith learning difculties. You should select
objects suitable for tactile examinationin consultation with the ConservationDepartment.
Refer to Preventive Conservation: DisplaySystems, Cases and Barriers Guidelines
9.10 Mounts and Backgrounds
• Display objects against a 70% contrastingbackground wherever possible.
• Display objects against a plain backgroundwherever possible.
70% contrast 70% contrast
70% contrast 70% contrast
9.11 Display Requirements for Loan Itemsfrom Other Institutions
• Paintings, drawings and similar objectsmust be secured to the walls by mirrorplates or security screws.
• Unglazed paintings, fragile/sensitivematerial or works/objects on open displaymust be protected by rope or otherbarriers, which must be at least 1 metrefrom the exhibits.
• Small portable objects must be exhibitedin locked display cases, which should befitted with anti-bandit laminated glazingmeeting British Standard BS5544. If thematerial consists of gold, silver, jewellery,or items, which are especially valuable, thecases must be fitted with alarm devices.The cases must be secured.
All loans have to be agreed on an individual
basis and the Collections Departmentshould be consulted on the requirementsfor each object, or group of objects, froma specific lender. If the above requirementscannot be met then the level of insurancecover will be negotiated and agreedbetween both parties.
S li k hi
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
27/38
10. Furniture
10.1 General Furniture
• All furniture should be safe, secure, andfree from sharp projections.
• Furniture should not project unpredictablyinto circulation routes.
• Materials that contrast in colour andtexture with the surrounding floor andwalls should be used where possible.
10.2 Display Furniture
Glasgow Museums’ venues have a rangeof display furniture types that varies indesign, quality, condition and age. A listof all display furniture currently in use atGlasgow Museums is available from theDesign Department.
Please refer to the Preventive Conservation:Display Systems, Cases and Barriers
Guidelines
10.3 General Guidelines for Display Furniture
• Display furniture must meet GlasgowMuseums’ security and conservationrequirements.
• All sides of display cases and protectiveglazed screens should be formed wherepossible from continuous pieces ofglass, i.e. there should not be any jointsinterrupting the elevations.
• If there are joins or opening sashes, they
should be detailed to make them asunobtrusive as possible.
• Tables and workstations must have kneespace to accommodate wheelchair users.
10.4 Display case interiors
• In display cases, colour should be used tocreate clear visual access to the elementsof the display.
• Background colours should contrast, butnot overwhelm or jar, with the items insidethe display case and provide 70% tonalcontrast.
• Where appropriate, material and nishspecifications should indicate the level ofcolourfastness.
10.5 General Seating
• Seating must be provided and should berobust, hardwearing, comply with museumrequirements for cleaning and meetcurrent legislation. A variety of seatingshould be provided to accommodatevisitors’ differing requirements.
• Include rm seating. At least 50% of thisshould have a firm back with arm supportson either or both sides or a support rail.This is essential for people who are elderly
or have mobility impairments.
• Provide spaces next to xed seating forwheelchairs users and their companions.A minimum space of 760 x 1220mm isrequired at the end of fixed seating forthis purpose.
• Seats designed specically for childrenshould follow the general standards forseating. Other forms of seating could
include floor mats or cushions.
• Ensure that seats contrast with theflooring and are not positioned in front oftext or control buttons for a lift or door.
• Some visitors will require a lightweightseat, if available, and visitors must bemade aware of this provision.
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
28/38
10. Furniture
10.6 Seating Measurements
Seats
Under 5s
5–12
General
Min heightFFL mm
250
325
425
Max heightFFL mm
325
450
500
Arm/back supportheight FFL mm
350–500 proportionalto seat height
350–550 proportionalto seat height525–700 proportionalto seat height
Tables and worktops
Knee space – under 5s
Knee space – 5–12(NB children’s wheelchairs havesimilar dimensions to adults)
Knee space – generaland wheelchairs
Min heightFFL mm
400
460
610
Max heightFFL mm
470
620
700
Depth
280–420mm
Min widthmm
760
Max widthmm
610
Overall seatingcapacity
4–25
26–50
51–75
76–100101–200
No. of wheelchair spacesand seats with back andarm supports required
1
2
3
45
The requirements for wheelchair locations inpublic spaces are:
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
29/38
11. Display and Circulation Spaces
Seating and wheelchair spaces should beprovided in main display spaces adjacent
to the main circulation routes and evenlydispersed throughout the building.The minimum width of space for onewheelchair user is 760mm; space for twowheelchair users together is a minimum of1675mm. Avoid tortuous circulation routesand cul-de-sacs. Primary circulation andexit routes should be 1500mm wide, butmay be reduced to 1200mm wide whereunavoidable. The circulation route arounddisplays can be reduced to 900mm wide,if necessary. Allow 1500 x 1800mm forturning points.
Entrances and doors: level access should bemaintained at all entrances and exits, witha circulation space of 1500mm2 at eachdoor. The entrance to exhibitions shouldbe clearly signed.
Avoid projections onto circulation routes
if possible, or provide visual and tactilewarnings. Use colour, tone and decorationto contrast wall, floor and ceiling planes.Avoid strong vibrant patterns as they canbe disorienting.
1500mm
900mm
900mm
1675mm
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
30/38
12. Colour
In general visitor areas, display spacesand rooms, colours for graphics panels
and labels must maintain a high contrast(80%) between text and background.Other interpretation elements may requirealternative approaches and should beaddressed on an individual basis.
When choosing colours:
• make sure that walls, doorways, andfurniture are visually separated from thefloor colour. Remember that people withlow vision and visual perceptual difficultiesrequire at least 70% contrast in colourand hue to negotiate a space. If the floor,walls, cases, plinths, and benches are allthe same hue all the component parts ofthe room/space will blend together;
• if adequate colour contrasts betweenstructures are not achievable then thinkabout using contrasting strips of colour
around the bases of walls, structures orfurniture;
• if a space requires low lighting forconservation or atmospheric reasons,
think about using lighter colour ranges tocompensate;• remember that the colours and patterns
of display floor surfaces must give accurateinformation about the depth, height,and condition of the floor surface. Avoidpatterned carpets and floor tiles onuneven surfaces and in low-lit areas; and
• avoid certain colour combinations,particularly those within the same tonalrange, such as red on green or vice versaand blue/yellow. Remember that 8% ofthe male population and 0.1% of thefemale population are red-green colourblind and a smaller number of people areblue/yellow colour blind.
Some links on this
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
31/38
13. Lighting
13.1 General
Light levels can vary depending on thetype of exhibition, the material beingdisplayed and the desired ambience. Thebalance between conservation and displayrequirements must be carefully considered.
Objects can be grouped into three categoriesof light sensitivity:
1. Insensitive to light: metals, stone, ceramics,glass and enamels.
2. Sensitive to light: oil paintings, wood,ivory, bone, some works on paper.
3. Textiles, art on paper, fur and feathers,dyed leather.
Task
Ambient lighting
Visitor circulation routes
Insensitive to light displays
Sensitive to light displays
Very sensitive to light displaysWork surface (general)
Work surface (detailed work)
Text panels
Directional signage*
Ramps, stairs
Objects, specimens
Reading Areas
MaintainedIlluminance
50–300 lux
100–300 lux
50 lux
150 lux
No maximum300–400 lux
400–1000 lux
100–300 lux
200–300 lux
150–300 lux
Note 1
500 lux
LimitingGlare Rating
28
28
25
19
25
19
Min ColourRendering
80
80
No UV light
80
80
80
90T > 4000K
80
These are the recommended minimumlight levels:
Refer to Preventive Conservation:Display Systems, Cases and BarriersGuidelines for all objects, prior to display.
Some links on thispage are not active
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
32/38
13. Lighting
13.2 Entrances and main routes
Lighting assists visitor circulation andprovides visual access and task lighting. It’simportant for interpretation, decoration,and to create pace and ambience, and themodelling may take different forms to meetthese different functions. Generally, avoidextreme contrasts in lighting and aim foruniformity or gradual changes, includinga transitional lighting zone between theexternal and the generally low lighting levelsin most galleries.
13.3 Display Lighting
Good lighting is extremely important forvisually impaired and older visitors so ensurethat adequate lighting is provided on thevertical planes of graphic displays. Use non-reflective glass or film on all interactives,cases, displays and paintings whereverreasonable.
When low light levels are called for, findthe best compromise between conservationand disabled visitor requirements. Consider
temporary or timed illumination of objects,e.g. by timed push button.
The following general lighting standardsdo not preclude the need for testing orprototyping lighting solutions for specificdesign needs. However, all lighting schemesshould refer to the following standards:
• BS EN 12464-1:2002 Light and Lighting –Lighting of Work Places
• BS EN 12665:2002 Light and Lighting –Basic terms and criteria for specifying
lighting requirements• BS EN 15193:2007 Energy Performance
of Buildings – Energy Requirements forLighting
• CIBSE Code for Lighting.
For long-term displays, additionalconsideration should be given to the energyefficiency of the scheme.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
33/38
13.4 Labels
• There must be sufcient light on titlepanels, text panels, group and individualobject labels to make them readable byall visitors. Avoid shadows on label text orobjects.
• Lighting on text should be between 100and 300 lux.
• Where possible, all text should beindividually lit.
• Position lighting so that visitors themselvesdon’t block the light source.
13. Lighting
13.5 Maintenance
• All equipment must conform to BS EN15193:2007 (EN 60598, EN 60570, EN61347)
• Select equipment that is robust enoughfor long-term permanent use.
• Make sure all specied meet museumconservation requirements
13.6 Reflective and Translucent Surfaces –Eliminating Glare
• Take care to eliminate unnecessaryreflections and glare from light sources.Items to consider are video monitors,computer screens, glazed objects, highlypolished objects, display cases, and so on.
• When assessing potential reectionsand glare, consider the aspect for bothstanding and seated visitors. Wherechildren are the target audience, take
special care to eliminate glare at childheight (between 800mm and 1060mm).
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
34/38
14. Sound
Good acoustical environments are essential:
• avoid intrusive overlapping sound
between different sound sources withina display area. Some people with hearingimpairments or people who have difficultyfiltering multiple stimuli cannot separateforeground from background noise;
• avoid intrusive overlapping sound frominteractive activities; and
• design display layouts and specic storydisplay structures to minimize soundoverlap.
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
35/38
15. Health & Safety
The following does not represent a completelist of all Health and Safety issues. Youshould also refer to Glasgow City Council’sHealth and Safety Policy 2008.
• All staff, consultants and contractorsshould comply with the Health & Safety atWork Act 1974.
• Consultants and contractors shouldprovide proof of any insurance coverrequired prior to commencing work.
• Consultants and contractors shouldprovide proof of any test certificates,staff qualifications, etc. required prior tocommencing work.
• Risk assessments should be provided forall qualifying activities as required and
in sufficient time for assessment, prior tocommencement of the activity.
• Any portable electrical equipmentsupplied as part of a display should besupplied PAT tested.
• A timetable for the systematic and regularmaintenance, inspection and testingshould be provided in any operationaland maintenance documentation(O & M manuals). Refer to The Institution
of Electrical Engineers Code of Practice forIn-service Inspection and Testing ofElectrical Equipment.
http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/.../CouncilHSPolicy2008.pdfhttp://www.glasgow.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/.../CouncilHSPolicy2008.pdf
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
36/38
16. Statutory Obligations
Designers must ensure that their designscomply with all statutory regulationsgoverning their work. It is the designer’sresponsibility to ensure compliance of anystructures and layouts and to obtain thenecessary warrants and certificates. Thefollowing is an indication of requirementsthat affect exhibitions:
• The Building Standards (Scotland)Regulations Act 2003
• The Disability Discrimination Act (DDA)October 2004: for free factsheets seewww.disability.gov.uk to contact DDAhelpline tel 0345 622633
• Health & Safety at Work Act 1974
• The Fire Precautions Act 1971
• Construction (Design & Management)Regulations 1994
• The Civic Government (Scotland) Act, 1982– Licensing
• British Standards: (Not strictly legislation,but the standards adopted by manystatutory acts). In particular, consult:
o BS 8300:2009 Design of buildings andtheir approaches to meet the needs ofdisabled people.
o Code of practice BS 5873-4:1998Educational Furniture. Specification forstrength and stability
o BS 7176:2007 Specification for resistanceto ignition of upholstered furniturefor non-domestic seating by testingcomposites
o BS EN 356:2000 Glass in building.Security glazing. Testing andclassification of resistance againstmanual attack
• IEE (Institute of Electrical Engineers)Codes of Practice
• The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE)“Code of Practice for In-service Inspectionand Testing of Electrical Equipment”
• Public Entertainment Licence 2005(Venue Manager applies for this Licence)www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Business/Licences
http://www.disability.gov.uk/http://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Business/Licenceshttp://www.glasgow.gov.uk/en/Business/Licenceshttp://www.disability.gov.uk/
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
37/38
16. Statutory Obligations
The following voluntary organizations havefurther information, if required:
• Centre for Accessible Environmentswww.cae.org.uk Resource,
• Creative Scotlandwww.creativescotland.com
• The Royal National Institute for the BlindTel 0171 388 2706 www.rnib.org.uk
• Royal National Institute for Deaf Peoplewww.actiononhearingloss.org.uk
• Mencap www.mencap.org.uk
• Plain English Campaignwww.plainenglish.co.uk
A breakdown of each GLO is providedthrough the following:
www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/ sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/ GLO_checklist.doc
http://www.cae.org.uk/http://www.creativescotland.com/http://www.rnib.org.uk/http://www.actiononhearingloss.org.uk/http://www.mencap.org.uk/http://www.plainenglish.co.uk/http://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/GLO_checklist.dochttp://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/GLO_checklist.dochttp://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/GLO_checklist.dochttp://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/GLO_checklist.dochttp://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/GLO_checklist.dochttp://www.inspiringlearningforall.gov.uk/export/sites/inspiringlearning/resources/repository/GLO_checklist.dochttp://www.plainenglish.co.uk/http://www.mencap.org.uk/http://www.actiononhearingloss.org.uk/http://www.rnib.org.uk/http://www.creativescotland.com/http://www.cae.org.uk/
8/20/2019 Guidelines for Museum Display
38/38
17. Further Information