Guide to Personal Injury Claims Procedure€¦ · Guide to Personal Injury Claims Procedure Second Edition John McQuater LLB, LLM Head of Litigation, Atherton Godfrey Solicitors Watermark

Guide to Personal Injury Claims Procedure

Second Edition

John McQuater LLB, LLM

Head of Litigation, Atherton Godfrey Solicitors

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Published byJordan Publishing Limited21 St Thomas StreetBristol BS1 6JS

Whilst the publishers and the author have taken every care in preparing the material includedin this work, any statements made as to the legal or other implications of particulartransactions are made in good faith purely for general guidance and cannot be regarded as asubstitute for professional advice. Consequently, no liability can be accepted for loss orexpense incurred as a result of relying in particular circumstances on statements made in thiswork.

© John McQuater 2015

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem, or transmitted in any way or by any means, including photocopying or recording,without the written permission of the copyright holder, application for which should beaddressed to the publisher.

Crown Copyright material is reproduced with kind permission of the Controller of HerMajesty’s Stationery Office.

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN 978 1 84661 234 3

Typeset by Letterpart Limited, Caterham on the Hill, Surrey CR3 5XL

Printed in Great Britain by Hobbs the Printers Limited, Totton, Hampshire SO40 3WX


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CONTENTS

Foreword to the First Edition vPreface to the Second Edition viiAssociation of Personal Injury Lawyers (APIL) ixTable of Cases xxxixTable of Statutes lxvTable of Statutory Instruments lxviiTable of Protocols lxxvii

Chapter 1Protocols 11.1 Introduction 1

The Pre-Action Protocol for Personal Injury Claims 1Portal protocols 2Other protocols 3Practice Direction – Pre-Action Conduct 3Professional duties 3

1.2 Dealings with the client 3Funding 4Initial advice 4Further advice 4

1.3 Dealings with the defendant 5Initial contact with the defendant 5Dealings with the defendant’s insurers 5Dealings with the defendant’s legal representatives 6

1.4 Case plans 8Format of the case plan 8Proportionality 8Workflow 8Review 9

1.5 Letter of claim 9Early notification 9Protocol requirements 9

Copies 10Liability 10Quantum 10Funding 11

Further matters 121.6 Acknowledgment of the letter of claim 13


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1.7 Response to the letter of claim 13Timescale 13Liability admitted 14

Claimant’s response 14What is an ‘admission’? 14What is ‘liability’? 15Can an admission be withdrawn? 16Costs consequences of an admission 18

Liability denied 19Primary liability admitted (and contributory negligence

alleged) 19Liability not dealt with 20

1.8 Experts 20Joint selection of experts 21Range of experts 21Naming of experts 21Objections to experts 22Further experts 22Questions to experts 23Cost of expert evidence 23Defendant’s expert evidence 23Expert advice 24Privilege 24Consequences of the PI Protocol for future case

management under the CPR 25Tactics 25

1.9 Obtaining documents and giving disclosure 26Obtaining documents 26

Data Protection Act 1998 26Freedom of Information Act 2000 28

Who should obtain documents? 28Medical records 29Documents supporting the schedule 29Other documents 30

1.10 Rehabilitation 301.11 ADR 31

Types of ADR 31Advising the claimant of ADR 31Engaging the defendant with ADR 31When to issue and when to pursue ADR 31Sanctions for failing to follow ADR 33

1.12 Resolution 34Settlement 342003 Fixed recoverable costs (predictable costs) 34

Scope 34Amount 35Exceptionality 36Timescale 36

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Indemnity principle? 37Success fee? 37Part 36 37

2010 RTA Protocol fixed costs 37Profit costs 37Disbursements 38Success fees 38Indemnity principle? 38

2013 fixed costs for the protocols 38Non-fixed costs 39Approval 41Finality 41

1.13 Stocktake 411.14 The RTA Protocol 43

Overview 43Stages 43Communication 43Costs 43Preamble 43Aims 44Rules 45Which protocol? 45

Scope 45Road traffic accident 46Use of a motor vehicle 46Value 47Soft tissue injury claim 47Excluded 49Importance of scope 49

Stage 1 50Claim notification form 50Insurer acknowledgement 51Insurer response 51Admission of liability 53Defendant’s account 53Destination of claims exiting in Stage 1 53Costs of Stage 1 54

Stage 2 54Evidence 54Medical expert evidence 54Non-medical expert evidence 57Witness statements 58Specialist legal advice 58Interim settlement pack and interim payments 58Settlement pack 59The total consideration period 61Offers and costs 63Withdrawal of admissions 63

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End of Stage 2 64Destination of claims exiting in stage 2 64Costs of Stage 2 65Exits 65

Stage 3 65Venue 65Documents 65Hearing 67Costs of Stage 3 67

1.15 The EL/PL protocol 70Preamble 70Aims 70Parties 70Scope 70Definitions 70

Employers’ liability claim 71Public liability claim 71Excluded 71

Communication 72Stage 1 73

Introduction 73Notification 73Content 73Acknowledgement 74Insurer response 74Admission of liability 74

Stage 2 75Introduction 75Evidence 75

Stage 3 761.16 Destination of ex-protocol claims 76

Introduction 76Discontinuing under the RTA Protocol and the EL/PL

Protocol 77Entry into the PI Protocol 77

Letter of claim 78Liability 78Quantum 78ADR 78Stocktake 78

1.17 Sanctions 79The RTA Protocol and the EL/PL Protocol 79The PI Protocol 79The Practice Direction – Pre-Action Conduct 79Sanctions on the claimant 80

CPR 45.24(1) and (2) 80CPR 45.24(3) 82

Sanctions on the defendant 82

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ADR 83Pleading compliance 83

Chapter 2Issue and Service 852.1 Introduction 852.2 The CPR 85

The overriding objective 86The case management powers of the court 88Time 88

When the parties may vary time limits 89When the parties may not vary time limits 89

Sanctions and relief from sanctions 90Statements of truth 91Part 36 93Workflow 93

2.3 Review before issuing 93Compliance with the Protocol 94

Compliance by the claimant 94Compliance by the defendant 94

Issues 95Claimant’s identity and status 95

Children and protected parties as claimant 95Deceased claimant 96Bankrupt claimant 96Anonymity 97

Defendant’s identity and status 99Children or protected parties as defendant 99Deceased defendant 99Bankrupt defendant 100Limited company as defendant 100Partnership as defendant 103Business name of individual as defendant 104Unincorporated association as defendant 104Transferee of undertaking as defendant 105Insurer as defendant 105Costs of preliminary applications 106

Indemnity 106Road Traffic Act 1988 106Motor Insurers’ Bureau 107Identifying insurers 107Resolving indemnity issues 108Alternatives to indemnity 109

Arrangements for service 110ADR 110Part 36 111

Offer to settle liability 111Offer to settle the whole claim 111

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Withdrawal or change of claimant’s offer 111Acceptance of defendant’s offer 111

Risk assessment 111Costs and proportionality 112

2.4 How and where to issue 113The key documents 113Where to issue 113Jurisdiction 115

2.5 The claim form 116Claimant’s details 116Defendant’s details 117Details of the claim 118Valuation 118Human rights 119Particulars of claim 119Statement of truth 119Address for service 119Sealing 120Date of issue 120

2.6 Particulars of claim 120Procedural requirements 121

Part 16 121Practice Direction to Part 16 121Practice Direction – Pre-action Conduct 122

Factual background 122Negligence/breach of duty 122Evidence 123Quantum 123

Pain, suffering and loss of amenity 123Aggravated and/or exemplary damages 123Other non-pecuniary claims 124Provisional damages 124Expenses and losses 124Periodical payments 124

Statement of truth 125Format 125

2.7 Medical report 125Report disclosed with the particulars of claim 126

Format of report 126Extent of disclsoure 126Accuracy and amendment 127

Subsequent exchange of expert evidence 128Further medical evidence 128Other expert evidence 128

Permission 128Tactics 128

2.8 Schedule of expenses and losses 129Format 129

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Content 130Preliminaries 130Past expenses and losses 130Future expenses and losses 131Interest 131Damages for pain, suffering and loss of amenity 131Summary 132Statement of Truth 132

Tactics 1322.9 Funding 133

Additional liabilities 133Notice 134Change 134Recoverable clinical negligence ATE premium 134Other claims 134Sanctions 135

Legal aid 135Other funding 136

2.10 Service 136Warning! 136How to serve the claim form 137

What is service 137Methods of service 138Further requirements 138What needs to be served? 139The ‘appropriate step’ to serve 139Extending time for service 140Agreeing an extension of time 143Setting aside an extension of time 143Deemed service of claim form 143

Where to serve the claim form 144Address for service given by the defendant 144Address for service not given by the defendant 145

Service at an alternative place or by an alternative method 148Prior to attempting service 148After attempting service 148

Special rules 149Error of procedure: CPR 3.10 149Dispensing with service 150Service of the claim form out of the jurisdiction 151Who should serve the claim form? 152Notification on service of the claim form 152Documents requiring service 153

Claim form 153Particulars of claim (and accompanying documentation) 153Notice of funding 153Response pack 153

Tactics for service of the claim form 154

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Service of other documents 155Claimant’s address for service 157Advising the client 157Advising experts 158

2.11 Pre-action applications 158Types of pre-action application 158Pre-action disclosure 158

Criteria 158Jurisdiction 159Discretion 160Procedure 161Other remedies 161The RTA Protocol and the EL/PL Protocol 162Costs 162

Pre-action inspection of property 163Criteria 163Procedure 164Costs 164

2.12 Sanctions 164Primary limitation period 164

Children and protected parties 165Death 165Fatal accidents 165Defective products 165Injuries on water 166Injuries in the air 166Human rights 167Protection from Harassment Act 1997 167Fraud, concealment or mistake 167Foreign limitation law 168

Date of knowledge 168Extension of the limitation period 169New claims in pending actions 170When is the action ‘brought’? 171

Chapter 3Defence 1733.1 Introduction 1733.2 Time limits 173

Acknowledgement of service 174Defence 174Extension of time 174

Extending time for the acknowledgement of service 174Extending time for the defence 175

3.3 Defendant’s address for service 1763.4 Defendant’s funding 1763.5 Jurisdiction 177

Action required 177

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Meaning of ‘jurisdiction’ 178Default 178

3.6 Content of the defence 179General requirements 179Dealing with breach of duty 180Dealing with causation 181

Low velocity impact claims 181Other claims 183

Dealing with law 183Dealing with quantum 184

Medical report 184Schedules 185

Dealing with the statement of value 185Pleading a positive case 186

Bare denials 186Res ipsa loquitur 186Statutory defences 186Convictions 187Fraud 187Contributory negligence 190Limitation 190Mitigation 190

Statement of truth 190Protocols 191

New matters 191Resiling from admissions 192

3.7 Further information 192Pre-CPR 192CPR 192The court’s approach to further information under the CPR 193Scope 195Compliance 196Failure to file a defence 196Tactics 196

3.8 Review of the defence 1973.9 Action following review of the defence 199

Ensuring compliance with CPR 16.5 and the PracticeDirection 199

The real issues 199Request for further information under Part 18 200Admission of facts 200Applying for judgment or strike out 200Part 36 201Statement of truth 202Further evidence 202Interim remedies 202

Interim payments 202Other interim remedies 202

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Joinder of parties 203Notice to produce 203Case management directions 203

3.10 Sanctions 203When to apply for default judgment 204Procedure for obtaining default judgment 204Setting default judgment aside 205

Chapter 4Allocation and Case Management 2094.1 Introduction 2094.2 Allocation (and transfer) 210

The tracks 210Scope of the tracks 210

Scope of the small claims track 210Scope of the fast track 211Scope of the multi-track 211

Differences between the tracks 212Case management 212Costs 212

Matters relevant to allocation 214Value 214Complexity 215Views of the parties 215Circumstances of the parties 216Other matters 216

4.2.5 Transfer 2174.3 Case and costs management 217

Routine case management 218Stay 218Venue 218Parties 220Judgment 220Split trial 221Further Statements of Case and further information 225Disclosure and inspection 226Exchange of witness statements 227Permission to use and exchange expert evidence 227Schedules and counter schedules 231Periodical payments 231Listing/further case management 232Trial window 232ADR 232Costs of routine case management 233

Non-routine case management 234Parties 234Summary judgment 234Interim payment 235

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Preservation and inspection of property 238Specific disclosure 239Clarification of Part 36 Offers 239Costs of non-routine case management 240

4.3.3 Costs management 240Timetable 241

4.4 Obtaining appropriate case management directions 242Claimant’s directions questionnaire 242

Stay 242Settlement 243Compliance with the Protocol 243Experts 244Proposed directions 244Applications 244Other information 245

Draft order 245Costs estimate 245Case summary 246The defendant’s directions questionnaire 247

Stay 247Compliance with the Protocol 247Experts 248Proposed directions 248Application 248Other information 248Costs budget 249Consultation and negotiation 249

4.5 The case management conference 250Reasons for a case management conference 250Preparation and tactics 250Telephone hearings 251

When to use telephone hearings 251Arranging a telephone hearing 252Preparing for a telephone hearing 252

Format and objectives of a case management conference 253Scope of the hearing 253Costs of case management hearings 254

4.6 Action on receipt of case management directions 254Review of directions 254Planning implementation of the timetable 254The defendant 255Experts 255Keeping to the timetable 255Varying the timetable 256Variation of or additional directions 256Reviewing costs budgets 256

4.7 Sanctions 256General approach 257

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Default with directions questionnaire 257Default with costs budgets 257

Chapter 5Disclosure 2595.1 Introduction 259

CPR disclosure 259Disclosure (CPR 31.2) 259Document (CPR 31.4) 259Standard disclosure (CPR 31.6) 260Search (CPR 31.7) 260Control (CPR 31.8) 260Copy documents (CPR 31.9) 261Continuing duty (CPR 31.11) 261Specific disclosure (CPR 31.12) 261Reliance (CPR 31.21) 262Use (CPR 31.22) 262

CPR inspection 262Right to inspect documents (CPR 31.3(1) and (2)) 262Specific inspection (CPR 31.12(1)) 265Inspection of ‘mentioned’ documents (CPR 31.14(1) and

(2)) 265Copying (CPR 31.15) 265Withholding inspection (CPR 31.19) 265Authenticity (CPR 32.19) 265Content (para 27.2 Practice Direction to Part 27) 266

5.2 Early and late disclosure 266Disclosure under the PI Protocol 266Pre-action disclosure 267Statutory rights of disclosure 267Notice to produce documents 267

Is the document ‘mentioned’? 268Is privilege waived? 268Does CPR 35.10(4) apply? 270

Disclosure in stages 270Limiting or dispensing with disclosure 270

5.3 Duties with disclosure 271Preservation of documents 271Searching for documents 272Confirming the duties 273

5.4 Scope of disclosure in personal injury claims 274The claimant 274The defendant 274Non-parties 275

5.5 Dealing with standard case management directions 275Disclosure by the claimant 275Disclosure by the defendant 276Inspection of the claimant’s documents by the defendant 277

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Inspection of the defendant’s documents by the claimant 278Specific disclosure 278Specific inspection 279Organisation 279

5.6 Surveillance documents 279Timing of disclosure 279Timing of inspection 280Case management directions 281Privacy and admissibility 282Weight 282Expert evidence 283Tactics with surveillance evidence 284

Ensuring disclosure is required by the defendant 284Directions for disclosure of surveillance documents 284Reviewing the surveillance evidence with the claimant 285Challenging the evidence 285Seeking all surveillance evidence 285Challenging admissibility 286Regulatory issues 286Obtaining expert evidence 286Ensuring admissibility is resolved before review by

experts 287Clarifying the defendant’s case 287

5.7 Medical records 288Disclosure of medical records 288Inspection of medical records 289Medical records as evidence 290

The evidential nature of medical records 290The evidential weight of medical records 291

Tactics with medical records 292Pre-action disclosure 292Medical experts 293Fast track claims 293Multi-track claims 294Controlling disclosure 294Questions to experts 295Applications for disclosure 295

Summary 2965.8 Electronic documents 296

General provisions 297Personal injury claims 297

5.9 Non-party disclosure 297Procedure 297Conditions 298Application by the claimant 298Application by the defendant 298

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5.10 Statutory rights of disclosure 299Data Protection Act 1998 299

Data 299Data controller 299Personal data 299Processing 300Rights 300Enforcement rights 300

Access to Health Records Act 1990 301Freedom of Information Act 2000 301

The duty to confirm or deny 301Exceptions 302Public authority 302

5.11 Bundle of documents 302Working bundle 302Trial bundle 302

5.12 Sanctions 303Automatic sanctions 303

When to rely on automatic sanctions 303When not to rely on automatic sanctions 304

Application to enforce directions for disclosure andinspection 304

General case management 304Specific disclosure or inspection 304

Non-disclosure 304Destruction of documents 305False disclosure statements 305Admission of authenticity 305Agreement of content 306

Chapter 6Factual Evidence 3076.1 Introduction 307

What is factual evidence? 307Witnesses of fact and documentary evidence 308Witness of fact and opinion evidence 309Witnesses of fact and legal argument 312Witnesses of fact and conclusions on issues 313Witnesses of fact and partiality 314

What factual evidence does the claimant need? 314Burden of proof 314Identifying witnesses 315Adverse inference 316

Disclosure of factual evidence 318Sequential for exchange of witness statements 318

Issues 318Simultaneous exchange 318Sequential exchange 319

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Subsequent exchange 3196.2 Preparing witness statements for exchange 320

What is a witness statement? 320Format 320Style and content 321Interviewing witnesses 323Witness summaries 324

6.3 Dealing with exchange of witness statements 325Planning 325

Implementation 326Extension of time 326

6.4 Review of witness statements following exchange 327Admissibility 327Credibility 328Excluding evidence? 330Statements of Case 330Advising the client 331Further action 331Organising the file 332

6.5 Hearsay evidence 332Hearsay evidence given by a witness in oral evidence 333Hearsay evidence given by witness statement only 333Other hearsay evidence 333

6.6 Other factual evidence 333Factual evidence for Part 33 334

Real evidence 334Investigative Evidence 334

Procedural requirements of Part 33 3356.7 Sanctions 335

Sanctions for failing to disclose factual evidence 336Sanctions under Part 32 336Sanctions under Part 33 337Relief from sanctions 337

Strike out or exclusion of factual evidence 339Strike out 339Excluding evidence 339

Costs sanctions 340Sanctions on witnesses 340Sanctions on professionals 341

Chapter 7Expert Evidence 3437.1 Introduction 343

Background to the CPR 343The claimant’s problem 344The defendant’s perspective 347The claimant’s solution 348Overview 350

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7.2 Preliminaries to expert evidence 350The issues 351Expert or factual evidence? 352Expert advice or expert evidence 353Obtaining information from the defendant? 355Expert evidence 357Single expert 357Permission and/or facilities? 358

7.3 Admissibility and reliance 361Admissibility: Civil Evidence Act 1972 361

The Act 362What is admissible expert evidence? 362What is inadmissible opinion evidence? 364

Reliance: the Protocol and the CPR 365The Protocol 366The CPR 367What is ‘reasonably required’ (Part 35)? 368What is just (CPR 1.1)? 370Timing 377

7.4 Use of experts in personal injury claims 377Primary liability 378

Road traffic 378Employers’ liability 382Occupiers’ and public liability 388Highways 390Consumer protection 391Animals 391Foreign accidents 393Professional negligence 393

Contributory negligence 394Fault 394Causation 394

Quantum 396Medical evidence 396Employment evidence 398Care evidence 398Accountancy and actuarial evidence 400Statistical evidence 400Occupational therapy evidence 401Speech and language evidence 401Accommodation evidence 401Assistive technology evidence 402Financial evidence 402

7.5 The expert 402Who is an expert? 402Who is a suitable expert? 403Duties of an expert 406

Advice 406

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Evidence 406Choosing an expert 408The function of an expert 409The expert’s report 409

7.6 Claimant’s expert 411Preliminaries 411Joint expert? 412Court permission? 412Obtaining facilities 413Approaching the expert 414Instructing the expert 414Funding arrangements 415Reviewing the report 416Relying on the report and privilege 417Following disclosure of the report 418

Updating the expert 418Change of opinion 419

7.7 Single (joint) experts 419When will there be a single (non-joint) expert? 419Joint selection and joint instruction of experts 420

When to jointly select experts 420When to jointly instruct experts 422

When will there be a single joint expert? 424The consequences of having a single expert 425Instructing a joint expert 425Reviewing a joint report 425Updating a joint expert 426

7.8 Defendant’s expert evidence 426Preliminaries 426

Pre-issue 427Post-issue 427

A stay 427Type of expert 428Examination by a medical expert 429Tests and investigations 429Parties 430Conditions 430

Request for facilities to obtain or for permission to relyupon expert evidence? 431

Further facilities 432Second expert 433Supplemental report 434

Scope of any stay 435Permission 435

7.9 Seeking and resisting permission 435Initial expert evidence 436Corresponding expert evidence 437

The general approach 437

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Proportionality 439Range of opinion 440Reasons for having a single expert 441Reasons for having a corresponding expert 442The sequence 444

Claimant’s corresponding expert 444Changing experts 445

No further permission required 445Permission required 446Unilaterally instructed expert 446Jointly instructed expert 448Using discarded expert evidence 449

7.10 Exchange of expert evidence 450Sequential exchange 451Simultaneous exchange 451Preparing for exchange 453Procedure for exchange 453Consequences of exchange 453Defendant’s expert evidence 455Organisation 455

7.11 Questions and answers 455Questions 455

Scope 456Disclosure 457Copying questions 457

Answers 4587.12 Expert discussions and joint statements 458

Instructions 459Agenda 459Discussion 460Joint statement 460Review 461Advice 462

7.13 Written or oral evidence 462Written evidence 462Oral evidence 463Summary 464

7.14 The forensic approach to expert evidence 4647.15 Sanctions 468

Failure to obtain permission 469Failure to comply with the court timetable 470Failure to keep within the Statements of Case 470Failure to comply with expert’s duties 471Failure to comply with the Protocol 472

Chapter 8Applications 4738.1 Introduction 473

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8.2 Case management powers 474Power to strike out 474

No reasonable grounds or real prospects of success 475Abuse of process 475Non-compliance 477

Power to specify the consequences of non-compliance 478Power to impose a condition 480Power to extend or shorten time 481

Exclusion of the general power 481Extending time of consent orders 481Extending time of unless orders 482Extending time of deemed orders 482

Power to vary or revoke orders 483Power to rectify an error of procedure 485Power to order a costs budget 485Power to hold a hearing by telephone 485Power to make orders on the court’s own initiative 485Power to manage cases generally 486

8.3 The timetable and applications 486Changing the timetable 487

When an application is not required 487When an application is required 487Dealing with changes to the timetable 488

Enforcing the timetable 488Is there a failure to comply? 489Do sanctions already apply? 489Should applicable sanctions be relied on? 491Should an application be made? 491Tactics 492

Varying or revoking case management directions 4928.4 Making an application 493

When to apply 493Where to apply 494How to apply 494

Application notice 494Draft order 495Case summary 495Evidence 496Skeleton argument 496Costs statement 496Fee 497

Serving the application 497Tactics 497

8.5 Receiving an application 497Agreement? 498Arrangements for the hearing 498Cross-application 499Evidence 499

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Costs 499Tactics 499

8.6 How the court deals with applications 500Without a hearing 500

When a hearing is not appropriate 500By agreement of the parties 501Consent orders 502

Hearing by telephone 503Hearing in person 503Tactics on dealing with applications 503

8.7 Hearing of applications 504Agreement of an order 504Preparation for the hearing 504Presentation of the application 505Deciding the application 505

8.8 Dealing with interim orders 505Implementation 505Re-listing 506Applying to set aside 506Appealing 506Applying to vary or revoke directions 507

8.9 Costs of applications 507The court’s discretion as to costs 507

Costs Practice Direction 508Part 44 508Part 48 508Practice Direction – Pre-action Conduct and protocols 509Part 36 and ‘Calderbank’ offers 509

Costs orders 510Claimant’s costs/costs in any event 510Defendant’s costs/costs in any event 510Claimant’s costs in the case/application 511Defendant’s costs in the case/application 511Costs in the case/application 511Costs reserved 512Costs thrown away 512Costs of and caused by 512Costs here and below 513No order as to costs/each party to pay own costs 513

Assessment of interim costs 513Costs statement 514Base costs and additional liabilities 515Adverse costs orders 515Timescale for payment of costs 515Enforcement 515

8.10 Sanctions 516When sanctions apply 516

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Relief from sanctions 517Former CPR 3.9 518

Supreme Court 527Evidence 528

Broader application of CPR 3.9 528

Chapter 9Pre-Trial Checklists 5299.1 Introduction 5299.2 Checklists and listing 529

Purpose of the checklist 529Date for filing the checklist 529Pre-trial review 530Listing 530

9.3 Stocktake 530Issues and statements of case 531Disclosure and inspection 531Evidence 531Schedules 532Negotiations 532Case management directions 533Availability 533

9.4 The claimant’s checklist 533Format 533Application 533Costs estimates and budgets 534Proposed timetable 534Case summary 535Other documents 535Filing and service 535

9.5 The defendant’s checklist 536Reviewing the checklist 536Defendant’s costs 536Defendant’s timetable 536

9.6 Action following further case management directions 537Further directions 537Diarising 537Further action 537

9.7 Sanctions 538

Chapter 10Trial 53910.1 Introduction 53910.2 Trial bundle 539

Claimant’s duty 539Content 540Indexation, tabulation and pagination 541

Indexation 541

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Tabulation 541Pagination 541

Format 541Responsibility 542Agreement 542Filing and service 543

10.3 Case summary 543When required 543Format 543Length 543Drafting 544Skeleton arguments 544

10.4 Witness orders 544When to use 544Service 544Format 545

10.5 Counsel 545Advice 545Funding 545Attendance on counsel 546The brief 546

10.6 Advising the client 54710.7 Final reviews 547

The 21-day review 547The 7-day review 548

10.8 Judgment by the court 548Terms 548Reasons 549Action 549

10.9 Costs at trial 549Range of costs orders 549Summary assessment 550Detailed assessment 552Interest on costs 552Instructions on costs 553

10.10 Financial advice 554Wills 554Personal injury trusts 554Pre-nuptial agreements 554

10.11 Enforcement 554Pre-issue 555Post-issue 555Third Parties (Rights Against Insurers) Act 1930 555Rights against other non-parties 556Interest 556

10.12 Appeals 556Appeal or application? 556Permission 557

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Time limit 558Routes 558Documents 559Listing 560Hearing 560

Error of law 561Error of fact 562Error of evaluation 563Error of discretion 565Procedural Irregularity 567Bias, delay and other conduct 568Fraud 571

Part 36 and ADR 571Evidence 572Funding 572Costs 572Following an appeal 572

Chapter 11Settlement 57311.1 Introduction 573

Ways of achieving settlement 573Advice and instructions 573

General advice 574Advice on offers received 574Advice on offers made 574Other advice and action 575

Objectives 575Good faith and mistakes 575Clarity and interpretation 576Finality 577Costs 577

11.2 Admissibility of offers 578Open communications 579Without Prejudice’ communications 580Without prejudice except as to costs’ communications 582Part 36 offers 583Tactics on admissibility 584

11.3 Alternative dispute resolution (‘ADR’) 584Negotiation 585

Correspondence 585Discussions 585Joint settlement meeting 586Costs 587

Early neutral evaluation 587Arbitration 588Mediation 588Costs sanctions 590

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11.4 Tactics 590General tactics 590Should the claimant make an opening offer? 592

The whole claim? 592Liability? 592

Counter offers? 593Best offer? 594Extension of time? 595Clarification? 596Use of Part 36 or Part 44? 596

By the defendant 596By the claimant 597

Agreeing issues? 598Liability 599Damages for pain, suffering and loss of amenity 599Expenses and losses 600Global quantum 600

Method of ADR? 601Advice 601Using the CPR 602

Part 36 602Part 44 603Differences between Part 36 and non-Part 36 offers 603

11.5 Part 36 offers 605History 605

The original Part 36 605Amendments to Part 36 in 2007 606Amendments to Part 36 in 2010 606Amendments to Part 36 in 2011 606Amendments to Part 36 in 2013 607

The Forensic approach to Part 36 607The scope of Part 36 offers 608

Pre-issue offers 608Post-issue offers 608Offers in appeals 608Offers in costs proceedings 609Offers on the whole of the claim 609Offers on part of the claim 610Offers on an issue in the claim 610

Making a Part 36 offer 610General requirements for form and content 610Future pecuniary loss 614Provisional damages 614CRU 615Interest 616Offers on issues 616Making multiple offers 616Making offers with multiple defendants 617

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Service 618How to make a Part 36 offer 619Failure to comply with form and content 619

Reviewing a Part 36 offer 620Status of the offer 620Clarification 631Multiple defendants 633Single sum of money 633Decision 634Format 634

Withdrawing or changing a Part 36 offer 635Withdrawing a Part 36 offer 635Changing a Part 36 offer 637Tactics on withdrawing or changing a Part 36 offer 638How to withdraw or change a Part 36 offer 639

Accepting a Part 36 offer 639When permission to accept is required 639When permission to accept is not required 643Acceptance with multiple defendants 643Acceptance with multiple offers 644Acceptance after earlier rejection 644How to accept a Part 36 offer 645Ineffective acceptance 646Action following acceptance 650Effect of acceptance 651Timescale for payment 651Enforcement 652Indemnity 652

11.6 Non-Part 36 offers 652Making a non-Part 36 offer 653Reviewing a non-Part 36 offer 653Withdrawing or changing a non-Part 36 offer 655Accepting a non-Part 36 offer 655Enforcement 658

11.7 Reaching settlement 658Agreement of an issue 658Agreement of the whole claim 659

General action 659If court proceedings have not been issued 660If court proceedings have been issued 660

Finality? 661CRU 661

11.8 Approval of a settlement 662Pre-issue approval 662Post-issue approval 662Documentation for an approval hearing 662The hearing 663Professional responsibility 663

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Investment 66311.9 Discontinuance 66311.10 Sanctions 665

Chapter 12Concluding the Claim 66912.1 Introduction 66912.2 Costs 670

Deemed costs orders 670Deemed order in favour of the claimant 670Deemed order in favour of the defendant 677Other deemed costs orders 677Interest 678

The court’s discretion on costs 678The discretion 678The general rule 678Departing from the general rule 682

Costs consequences of Part 36 offers 683Preliminaries to costs consequences under Part 36 683Costs consequences on acceptance of a Part 36 offer

within the relevant period 684Costs consequences on acceptance of a Part 36 offer after

the relevant period 684Costs consequences of a Part 36 offer on judgment

(whole claim) 689Costs consequences of a Part 36 offer on judgment

(preliminary issue) 7032007 transitional provisions 7052013 transitional provisions 705

Circumstances relevant to the court’s general discretion oncosts 705

The conduct of all the parties (CPR 44.3(4)(a)) 706Whether a party has succeeded on part of his case, even

if he has not been wholly successful(CPR 44.3(4)(b)) 712

Any admissible offer to settle which is not an offer towhich costs consequences under Part 36 apply(CPR 44.3(4)(c)) 713

Costs orders 721Basis for the assessment of costs 723

Indemnity costs under Part 36 723Indemnity costs under Part 44 723The significance of indemnity costs 729

Assessment of costs 729Fixed costs 730Hourly rates 734Time spent 734Proportionality 735

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Relevant factors in deciding the amount of costs 736Costs estimates/budgets 737The indemnity principle 738

Base costs and additional liabilities 738Definitions 738Information about the funding arrangement 739Percentage increase 739Insurance premium 744Proportionality 744Disclosure 744Transitional provisions 745

Interest on costs 745Methods of assessing costs 746

Summary assessment 746Detailed assessment 748Costs only proceedings 749

Payments on account of costs and interim costs certificates 749Payments on account of costs 749Interim costs certificates 750

Time for complying with an order for costs 75012.3 Recovery of damages and costs 751

Availability of enforcement 751Means of enforcement 752Parties to enforcement 752Retainer and instructions 752Costs of enforcement 753Costs of implementation 753Interest 753

12.4 Unsuccessful claims 753Legal aid 753Non-legal aid funding made prior to April 2013 754QOCS (qualified one-way costs shifting) 754Technical challenges 755Non-party costs orders 756

12.5 Private client work 756Wills 756Personal injury trust 756Family law 756

12.6 Administration 757Report 757File closing 757File retention 757Payments 757Recovery of costs 757

12.7 Conclusion 758

Index 759

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