GSM Architecture

7/17/2019 GSM Architecture

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TELECOM NETWORKING

A SUMMER INTERN REPORT

Submitted by

UNIQUE KUMAR

00314802812

in partial fulfillment of Summer Internship for the award of the degree

of

BACHELOR OF TECNOLOGY

IN

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Maharaa A!ra"#$ I$"%&%'%# () T#*h$(+(!,

Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University,Delhi

2012-201.

Maharaa A!ra"#$ I$"%&%'%# () T#*h$(+(!,

I


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To Whom It May Concern

I _______________________, Enrolment No. ______________from a "%'/#$% () Ba*h#+(r ()T#*h$(+(!, ECE a *+a"" () 2012-1. Maharaa A!ra"#$ I$"%&%'%# () T#*h$(+(!, , Delhi herebydeclare that the Summer raining entitled___________________________________________________________at ________________________________ is an original !or" and the same hasnot been submitted to any other Institute for the a!ard of any other degree.

Date# Signature of theStudent


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ACKNOWLEGEMENT

It is my pleasure to be indebted to various people !"o dire#tly or indire#tly #ontributed in t"e

development o$ t"is !or% and !"o in$luen#ed my t"in%in& be"avior and a#ts durin& t"e #ourse o$study'

I e(press my sin#ere &ratitude to Mr Ra5#"h G'"a&$ Tra&$&$! H#a/o$ )"arti Airtel Ltd' $orprovidin& me an opportunity to under&o summer trainin& at Airtel'

I am t"an%$ul to Mr Y'6ra S7&%*h&$! E$!&$##r at Aitel $or "is support #ooperation and

motivation provided to me durin& t"e trainin& $or #onstant inspiration presen#e and blessin&s'

Lastly I !ould li%e to t"an% t"e almi&"ty and my parents $or t"eir moral support and my $riends

!it" !"om I s"ared my day*to*day e(perien#e and re#eived lots o$ su&&estions t"at improved my+uality o$ !or%'

III


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CONTENTS

Title ,a&e I

Certi$i#ate II

A#%no!led&ement III

List o$ -i&ures I.

List o$ Tables .

CONTENTS .I


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LIST OF FIGURE

S$( F&! N( F&!'r# #"*r&%&($ P! N(/ /'/ Servi#es O$$ered )y )"arti Airtel /

0 /'0 1istory O$ Tele#ommuni#ation 0

2 2'/ )roadband Servi#es by Tele#ommuni#ation Net!or%s 3

4 4'/ Types O$ Net!or%s 56 4'0 Net!or% Topolo&ies 7

8 6'/ )earer Servi#e -un#tions /9

3 6'0 Teleservi#e -un#tions //

5 8'/ Stru#ture o$ Tele#om Net!or%s /2

7 8'0 GSM Net!or% Ar#"ite#ture /4

/9 8'2 A#tual Siemens )TS Devi#e /8

// 8'4 )TS To!er /3

/0 8'6 )ase Station Subsystem 09

/2 8'8 )SS Inter$a#es to t"e MS : G,RS Core Net!or% 0/

/4 8'3 Mobile S!it#"in& Center 00

/6 8'5 1ome Lo#ation Re&ister 04/8 8'7 Aut"enti#ation Center 03

/3 5'/ SIM C"ip Stru#ture and ,a#%a&in& 20

/5 5'0 -ull Si;e SIM


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LIST OF TABLE

SN( Ta9+# N( Ta9+# #"*r&%&($ Pa!# N(/ 0'/ GSM 1istory 4

0 0'0 Spe#i$i#ation Summary $or GSM Cellular System 6

2 5'/ 1SCSD Data Rates 2/

4 5'0 SIM Si;es 22

.


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CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1: INTROUCTION

/'/> .arious Servi#es O$$ered by )"arti Airtel????????????/

/'0> 1istory o$ Tele#ommuni#ation????????????????''0

CHAPTER 2: GSM

0'/> @"at is GSM'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

0'0> @"y GSM''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''2

0'2> GSM 1istory???????????????????????''4

CHAPTER 3: TELECOM LINKS AN SER;ICE

2'/> Tele#ommuni#ation Lin%s??????????????????''8

2'/'/> Uplin%??????????????????????????'8

2'/'0> Do!nlin%?????????????????????????3

2'/'2> -or!ard Lin%???????????????????????''3

2'/'4> Reverse Lin%???????????????????????'''3

2'0> )roadband Servi#es by Tele#om Net!or%s????????????3

CHAPTER 4: TYPES OF NETWORKS

4'/> Net!or% Topolo&y?????????????????????''5

CHAPTER Teleservi#es????????????????????????//

6'2> Supplementary Servi#es???????????????????'//

Cha%#r .: T#+#*(=='$&*a%&($ Ar*h&%#*%'r#

8'/> Mobile Station???????????????????????/4

8'0> )ase Trans#eiver Station???????????????????/8

8'0'/> General )TS Ar#"ite#ture??????????????????''/3

.


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8'2> )ase Station Controller???????????????????''/5

8'4> )ase Station Subsystem???????????????????'09

8'4'/> )SS Inter$a#es??????????????????????''''09

8'6> Mobile S!it#"in& Center???????????????????00

8'6'/> Mobile Lo#ation Re&ister??????????????????'''02

8'8> .isitor Lo#ation Re&ister??????????????????'''06

8'3> Aut"enti#ation Center????????????????????08

8'5> E+uipment Identity Re&ister?????????????????''05

CHAPTER >: MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IENTITIES IN GSM

3'/> International Mobile subs#riber Identity Temporary Mobile Subs#riber Identity T"e Mobile Station Roamin& Number International Mobile E+uipment Identity 1i&" Speed Cir#uit S!it#"ed Data???????????????2/

5'0> Subs#riber Identity Module?????????????????'''20

5'0'/> Desi&n??????????????????????????20

5'0'0> Data???????????????????????????22

5'0'2> -ormat??????????????????????????22

5'2> Si&nalin&?????????????????????????24

5'2'/> Classi$i#ation o$ Si&nalin&??????????????????'24


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5'2'0> Si&nalin& Modes??????????????????????'26

5'2'2> Classi$i#ation o$ E(ternal Si&nalin&??????????????'''26

5'2'4> Common C"annel Si&nalin&?????????????????'''26

5'2'6> Si&nalin& Net!or% Terminolo&y????????????????28

CHAPTER ?: CONCLUSION@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@@38

RE-ERENCES???????????????????????????'27


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CHAPTER 1 INTROUCTION

11 ;ar&('" S#r6&*#" O))#r#/ B, BHARTI AIRTEL

M(9&+# S#r6&*#":-)"arti AirTel o$$ers GSM mobile servi#es in all t"e 00*tele#om #ir#les o$ India andis t"e lar&est mobile servi#e provider in t"e #ountry based on t"e number o$ #ustomers'

A&rT#+ B'"&$#"":-AirTel business provides a broad port$olio o$ servi#es to lar&e Enterprise

Government Small : Medium businesses and #arrier #ustomers' It is IndiaBs leadin& and most trusted

provider o$ #ommuni#ation and ICT servi#es o$$erin& servi#es t"at in#lude voi#e data net!or%

inte&ration data #enter : mana&ed servi#es enterprise mobile appli#ations and di&ital media

A&rT#+ T#+#=#/&a S#r6&*#":-T"e &roup o$$ers "i&"*speed broadband !it" t"e best in #lass net!or%'@it" $i(ed line servi#es in 53 #ities !e "elp you stay in tou#" !it" your $riends : $amily and %eep

you updated round t"e #lo#%

A&rT#+ &!&%a+ M#/&a S#r6&*#":-Dis#over t"e ma&i#al e(perien#e o$ di&ital entertainment !it" AirTel'

-rom D.D +uality pi#ture and sound t"e best and !idest variety o$ #"annels and pro&rammes to t"e

best on*demand #ontent on AirTel Live your T. vie!in& e(perien#e #"an&e $orever !it" di&ital T.$rom AirTel

1.

Fig 1.1 Services Ofered by Bharti Airtel


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12 HISTORY OF TELECOMMUNICATION

/G /G is t"e $irst &eneration #ellular net!or% t"at e(isted in /7596' It trans$erdata


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CHAPTER 2 GSM

21 WHAT IS GSMD

GSM stands $or Global System $or Mobile Communi#ation' It is a di&ital #ellular te#"nolo&y

used $or transmittin& mobile voi#e and data servi#es'

T"e #on#ept o$ GSM emer&ed $rom a #ell*based mobile radio system at )ell Laboratories in t"e

early /739s'

GSM is t"e name o$ a standardi;ation &roup establis"ed in /750 to #reate a #ommon European

mobile telep"one standard'

GSM is a #ir#uit*s!it#"ed system t"at divides ea#" 099 %1; #"annel into ei&"t 06 %1; time*

slots' GSM operates on t"e mobile #ommuni#ation bands 799 M1; and /599 M1; in most

parts o$ t"e !orld' In t"e US GSM operates in t"e bands 569 M1; and /799 M1;'

GSM o!ns a mar%et s"are o$ more t"an 39 per#ent o$ t"e !orlds di&ital #ellular subs#ribers'

GSM ma%es use o$ narro!band Time Division Multiple A##ess


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23 GSM HISTORY

ears Events

750 Con$eren#e o$ European ,osts and Tele&rap" -DMAH=' T"e initial Memorandum o$ Understandin& 099 net!or% in /97 #ountries operational around 44 million subs#ribers !orld!ide'

777 @ireless Appli#ation ,roto#ol


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SPECIFICATION SUMMARY FOR GSM

CELLULAR SYSTEM

Multiple a##esste#"nolo&y

-DMA TDMA

Duple( te#"ni+ue -DD

Uplin% $re+uen#y

band

579 * 7/6 M1;


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CHAPTER 3 TELECOM LINKS AN SER;ICES

T"e tele#ommuni#ations in$rastru#ture o$ a net!or% operator #onsists o$ a set o$ net!or%s


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312 OWNLINK

A do!nlin%


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CHAPTER 4 TYPES OF NETWORKS

T"e t"ree types o$ Net!or%s in#lude>

Lo#al Area Net!or%


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)us Topolo&y>

All devi#es are #onne#ted to a #entral #able #alled t"e bus or ba#%bone' T"ese net!or%s are

relatively ine(pensive and easy to install $or small net!or%s'

Star Topolo&y>

All devi#es are #onne#ted to a #entral devi#e #alled a "ub' Star net!or%s are relatively easy to install

: mana&e but bottlene#%s #an o##ur be#ause all data must pass t"rou&" t"e "ub '

Rin& Topolo&y>

T"e rin& topolo&y #onne#ts #omputers on a sin&le #ir#le o$ #able' Si&nals travel around t"e loop in

one dire#tion and pass t"rou&" ea#" #omputer a#tin& li%e a repeater to boost t"e si&nal and send it onto t"e ne(t #omputer'

1ybrid Topolo&y>

Groups o$ star*#on$i&ured !or%stations are #onne#ted to a linear bus ba#%bone #able #ombinin& t"e#"ara#teristi#s o$ bus and star topolo&ies'

@ireless Topolo&y>

Devi#es are #onne#ted by a re#eivertransmitter to a spe#ial net!or% inter$a#e #ard t"at transmitssi&nals bet!een a #omputer and a server***all !it" an a##eptable transmission ran&e'

9.

Fig &.2 'et(or) To"ologies


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CHAPTER


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Number Identi$i#ation Servi#es

o Callin& line identi$i#ation presentation


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CHAPTER . TELECOMMUNICATION ARCHITECTURE

GSM net!or% #an be vie!ed as #onsistin& o$ maKor parts> t"e Mobile Station


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13.

.1 M(9&+# S%a%&($

A =(9&+# "%a%&($ radio Transmissionand

"andover spee#" en#odin& and de#odin&Error dete#tion and #orre#tionsi&nallin&and a##essto t"e SIM' T"e IMEI#ode is atta#"ed to t"e MT' It is e+uivalent to t"e net!or% terminationo$

an ISDNa##ess'

T#r=&$a+ #'&=#$%TE* is any devi#e #onne#ted to t"e MS o$$erin& servi#es to t"e user' It

does not #ontain any $un#tions spe#i$i# to GSM'

T#r=&$a+ a/a%#r TA * ,rovides a##ess to t"e MT as i$ it !ere an ISDN net!or%

termination!it" e(tended #apabilities' Communi#ation bet!een t"e TE and MT over t"e TAta%es pla#e usin& AT #ommands'

S'9"*r&9#r &/#$%&%, =(/'+#SIM* is a removable subs#riber identi$i#ation to%en storin& t"e

IMSIa uni+ue %ey s"ared !it" t"e mobile net!or% operator and ot"er data'

In a mobile p"one t"e MT TA and TE are en#losed in t"e same #ase' 1o!ever t"e MT and TE

$un#tions are o$ten per$ormed by distin#t pro#essors' T"e appli#ation pro#essorserves as a TE !"ile

t"ebaseband pro#essorserves as a MT #ommuni#ation bet!een bot" ta%es pla#e over a bus usin& AT

#ommands !"i#" serves as a TA'

Fig +.2 S! 'et(or)


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14

.

T"e MS in#ludes radio e+uipment and t"e man ma#"ine inter$a#e


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15.

.2 Ba"# Tra$"*#&6#r S%a%&($

A 9a"# %ra$"*#&6#r "%a%&($


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16.

.23 G#$#ra+ BTS Ar*h&%#*%'r#

A )TS it "as t"e $ollo!in& parts>

Tra$"*#&6#r TRuite !idely re$erred to as t"e driver re#eiver


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17.

&6#r"&%, T#*h$&'#"

To improve t"e +uality o$ t"e re#eived si&nal o$ten t!o re#eivin& antennas are used pla#ed at an

e+ual distan#e to an uneven multiple o$ a +uarter o$ !avelen&t"

#onne#tions to!ards t"e mobile s!it#"in& #entermeans t"at net!or%s are o$ten stru#tured to "ave many )SCs distributed into re&ions near t"eir )TSs!"i#" are t"en #onne#ted to lar&e #entralised MSC sites'

T"e )SC is undoubtedly t"e most robust element in t"e )SS as it is not only a )TS #ontroller but $orsome vendors a $ull s!it#"in& #enter as !ell as an SS3node !it" #onne#tions to t"e MSC and

servin& G,RS support node

propa&ation as !ell as tra$$i# proKe#tions'


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18.

TRANSCOER

T"e trans#oder is responsible $or trans#odin& t"e voi#e #"annel #odin& bet!een t"e #odin& used in t"emobile net!or% and t"e #odin& used by t"e !orlds terrestrial #ir#uit*s!it#"ed net!or% t"e ,ubli#

S!it#"ed Telep"one Net!or%' Spe#i$i#ally GSM uses a re&ular pulse e(#ited*lon& term predi#tion


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1!.

.4 BASE STATION SUBSYSTEM

T"e 9a"# "%a%&($ "'9","%#=


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20.

A%#r

T"e inter$a#e bet!een t"e )SC and trans#oder' It is a proprietary inter$a#e !"ose name

depends on t"e vendor


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21.

.< MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER

A "7&%*h&$! *#$%#r#oordinates all #ommuni#ation #"annels and pro#esses' T"ere are t!o types o$

s!it#"es used in t"e GSM systemP a mobile s!it#"in& #enter IMSI TMSI ISDN number and MSRN'

In &eneral identities are used in t"e inter$a#e bet!een t"e MSC and t"e MS !"ile numbers are used in

t"e $i(ed part o$ t"e net!or% su#" as $or routin&'

Fig +.0 !obile S(itching $enter


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22.

MOBILE SWITCHING CENTER SER;ER:

T"e =(9&+# "7&%*h&$! *#$%#r "#r6#ris a so$t*s!it#" variant

$or ma%in& and re#eivin& voi#e #alls and SMS but it is possible $or a SIM to "ave ot"er se#ondary

MSISDNs asso#iated !it" it $or $a(and data #alls' Ea#" MSISDN is also aprimary %eyto t"e 1LRre#ord' T"e 1LR data is stored $or as lon& as a subs#riber remains !it" t"e mobile p"one operator'

E(amples o$ ot"er data stored in t"e 1LR a&ainst an IMSI re#ord is>

GSM servi#es t"at t"e subs#riber "as re+uested or been &iven'

G,RSsettin&s to allo! t"e subs#riber to a##ess pa#%et servi#es'

Current lo#ation o$ subs#riber


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23.

O%h#r GSM *(r# $#%7(r5 #+#=#$%" *($$#*%#/ %( %h# HLR

T"e 1LR #onne#ts to t"e $ollo!in& elements>

T"e G*MSC $or "andlin& in#omin& #alls

T"e .LR $or "andlin& re+uests $rom mobile p"ones to atta#" to t"e net!or%

T"e SMSC $or "andlin& in#omin& SMSs

T"e voi#e mail system $or deliverin& noti$i#ations to t"e mobile p"one t"at a messa&e is

!aitin&

T"e AuC $or aut"enti#ation and #ip"erin& and e(#"an&e o$ data


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24.

.. ;ISITOR LOCATION REGISTER

T"e ;&"&%(r L(*a%&($ R#!&"%#r ;LR is a database o$ t"e subs#ribers !"o "ave roamed into t"e

Kurisdi#tion o$ t"e MSC


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25.

.> AUTHENTICATION CENTER

T"e aut"enti#ation #enter

t"e"i

Al&orit"m id'

T"e"iand#$N%are $ed into t"e A2 al&orit"m and t"e si&ned response


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26.

T"e numbers

A$ter su##ess$ul aut"enti#ation t"e MSC sends t"e en#ryption %ey"c to t"ebase station #ontroller


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27.

.8 EQUIPMENT IENTITY REGISTER

T"e #'&=#$% &/#$%&%, r#!&"%#ris o$ten inte&rated to t"e 1LR' T"e EIR %eeps a list o$ mobilep"ones Contains t"ose IMEI t"at are %no!n to "ave been assi&ned to valid MSBs' T"is is t"e

#ate&ory o$ &enuine e+uipment

)la#% list > #ontains IMEIs o$ mobiles t"at "ave been reported stolen'

Gray list > Contains IMEIs o$ mobiles t"at "ave problems $aulty so$t!are !ron& ma%eo$ t"e e+uipment=' T"is list #ontains all MEs !it" $aults not important enou&" $or barrin&'


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28.

CHAPTER > MOBILE SUBSCRIBER IENTITIES IN GSM

>1 I$%#r$a%&($a+ M(9&+# S'9"*r&9#r I/#$%&%, IMSI

An IMSI is assi&ned to ea#" aut"ori;ed GSM user' It #onsists o$ a mobile #ountry #ode 2 T#=(rar, M(9&+# S'9"*r&9#r I/#$%&%, TMSI

A TMSI is a MSC*.LR spe#i$i# alias t"at is desi&ned to maintain user #on$identiality' It is assi&nedonly a$ter su##ess$ul subs#riber aut"enti#ation' T"e #orrelation o$ a TMSI to an IMSI only o##urs

durin& a mobile subs#riberBs initial transa#tion !it" an MSC 3 M(9&+# S%a%&($ ISN N'=9#r

T"e MS international number must be dialed a$ter t"e international pre$i( in order to obtain a mobile

subs#riber in anot"er #ountry' T"e MSISDN numbers is #omposed o$ t"e #ountry #ode 4 Th# M(9&+# S%a%&($ R(a=&$! N'=9#r MSRN

T"e MSRN is allo#ated on temporary basis !"en t"e MS roams into anot"er numberin& area' T"eMSRN number is used by t"e 1LR $or reroutin& #alls to t"e MS' It is assi&ned upon demand by t"e

1LR on a per*#all basis' T"e MSRN $or ,STNISDN routin& s"all "ave t"e same stru#ture as

international ISDN numbers in t"e area in !"i#" t"e MSRN is allo#ated' T"e 1LR %no!s in !"atMSC.LR servi#e area t"e subs#riber is lo#ated' At t"e re#eption o$ t"e MSRN 1LR sends it to t"e

GMSC !"i#" #an no! route t"e #all to t"e MSC.LR e(#"an&e !"ere t"e #alled subs#riber is

#urrently re&istered'


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2!.

>< I$%#r$a%&($a+ M(9&+# E'&=#$% I/#$%&%,IMEI

T"e IMEI is t"e uni+ue identity o$ t"e e+uipment used by a subs#riber by ea#" ,LMN and is used to

determine aut"ori;ed

LAI MCC QMNC Q LAC 8 Ba"# S%a%&($ I/#$%&%, C(/# BSIC

)SIC NCC Q )CC


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CHAPTER 8 FEW MORE TELECOMMUNICATION CONCEPTS

81 HIGH SPEE CIRCUIT SWITCHE ATA

1SCSD is basi#ally an up&rade o$ t"e ori&inal GSM CS data transmission system by usin& 1SCSDt"e speed at !"i#" data is transmitted is &reatly improved' T"e "i&"er data transmission rates are

a#"ieved by ma%in& use o$ bundled Tra$$i# C"annels


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82 SUBSCRIBER IENTITY MOULE

A "'9"*r&9#r &/#$%&%, =(/'+# or "'9"*r&9#r &/#$%&)&*a%&($ =(/'+#


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SIM #ards store net!or%*spe#i$i# in$ormation used to aut"enti#ate and identi$y subs#ribers on t"e

net!or%' T"e most important o$ t"ese are t"e ICCID IMSI Aut"enti#ation Jey Lo#al Area Identity


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T"e nano&()*


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A""(*&a%&6# M(/#:In t"is mode si&nalin& point are dire#tly #onne#ted by means o$ si&nalin&

lin%s means dire#t lin%

N($ A""(*&a%&6# =(/#: In t"is% mode t!o si&nallin& points do not "ave to be dire#tly

#onne#ted by a si&nallin& lin%' T"e si&nallin& in$o' #an be sent via multiple stps'multiple pat"s

be#ome available bet!een t!o si&nallin& points'

833 C+a""&)&*a%&($ () E%#r$a+ S&!$a+&$!

Traditionally e(ternal si&nalin& "as been divided into t!o basi#types >

A**#"" "&!$a+&$!


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T"e $irst version o$ Si&nalin& System No' 3


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Lin% Set


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CHAPTER ? CONCLUSIONS

In #on#lusion t"ere !ere many t"in& t"at I "ave e(perien#e and learned durin& t"e ei&"t !ee%s o$ myIndustrial Trainin& at )1ARTI AIRTEL LIMITED' T"e !"ole trainin& period !as very interestin&

instru#tive and #"allen&in&' T"rou&" t"is trainin& I !as able to &ain ne! insi&"ts and more#ompre"ensive understandin& about t"e real industry !or%in& #ondition and pra#ti#e' T"e ei&"t

!ee% trainin& also "as provided me t"e opportunities to develop and improve my so$t and $un#tional

s%ills' All o$ t"is valuable e(perien#e and %no!led&e t"at I "ave &ained !ere not only a#+uiredt"rou&" t"e dire#t

involvement in tas% &iven but also t"rou&" ot"er aspe#t o$ t"e trainin& su#" as !or%

observation intera#tion !it" #ollea&ues superior and ot"ers t"ird party related to t"e #ompany'

-rom !"at I "ave under&one I believe t"at t"e industrial trainin& pro&ram "as a#"ieved its primary

obKe#tive' ItBs also t"e best !ays to prepare student in $a#in& t"e real !or%in& li$e'

As a result o$ t"e pro&ram no! I am more #on$ident to enter t"e employment !orld and build my

$uture #areer'

38.


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REFERENCES

!!!'!i%ipedia'#om

!!!'&oo&le'#om

!!!'eri#sson'#om

!!!'blueadmiral'#om Mr' Ra%es" Gusain


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