GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS Case Study: Padang, West Sumatra
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Mar 17, 2023
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GUIDELINES FOR M ANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS C E R
ISBN 978-602-8756-19-8
Indonesia lies on the ring of fire. This has called for strengthened preparedness when faced with various disasters such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunami and other natural disasters. Numerous mitigation efforts, ranging from strengthening disaster preparedness, emergency response activities, to post- disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction have been conducted.
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings is a strategic reference to assist the community during implementation of rehabilitation and reconstruction of its heritage buildings. Padang experience provides a positive inspiration to those advocates and conservators of heritage buildings in other regions of Indonesia, and contributes a valuable insight for global heritage movement.
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER
CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Advisors: I Gede Ardika, Dorodjatun Kuntjoro Jakti,
Pia Alisjahbana, Hashim Djojohadikusumo
Coordinator: Catrini Pratihari Kubontubuh
Dyah Arnawati Jonny Wongso Aristia Kusuma Rini Afrimayetti
Edited by: Laretna T. Adishakti, Hasti Tarekat, Nadia Rinandi,
Suhadi Hadiwinoto, Eko Alvarez Zaidulfar
Translator: Indonesian Heritage Trust/Dwi Anggorowati Indrasari
This guidelines is translated into English from its original document in Bahasa Indonesia entitled ‘Pedoman Penanganan Pelestarian Bangunan Pusaka Pasca Bencana’
Cover: Pusaka-BPPI
ISBN: 978-602-8756-19-8
(BPPI/Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia)
First Printing: August 2011
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER
CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings vii
Indonesia lies on the ring of re. is has called for strengthened preparedness when faced with various disasters such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions,
tsunami and other natural disasters. Numerous mitigation eorts, ranging from strengthening disaster preparedness, emergency response activities, to Post- Disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction have been conducted.
A comprehensive approach to implement such eorts is necessary. We hope that focus of activities will include rehabilitation of heritage assets such as heritage buildings, heritage characters and markers as well as rehabilitation of intangible cultural heritage activities such as practices of traditions, arts and indigenous culture.
ere is a tremendous threat to damaged heritage buildings when they undergo rehabilitation and transformation into new buildings without taking into consideration their heritage values. In this regard, guidelines for managing Post-Disaster conservation of heritage buildings serves as practical guide for implementing rehabilitation and integration of heritage buildings in harmony with the environment.
e City of Padang overcame several earthquakes of fairly high magnitudes on the Richter scale. e earthquake on 30 September 2009 destroyed many of heritage buildings in Padang. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment in Padang and Pariaman from 10 to
15 October 2009, conducted by BPPI and its partners and supported by Prince Claus Fund and International National Trusts Organisation, reported that out of 274 heritage buildings, 129 heavily damaged, 77 moderately damaged, 51 slightly damaged, and 17 in safe conditions (no damages). Due to the existing condition and concerns for any rehabilitation and reconstruction activities that may further harm the heritage buildings, we hope that this Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings, Case Study: Padang will be useful for managing conservation of heritage buildings in Padang Old Town quarters such as Batang Arau, Pasa Gadang and other heritage quarters.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to Prince Claus Fund’s Cultural Emergency Response programme for their support for the Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment and for the publication of this Guidelines for Managing Post- Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings jointly supported by World Monument Fund.
We encourage and welcome any inputs on the content and writing of this guidelines to be considered for the improvement of the guidelines in the future.
I Gede Ardika Chairman, Indonesian Heritage Trust
(BPPI/Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings ix
Foreword vii Table of Contents ix List of Pictures xv List of Tables xvii List of Case Studies xviii Glossary and Abbreviation xix Contributors xx
INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY OF PADANG
Overview of the City of Padang 1 A. Development of the City of Padang 1 A.1. Origin of the City of Padang 1 A.2. e Arrival of Dutch 2 A.3. At the Time of Independence 4
B. Padang Old Town as Heritage Quarter 6 B.1. Development of Early Settlement 6 B.2. Padang Old Town Heritage Quarter 7
C. Architectural Styles in Padang Old Town Quarter 10 C.1. Dutch Style of Architecture 11 C.2. Chinese Style of Architecture 11
D. e Impact of Disaster to Padang Old Town Quarter 12
Table of Contents
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 17 I.1. Why It is Important to Conserve Heritage? 17 I.1.1. Denitions of Heritage and Conservation 17 I.1.2. Conservation Development at the International and National Levels 18 I.1.3. Heritage Conservation Activities and Forms 25
I.2. Why Do We Have to Prepare for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 30 I.2.1. What is Disaster? 30 I.2.2. What is the Impact of Disaster on Heritage Buildings? 31 I.2.3. Why is Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings Important? 32 I.2.4. Why Do We Need Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 33 I.2.5. Background information on the Establishment of Heritage Emergency Response 33
I.3. How to Use the Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 34 I.3.1. Who is the Target Reader for the Guidelines? 34 I.3.2. What is the Objectives of the Guidelines? 34 I.3.3. What is the Scope of the Guidelines? 34 I.3.4. What are the Guidelines’ Legal and Normative References? 35
I.4. Managing Folk Heritage in Post-Disaster Situations 36 I.4.1. What is Folk Heritage? 36 I.4.2. Safeguarding Folk Heritage in Post-Disaster Situations 36 I.4.3. Why Do We Need Technical Guidelines for Conservation? 38
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xi
CHAPTER II GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS 39 II.1. What are the Phases for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 39 II.2. What is Preparedness Phase? 39 II.3. What is Emergency Response Phase? 39 II.4. What is Recovery Phase? 39
CHAPTER III PROCEDURES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS DURING PREPAREDNESS PHASE 41 III.1. What are the Necessary Preparations during the Preparedness Phase? 41 III.1.1. Establishment of Heritage Emergency Response Team 41 III.1.2. Preparing Training Modules for Heritage Emergency Response Team 41 III.1.3. Fund Raising 41 III.2. What are the Programmes of Emergency Response Team during Preparedness Phase? 42 III.2.1. Training 42 III.2.2. Inventory Update 42 III.3. What are the Preparations by Owners during Preparedness Phase? 44 III.3.1. Heritage Building Assessment 44 III.3.2. Heritage Buildings Maintenance 44 III.3.3. Heritage Buildings’ Structure Enhancement (if Necessary) 45
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xii
CHAPTER IV PROCEDURES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS DURING EMERGENCY RESPONSE 47 IV.1. Necessary Preparation during Emergency Response Phase? 47 IV.1.1. Fund Raising 47 IV.1.2. Heritage Emergency Response Team Mobilization and Information Dissemination on its Activities 47 IV.2. What are the Activities of Heritage Emergency Response Team during Emergency Response Phase? 48 IV.2.1. Developing Document on Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 48 IV.2.2 Developing Action Plan Document for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 51
IV.3. What are the Activities of Citizens during Emergency Response Phase? 53 IV.3.1. Inventory and Identication of Building Components 53 IV.3.2. Cleaning the Building 53 IV.3.3. e Salvage of Building Architectural Components 53 IV.3.4. Temporary Structural Stabilization 54 IV.3.5. Action Plan Development 54
IV.4. What is a Way Forward after We have the Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment and Action Plan Documents? 54
CHAPTER V PROCEDURES FOR POST-DISASTER RESTORATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS 57 V.1. Necessary Preparation during Recovery Phase 57 V.1.1. Fund Raising 57 V.1.2. Mobilization of Heritage Emergency Response Team and Conservation Experts and Other Relevant Experts 57
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xiii
V.2. Activities of Heritage Emergency Response Team during Recovery Phase 57 V.2.1. Compiling Documentation on Heritage Buildings Development (History of Heritage Buildings) 57 V.2.2. Technical Document Writing 57 V.2.3. Conservation Management Plan Document Writing 58 V.2.4. Implementation Document Writing 60 V.2.5. Conservation Management Implementation Monitoring 63 V.2.6. Apply for Permits and Seek for Advise from Relevant Authorities 63
V.3. e Role of Heritage Building Owners during Recovery Phase 63 V.3.1. Involvement during Conservation Management Implementation 63 V.3.2. Involvement in Maintenance 64 V.3.3. Involvement in Heritage Buildings Utilization 64
V.4. Technical Examples of Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings during Recovery Phase 65 V.4.1. Structural Work 65 V.4.2. Architectural Work 67
CHAPTER VI SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT 75 VI.1. What is Sustainable Heritage Building Management? 75 VI.2. What are the Steps to Promoting Sustainable Management? 75 VI.2.1. Establishment of Concerned Citizens Group 75 VI.2.2. Enhancing Government Roles 75 VI.2.3. Enhancing Involvement of Heritage Organisations 76
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xiv
EPILOG 79
ANNEXES 1. Table of Inventory and Damaged Heritage Buildings Rapid Assessment in Post-Disaster the City of Padang 2009 81 2. Reference Matrix of Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 154 3. Technical Guidelines for Measurement and Drawing of Heritage Buildings 155 4. Format for Basic Data of Heritage Buildings 160 5. Indonesian Charter for Heritage Conservation 161
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xv
List of Pictures
1. Geographical Position of the City of Padang on West Coast of Sumatra Island 2. Early Development of the City of Padang started from the Construction of Batang Arau Old River
Port 3. Padang Map year 1667 4. Ganting Grand Mosque 5. NV Jacobson van den Berg 6. Temple and Buildings Dominating a Chinese Settlement 7. Identication Diagram 8. Padang City Hall 9. St. Leo Monastery 10. See Hin Kiong Temple 11. Dierent Styles of Shophouses in Padang Old Town Quarter 12. Information on Padang Earthquake 13. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment Mapping in the City of Padang 14. Priority Buildings to Conserve Based on Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 15. West Sumatra Cultural Landscape 16. Heritage area of the City of Padang 17. e Indonesian Wayang inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity 18. Indonesian Network for Heritage Conservation (JPPI/Jaringan Pelestariaan Pusaka Indonesia)
Activities 19. Establishment of Indonesian Heritage Cities Network (JKPI/Jaringan Kota Pusaka Indonesia) 20. Example of Heritage Area Conservation Plan 21. Example of Heritage Buildings Design Analysis in the City of Padang 2009 22. Technical Guidelines Position in the Phases of Heritage Buildings Conservation Management Cycle
in Post-Disaster Situation 23. Phases of Heritage Buildings Conservation Management Cycle in Post-Disaster Situation 24. Documentation on Damaged Heritage Buildings
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xvi
25. Technical Studies on Conservation Management Plan 26. Documentation for Damaged Heritage Building Components 27. Documentation for Components of Damaged Wall 28. Documentation on St. Leo Monastery Conservation Management Process 29. Example of Damaged Bearing Wall without Reinforced Columns 30. Wall Restoration: Epoxy Injection for the Rehabilitation of St. Leo Monastery 31. Reinforced Wall using Hexagonal Wire Mesh for the Rehabilitation of St. Leo Monastery 32. Damaged Floor and its Restoration for the Rehabilitation of St. Leo Monastery 33. Example of Floor using the Old Floor Covering Material 34. Example of Wood Wall Panels 35. Wall Scraping and Cleaning before Painting 36. Example of Wall Reliefs in Dutch Architectural Style 37. A Number of Door and Window Frames Style in Chinese Shophouses 38. Door and Window Panels Cleaning before Repainting 39. Example of Stained Glass Window 40. Wood Ceiling in Chinese Shophouses 41. Example of Unique Elements of the Roof
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xvii
List of Tables
1. List of Immovable Cultural Heritage Objects and/or Sites in West Sumatra Province
2. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment in the City of Padang 3. UNESCO Paradigm Shift in Heritage Conservation, 2004 4. Law No. 24/2007 concerning Post-Disaster Conservation
Management of Heritage Buildings 5. Law No. 10/2011 concerning Post-Disaster Conservation
Management of Heritage Buildings 6. Assessment Reference on Types of Damages to Heritage Buildings 7. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment (DHRA)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xviii
List of Case Studies
1. Impact of Earthquake on Heritage Buildings 2. Emergency Response Phase Does Not Include Heritage Rescue 3. Establishment of Heritage Emergency Response Team 4. Needs and Criteria of Required Maps 5. Documenting Original Structural Drawings of Heritage Buildings 6. Documenting by Writing and Drawing 7. Heritage Buildings Maintenance 8. Heritage Emergency Response Coordination Post in Padang 9. Map of Heritage Buildings Distribution in Padang Old Town Quarter 10. Physical Condition of St. Leo Monastery Building in Padang Old Town Quarter 11. Preliminary Measurement of St. Leo Monastery 12. Building Cleaning Process 13. Storage of Building Architectural Components 14. Reinforced with Temporary Structure 15. Information dissemination on the Outcome of Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 16. Detailed Reconstruction Measuring and Drawing for Jam Gadang (Grand Clock Tower) 17. Observation of Damaged Heritage Buildings Components 18. Conservation of Damaged Heritage Buildings Components 19. Utilising Authentic or Proper Materials 20. Heritage Buildings Utilisation 21. Role of Heritage Organisations
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xix
Glossary and Abbreviation
BCB Cultural Heritage Objects BNPB National Agency for Disaster Management BP3 Archaeological Conservation Oce BPBD Regional Agency for Disaster Management BPPI Indonesian Heritage Trust DED Detailed Engineering Design IAI Indonesian Architect Association ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property IMB Building Construction Permit INTO International National Trusts Organisation JHS Jogja Heritage Society JPPI Indonesian Network for Heritage Conservation MRBP Heritage Disaster Risk Management OPP Heritage Conservation Organisation PCF Prince Claus Fund DHRA Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment PDA Centre for Architecture Documentation PHI Indonesian Green Map RAB Budget Plan RKS Work Plan and Conditions HER Heritage Emergency Response UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organisation WHC World Heritage Centre WMF World Monument Fund AHC/YKLPA Aceh Heritage Community/Yayasan Komunitas Lestari Pusaka Aceh
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xx
Contributors
1. Indonesian Heritage Trust (BPPI/Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia) 2. Pusat Studi Konservasi Arsitektur (Pusaka)/Architectural Conservation Study Centre, Padang 3. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bung Hatta, Padang 4. Centre for Heritage Conservation (CHC), Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 5. Jogja Heritage Society (JHS) 6. Pusat Dokumentasi Arsitektur (PDA)/Centre for Architecture Documentation 7. Balai Pelestarian & Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3)/Archaeological Conservation Oce ,
Batusangkar
INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY OF PADANG
A. Overview of the City of Padang
A.1. Development of the City of Padang A word Padang derives from ethnic Minang
word pedang (sword), also to show lapangan (eld) where the city is situated. e City of Padang is one of the cities lies on the west coast of Sumatra Island.
According to historical records before 17th century, the City of Padang was a shing village
inhabited by shermen, salt farmers and traders. Padang was not considered signicant at the time because the Minang mostly perform their trading via the east coast on big rivers crossing the interior of Sumatra. But when trading competition with foreign traders, wars and piracy increased in the Strait of Malacca, the route was not save anymore, so trading route started to shift to the west coast of Sumatra Island.
Picture 1.
Geographical Position of the City of Padang on the West Coast of Sumatra Island
(Source: Pusaka-BPPI, 2009)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 2
According to local genealogy (tambo), the old town quarter was a part of migrant settlement area established by Minangkabau migrants, indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra (darek). First settlement was hamlets along the south bank of the Batang Arau (Arau River) which is now known as Seberang Padang.
Acehnese was the rst settlers after Malacca was conquered by Portuguese at the end of XVI century. Since then, Pantai Tiku (Tiku Beach), Pariaman and Inderapura under the young king of Pagaruyung Kingdom turned into important ports due to its close proximity to sources for commodities such as pepper, clove, nutmeg and gold.
A.2. The Arrival of Dutch e Dutch came after Padang due to its calm
and wide estuary and its cool air. Padang was under Dutch rule in 1660 after an agreement with the young King of Pagaruyung. Seven years later, the Dutch built a headquarter oce (known as Loji) which served as both a warehouse and a prison (tangsi). e Dutch started controlling neighbouring areas for security reasons.
Since the arrival of Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) in 1663, the City of Padang started developing, attracting migration of the Minangkabau from luhak area. Aside from its wide and calm estuary, VOC was interested in building new port and settlement along the west coast of
Picture 2. Early Development of the City of Padang Started from the Construction of Batang Arau Old River Port (Source: Pusaka-BPPI, 2009)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 3
Sumatra for easy trade access to the interior of Minangkabau.
In 1668, VOC has managed to repel the inuence of the Aceh Sultanate and conquered the west coast of Sumatra. e story is known from a letter of a regent Jacob Pits addressed to the Sultan of Pagaruyung. e regent requested reinstatement of trading relations and distribution of gold to the city. In 7 August 1669 Pauh and Koto Tangah people rebel against VOC monopoly, but the rebellion was suppressed by the VOC. e rebellion of the locals considered as the ocial birth year of the City of Padang.
It was estimated that Chinese settlers arrived immediately after the VOC built its post. Chinese in Padang is known as Padang Chinese, mostly assimilated and speak Minang language. Records in 1930 revealed at least three ethnic groups came to reside in Padang, they are Hokkian, Hakka and
Kwongfu. Later on, it was estimated that Tamil or Indian descent came when the English troops came. Area populated by Tamil people is called Kampung Keling and is a trade centre. Many of the Tamil diaspora living in the City of Padang have lost their Tamil culture/identity.
In 1784, VOC ocially proclaimed Padang as their central base of colony and trade in West Sumatra. Padang developed and quickly became a busy port after the construction of Teluk Bayur Port. But in 1795 after the English defeated Dutch in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch war, the English conquered the City of Padang. In 1819, after the Napoleonic War, the Dutch conquered the area and further legalised it after signing the Treaty of London in 17 March 1824.
In 1837, the Netherlands Indies government declared the City of Padang as its administrative centre for Gouvernement Sumatra’s Westkust
Picture 3. Padang Map Year 1667 (Source: Pusaka-BPPI, 2009)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 4
which covered West Sumatra and Tapanuli areas. At the time, new problems for the Netherland Indies government risen due to rapid growth of several areas under its rule. Although mechanism and activities of the government were in place, but spread out and separate islands could not eectively be governed and monitored. e condition made the colonial decided to follow the governing model of their home country, the Netherlands, where municipality/township is under the authority of a mayor who report to the City/Town Council.
Furthermore the town became gemeente since 1 April 1906 after the issuance of ordonance (STAL 1906 No.151) in 1 March 1906. e ordonance was signed by the Governor General J. B. van Heutsz. e decentralised system of government rst introduced in the Netherlands Indie, and since 1 April 1906 including the City of Padang under the gemeente (city) status, which followed by the establishment of City Council with primary duties to increase public health and transportation, provisions for building constructions, road and bridge maintenance as well as street lamps, sanitation control, sewer and garbage clean-up, management of clean water, market and butcher house, city and settlement area expansion, cemetery, and re ghter.
In 1928, the rst Burgemeester (Mayor) Mr. W. M. Ouwerkerk…
ISBN 978-602-8756-19-8
Indonesia lies on the ring of fire. This has called for strengthened preparedness when faced with various disasters such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions, tsunami and other natural disasters. Numerous mitigation efforts, ranging from strengthening disaster preparedness, emergency response activities, to post- disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction have been conducted.
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings is a strategic reference to assist the community during implementation of rehabilitation and reconstruction of its heritage buildings. Padang experience provides a positive inspiration to those advocates and conservators of heritage buildings in other regions of Indonesia, and contributes a valuable insight for global heritage movement.
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER
CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Advisors: I Gede Ardika, Dorodjatun Kuntjoro Jakti,
Pia Alisjahbana, Hashim Djojohadikusumo
Coordinator: Catrini Pratihari Kubontubuh
Dyah Arnawati Jonny Wongso Aristia Kusuma Rini Afrimayetti
Edited by: Laretna T. Adishakti, Hasti Tarekat, Nadia Rinandi,
Suhadi Hadiwinoto, Eko Alvarez Zaidulfar
Translator: Indonesian Heritage Trust/Dwi Anggorowati Indrasari
This guidelines is translated into English from its original document in Bahasa Indonesia entitled ‘Pedoman Penanganan Pelestarian Bangunan Pusaka Pasca Bencana’
Cover: Pusaka-BPPI
ISBN: 978-602-8756-19-8
(BPPI/Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia)
First Printing: August 2011
GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER
CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings vii
Indonesia lies on the ring of re. is has called for strengthened preparedness when faced with various disasters such as earthquake, volcanic eruptions,
tsunami and other natural disasters. Numerous mitigation eorts, ranging from strengthening disaster preparedness, emergency response activities, to Post- Disaster recovery, rehabilitation and reconstruction have been conducted.
A comprehensive approach to implement such eorts is necessary. We hope that focus of activities will include rehabilitation of heritage assets such as heritage buildings, heritage characters and markers as well as rehabilitation of intangible cultural heritage activities such as practices of traditions, arts and indigenous culture.
ere is a tremendous threat to damaged heritage buildings when they undergo rehabilitation and transformation into new buildings without taking into consideration their heritage values. In this regard, guidelines for managing Post-Disaster conservation of heritage buildings serves as practical guide for implementing rehabilitation and integration of heritage buildings in harmony with the environment.
e City of Padang overcame several earthquakes of fairly high magnitudes on the Richter scale. e earthquake on 30 September 2009 destroyed many of heritage buildings in Padang. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment in Padang and Pariaman from 10 to
15 October 2009, conducted by BPPI and its partners and supported by Prince Claus Fund and International National Trusts Organisation, reported that out of 274 heritage buildings, 129 heavily damaged, 77 moderately damaged, 51 slightly damaged, and 17 in safe conditions (no damages). Due to the existing condition and concerns for any rehabilitation and reconstruction activities that may further harm the heritage buildings, we hope that this Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings, Case Study: Padang will be useful for managing conservation of heritage buildings in Padang Old Town quarters such as Batang Arau, Pasa Gadang and other heritage quarters.
We would like to express our sincere appreciation and gratitude to Prince Claus Fund’s Cultural Emergency Response programme for their support for the Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment and for the publication of this Guidelines for Managing Post- Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings jointly supported by World Monument Fund.
We encourage and welcome any inputs on the content and writing of this guidelines to be considered for the improvement of the guidelines in the future.
I Gede Ardika Chairman, Indonesian Heritage Trust
(BPPI/Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings ix
Foreword vii Table of Contents ix List of Pictures xv List of Tables xvii List of Case Studies xviii Glossary and Abbreviation xix Contributors xx
INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY OF PADANG
Overview of the City of Padang 1 A. Development of the City of Padang 1 A.1. Origin of the City of Padang 1 A.2. e Arrival of Dutch 2 A.3. At the Time of Independence 4
B. Padang Old Town as Heritage Quarter 6 B.1. Development of Early Settlement 6 B.2. Padang Old Town Heritage Quarter 7
C. Architectural Styles in Padang Old Town Quarter 10 C.1. Dutch Style of Architecture 11 C.2. Chinese Style of Architecture 11
D. e Impact of Disaster to Padang Old Town Quarter 12
Table of Contents
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings x
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 17 I.1. Why It is Important to Conserve Heritage? 17 I.1.1. Denitions of Heritage and Conservation 17 I.1.2. Conservation Development at the International and National Levels 18 I.1.3. Heritage Conservation Activities and Forms 25
I.2. Why Do We Have to Prepare for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 30 I.2.1. What is Disaster? 30 I.2.2. What is the Impact of Disaster on Heritage Buildings? 31 I.2.3. Why is Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings Important? 32 I.2.4. Why Do We Need Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 33 I.2.5. Background information on the Establishment of Heritage Emergency Response 33
I.3. How to Use the Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 34 I.3.1. Who is the Target Reader for the Guidelines? 34 I.3.2. What is the Objectives of the Guidelines? 34 I.3.3. What is the Scope of the Guidelines? 34 I.3.4. What are the Guidelines’ Legal and Normative References? 35
I.4. Managing Folk Heritage in Post-Disaster Situations 36 I.4.1. What is Folk Heritage? 36 I.4.2. Safeguarding Folk Heritage in Post-Disaster Situations 36 I.4.3. Why Do We Need Technical Guidelines for Conservation? 38
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xi
CHAPTER II GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS 39 II.1. What are the Phases for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings? 39 II.2. What is Preparedness Phase? 39 II.3. What is Emergency Response Phase? 39 II.4. What is Recovery Phase? 39
CHAPTER III PROCEDURES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS DURING PREPAREDNESS PHASE 41 III.1. What are the Necessary Preparations during the Preparedness Phase? 41 III.1.1. Establishment of Heritage Emergency Response Team 41 III.1.2. Preparing Training Modules for Heritage Emergency Response Team 41 III.1.3. Fund Raising 41 III.2. What are the Programmes of Emergency Response Team during Preparedness Phase? 42 III.2.1. Training 42 III.2.2. Inventory Update 42 III.3. What are the Preparations by Owners during Preparedness Phase? 44 III.3.1. Heritage Building Assessment 44 III.3.2. Heritage Buildings Maintenance 44 III.3.3. Heritage Buildings’ Structure Enhancement (if Necessary) 45
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xii
CHAPTER IV PROCEDURES FOR MANAGING POST-DISASTER CONSERVATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS DURING EMERGENCY RESPONSE 47 IV.1. Necessary Preparation during Emergency Response Phase? 47 IV.1.1. Fund Raising 47 IV.1.2. Heritage Emergency Response Team Mobilization and Information Dissemination on its Activities 47 IV.2. What are the Activities of Heritage Emergency Response Team during Emergency Response Phase? 48 IV.2.1. Developing Document on Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 48 IV.2.2 Developing Action Plan Document for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 51
IV.3. What are the Activities of Citizens during Emergency Response Phase? 53 IV.3.1. Inventory and Identication of Building Components 53 IV.3.2. Cleaning the Building 53 IV.3.3. e Salvage of Building Architectural Components 53 IV.3.4. Temporary Structural Stabilization 54 IV.3.5. Action Plan Development 54
IV.4. What is a Way Forward after We have the Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment and Action Plan Documents? 54
CHAPTER V PROCEDURES FOR POST-DISASTER RESTORATION OF HERITAGE BUILDINGS 57 V.1. Necessary Preparation during Recovery Phase 57 V.1.1. Fund Raising 57 V.1.2. Mobilization of Heritage Emergency Response Team and Conservation Experts and Other Relevant Experts 57
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xiii
V.2. Activities of Heritage Emergency Response Team during Recovery Phase 57 V.2.1. Compiling Documentation on Heritage Buildings Development (History of Heritage Buildings) 57 V.2.2. Technical Document Writing 57 V.2.3. Conservation Management Plan Document Writing 58 V.2.4. Implementation Document Writing 60 V.2.5. Conservation Management Implementation Monitoring 63 V.2.6. Apply for Permits and Seek for Advise from Relevant Authorities 63
V.3. e Role of Heritage Building Owners during Recovery Phase 63 V.3.1. Involvement during Conservation Management Implementation 63 V.3.2. Involvement in Maintenance 64 V.3.3. Involvement in Heritage Buildings Utilization 64
V.4. Technical Examples of Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings during Recovery Phase 65 V.4.1. Structural Work 65 V.4.2. Architectural Work 67
CHAPTER VI SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT 75 VI.1. What is Sustainable Heritage Building Management? 75 VI.2. What are the Steps to Promoting Sustainable Management? 75 VI.2.1. Establishment of Concerned Citizens Group 75 VI.2.2. Enhancing Government Roles 75 VI.2.3. Enhancing Involvement of Heritage Organisations 76
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xiv
EPILOG 79
ANNEXES 1. Table of Inventory and Damaged Heritage Buildings Rapid Assessment in Post-Disaster the City of Padang 2009 81 2. Reference Matrix of Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 154 3. Technical Guidelines for Measurement and Drawing of Heritage Buildings 155 4. Format for Basic Data of Heritage Buildings 160 5. Indonesian Charter for Heritage Conservation 161
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xv
List of Pictures
1. Geographical Position of the City of Padang on West Coast of Sumatra Island 2. Early Development of the City of Padang started from the Construction of Batang Arau Old River
Port 3. Padang Map year 1667 4. Ganting Grand Mosque 5. NV Jacobson van den Berg 6. Temple and Buildings Dominating a Chinese Settlement 7. Identication Diagram 8. Padang City Hall 9. St. Leo Monastery 10. See Hin Kiong Temple 11. Dierent Styles of Shophouses in Padang Old Town Quarter 12. Information on Padang Earthquake 13. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment Mapping in the City of Padang 14. Priority Buildings to Conserve Based on Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 15. West Sumatra Cultural Landscape 16. Heritage area of the City of Padang 17. e Indonesian Wayang inscribed on UNESCO’s Representative List of Intangible Cultural
Heritage of Humanity 18. Indonesian Network for Heritage Conservation (JPPI/Jaringan Pelestariaan Pusaka Indonesia)
Activities 19. Establishment of Indonesian Heritage Cities Network (JKPI/Jaringan Kota Pusaka Indonesia) 20. Example of Heritage Area Conservation Plan 21. Example of Heritage Buildings Design Analysis in the City of Padang 2009 22. Technical Guidelines Position in the Phases of Heritage Buildings Conservation Management Cycle
in Post-Disaster Situation 23. Phases of Heritage Buildings Conservation Management Cycle in Post-Disaster Situation 24. Documentation on Damaged Heritage Buildings
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xvi
25. Technical Studies on Conservation Management Plan 26. Documentation for Damaged Heritage Building Components 27. Documentation for Components of Damaged Wall 28. Documentation on St. Leo Monastery Conservation Management Process 29. Example of Damaged Bearing Wall without Reinforced Columns 30. Wall Restoration: Epoxy Injection for the Rehabilitation of St. Leo Monastery 31. Reinforced Wall using Hexagonal Wire Mesh for the Rehabilitation of St. Leo Monastery 32. Damaged Floor and its Restoration for the Rehabilitation of St. Leo Monastery 33. Example of Floor using the Old Floor Covering Material 34. Example of Wood Wall Panels 35. Wall Scraping and Cleaning before Painting 36. Example of Wall Reliefs in Dutch Architectural Style 37. A Number of Door and Window Frames Style in Chinese Shophouses 38. Door and Window Panels Cleaning before Repainting 39. Example of Stained Glass Window 40. Wood Ceiling in Chinese Shophouses 41. Example of Unique Elements of the Roof
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xvii
List of Tables
1. List of Immovable Cultural Heritage Objects and/or Sites in West Sumatra Province
2. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment in the City of Padang 3. UNESCO Paradigm Shift in Heritage Conservation, 2004 4. Law No. 24/2007 concerning Post-Disaster Conservation
Management of Heritage Buildings 5. Law No. 10/2011 concerning Post-Disaster Conservation
Management of Heritage Buildings 6. Assessment Reference on Types of Damages to Heritage Buildings 7. Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment (DHRA)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xviii
List of Case Studies
1. Impact of Earthquake on Heritage Buildings 2. Emergency Response Phase Does Not Include Heritage Rescue 3. Establishment of Heritage Emergency Response Team 4. Needs and Criteria of Required Maps 5. Documenting Original Structural Drawings of Heritage Buildings 6. Documenting by Writing and Drawing 7. Heritage Buildings Maintenance 8. Heritage Emergency Response Coordination Post in Padang 9. Map of Heritage Buildings Distribution in Padang Old Town Quarter 10. Physical Condition of St. Leo Monastery Building in Padang Old Town Quarter 11. Preliminary Measurement of St. Leo Monastery 12. Building Cleaning Process 13. Storage of Building Architectural Components 14. Reinforced with Temporary Structure 15. Information dissemination on the Outcome of Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment 16. Detailed Reconstruction Measuring and Drawing for Jam Gadang (Grand Clock Tower) 17. Observation of Damaged Heritage Buildings Components 18. Conservation of Damaged Heritage Buildings Components 19. Utilising Authentic or Proper Materials 20. Heritage Buildings Utilisation 21. Role of Heritage Organisations
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xix
Glossary and Abbreviation
BCB Cultural Heritage Objects BNPB National Agency for Disaster Management BP3 Archaeological Conservation Oce BPBD Regional Agency for Disaster Management BPPI Indonesian Heritage Trust DED Detailed Engineering Design IAI Indonesian Architect Association ICOMOS International Council on Monuments and Sites ICCROM International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of
Cultural Property IMB Building Construction Permit INTO International National Trusts Organisation JHS Jogja Heritage Society JPPI Indonesian Network for Heritage Conservation MRBP Heritage Disaster Risk Management OPP Heritage Conservation Organisation PCF Prince Claus Fund DHRA Damaged Heritage Rapid Assessment PDA Centre for Architecture Documentation PHI Indonesian Green Map RAB Budget Plan RKS Work Plan and Conditions HER Heritage Emergency Response UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cultural Organisation WHC World Heritage Centre WMF World Monument Fund AHC/YKLPA Aceh Heritage Community/Yayasan Komunitas Lestari Pusaka Aceh
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings xx
Contributors
1. Indonesian Heritage Trust (BPPI/Badan Pelestarian Pusaka Indonesia) 2. Pusat Studi Konservasi Arsitektur (Pusaka)/Architectural Conservation Study Centre, Padang 3. Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, University of Bung Hatta, Padang 4. Centre for Heritage Conservation (CHC), Department of Architecture and Planning, Faculty of
Engineering, University of Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta 5. Jogja Heritage Society (JHS) 6. Pusat Dokumentasi Arsitektur (PDA)/Centre for Architecture Documentation 7. Balai Pelestarian & Peninggalan Purbakala (BP3)/Archaeological Conservation Oce ,
Batusangkar
INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY OF PADANG
A. Overview of the City of Padang
A.1. Development of the City of Padang A word Padang derives from ethnic Minang
word pedang (sword), also to show lapangan (eld) where the city is situated. e City of Padang is one of the cities lies on the west coast of Sumatra Island.
According to historical records before 17th century, the City of Padang was a shing village
inhabited by shermen, salt farmers and traders. Padang was not considered signicant at the time because the Minang mostly perform their trading via the east coast on big rivers crossing the interior of Sumatra. But when trading competition with foreign traders, wars and piracy increased in the Strait of Malacca, the route was not save anymore, so trading route started to shift to the west coast of Sumatra Island.
Picture 1.
Geographical Position of the City of Padang on the West Coast of Sumatra Island
(Source: Pusaka-BPPI, 2009)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 2
According to local genealogy (tambo), the old town quarter was a part of migrant settlement area established by Minangkabau migrants, indigenous to the highlands of West Sumatra (darek). First settlement was hamlets along the south bank of the Batang Arau (Arau River) which is now known as Seberang Padang.
Acehnese was the rst settlers after Malacca was conquered by Portuguese at the end of XVI century. Since then, Pantai Tiku (Tiku Beach), Pariaman and Inderapura under the young king of Pagaruyung Kingdom turned into important ports due to its close proximity to sources for commodities such as pepper, clove, nutmeg and gold.
A.2. The Arrival of Dutch e Dutch came after Padang due to its calm
and wide estuary and its cool air. Padang was under Dutch rule in 1660 after an agreement with the young King of Pagaruyung. Seven years later, the Dutch built a headquarter oce (known as Loji) which served as both a warehouse and a prison (tangsi). e Dutch started controlling neighbouring areas for security reasons.
Since the arrival of Vereenigde Oost Indische Compagnie (VOC) in 1663, the City of Padang started developing, attracting migration of the Minangkabau from luhak area. Aside from its wide and calm estuary, VOC was interested in building new port and settlement along the west coast of
Picture 2. Early Development of the City of Padang Started from the Construction of Batang Arau Old River Port (Source: Pusaka-BPPI, 2009)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 3
Sumatra for easy trade access to the interior of Minangkabau.
In 1668, VOC has managed to repel the inuence of the Aceh Sultanate and conquered the west coast of Sumatra. e story is known from a letter of a regent Jacob Pits addressed to the Sultan of Pagaruyung. e regent requested reinstatement of trading relations and distribution of gold to the city. In 7 August 1669 Pauh and Koto Tangah people rebel against VOC monopoly, but the rebellion was suppressed by the VOC. e rebellion of the locals considered as the ocial birth year of the City of Padang.
It was estimated that Chinese settlers arrived immediately after the VOC built its post. Chinese in Padang is known as Padang Chinese, mostly assimilated and speak Minang language. Records in 1930 revealed at least three ethnic groups came to reside in Padang, they are Hokkian, Hakka and
Kwongfu. Later on, it was estimated that Tamil or Indian descent came when the English troops came. Area populated by Tamil people is called Kampung Keling and is a trade centre. Many of the Tamil diaspora living in the City of Padang have lost their Tamil culture/identity.
In 1784, VOC ocially proclaimed Padang as their central base of colony and trade in West Sumatra. Padang developed and quickly became a busy port after the construction of Teluk Bayur Port. But in 1795 after the English defeated Dutch in the Fourth Anglo-Dutch war, the English conquered the City of Padang. In 1819, after the Napoleonic War, the Dutch conquered the area and further legalised it after signing the Treaty of London in 17 March 1824.
In 1837, the Netherlands Indies government declared the City of Padang as its administrative centre for Gouvernement Sumatra’s Westkust
Picture 3. Padang Map Year 1667 (Source: Pusaka-BPPI, 2009)
Guidelines for Managing Post-Disaster Conservation of Heritage Buildings 4
which covered West Sumatra and Tapanuli areas. At the time, new problems for the Netherland Indies government risen due to rapid growth of several areas under its rule. Although mechanism and activities of the government were in place, but spread out and separate islands could not eectively be governed and monitored. e condition made the colonial decided to follow the governing model of their home country, the Netherlands, where municipality/township is under the authority of a mayor who report to the City/Town Council.
Furthermore the town became gemeente since 1 April 1906 after the issuance of ordonance (STAL 1906 No.151) in 1 March 1906. e ordonance was signed by the Governor General J. B. van Heutsz. e decentralised system of government rst introduced in the Netherlands Indie, and since 1 April 1906 including the City of Padang under the gemeente (city) status, which followed by the establishment of City Council with primary duties to increase public health and transportation, provisions for building constructions, road and bridge maintenance as well as street lamps, sanitation control, sewer and garbage clean-up, management of clean water, market and butcher house, city and settlement area expansion, cemetery, and re ghter.
In 1928, the rst Burgemeester (Mayor) Mr. W. M. Ouwerkerk…
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