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GSM Principles
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Objectives
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
Grasp basic idea of GSM system such as frequency spectrum,
frequency reuse etc.
Grasp the structure of the GSM system and the protocol used.
Grasp certain numbers that refer to BSS
Grasp the 4 kinds of channel combination and understand the idea
of multi-frame.
Know some radio techniquesGet the idea of EDGE
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References
BSS Feature Description
BSS Signaling Analysis Manual
BSC Technical Manual
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Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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GSM system overview
The GSM system is a frequency- and time-division cellular system,each physical channel is characterized by a carrier frequency and a
time slot number
Cellular systems are designed to operate with groups of low-power
radios spread out over the geographical service area. Each group ofradios serve MSs presently located near them. The area served by eachgroup of radios is called a CELL
Uplink and downlink signals for one user are assigned different
frequencies, this kind of technique is called Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD)
Data for different users is conveyed in time intervals called slots ,
several slots make up a frame. This kind of technique is called Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
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Cell Technique
Macro Cell and Micro Cell A certain radio coverage area formed by a set of transceivers that
connected to a set of antennas is called a CELL.
Macro Cell
In the beginning , High-Power BTSs are adopted to provide services. TheBTS covers a wider area , but its frequency utilization is not efficient. So , it
can only provide a few channels for subscribers.
Micro Cell
Later the Low-Power BTS joins the system for getting a better service areawith high capacity . At the same time it adopts the frequency reuse
technique to improve the efficiency of the frequency utilization and also
the whole capacity of the network.
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Multiple Access Technique
Multiple Access Technique allows many subscribers touse the same communication medium.
There are three kinds of basic Multiple Access Technique :
FDMA , TDMA and CDMA.GSM system adopt FDD-TDMA (FDMA and TDMA
together).
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FDMA
FDMA uses different frequencychannels to accomplish
communication.
The whole frequency spectrum
available is divided into many
individual channels (for
transmitting and receiving)
every channel can support thetraffic for one subscriber or some
control information.
Frequency
Time
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TDMA
TDMA accomplishes thecommunication in different
timeslot.
A carrier is divided into
channels based on time.
Different signals occupy
different timeslots in certain
sequence , that is , manysignals are transmitted on the
same frequency in different
time.
Time
Frequency
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CDMA
CDMA accomplishes thecommunication in different code
sequences.
Special coding is adopted before
transmission, then different
information will lose nothing
after being mixed and
transmitted together on thesame frequency and at the same
time. Time
Frequency
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GSM 900
Duplex Separation: 45MHzChannel Bandwidth: 200KHz
The Frequency Spectrum
Uplink
890 915 935 960MHz
Downlink
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Duplex Separation: 95MHzChannel Bandwidth: 200KHz
Base Station Receive
1710 1785 1805 1880MHz
Base Station Transmit
DCS 1800
The Frequency Spectrum
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The Frequency Spectrum
FrequencySpectrum
Range(MHz) Uplink Frequency
FrequencyPoint
Available
DownlinkFrequency
GSM 450
450.4~457.6
460.4~467.
6
Fu(n)=450.6+0.2(n-259) 259
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Frequency Reuse
The frequency resource of mobile system is very limited.
The different Subscribers can use the same frequency in
different places.
The quality of communication must be ensured.
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Frequency Reuse
7(Site)X 1(Cell) reuse
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
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4 site X 3 cells reuse
1
8
9
210
46
5 37
11
12
R
Frequency Reuse
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Cell Types
Omni
1
120degree
12
3
Omni-directional Cell
120 Degree Cell
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Contents
1. GSM System Overview
2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface
5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Interface Between Different Entities
GSM /GPRS BSS
BTS
BSC
BTS
BSC
PCU SS7
SMS system
PSTNISDN
Internet,Intranet
MSC/VLR GMSC
HLR/AUC
SGSN
CG BG
GGSN
GPRS backbone
Other PLMN
A
Gb
Gi
Gp
C/D/Gs
Gr/Gs/Gd/Ge Gc
Ga
Abis
Um
MS
MS
OMC
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Mobile Station MS
International Mobile Equipment Identity
(IMEI) Mobile Equipment
MS=ME+SIM
International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI)
Subscriber Identity Module
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Subscriber Identity Module SIM
International Mobile SubscriberIdentity (IMSI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber
Identity (TMSI)Location Area Identity (LAI)
Subscriber Authentication Key (Ki)
SIM
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BTS
BSC
TC/SMBSS
MSC
Base Station Subsystem BSS
The Base Station Controller BSC
The Base Transceiver Station
BTSThe Trans-coder TC and
Sub multiplexer (SM)
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BTS
BSC
TC/SM
BSS
MSC
Packet Control Unit-----PCU
Packet dataswitching
Bridge between
SGSN and BSCProvide Pb and Gb
interface GPRSBackbone
PCU SGSN
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Mobile-service Switching Center
MSCHome Location Register HLRVisitor Location Register VLREquipment Identity Register EIRAuthentication Center AUCEcho Cancellor EC
AUCHLR
MSC/VLR
PSTN
NSSEIROMC
BSS
EC
The Network Switching System
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Mobile-service Switching Center MSC
Call Processing
Operations and Maintenance Support
Interface management
Inter-network & Inter-working
Billing
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Home Location Register HLR
Subscriber ID (IMSI and MSISDN)
Current subscriber VLR (current location)
Supplementary service information
Subscriber status (registered/deregistered)
Authentication key and AuC functionality
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Visitor Location Register VLR
Mobile Status (IMSI attached / detached / busy / idle etc.)
Location Area Identity(LAI)
Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity(TMSI)
Allocating the Roaming Number
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IMEI is Checked In White List
IMEI is Checked in Black/Grey List
If NOT found
EIR focus on theequipment , not thesubscriber!
Equipment Identity Register EIR
White List
Black List
Grey List
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OMC Functional Architecture
OS
MMI
DB
Event/AlarmManagement
SecurityManagement
ConfigurationManagement
PerformanceManagement
FaultManagement
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Contents
1. GSM System Overview2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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Service Area
PLMN service area
......
Service Area
MSC service area...
Location area...
cell
PLMN service area PLMN service area
MSC service area...
Location area...
cell
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LAI
Location Area Identification
The LAI is the international code for a location area.
MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .
For example: The MNC of China Mobile is "00"LAC: Location Area Code It is a two bytes hex code.
The value 0000 and FFFF is invalid.For example: 460-00-0011
MCC MNC LAC
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CGI
The CGI is a unique international identification for a cell
The format is LAI+CILAI: Location Area IdentificationCI: Cell Identity. This code uses two bytes hex code to
identify the cells within an LAI.
For example : 460-00-0011-0001
CGI: Cell Global Identification
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BSIC
NCC: PLMN network color code. It comprises 3 bit. Itallows various neighboring PLMNs to bedistinguished.
BCC: BTS color code. It comprises 3 bit, used todistinguish different cells assigned the samefrequency!
NCC BCC
BSIC
BSIC Base Station Identification Color Code)
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CC: Country Code. For example: The CC of China is "86".NDC: National Destination Code. For example: The NDC of
China Telecom is 139, 138, 137, 136, 135.
SN: Subscriber Number. Format:H0 H1 H2 H3 ABCDExample: 86-139-0666-1234
MSISDN
CC NDC SNNational (significant)
Mobile number
Mobile station international
ISDN number
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MCC: Mobile Country Code It consists of 3 digits .For example: The MCC of China is "460"
MNC: Mobile Network Code It consists of 2 digits .For example: The MNC of China Telecom is "00"
MSIN: Mobile Subscriber Identification Number. H1H2H3 S ABCDEFFor example: 666-9777001
NMSI: National Mobile Subscriber Identification MNC and MSINform it together.
For Example of IMSI : 460-00-666-9777001
Not more than 15 digits 3 digits 2 digits
IMSI
MCC MNC MSIN
NMSI
IMSI
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TMSI
The TMSI is assigned only after successful subscriber
authentication.The VLR controls the allocation of new TMSI numbersand notifies them to the HLR.
TMSI is used to ensure that the identity of the mobile
subscriber on the air interface is kept secret.The TMSI consists of 4 bytes( 8 HEX numbers) anddetermined by the operator.
TMSI: Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification)
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IMEI
TAC FAC SNR SP
IMEI
IMEI: International Mobile Station Equipment Identification
TAC: Type approval code, 6 bit, determined by the type approval centerFAC: Final assembly code, 2 bit, It is determined by the manufacturer.SNR: Serial number, 6 bits, It is issued by the manufacturer of the MS.
SP: 1 bit , Not used.Check the IMEI in your MS : *#06#
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Contents
1. GSM System Overview2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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2 30 16 74 52 3
The physical channel is the medium over which theinformation is carried: 200KHz and 0.577ms
0 1
TDMA FRAME
Timeslot The information carried in one timeslot is called a burst
Physical Channel and Logical Channel
The logical channel consists of the information carried
over the physical channels
TDMA FRAME
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Two types of Logical Channel
Traffic Channel (TCH) :Transmits traffic information, include dataand speech.
Control Channel (CCH) :Or Signaling Channel, transmits all kinds ofcontrol information.
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Traffic Channel (TCH)
TCHTraffic Channels
Speech
TCH/FS
Data
TCH/HSTCH/9.6 TCH/2.4
TCH/4.8
TCH Traffic ChannelTCH/FS Full rate Speech ChannelTCH/HS Half rate Speech ChannelTCH/9.6 Data Channel 9.6kb/sTCH/4.8 Data Channel 4.8kb/sTCH/2.4 Data Channel 2.4Kb/s
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FCCHSCH
CCH (Control Channels)
DCCH
SDCCH
BCH
BCCH Synch. CH.ACCH
SACCHFACCH CCCH
RACH CBCH
PCH/AGCH
Broadcast Control Channel BCCHCommon Control Channel CCCHDedicated Control Channel DCCHAssociated Control Channel ACCH
Control Channel (CCH)
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CCH
BCH
BCCHSynch.
Channels
SCH FCCH
The information carried on the BCCH
is monitored by the MS
periodically when it is in idle modeBCCH: Broadcast Control Channel
FCCH: Frequency Correction Channel
SCH: Synchronization Channel
Broadcast Control Channel BCCH
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CCH
CCCH
RACHuplink
CBCH
downlink
PCH/AGCHdownlink
The CCCH is responsible fortransferring control informationbetween all mobiles and thenetwork.
RACH: Random Access Channel
PCH: Paging Channel
AGCH: Access Granted Channel
CBCH: Cell Broadcast Channel
Common Control Channel CCCH
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CCH
DCCH
SDCCH
FACCH SACCH
DCCH is assigned to a singlewireless connection formeasurement and handoverpurpose.
SDCCH: Stand-alone DedicatedControl Channel
ACCH: Associated Control ChannelSACCH: Slow Associated
Control Channel
FACCH: Fast Associated ControlChannel
ACCH
Dedicated Control Channel DCCH
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RACH CCCHCCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
DCH
Uplink Logical channel
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FCCH
SCH
BCCH
PCH
AGCH
BCCH
CCCH
CCH
SDCCH
SACCH
FACCH
TCH/F
TCH/H
DCCH
TCH
DCH
Downlink Logical channel
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Allocate signaling channel
FCCHSCHBCCH
PCHRACH
AGCHSDCCH
SDCCHTCHFACCH
Power-off
Idle mode
Dedicated mode
Idle mode
How to use these channels?
Search for frequency correction burst
Search for synchronous burst
Extract system information
Monitor paging messageSend access burst
Set up the call
Allocate voice channel
Conversation
Release the call
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Packet logic channel
Packet data channel (PDCH)Comprising packet service channel and packet control
channel
Packet service channel (PDTCH)Combined into the single-directional service channel
Packet control channel
Broadcast control channel: PBCCHPublic control channel: PPCH, PRACH, PAGCH
Private control channel: PACCH, PTCCH
TCH
BCCH
SACCH
CCCH
TCH
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C bi i f k l i
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Combination of packet logicchannel
Packet logic channels (PDCH) can be combined via thefollowing three modes
Mode 1: PBCCH+PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 2: PCCCH+PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCH;
Mode 3: PDTCH+PACCH+PTCCHIn case of small GPRS traffic, GPRS and circuit services use thesame BCCH and CCCH in the cell. In this case, only combinationmode 3 is needed in the cell
With the increase of traffic, the packet public channel shouldbe configured in the cell. Channel combination mode 1 andmode 2 should be adopted
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GSM Multi-frames
TDMA Frames
0 1
0 1 2 4 3 21 22 23 2524
26 Frame Multi-frames
0 1 10
TRAFFICCHANNELS
2 3 4 5 6 7 2 3 5 764
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Power Control
Saves battery power
Reduces co-channel and
adjacent channel interference
8W
0.8W
5WBoth Uplink and Downlinkpower settings can becontrolled independently andindividually.
BCCH -------Does not attend Power
control
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DTX and VAD
Voice Activity Detection VAD
Discontinuous Transmission DTX
Battery SavingInterference reduction
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Timing Advance (TA)
Transmission delay t
Transmission delay t
TA
The mobile phone should
send the signal in advance!
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Multi-path Fading
Diversity Frequency Hopping
Time Dispersion
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Diversity Whats Diversity?
Receive diversity provides an effective technique for bothovercoming the impact of fading across the radio channel
and increasing the received signal to interference ratio.
The former is achieved by ensuring uncorrelated (i.e.
low enough correlated) fading between antenna
branches i.e. not all antennas experience fades at the
same time.
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Kinds of DiversityTime diversity
Coding, interleaving
Frequency diversity
Frequency hopping
Space diversityMultiple antennas
Polarization diversity
Dual-polarized antennas
Multi-path diversity
Equalizer
t
f
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Frequency HoppingFrequency
f 0
Frame
f 1
f 2
f 3
f 4
Time
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Contents
1. GSM System Overview2. GSM Network Structure
3. Service Area and Number Planning
4. Channels on the Wireless Interface5. Radio Techniques
6. GPRS & EDGE Introduction
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57.6 kbps
115 kbps
384 kbps
2 Mbps
GSM
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
IMT-2000
9.6 kbps
2G
2.5G
3G
GSM Development Evolution
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Data rate of EDGE and GPRS
8PSKGMSK
9.0
13.415.6
21.4
8.811.2
14.817.6
22.4
29.6
44.8
54.4
59.2
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
60.0
CS-1 CS-2 CS-3 CS-4 MCS-1 MCS-2 MCS-3 MCS-4 MCS-5 MCS-6 MCS-7 MCS-8 MCS-9
Kbps
P R S
P R S
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Huawei EDGE Test Result
Downlink, 4 TS, MCS-9
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Summary
The basic idea of GSMThe frequency spectrum used in GSM
The structure of GSM
Certain service area and numbers
Some radio techniques used in GSM
Evolution of GSM
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