Guided missile

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SEMINAR ON

GUIDED MISSILESubmitted in partial fulfillment

of award degree of B.TECH(M.E)

UNDER GRACIOUS GUIDANCE OF:-

PROF. ANKIT DUA ( MECH. DEPTT.)

SUBMITTED BY:-PARAG PRIYANK

75114037B.TECH M.E2011-2015

2Do not make these at home..!!

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WHAT IS A MISSILE ..?

In modern military usage, a missile, or guided missile, is a self-propelled guided weapon system, as opposed to an unguided self-propelled munition, referred to as a rocket. Missiles have four system components: targeting and/or guidance, flight system, engine, and warhead. Missiles come in types adapted for different purposes: surface-to-surface and air-to-surface missiles (ballistic, cruise, anti-ship, anti-tank, etc.), surface-to-air missiles (anti-aircraft and anti-ballistic), air-to-air missiles, and anti-satellite missiles.

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The word missile comes from the Latin verb mittere, literally meaning "to send".

They are basically rockets which are meant for destructive

purposes only.

Missiles differ from rockets by virtue of a guidance system that steers them towards a pre-selected target.

Missiles are often used in warfare as a means of delivering

destructive force (usually in the form of an explosive warhead) upon a target.

Aside from explosives, other possible types of destructive missile payloads are various forms of chemical or biological agents, nuclear warheads, or simple kinetic energy (where the missile destroys the target by the force of striking it at high speed).

INTRODUCTION

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Rockets were invented in medieval China (1044 AD) but its first practical use for serious purpose took place in 1232 AD by the Chinese against the Mongols.

There after Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Sultan of Mysore in south India) perfected the rocket's use for military purposes, very effectively using it in war against British colonial armies.

At the Battle of Seringapatanam in 1792, Indian soldiers launched a huge barrage of rockets against British troops, followed by a huge massacre of British forces.

HISTORY AT A GLANCE

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Portrait of Tipu Sultan  Sultan of Mysore, now Karnataka, India

Unlike contemporary rockets whose combustion chamber was made of wood (bamboo), Tipu's rockets (weighing between 2.2 to 5.5 kg) used iron cylinder casings that allowed greater pressure, thrust and range (1.5 to 2.5 Km). The British were greatly impressed by the Mysorean rockets using iron tubes.

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Guided missiles are made up of a series of subassemblies. The major sections are carefully joined and connected to each other. They form the complete missile assembly.

The major components of a missile are:

WARHEAD 

FUSING

PROPULSION SYSTEM

GUIDANCE SYSTEM

MISSILE COMPONENTS

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BASIC

DIAGRAM

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WARHEAD:-

A warhead is an explosive device used in military conflicts, used to destroy enemy vehicles or buildings. Typically, a warhead is delivered by a missile , rocket or torpedo. It consists of the explosive material, and a detonator.

FUSING:-

It includes those devices and arrangements that cause the missile's payload to function in proper relation to the target.There are two general types of fuzes used in guided missiles proximity �fuzes and contact fuzes.

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• A proximity fuze is a kind of fuze  that detonates an explosive  device automatically when the distance to the target becomes smaller than a predetermined value. Proximity fuzes are designed for targets such as planes, missiles, ships at sea and ground forces. They provide a more sophisticated trigger mechanism than the common or timed fuze or contact type fuze.

• A contact fuze, percussion fuze is  that placed in the nose of a shell so that it will detonate on contact with a hard surface. Many impacts are unpredictable: they may involve a soft surface, or an off-axis grazing impact. The pure contact fuze is often unreliable in such cases and so a more sensitive graze fuze or inertia fuze is used instead.

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  PROPULSION:-

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ATMOSPHERIC JET PROPULSION SYSTEM.There are three types of atmospheric jet propulsion systems the turbojet, pulsejet, and ramjet engines. Of these three systems, only the turbojet engine is currently being used in modern missiles.

TURBOJET – The turbojet is the oldest kind of general-purpose air

breathing jet engine.

Compared to turbofans, turbojets are quite inefficient if flown below about Mach 2 and are very noisy.

As a result, most modern aircraft use turbofans instead for economic reasons, although turbojets are still common in medium range cruise missiles, due to their high exhaust speed, low frontal area, and relative simplicity.

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Turbojet engine

RAMJET –

A ramjet uses the engine's forward motion to compress incoming air, without a rotary compressor.

Ramjets cannot produce thrust at zero airspeed, thus they cannot move an aircraft from a standstill

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Ramjets work most efficiently at supersonic speeds around Mach 3. This type of engine can operate up to speeds of Mach 6.

Ramjets can be particularly useful in applications requiring a small and simple mechanism for high-speed use, such as missiles or artillery shells.

Ramjets employ a continuous combustion process.

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PULSEJET –

A pulse jet engine (or pulsejet) is a type of jet engine in which combustion occurs in pulses.

Pulsejet engines can be made with few or no moving parts , and are capable of running statically.

Pulse jet engines are a lightweight form of jet propulsion, but usually have a poor compression ratio , and hence give a low specific impulse

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Solid Propellant Engines-The combustion chamber of a solid propellant rocket contains the charge of solid propellant. Solid propellant charges are of two basic types: restricted burning and unrestricted burning.

HYBRID PROPULSION -A hybrid engine combines the use of liquid and solid propellant. The liquid is the oxidizer and the solid is the propellant. Ignition is usually hypergolic, that is, spontaneous ignition takes place upon contact of the oxidizer with the propellant

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GUIDANCE SYSTEM

Missiles may be targeted in a number of ways. The most common method is to use some form of radiation , such as infrared , lasers or radio waves , to guide the missile onto its target.

There are two types of guidance system

i. fire-and-forget  ii. Another method is to use a TV camera—using

either visible light or infra-red—in order to see the target.

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Laser Guidance - A laser designator device calculates relative position to a highlighted target. Most are familiar with the military uses of the technology on Laser-guided bomb. The space shuttle crew leverages a hand held device to feed information into rendezvous planning. The primary limitation on this device is that it requires a line of sight between the target and the designator.

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Infrared homing : This form of guidance is used exclusively for military munitions, specifically air-to-air and surface-to-air missiles. The missile’s seeker head homes in on the infrared (heat) signature from the target’s engines (hence the term “heat-seeking missile”).

Wire-Guidance -A wire-guided missile is a missile guided by signals sent to it via thin wires reeled out during flight.

Global Positioning System (GPS) - GPS was designed by the US military. GPS transmits 2 signal types: military and a commercial. GPS is a system of 24 satellites orbiting in unique planes 10.9-14.4 Nautical miles above the earth. The Satellites are in well defined orbits and transmit highly accurate time information which can be used to triangulate position.

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CLASSIFICATION Range:-

Long-range guided missiles are usually capable of traveling a distance of at least 100 miles.

Short-range guided missiles often do not exceed the range capabilities of long-range guns.

Speed:-

The speed capability of guided missiles is expressed in Mach numbers. A Mach number is the ratio of the speed of an object to the speed of sound in the medium through which the object is moving. Under standard atmospheric conditions, sonic speed is about 766 miles per hour (Mach 1.0). Guided missiles are classified according to their speed as shown below: Subsonic—Up to Mach 0.8 Transonic—Mach 0.8 to Mach 1.2 Supersonic—Mach 1.2 to Mach 5.0 Hypersonic—Above Mach 5.0

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Mode Of Fire

An air-to-air missile (AAM) is a missile fired from an aircraft for the purpose of destroying another aircraft.

An air-to-surface missile (ASM) is a missile designed to be launched from military aircraft (bombers , attack aircraft, fighter aircraft or other kinds) and strike ground targets on land, at sea, or both.

An anti-ballistic missile (ABM) is a missile designed to counter ballistic missiles. Ballistic missiles are used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory. The term "anti-ballistic missile" describes any antimissile system designed to counter ballistic missiles.

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Anti-satellite weapons (ASAT) are designed to incapacitate or destroy satellites for strategic military purposes. Currently, only the United States, the former Soviet Union, and the People's Republic of China are known to have developed these weapons.

Anti-ship missiles are guided missiles that are designed for use against ships and large boats. Most anti-ship missiles are of the sea skimming  variety, and many use a combination of inertial guidance and radar homing.

An anti-submarine missile is a standoff weapon including a rocket designed to rapidly deliver an explosive warhead or homing torpedo from the launch platform to the vicinity of a submarine.

A cruise missile is a guided missile, the major portion of whose flight path to its target (a land-based or sea-based target) is conducted at approximately constant velocity; that relies on the dynamic reaction of air for lift, and upon propulsion forces to balance drag.

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An anti-tank missile (ATM), anti-tank guided missile (ATGM),is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily-armored military vehicles.

A surface-to-air missile (SAM), or ground-to-air missile (GTAM), is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles

A surface-to-surface missile (SSM) or ground-to-ground missile (GGM) is a missile designed to be launched from the ground or the sea and strike targets on land or at sea.

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Reference :- GOOGLE

HOW STUFF WORKS

WIKIPEDIA

TECH-SYNERGY  DRDO   PRINCIPLES OF MISSILE FLIGHT AND JET PROPULSION   BHARAT RAKSHAK  

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