Guideline for Calculating CO 2 Emission from Ready Mixed Concrete Production and Its Case Studies Piti Sukontasukkul Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, KMUTNB Member of ACF-Sustainability Forum ‘Sustainability in Concrete Technology and Construction’ Petra Christian University, 18 September 2013
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Guideline for Calculating CO2 Emission from Ready Mixed Concrete Production and Its Case Studies
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Guideline for Calculating CO2 Emission from Ready Mixed Concrete Production and Its Case Studies
Piti Sukontasukkul Associate Professor, Civil Engineering, KMUTNB
Member of ACF-Sustainability Forum
‘Sustainability in Concrete Technology and Construction’ Petra Christian University, 18 September 2013
Environmental Issues in Concrete Construction Sector
CO2 Emission (use of fossil fuels)
Manufacturing of cement and concrete
Construction activities
Transportation
Natural resources depletion
Wastes generation
Soil and water contamination
Global Warming
Over the last 400,000 years, the atmospheric CO2 concentrations is fluctuated up and down with the upper and lower limit about 300 and 200 ppm, respectively. (from the ice core data).
Today, CO2 concentrations worldwide is average about 380 ppm.
‘Sustainability in Concrete Technology and Construction’ Petra Christian University, 18 September 2013
Previous Actions to Environmental Issues
The National Trust (1895), UK
•A non-profit or charitable organizations created to preserve “the benefit of the Nation of lands and tenements of beauty or historic interest and, as regards lands, for the preservation of their natural aspect, features and animal and plant life……”
The Limits to Growth (1971):
A book with a purpose to explore how exponential
growth interacts with finite resources.
UN Conference on Human Environment (1972)
•A Declaration containing 26 principles concerning the environment and development.
•“……23. Each nation must establish its own standards 24. There must be cooperation on international issues 25. International organizations should help to improve the environment…..”
‘Sustainability in Concrete Technology and Construction’ Petra Christian University, 18 September 2013
Previous Actions to Environmental Issues
Brundtland Report (1987)
•A report mandated ‘reexamine, create action plans, promote international corporation and rise level on understanding on environmental issues.
Earth Summit: UN Conference on Environment and Development (1992)
•..Alternative sources of energy to replace the use of fossil fuels which are linked to global climate change…..
Kyoto Protocol (1997)
•A protocol to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC or FCCC) that set binding obligations on the industrialized countries to reduce their emissions of greenhouse gases.
IPCC Assessment Reports (90, 95, 01, 07)
•"most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations."
‘Sustainability in Concrete Technology and Construction’ Petra Christian University, 18 September 2013
International and National Standards
Japan
• JSCE Environmental Performance Verification for Concrete Structures
FIB
•FIB-TG 3.6 Guideline for Environmental Design of Concrete Structures
•FIB-TG. 3.8 Guideline of Green Concrete Structures
ISO
• ISO/TC 71/SC 8 ISO/FDIs 13315-1:2011 (E) Environmental management for concrete and concrete structures Part 1: General principle
• ISO/TC 71/SC 8 ISO/CD 13315-2 Part 2: system boundary and inventory data
USA
•LEEDS for Green Building*
TCA
•Guideline for Calculation CO2 Emission in Concrete Production*
‘Sustainability in Concrete Technology and Construction’ Petra Christian University, 18 September 2013
TCA Manual for calculating CO2 emission from concrete production (2011)
TCA recognizes the importance of concrete sustainability. TCA-TG4 is established in 2010.
Launch in 2011, the manual provides a simple and easy to use tool for engineers to calculate CO2 emission from the production process of concrete used in their construction site.
Employing similar approach to ISO 13315 using LCI and LCIA to
calculate CO2 from concrete production process.
The manual is applied for both local (on-site) and ready mixed concrete productions.
Scope of the manual
Determine CO2 emission from the production process of concrete. Calculation extent to cover 3 main parts: Materials Manufacturing, Concrete Production Process, and Transportation. Production processes include: hand mixing, small (drum) mixer, and ready-mixing process. Transportation include ready mixed truck.
Impact Category: Global Warming
Impact Indicator: CO2 emission
Functional unit: kg of CO2 per 1 m3 of concrete.
System Boundary : Concrete Production
System Boundary
Concrete Mixing Process
Concrete
Raw Materials
tran
Energies : Fuel, Electricity
tran
Construction Site or
Precast Factory
Cement content
Aggregate content
Admixtures
Supplementary materials
CO2
Transportation
Concrete Mix
Selection
Inventory data: Raw Materials
a Anna Korre and Sevket Durucan, EVA025-Final Report: Aggregates Industry Life Cycle Assessment
Model: Modeling Tools and Case Studies, 2007[11] b MTEC, NSTDA c Tananan Panussupsuk, M.Eng. Thesis, KMUTNB
Materials Unit (*) CO2 emission
(kg-CO2/*)
Portland Cement Ton 847
River Sand Ton 3.920
Limestone a Ton 2.43-4.14
Rebar b Ton 1760
Masonry Brick c Sq. m 3.803
Masonry Mortar (1:2.5) c Sq. m 6.728
Plastering Mortar (1:3) c Sq. m 10.305
Inventory data: Production type
Mixers Type Energy (J/m3)
Electricity (kW/m3)
Unit CO2Emission (kg-CO2/unit)
0.1 m3 Typea 1.68x107 - m3 2.68
0.2m3 Type 1.25x107 - m3 2.01
Ready-mixed Type d - 2.15 m3 1.23
d Insee Concrete, co., ltd. (Thailand)
Inventory data: Transportation
Type
Capacity
Fuel Consumption
EF CO2Emission
unit kg-CO2/
litre
kg-CO2/
km
kg-CO2/
(km.unit)
Ready-mixed
Trucka 5 m3 2.7 km/l 0.54
km/
(l.m3) 2.58 0.96 0.19
Ready-mixed
Truckb 5 m3 2.9 km/l 0.58
km/
(l.m3) 2.58 0.89 0.18
Ready-mixed
Truck
(Idling mode)
5 m3 6 l/trip 1.20 l/(trip.m3) 2.58 15.48
kg-CO2/trip
3.10
kg-
CO2/trip.m3
a Travel within Bangkok and vicinity (Ref. CPAC, Thailand 2012) b Travel outside Bangkok and vicinity (Ref. CPAC, Thailand 2012) c Allowable truck load capacity
• Based on the three main categories: materials, process, and transportation, it could be seen that the CO2 Emission of a single house concrete construction is mainly fell in the material category.
• Cement is still a major contributor in the CO2 emission from the manufacturing stage to the construction stage.
• This manual is still far from finished and research is needed to be carried out in order to fulfill the gap.